ASSIGNMENT

BATCH JULY- AUGUST 2024

NAME RICHU PONNU ROY

ROLL NO 2414517246

PROGRAMME BBA- BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SEMESTER 1

COURSE NAME COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

COURSE CODE DBB1110
 SET 1

1. Analyse and compare three primary theories on the evolution of the English language. How do
these theories differ in explaining the development of English?
The evolution of the English language is a complex process with various theories attempting to explain its
development. Three primary theories are:
Language as a Spandrel: This theory, proposed by Steven Pinker and Ray Jackendoff, suggests that
language is a byproduct of other cognitive abilities, rather than a direct adaptation for communication. It
argues that language evolved as a side effect of increased brain size and complexity, which enabled other
cognitive functions like tool use and social interaction.
Language as a Meme: Susan Blackmore's theory views language as a cultural entity that spreads through
imitation and replication, similar to biological memes. It emphasizes the role of social learning and
cultural transmission in shaping language, suggesting that linguistic changes occur through the spread of
successful linguistic innovations.
Language as an Adaptation: This theory, supported by Noam Chomsky and others, proposes that language
is a complex biological adaptation specifically designed for communication. It argues that humans
possess an innate universal grammar, a set of rules that govern all human languages, suggesting that
language is a product of natural selection.

These theories differ in their explanations of the driving forces behind language evolution. The spandrel
theory emphasizes the role of cognitive evolution, the meme theory highlights the importance of cultural
transmission, and the adaptation theory focuses on the role of natural selection.

2. Classify different types of sentences and explain each one in detail. Use examples to demonstrate
how each type serves a distinct purpose in communication.

The different types of sentences are:-

1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Statement
4. Interrogative
5. Exclamatory

1. Positive
These type of sentences are also known as affirmative sentences. This sentence does permit us to affirm
something in direct manner. Example. Tom went outside.
We shall use “has” in a positive sentence when the subject is singular and “have” when the subject is
plural. Example She has gone to church. They have gone to the park.
When the auxiliary verb (do, have etc) is put after the pronoun in a positive sentence that verb is used for
emotive or contrastive emphasis when the speaker or writer feels strongly about something.
When spoken this kind of usage gives the auxiliaries extra stress in pronunciation to make them sound
louder, longer or higher in tune.

Reema thinks that her father doesn’t love her but he does love her.
I don’t see my tuition teacher anymore, but I do remain indebted to her for her tutorials.
When a negative word such as never, hardly, etc begins a positive sentence the subject and verb are
inverted. In other words, the question word order is used.
Example.
Rarely do I hear anything as melodious as Shakira’s concert.
Th word order for affirmative sentences in the present tense is subject + verb form or subject _+ auxiliary
verb + Verb form.
Example
He reads every night
He is reading well

The word order for affirmative sentences in future tense ( will, case) is subject + will + word form.
Example.
He will read every night

The word order for affirmative sentences in past tense is subject + verb form or subject + auxiliary verb +
verb form
Example
He read every night
He was reading well

Negative sentence
Negative sentences are those sentences which deny an affirmation. Obviously they are the opposite of
positive sentences.

Example
I do not read
I never read

We use has not/ does not in a negative sentence when the subject is singular ( he, she etc) and have not/
do not when the subject is plural. ( they, boys, flowers etc)
Example
He has not studied
He does not want to study

The word order for negative sentences in present tense is subject + auxiliary verb ( with “not”) plus verb
form. Example
He does not pray every day
He is not exercising
The word order for negative sentences in future tense ( will case) is subject + auxiliary + not + verb form.
Example
He will not study every night
He will not be studying every night

The word order for negative sentences in past tense is subject + auxiliary verb + not + verb form
Example
He did not study every night
He was not studying hard

Statement
A statement is known by the name of declarative sentence. This type of sentence simply state the fact, an
argument or an idea, without requiring any answer or action from the reader. It does not give a command
or request, nor does it ask a question. There are two types of statements they are unconditional or
conditional statements.

Unconditional statements have no condition in this statement.

Example.
Rica plays a Guitar.

Conditional statements. These are statements where we find there is a condition in a clause accompanied
by a main clause which shows the action. We can say these are of three types
1. Open conditional statement
2. The hypothetical conditional statement
3. The unfulfilled hypothetical statement

Open conditional statements

This type of statement generally refers to a future event which is conditional on another future event
The verb of the conditional clause is in the simple present tense and the verb of the main clause is in the
future tense ( usually with will)
Example
If I eat too much my stomach bulge
Only if we all eat fast we will be able to catch the train

Sometimes the open conditional statement describes a situation or an instance which is dependant on
another instance ( Given in the conditional clause) In this case both verbs are in the present tense.
Example

If I eat less food for dinner I feel much more comfortable in the morning
Occasionally, if is replaced by when. If implies that the condition is really open and may not be fulfilled
while when implies that the condition will be fulfilled and the event will certainly take place.

