CBSE Board

Class XI Mathematics
Sample Paper – 10
Time: 3 hrs Total Marks: 100

General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. The question paper consist of 29 questions.
3. Questions 1 – 4 in Section A are very short answer type questions carrying 1 mark
each.
4. Questions 5 – 12 in Section B are short-answer type questions carrying 2 mark each.
5. Questions 13 – 23 in Section C are long-answer I type questions carrying 4 mark
each.
6. Questions 24 – 29 in Section D are long-answer type II questions carrying 6 mark
each.

SECTION – A

3x  2x
1. Find lim .
x 0 x

2. Write contrapositive of the statement: If Mohan is a poet then he is poor.

i592  i590  i588  i586  i584
3. Write the value of .
i582  i580  i578  i576  i574
OR
Write the value of 25  9 .

4. What is the total number of elementary events associated to the random experiment of
throwing three dice together?

SECTION – B

5. Let A = {x, y, z} B = {1, 2}, findind the number of relations from A to B.

6. If f(x) = sin [log (x + x2  1 )] then show that f(-x) = -f(x).

OR
1 x
If f(x) = show that f[f(tan ϴ)] = -cotϴ.
1x
7. An arc AB of a circle subtends an angle x radians at the centre O of the circle. Given that
the area of a sector AOB is equal to the square of the length of the arc AB, find the value
of x.
OR
5
Find the degree measure of and 4π.
3

8. i. Is the following pair equal? Justify?

A = {x : x is a letter in the word “LOYAL”}, B = {x : x is a letter of the word “ALLOY”}
ii. Is the set C = {x : x  Z and x2 = 36} finite or infinite?

9. In triangle ABC, if a = 3, b = 5 and c = 7 find cosA, cosC.

OR
2 C 2 C
In triangle ABC,  a  b cos2   a  b sin2  c2 incomplete question
2 2

10. Write converse of the statement “If a number is even then n2 is even.”

1
11. Find domain of the function f(x) = 4x 
x2  1

12. Find the centre and radius of a circle : x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y = 12

SECTION – C

13. Compute sin 75˚, cos 75˚ and tan 15˚ from the functions of 30˚ and 45˚.

1x   ab 
14. If f(x) = log   show that f(a) + f(b) = f 
1 x   1  ab 

15. Find the domain of

i. x  2x  1
ii. log  x  2  3  x

16. The sum of the first three terms of G. P. is 7 and the sum of their squares is 21.
Determine the first five terms of the G. P.

17. For any two complex numbers z1 and z2 and any real numbers a and b, prove that
2
  
az1  bz2  bz1  az2  a2  b2  z1  z2 
2 2 2

18. When two dice are thrown. Calculate the probability of throwing a total of
i. A 7 or an 11
ii. A doublet or a total of 6.
19. Sum up 5 + 55 + 555 + … to n terms.

     
6 6 6
20. Find the value of 2 1  2  1 and show that the value of 2 1 lies between
197 and 198.
OR
A code word is consist of two distinct English alphabets followed by two distinct
numbers from 1 to 9. For example CA23 is a code word. How many such code words
are there? How many of them end with an even integer?

21. Find the equation of the line through the point (4, -5) and parallel to 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 and
perpendicular to 3x + 4y + 5 = 0.
OR
The length L (in cm) of a copper rod is a linear function of its Celsius temperature C. In
an experiment, if L = 124.942 when C = 20 and L = 125.134 when C = 110, express L in
terms of C.

1
22. (i) Find the derivative of f(x)   , using first principle.
x
6x  3x  2x  1
(ii) Evaluate: lim
x 0 x2
OR
(i) Find the derivative of the given function using first principle:
  
f(x)=cos  x -
 16 
5 cos x  1 
(ii) Evaluate: lim ,x .
  2
x
2 x
2

23. Find the equations of the lines through the point (3, 2) which are at an angle of 45° with
the line x − 2y = 3.

SECTION – D
bc ca a b cos A cosB cosC
24. If in a ABC,   ,then prove that:   .
12 13 15 2 7 11

OR
3
If A = cos2 ϴ + sin4 ϴ prove that  A  1 for all values of ϴ.
4
25. Given below is the frequency distribution of weekly study hours of a group of class 11
students. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the distribution using the
short cut method.

