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Lecture-1 Flow through pipes

The lecture on flow through pipes covers key concepts such as terminology, Reynolds experiment, and the distinction between laminar and turbulent flows. It emphasizes the significance of Reynolds number in determining flow characteristics and introduces the Darcy Weisbach equation for analyzing pressure loss in pipes. The analysis highlights the relationship between head loss, shear stress, and pumping power required to overcome frictional losses.

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gurralaharish5658
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11 views

Lecture-1 Flow through pipes

The lecture on flow through pipes covers key concepts such as terminology, Reynolds experiment, and the distinction between laminar and turbulent flows. It emphasizes the significance of Reynolds number in determining flow characteristics and introduces the Darcy Weisbach equation for analyzing pressure loss in pipes. The analysis highlights the relationship between head loss, shear stress, and pumping power required to overcome frictional losses.

Uploaded by

gurralaharish5658
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture

on
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
By
B. V. S. RAGHU VAMSI M.TECH (Ph.D)
Senior Grade Assistant Professor

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Contents
• Terminology

• Reynold’s experiment

• Laminar and Turbulent Flows

• Reynold’s number and its significance

• Analysis of Flow through pipe – Darcy Weisbach equation

• Highlights from the analysis

• Conclusion

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Terminology
• Pipes: These are the flow sections of circular cross
section.
• Tubes: These are the small diameter pipes
• Duct: These are the flow sections of noncircular
cross section.
• Internal flow: Fluid flows inside a tube or a duct.
• External flow: Fluid flows over a surface.
• Open-channel flow: Here the conduit is partially
filled by the fluid and thus the flow is partially
bounded by solid surfaces, as in an irrigation
ditch, and flow is driven by gravity alone.
• In this chapter we consider internal flow where the
conduit is completely filled with the fluid, and flow
is driven primarily by a pressure difference.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Reynold’s Experiment

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the geometry, surface
roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid, among other things.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Features of Flow

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

• Stream lines broke up and spread


• Flow is steady and smooth. throughout the cross-section of
passage.
• All stream lines are parallel to each
• Macroscopic mixing motion occurs
other. perpendicular to the direction of flow.
• No macroscopic mixing motion • Energy transfer between adjacent
across the layers. fluid particles as well as with
• Disturbances are occasional and surfaces increases.
dampen out quickly. • Flow is unsteady, irregular and
• The mach number of the flowing fluid chaotic.
is assumed to be less than 0.3. • Friction at the surface increases
resulting in the increase of pumping
power.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Reynold’s Number (Re)
• It is defined as the ratio of • The Reynolds number at which the

inertia force to viscous force. flow becomes turbulent is called the


critical Reynolds number, Recr.
• It depends on viscosity of the

fluid (µ), flow velocity (v), density • For internal flow in a circular
pipe, the generally accepted value
(ρ) and characteristic dimension
of the critical Reynolds number is
(D) of the flow passage.
Recr = 2300.
Mathematically,
– If Re < 2300, the flow is laminar.
Inertia force VL VL
Re    – If Re > 4000, the flow is turbulent.
viscous force  
– If 2300 < Re < 4000, the flow is
transitional.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Reynold’s Number (Re)
Following are the flow features observed in practice for different values of Reynold’s
number.

0 < Re < 1 highly viscous laminar “creeping” motion

1 < Re < 100 Laminar flow, strong Reynolds number dependence

100 < Re <103 Laminar flow, boundary layer theory useful

103 < Re < 104 Transition to turbulence

104 < Re < 106 Turbulent flow but moderate Reynolds number dependence

Re > 106 Turbulent flow but slight Reynolds number dependence

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Flow though Pipe - Analysis
• Consider flow through a circular pipe
with a control volume (C.V) as shown
in the fig. between two sections 1 & 2.
• Notations:
– d – diameter of the pipe • Considering the force equilibrium of the
– v or um - Average velocity through element in the control volume:
pipe
   
– τ or τ0 - Shear stress at the surface P1  d 2   P2  d 2     dL   0
4  4 
– P1 – pressure acting on the left face

of C.V
 P1  P2  d 2    dL 
– P2 – pressure acting on the right 4
face of C.V • On simplification, we get Pressure

– L – distance between two sections or difference between two sections as


length of C.V 4 L
P1  P2  ...............................(1)
d
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Flow though Pipe - Analysis
• Head loss or loss of pressure head, • Finally, head loss by friction can

P1  P2 4 L be written as:
Hf   .....................(2)
g  gd fLv 2
Hf  .................................(4)
• Multiplying and dividing with 2v2 on 2 gd
R.H.S, we get
• Consider friction coefficient from
4 L  2v 2   8   Lv 2  Hagen Poisueille flow:
Hf     
 gd  2v 2    v 2   2 gd 
wall shear stress
• Now writing Darcy Weisbach friction Cf 
kinetic energy per unit volume
factor (f),

8  2
f  2 .................................(3) Cf   ..........................(5)
v 1 2
v v 2

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Highlights from the Analysis
• The head loss Hf represents the additional height that the fluid needs to
be raised by a pump in order to overcome the frictional losses in the
pipe.
• The head loss is caused by viscosity, and it is directly related to the wall
shear stress. H f   ...... from eq.2 
• Comparing the equations (3) and (4), we can write:

8
friction factor  4  friction coefficient  f  4  C f 
v2
• Here shear stress is a representative of viscosity or fluid friction.
64
• Again friction factor is related with Reynold’s Number as f 
Re
• Friction factor is inversely proportional to the Reynold’s number.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
Highlights from the Analysis
• Pumping power required to overcome the pressure loss,
W  Q  P   Av   gH f   mgH f ....in kW
• Where mass flow rate,

m   Av....in kg
s

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College
THANK YOU

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,


4/22/2020
Gudlavalleru Engineering College

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