Example
I will cook when you complete the homework
The hypothetical conditional statement refers to a possible future situation which depends on another
possible future situation
The verb of the main clause uses the present conditional tense ( would + infinitive, could + infinitive) and
the verb of the conditional clause normally uses the present subjunctive. Occasionally the condition
aspect of the statement can be emphasized by using the form where + to + infinitive.

Example
If you chew your food well it would be well digested

Sometimes the statement uses the open hypothetical form, though it is clearly impossible. In such cases
the main clause uses would or could + verb form
Example.
If I were in your place I would not win the prize

The unfulfilled hypothetical statement. This refer to a situation which an event might have taken place but
did not because a condition was not full filled. The verb of the main clause goes in the past conditional (
would have plus past participle) and the verb of the conditional clause is in the past perfect ( had plus past
participle)
Example
If you had eaten too much your stomach would have ached.

Here we have to note that the conditional clause can be placed either before the main clause or after it

Interrogative
This type of sentence asks a questions and ends with a question mark. It may ask for information or
confirmation or denial of a statement. They typically begin with a question word such as what, who or
how or an auxiliary verb such as do or does can or would.
Example
What is your name?
Will you come to my house?

There are four types of interrogative sentences and they are yes or no interrogatives , alternative
interrogatives, tag interrogatives, information interrogative
yes or no interrogatives
As the name suggests yes or no questions are answered by no or yes.

Did you finish your assignment ( Yes/ No)

Alternative interrogative
This refers to those questions that offer two or more alternative responses.
Example
Did you finish the assignment of he?

Tag interrogative
This type refers to question sentences that have question phrases tagged on to the end of a declarative
sentence.
Example
You ate too much didn’t you?

Information interrogatives
These sentences are also known as wh questions. They generally require special information for their
answers. They can be identified by the presence of an interrogative pronoun, such as why, when, how,
etc., in the first place and can be asked at any part of the sentence.
Example
Who was first in the class?

Exclamatory
An exclamation mark (is used to express an emotional utterance). So, an exclamatory sentence is used to
express happiness or joy. An exclamation can be a word, phrase, or complete sentence that conveys great
emotion or intensity. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.
Example
Alas ! Ram failed in an exam

Model auxiliary
This is also known as an auxiliary verb or helping verb. These are verbs which are used in combination
with main verbs to express tense, aspect, voice, modality or emphasis in a sentence.
They can help the main verb convey additional meaning.
Example
1) to be
I am having dinner
2) to have
I have finished my dinner
3) to do
They do exercise every day
These auxiliary verbs combine with other verbs to form various tenses like present, past and future as well
as expressing aspects like continuous or perfective actions, passive voice or modality indicating
possibility, necessity or obligation
Example
Present tense - I am writing
Past perfect tense -He had written a letter
Past tense – He wrote a letter
Future tense-They will finish their homework
Present continuous -He is exercising
Past continuous- We were singing
Past perfect- I had sung a song
Future perfect- we will have finished our homework
Passive voice- the cake was eaten
Model verbs- He can sing

3. Illustrate the steps of making a flashcard by choosing any word of your choice. You may
use diagrams.
Flashcards are small note cards used for testing and improving memory through practiced
information retrieval. Flashcards are typically two-sided, with the prompt on one side and the
information about the prompt on the other. This may include names, vocabulary, concepts, or
procedures.

The steps to create a flashcard are as follows: -

1. One can take the required materials for making a flashcard like some paper, pen, pencil,
highlighter, scale, etc.
2. Choose the word that you would like to mention on the flashcard.
Here the word is ‘procrastinate.’
3. Take a card and write the vocabulary in large, bold letters on the front side as shown below. t

PROCRASTINATE
c

4. Now turn the card, and write at the back- the definitions, meanings of the word, etc.
The back side is known as the ‘Information Side.
5. Use highlighters, colour pencils, etc to make it attractive.
 Meaning: -
Delay or postpone events

Part of Speech
c
Verb
Sentence
I procrastinate and forget to do most of the work, and I
am working to reduce it.
 SET-II

4. Define the following and also give examples for each:

a) Noun: -
b) Pronoun
c) Conjunction
d) Preposition
e) Interjection

a) Noun: A noun is a word that is used to describe people, objects, animals, events, substances
states and feelings or ideas. A noun can be a subject or an object of a verb, and it can also be
modified by an adjective and can take an article.
E.g.: A Flask, a sofa, a pillow, a bed, an apple, and the Sun
Nouns can be classified into various kinds.
The various kinds of nouns are as follows: -
1. Proper Noun: - These are specific words that name things, people, and places, such as Tom,
Spain, etc.
Sentence.
Ram is drinking water.