Classes Frequency
0 - 10 5
10 - 20 8
20 - 30 15
30 - 40 16
40 - 50 6

26. Prove that:

    3
cos2x + cos2  x    cos2  x   
 3  3 2

27. Find the solution region for the following system of inequations:
x + 2y  10, x + y  1, x − y  0, x  0, y  0

OR
Solve the inequality given below and represent the solution on the number line.
1  3x  20  1
  x  6
2  5  3

m
 3 
28. The sum of the coefficients of the first three terms in the expansion of  x 
 is 559,
 x2 
where x  0 and m being a natural number. Find the term of the expansion containing
x3.

29. Find the sum of the following series upto n terms:

13 13  23 13  23  33
   ...........  ………..
1 13 13  5
OR
If S1, S2, S3 be the sum of n, 2n and 3n terms of a GP respectively.
Prove that S1 (S3 – S2) = (S2 – S1)2
 CBSE Board
Class XI Mathematics
Sample Paper – 10 Solution

SECTION – A

1.

3x  2x
lim
x 0 x
3x  1  2x  1
 lim
x 0 x

 lim
3x  1  2x  1  
x 0 x
3  1  2x  1 
x
 lim  
x 0 x  x 
 log3  log2
3
 log
2

2. If Mohan is not poor then he is not a poet.

3.
i592  i590  i588  i586  i584
i582  i580  i578  i576  i574



i584 i8  i6  i4  i2  1 
i574 i 8
 i6  i4  i2  1

 i584574
 i10

 
5
 i2
5
  1
 1
OR

25  9  25  1  9  1  5i  3i  15i2  15

4. The total number of elementary events associated to the random experiment of thrown
a dice is 6n where n is the number of throws. Hence, the total number of elementary
events associated to the random experiment of throwing a three dice together is 63 =
216.

SECTION – B

5. n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2 ∴ n(A × B) = 3 × 2 = 6

The number of subsets of A × B = 26 = 64
The number of relations from A into B = 64

6. f(x) = = sin [log (x + x2  1 )]

f(-x) = sin [log (-x + x2  1 )]
  x2  1  x  
= sin log 
 
 
 2
x 1  x   
x  1  x  
2

  1 
= sin log  
  x2  1  x  

 
 1 
= sin log x2  1  x 
 

= sin  log
  x  1  x 
2

=  sin log  x  1  x 

2
 
= -f(x)

OR
1 x 1  tan 
f(x) = ∴ f  tan   
1x 1  tan 
1  tan 
1
f f  tan     1  tan 
1  tan 
1
1  tan 
1  tan   1  tan 
f f  tan   
1  tan   1  tan  
2
f f  tan      cot 
2tan 
 1 2
7. Taking ϴ = x we get area of sector AOB = r x
2
1 2
r x  s2
2
1 2
r x  r2 x 2 ∵ S = rx
2
1
x  rad
2
OR


5 5 180  180 
   300 ∵ 1c = 
3 3    
180
4  4  720


8. i. A = {L, O, Y, A} and B = {A, L, O, Y}

Clearly A = B
ii. C = {x: x  Z and x2 = 36} = {6, -6}
So, C is a finite set.

9. In triangle ABC, if a = 3, b = 5 and c = 7

b2  c2  a2 25  49  9 65 13
cos A    
2bc 2 5 7 70 14
a2  b2  c2 9  25  49 15 1
cosC    
2ab 235 30 2

OR
C C
 a  b2 cos2 2
  a  b  sin2
2 2
 C C  C C  C C
 a2  cos2  sin2   b2  cos2  sin2   2ab  cos2  sin2 
 2 2  2 2  2 2
 a2  b2  2abcosC
 c2

10. If a number n2 is even then n is even.

11. f(x) is defined for all x satisfying
4  x  0 and x2  1  0
x  4  0 and  x  1 x  1  0
x  4 and x  1 or x  1
x   , 1  1,4
Domain f =  , 1  1,4

12. x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y = 12
x2 – 4x + y2 + 6y = 12
x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9 = 12 + 4 + 9
(x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25
(x – 2)2 + [y – (-3)2] = 52
Comparing with the equation
(x – a)2 + [y – b2] = r2
Radius of the circle is 5 units and centre is (2, -3).

