MATTER

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TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

Matter 3 Other Methods of Separation of 5

Components of Mixture
States of Matter 3
Evaluation and its application
Chromatography and its
Five states of matter application
4th state of matter Certification and its application
Boson Separating funnel and its
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) application
BEC first production Sublimation and its application 6
Distillation and its application 6
Change in State of Matter 3

Sublimation Types of Distillation 6

Deposition (1) Simple distillation
Evaporation (2) Fractional distillation
Condensation

Favourable conditions for Evaporation 3 Purifying Solids 6

Pure Substances 3 Crystallisation and its

application

(1) Element Physical Properties of a Substance

(2) Compound 6
Chemical Properties of a Substance
Mixture Substances 3
Physical change vs Chemical change
Homogenous Mixture vs Heterogenous
Mixture 4 Brownian Movement
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Solution vs Solute 4 I
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Alloy 4

Properties of Solution 4

Examples of Solution 4

Types of Solution
(1) Unsaturated solution 4
(2) Saturated solution
(3) Concentrated solution

Calculation of Mass% of a Solution 4

Questionnaire 4

Properties of Suspension 4

Colloids 5

Properties of Colloids 5

Tyndall Effect 5

Types of Colloids 5

Different Methods to Separate Components 5

of Mixture

Filteration
Hand-Picking
Sieving
 Matter
S Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume BEC Condensate first Production
(1) Pure Substance
1995: Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman experimentally produced the first

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(2) Impure Substance
BEC condensate in a rare field gas of rubidium atoms at extremely
Solid low temperature
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They have distinct boundaries and fixed volumes
1995: Wolfgang Ketterle created a BEC condensate with sodium
They have definite shape
↑
They have a tendency to maintain the shape when subjected to atoms
outside force All three of them received Noble Prize in Physics in 2001

Types of Solids Change in State of Matter

Amorphous Solid Crystalline Solid
They are isotropic in nature They are anisotropic in nature
They have irregular shape They have definite characteristics shape
They are pseudo, solids are super They are true solids
cooled liquids
They have irregular arrangement They have regular arrangement of
of constituent particles constituent particles
They do not have sharp melting They have sharp melting point
point
Eg: Glass, rubber, plastic, etc. Eg: Copper, Silver

Gas
They exhibit behaviour uniformity

States of Matter
There are 5 states of matter Sublimation: The process of changing a solid directly into a gas or
Primarily: 3 states of matter vice versa without passing through a liquid state
Eg: Naphthalene, dry ice
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Deposition: The opposite of sublimation, where a gas turns into a
solid without passing through a liquid state
Eg: Sub-freezing of air directly to ice
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Evaporation: The process of changing a liquid into a vapour by
heating. This happens at boiling point of liquid
Eg: Drying of clothes
States of Space Kinetic Energy Movement Force of attraction >
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Condensation: The process of water changing from a gas to a liquid
Matter
Eg: Dew, Fog
Solid Low Low Low High
Favourable conditions for Evaporation
Liquid Medium Medium Medium Medium
When temperature is increased, the rate of evaporation increases

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Gas High High High Low
When surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases
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When wind speed is increased, the rate of evaporation increases
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When humidity is increase, the rate of evaporation decreases
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Pure Substance
These contain only one type of substance
Eg: Diamond, sulphur, tin, etc.
(1) Element: A pure substance made up of only one type of atom
4th State of Matter: Plasma that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical

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It is a state of matter that is made up of
means
free-moving electrons, positive ions, and neutral
particles
Eg: H (Hydrogen) and O (Oxygen)
It is a good conductor of electricity (2) Compound: a substance made up of two or more different
It glows types of element that are chemically bonded together in a fixed
ratio
5th state of Matter: Boson Eg: H 2 O (Water)
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of
matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is
cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero, i.e., 0 K (−273.15 °C; Mixture Substances
−459.67 °F) These are combination of different substances
Boson name originated from: Indian scientist Dr. Satyendra Nath Bose and Eg: Brass (Cu+Zn), Bronze (Cu+Sn)
Einstein
Dr. Satyendra Nath Bose published a research paper in 1924, and sent it to
Einstein who then later talked about Bose-Einstein Condensate in 1925
 Homogenous Mixture vs Heterogeneous Mixture Examples of Solution
(i) A solution of sugar in water is a solid in liquid solution. In this
solution, sugar is the solute and water is the solvent
(ii) A solution of iodine in alcohol known as ‘tincture of iodine’, has
iodine (solid) as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as the solvent
(iii) Aerated drinks like soda water, etc., are gas in liquid solutions.
These contain carbon dioxide (gas) as solute and water (liquid) as
solvent

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(iv) Air is a mixture of gas in gas. Air is a homogeneous mixture of
a number of gases. Its two main constituents are: oxygen (21%)
Homogenous Mixture Heterogenous Mixture and nitrogen (78%). The other gases are present in very small
quantities
They have a uniform composition They have a non-uniform
throughout composition Types of Solution
(1) Unsaturated Solution: More Solute can be added
The components of mixture cannot The components can be separated
(2) Saturated Solution: No more solute can be added
be separated through physical through physical process
(3) Concentrated Solution: Large amount of solute is added (Super
process
Saturated)
The components can easily be seen
The component cannot be seen through naked eyes
through naked eyes Calculation of Mass % of a Solution
The substances can be of two
The mixture is in single-phase different phases, and we may see Mass % of solute = Mass of solute X 100
throughout separate layers of the substances Mass of solution
Eg: a mixture of water and milk Eg: a mixture of oil in water
Q. A solution contains 40 g of common salt in 320 g of water.
Calculate the concentration in terms of mass by mass % of the solution.
Solution vs Solute
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A solution is formed when two or more substances are mixed in a = 40 X 100 = 11.11% >
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Mass % of the solution
uniform manner 40 + 320