2. Common Noun: - The name of a group of similar things such as a chair or book and not of a
single person place or thing.

Sentence
My bag is very heavy.

3. Abstract noun.
A noun denoting an idea, quality or state of being rather than a concrete object.
Examples. Truth, danger, happiness
Sentence
The website contains considerably more abstract nouns than hard facts.

4. Countable nouns
These are nouns that we can use to count using numbers.
Example- A banana, three tomatoes, a few cashew nuts.

Sentence
Ram bought 10 chocolates

5. Uncountable nouns. These nouns cannot be counted

Examples. Sause. Air, water
Sentence
There is some milk in the refrigerator
6. Concrete nouns
A noun denoting a material object rather than an abstract quality state or action
Example – Building

Sentence
My house is made of brick and mortar
b) Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun to avoid repetition.
Examples:
He, she, it, they
For instance, instead of saying, "The dog is barking because the dog is hungry," you can say,
"The dog is barking because it is hungry."

Objective pronoun- It is used as an object or object of a preposition

Example- Her, it, him

Sentence- I am giving him some case studies for practice

Subjective pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used as a subject of a verb.
Example- She, they
Sentence
She is helping Sam to finish maths assignment

Reflexive pronoun.
These are pronouns that reflect to another noun or pro noun within the same sentence
Example- Himself, herself

Sentence
I am ashamed of myself for not finishing my work

c) Conjunction
A conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences.
Examples:
• And, but, or
• For example, in the sentence, "I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain," the word
but connects two ideas.

Sentence- Mom told me to buy some milk and groceries

d) Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words
in a sentence.
Examples:
On, at, in, under
For instance, the sentence, "The book is on the table," on shows the relationship between the
book and the table.
e) Interjection
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise.
Examples:
Wow, ouch, hey
For example, in the sentence, "Wow! That was amazing," Wow! shows the speaker's excitement.
5. Define Leadership. Explain the different types of leadership.
Definition of Leadership
Leadership is the ability to guide, influence, or direct individuals or groups toward achieving
common goals or objectives. Effective leaders inspire and motivate others, create a vision, and
build a supportive environment that fosters collaboration and growth.
Different Types of Leadership Profiles
There are several types of leadership styles, each with its own characteristics and approaches.
Here are some common leadership profiles:
1. Authoritarian (Autocratic)
In this style, the leader makes decisions unilaterally, without much input from team members.
Example: A manager who dictates all the tasks and expectations without seeking feedback.
2. Participative (Democratic)
This approach involves team members in the decision-making process, promoting collaboration
and participation.
Example: A leader who holds regular meetings to gather ideas and opinions from the team before
making decisions.
3. Delegative (Free Rein)
Delegative leadership is the style of management in which a leader gives tasks and
responsibilities to the team while enabling autonomy to make decisions and take ownership of
the project.
Example. A company leader who recognises the strength of their marketing assistant may choose
to delegate social media management to them. This decision helps the manager to focus on
strategic planning.
6. Describe the four quadrants of the Johari Window. Provide examples from your own
experience or imagination to illustrate how each quadrant can reveal different aspects of
self-awareness and interpersonal relationships.
Johari Window is a technique designed to help people better understand their relationship with
themselves and others. It was created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham. In this model, each
person is represented by his own window.

Open Quadrant: - The open quadrant is the part of our conscious-self that is our attitude,
behaviour, motivation, values, and way of life. We move within this area with freedom.
We are like open books.
Example: - Telling all our family problems to everyone.
Hidden Quadrant: - It represents things that we know about ourselves that others do not know.
Our secrets, feelings, ambitions, and doubts one keeps private.
We shouldn’t disclose our savings to anybody.
Blind Quadrant: - It represents aspects of an individual that are not known to him but are known
to others.
Example: - One might not realise he has good writing skills until his teacher points it out.

Unknown quadrant: - It represents aspects that are unknown to us as well as others.

We may have some unique abilities that neither we nor outsiders know.