SECTION – C

13. Sin 75˚ = sin (45˚ + 30˚)

= sin 45˚cos 30˚ + cos 45˚ sin 30˚
1 3 1 1
=   
2 2 2 2
3 1
=
2 2
Cos 75˚ = cos (45˚ + 30˚)
= cos 45˚ cos 30˚ – sin 45˚ sin 30˚
1 3 1 1
=   
2 2 2 2
3 1
=
2 2
tan 15˚ = tan (45˚ – 30˚)
tan45  tan30
=
1  tan45 tan30
1
1
=
3
1
1
3
 3 1
=
3 1
3 1 3 1
= 
3 1 3 1
32 3 1
=
31
42 3
=
2
= 2 3

1 x 
14. f  x   log  
1 x 
1a  1b
f  a   f  b  log    log  
1a  1b
1a 1b 
 log   
1a 1b
 1  b  a  ab 
 log  
 1  b  a  ab 
 1  ab  b  a 
 log  
 1  ab  b  a 
 ba 
 1  1  ab 
 log  
1 ba 
 1  ab 
 ab 
f 
 1  ab 
 ab  1 x 
f  a   f  b  f   where f  x   log  
 1  ab  1 x 

15. i. x  2x  1
f  x   x and g  x   2x  1
Let domain of f(x) = A and domain of g(x) = B
1 
Thus, A  0,   and B   ,  
2 
1 
Domain of x  2x  1 = A ∩ B =  ,  
2 
ii. log  x  2  3  x
f  x   log  x  2 and g  x   3  x
 For f(x) to be defined x – 2 > 0 ..reason
x > 2 then x  (2, ∞) and g(x) to be defined 3 – x ≥ 0
3 ≥ x i. e. x ≤ 3 hence, x    ,3
Domain of log  x  2  3  x = A ∩ B – { x | g(x) = 0}
=A ∩ B – {3}
= (2, ∞) ∩ (-∞, 3) – {3} = (2, 3)

16. Let the first three terms of the G. P. be a, ar, ar2.

a + ar + ar2 = 7
a(1 + r + r2) = 7…………(i)
a2 + a2r2 + a2r4 = 21……(ii)
a2(1 + r2 + r4) = 21
a2 (1 + r2 + r)(1 + r2 – r) = 21
a2(1 + r + r2)2 = 49 ….from (i)……..(iii)
Dividing (ii) by (iii)
1  r  r2 3

1  r  r2 7
7 – 7r + 7r2 = 3 + 3r + 3r2
2r2 – 5r + 2 = 0
(2r – 1)(r – 2) = 0
r = ½ or 2
When r = ½ then a(1 + ½ + ¼) = 7 hence, a = 4
The first five terms of the G. P. are 4, 2, 1 ½, ¼
When r = 2 then a(1 + 2 + 4) = 7 then a = 1
The first five terms of the G. P. are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.

17. Let z1 = x1 + y1i and z2 = x2 + y2i

LHS
= |a(x1 + y1i) – b(x2 + y2i)|2 + |b(x1 + y1i) + a(x2 + y2i)|2
= |ax1 – bx2 + (ay1 – by2)i|2 + |bx1 + ax2 + (by1 + ay2)i|2
 a2 x12  b2 x22  2abx1x2  a2 y 12  b2 y 22  2aby1y 2 
b2 x12  a2 x22  2abx1x2  b2 y 12  a2 y 22  2aby1y 2
 a2 x12  b2 x22  a2 y12  b2 y 22  b2 x12  a2 x22  b2 y12  a2 y 22

   
 a2  b2  x12  y 12  x22  y 22 
  
 a 2
 b   z
2 2
1  z22 
= RHS
18. i. A : Getting a total of 7 and B : getting a total of 11
A = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
n(A) = 6, P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 6/36
B = {(5, 6), (6, 5)}
n(B) = 2, P(B) = n(B)/n(S) = 2/36
The two events are mutually exclusive.
6 2 8 2
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) =   
36 36 36 9
ii. The sample space consists of 36 sample points
n(S) = 36
A : Getting a doublet
A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
n(A) = 6
B : getting a total of 6
B = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
n(B) = 5
P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 6/36 and P(B) = n(B)/n(S) = 5/36
The two events are not mutually exclusive since (3, 3) is one common sample point.
P(A ∩ B) = P(A ∩ B)/n(S) = 1/36
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 6/36 + 5/36 – 1/36
= 10/36
= 5/18