Suspension vs Solute
A solute completely mixes in solvent and cannot be viewed through naked S
A suspension is formed when two or more substances are mixed in a non

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eyes uniform manner

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances I

A solute does not mix with a solvent and can be viewed through naked
Eg:- eyes in a suspension, but not in a solution
Liquid into liquid: Water and Ink
Solid into Solid: Alloys
Gas into Gas: Air Properties of Suspension
Solid into a liquid: Sugar and Water It is a heterogeneous mixture

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Solid into gas: Hydrogen dissolved in palladium It scatters light because particle size is large (greater than 1000 nm)
Liquid into gas: Carbon Dioxide dissolved in water It can be separated using Filtration method
It is unstable because salute get settled down in solvent
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of different metals or non metals that can not be
separated by physical method
Eg: Brass, Bronze, Nichrome

Solute + Solvent = Solution

Properties of Solution
1. It is homogeneous in nature
2. The particles of solution are too small (less than 1 nm)
3. It does not scatter light
4. It cannot be seperated by filtration
5. It is Stable
 Colloids Different Methods to Separate Components of a Mixture
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It is a uniform solution of two or more substances The particles are relatively -
We can separate the Heterogeneous Mixtures into their Constituents By
very small and the solution appears as a homogeneous mixture, but it is not a means of Physical Methods
homogeneous mixture and is a heterogeneous mixture
Filteration
= Hand-picking Sieving

It is a physical The method of It is a method of

separation process separating substances using a sieve to
that separates solid in a mixture by hand distinguish small
Properties of Colloids matter and fluid when the components particles from
Colloids are heterogeneous in nature from a mixture are clearly visible

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bigger particles
The particles cannot be seen through naked eyes (Particle size: Between 1 using a filter enough to pick
and 1000 nm) medium
The particles of colloid do not settle down if left uninterrupted (hence
stable) Other Methods of Separation of components of Mixture
T
It cannot be separated through filtration method but can be separated (1) Evaporation: It is used for separating a mixture of a non-volatile and
through centrifugation a volatile substance
Applications
Tyndall Effect It is used for separating coloured component from the ink
&
When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution, the particles of
the colloid scatter the beam of light and we can see the path of light in the
: It is used for separating Salt from water
It is used for separating Sugar from water
solution

(2) Chromatography: It is used to separate solute that can dissolve in

same solvent
Applications
It is used for separating colour

Types of Colloids : components of a dye

It is used to separate drugs from
Dispersed Dispersing Type Example blood
Phase Medium

III
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist (3) Centrifugation: It is used for separating dense particles from lighter
particles
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust Applications
It is used to separate cream from

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Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream Milk
It is used to separate butter
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream from cream
It is used to squeeze out water
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia, mud from wet clothes

Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber, sponge (3) Using a Separating Funnel: It is used to separate to immiscible liquids
Applications
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
s
It is used to separate oil from water

Solid Solid Solid Sol Coloured gemstone, milky

glass
 (4) Sublimation: It is a process that is used to separate a Physical Properties of a Substance
sublimable component from non-sublimable component ↑
Properties of a substance, such as rigidity, colour, fluidity, boiling point,
Application melting point, density, and hardness, which we can observe are called as
I
It is used to separate ammonium chloride physical properties
/camphor/naphthalene and salt
Chemical Properties of a Substance
(5) Distillation: It is used to separate -
The chemical nature of a substance is known as its chemical property, such
miscible liquids (the boiling point of the as its order or its chemical composition
liquids must be sufficiently different)
Physical Change Chemical Change
Application
It is used to separate

J
It is a change that occurs without It is a change of chemical
acetone and water
changing the chemical composition composition of a matter
of a matter

It is usually reversible It is usually irreversible

New products are not formed New products are formed

Types of Distillation
(1) Simple Distillation: It is used when the miscible liquids have Some changes occur when heating Changes always involve
satisfactory difference in the boiling points or or cooling it down absorption or release of
(2) Fractional Distillation: It is used when the difference between energy
the boiling points of liquid is less than 25 Kelvin. It is also used to Changes have no effect on the
separate the components of air chemical bonds of molecule of a They have a direct effect on
substance chemical bonds of molecules
in a substance I

Purifying Solids
Crystallisation: It is the process of formation of solid crystals
from solution, melt, or by deposition directly from gas phase

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Burning of candle is both a physical and a chemical change

Wagne Thread (Chemical change, as it cannot

be obtained again once burnt)

Wax (Physical
change, as the wax
can be used to make
a new candle again)

Brownian Movement: It is a random movement of particles suspended

Application in a medium
It is used to separate salt from seawater It was named after Robert Brown
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It is used for purification of copper sulphate after he discovered the phenomenon
in 1827
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