19. S = 5 + 55 + 555 + ….. + Tn – 1 + Tn

S = 5 + 55 + 555 + …..Tn - 2 + Tn – 1 + Tn
Subtracting we get
5 + 50 + 500 + … + Tn – Tn – 1 – Tn = 0
Tn = 5 + 50 + 500 + …. n terms
 10n  1 
Tn = 5
 10  1 
 
5

Tn = 10n  1
9

5

Tn – 1 = 10n1  1
9

5

Tn – 2 = 10n2  1
9

………………

T2 =
5
9

102  1 
5
T1 = 10  1
9
 Adding we get
5

S =  10  102  103  ....  10n1  10n  1
9  
=


n
5  10 10  1    n
9  10  1  
  

=


n
5  10 10  1    n
9  9  
  

   
    2  2 
6 6 6 4 2
20. 2 1  2  2 6 C2
2 1 6 C4  1
 
 65 65 
 2 8  4 2  1
 1 2 1 2 
= 2(8 + 60 + 30 + 1)
= 198

   1.42  16  0.426  1

6
2 1

 2  1   2  1  198
6 6

 2  1  198   2  1
6 6

 2  1  198 – a number between 0 and 1

6

 2  1  198 – a number between 197 and 198

6

Integral part of  2  1 is 197.

6

OR

There are 26 letters in English alphabet.

First two places are to be filled by any two of these 26 letters in 26P2 = 26 × 25 ways.
There are 9 distinct numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Last two places are to be filled by
any two of these 9 numbers in 9P2 = 9 × 8 ways.
Associating the required number of code words = 26 × 25 × 9 × 8 = 46800
The first two places can be filled in 26 × 25 ways.
Now to end with an even number, the fourth place can be filled by any one out of 2, 4, 6,
8 in 4 ways.
Third place can be filled by any of the remaining 8 numbers in 8 ways.
Thus third and fourth places can be filled in 4 × 8 ways
Associating the required number of code words = 26 × 25 × 4 × 8 = 20800
21. Slope of the line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 is -3/4 Comparing with y = mx + c………(i)
The equation of the lines passing through the point (4, -5) and parallel to (i) is
y + 5 = -3/4(x – 4)
4y + 20 = -3x + 12
3x + 4y + 8 = 0
Slope of the line perpendicular to (i) is 4/3
The equation of the line perpendicular to (i) and through (4, -5)
y + 5 = 4/3 (x – 4)
3(y + 5) = 4x – 16
3y + 15 = 4x – 16
4x – 3y – 31 = 0

OR
Assuming celcius C along the x – axis and length L along the y-axis, we have the relation
L = mC + k………(i)
124.942 = 20m + k……….(ii)
When C = 110, L = 125.134
125.134 = 110m + k……..(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (iii)
0.192 = 90m
m = 0.192/90 = 0.213…wrong answer
125.134 = 110 × 0.213 + k
k = 125.134 – 23.430 = 101.704
L = 0.213C + 101.704
Which express L in terms of C.

22.
1
(i) Derivativeof f(x)   , using first principle
x
1
f(x)  
x
1
 f(x  x)  
x  x
1  1 1 1
 f(x  x)  f(x)      
x  x  x  x x  x

 f(x  x)  f(x) 

 x  x   x  x
x  x  x  x  x  x 
f(x  x)  f(x) 1 x 1
  . 
x x x  x  x  x  x  x 
 f(x  x)  f(x) 1 1
f '(x)  lim  lim 
x 0 x x 0 x  x  x  x(x)
1
 f '(x) 
x2
6x  3x  2x  1 2x 3x  1  1 3x  1
(ii)lim  lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x2

 lim
 3x  1 2x  1
x 0 x2

 lim
 3x  1
lim
 2x  1
x 0 x x 0 x
  ln3 ln2

OR
  
(i) f(x)=cos  x -
 16 
  
f(x+x)=cos  x+x -
 16 
     
f(x+x)-f(x)=cos  x+x -   cos  x -
 16   16 
        
 x+x - 16  x - 16   x+x - 16   x - 16  
 
 2sin   sin 
2 2
 
 2x+x - 8 
 2sin   sin x
2 2
   
 2x+x - 8   2x+x - 
2sin   sin x sin  8
sin
x
f(x+x)-f(x) 2 2  2 2

x x x
2
x
sin
 x   2
  lim sin  x+ -  lim
x 0
 2 16  x 0 x
2
  
  sin  x -
 16 
 5cos x  1 5y  1
(ii)lim
 
 lim
y 0 
Let cosx=y 
x
2 x  cos 1 y
2 2
5y  1
 lim 1
y 0 sin y
5y  1
lim
y 0 y

sin 1 y
lim
y 0 y
ln5

1
 ln5

23.

Let the line through (3, 2) be y − 2 = m(x − 3) ... (i)

1
Slope of line x − 2y = 3 is .
2
Now,
1
m

tan 45   2  1  2m  1
m 2 m
1
2

2m  1
Case I:  1  2m  1  2  m , so m = 3
2 m
Equation of line is y − 2 = 3(x − 3).
Therefore 3x − y − 7 = 0 is the required equation

2m  1
Case II:  1  2m  1  2  m , 3m = − 1
2 m
 1
m
3
1
Now the equation is y  2   (x  3)
3
3y − 6 = −x + 3
x + 3y − 9 = 0

SECTION – D

bc ca a b
24.  
12 13 15
b  c  12k,c  a  13k and a+b=15k
Therefore
a = 8k, b = 7k and c = 5k
Now
2 2 2
b2  c2  a2 7k   5k    8k  10k 2 1 2
cosA=    
2bc 27k 5k  70k 2 7 14
2 2 2
c2  a2  b2 5k    8k   7k  40k 2 1 7
cosB=    
2ca 25k  8k  80k 2 2 14
2 2 2
a2  b2  c2  8k   7k   5k  88k 2 11
cosC=   
2ab 2 8k 7k  112k 2 14
Therefore
cos A cosB cosC
cos A : cosB : cosC  2:7 :11 or  
2 7 11
Use the diagram…
OR
A= cos2
ϴ+ sin4
ϴ= cos2 ϴ+ (sin2 ϴ)2
1  sin   1 for all 
0  sin2   1 for all 

sin 
2
2
 sin2  for 0  x  1,x n  x for all n  N  {1}

 
2
cos2   sin2   cos2   sin2  for all 

cos    sin  
2
2 2
 cos2   sin2  for all 
A  1 for all 
A = cos2 ϴ + sin4 ϴ
A = 1 - sin2 ϴ + (sin2 ϴ)2
1 1 2
A = 1     sin2   sin2  
4 4 
 
 2
3 1 
A =    sin2  
4 2 
2
1 2 
 2  sin    0 for all 
 
2
3 1  3
   sin2    for all 
4 2  4
3
A for all 
4
3
 A  1 for all 
4

25. Let assumed mean be a = 25

Classes fi xi yi= yi 2 fi yi fi yi2

(x - a)/10
0 - 10 5 5 -2 4 -10 20
10 - 20 8 15 -1 1 -8 8
20 - 30 15 25 0 0 0 0
30 - 40 16 35 1 1 16 16
40 - 50 6 45 2 4 12 24
50 10 68

n n 2 n
 fiy i =10,  fiy i =68,  fi  50, h  10
i 1 i 1 i 1
n
 fi y i
x a  i 1 h
n
 fi
i 1
10  10
We get, x = 25   27
50
2
h n 2  n 
x  N  fi y i    fi y i 
N  
i 1 i 1 
10  2
X =  50  68  10  
50  
1
X =  10 33  11.49
5
X2  132.02

So for the given data Mean = 27, Standard Deviation = 11.49 and Variance = 132.02
26.
    3
Consider cos2x + cos2  x    cos2  x   
 3  3 2
 
cos2x  cos2(x  )  cos2(x  )
3 3
 
 cos2x  cos2(x  )  1  sin2(x  )
3 3
   
 1  cos2x  cos2(x  )  sin2(x  )
 3 3 
     
 1  cos2x  cos(x   x  )cos(x   x  )  cos2 A  sin2 B  cos  A  B  cos  A  B  
 3 3 3 3   
 2 
 1  cos2x  cos(2x)cos  
 3 
 1
 1  cos2x  cos(2x)  
 2

  1
 1  cos2x  2cos2x  1   
 2
 1
 1  cos2x   cos2x  
 2
1 3
1 
2 2

27.
Given inequalities:
x + 2y  10, x + y  1, x − y  0, x  0, y  0,
Consider the corresponding equations x + 2y = 10, x + y = 1 and x – y = O.
On plotting these equations on the graph, we get the graph as shown.
Also we find the shaded portion by substituting (0, 0) in the in equations.
 y

10

x 0
8

xy 0
6

x  2y  10
2

y 0
 x
-2 2 4 6 8 10 12
x  y 1

-2

-4

OR
1  3x  20  1
  x  6
2  5  3
1 1
 3x  20    x  6 
10 3
30 30
 3x  20    x  6 
10 3
 3(3x  20)  10  x  6 
 9x  60  10x  60
 60  60  10x  9x
 120  x
 x  120
 x (  ,120]
Thus, all real numbers less than or equal to 120 are the solution of the given
inequality. The solution set can be graphed on a real line as shown.
 45
1125 
 25%  100  30%
1125 +x
45
1125 
25 100  30
 
100 1125 +x 100
25 1125  45 30
  
100 1125 +x   100 100
1125  45
 25   30
1125 +x 
1 1125 +x  1
  
25 1125  45 30
1125  45 1125  45
  1125 +x  
25 30
50625 50625
  1125 +x  
25 30
 2025  1125 +x   1687.5
 2025  1125 +x   1687.5
 2025  1125  x  1687.5  1125
 900  x  562.5
 562.5  x  900
So the amount of water to be added must be between 562.5 to 900 lt

m 2 m
 3  3   3   3 
28.  x  2   m co x m  m c1 x m1  2   m c2 x m2  2   ...........   2 
 x  x  x  x 
m
Coefficient of first 3 terms are: c0 , m c1 (3)1 , m c2 (3)2
m
So c0  3 m c1  9 m c2  559

m(m  1)
1 – 3m +9 = 559
2
 9m2 – 15m – 1116 = 0
3m2 – 5m – 372 = 0
(m – 12) (3m + 31) = 0
31
m = 12, rejecting (-)ve sign
3
r
 3 
Now Tr + 1 = 12cr (x)12-r
 2
x 
For coefficient of x3, 12-3r = 3  r = 3
T3+1 = 12C3(-3)3 x3 Hence, Required term = T4 = -5940x3
29. kth term of the given series
13  23  33  ...  k3
Tk = .
1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)
2
 k(k  1) 
 2 
=
k
2
2  2(k  1)
k 2 (k  1)2 2
=  2
4 2k
(k  1)2
=
4
1
tk = k 2  2k  1
4
1  n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1) 
=  2  n
4  6 2 
n
= [(n + 1) (2n + 1) + 6(n + 1) + 6]
24
n
= (2n2 + 9n + 13)
24
OR

Let first term of the G.P. be a and common ratio be r

a(r n  1)
S1 =
r 1
a(r2n  1)
S2 =
r 1
a(r3n  1)
S3 =
r 1
a(rn  1)  a(r3n  1)  a(r2n  1)  
L.H.S. =   
r 1  r  1  r  1  

a(rn  1) a r  1  r  1

3n 2n

= 
r 1 r 1

a2 (rn  1) 2n (rn  1)
= r
r 1 r 1
(r n  1)2
= a2 r2n
(r  1)2
 2
 arn (rn  1) 
= 
 r 1 
2
 a(r2n  r n ) 
= 
 r 1 

    
2
 a  r2n  1  r n  1
= 
 r 1 
 
2
 a(r2n  1) a(rn  1) 
=  
 r  1 r 1 
= (S2 - S1)2 = R.H.S.