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Lesson 1
What is language?
According to linguists, language will be called a language if there is a:
- System of rules
- Sound system (phonology)
- Vocabulary (lexicon)
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
 Speech community- is the kind of group that socio linguistic attempts to study.
- A group of people who share similar ideas, and uses norms of language
 Language acquisition- is a process where in people acquire language used by those in community
 Language learning- is a process where in people learn their second language by studying formally in
school or informally on their own.
 Language contact- is a process where in people try to understand each other or to communicate as one
learns from each other.
 Language change – is a process wherein people are constantly interacting and communicate with each
other.
 Language- is indeed a human complex and it is important to be aware of its features and behavior.
Lesson 2
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Why is it important to know the process of communication?
- To help you understand how the process works and
- knowing the flow of communication will able to make the communication effective.
4 Communication Models
 Aristotle’s communication model
Speaker speech audience
 Laswell’s communication model ( by Harold Dwight Laswell -1948)

 Shannon-weaver’s communication model (by Claude elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver 1949)
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 David Belo’s Communication model (by David berlo)-1960

(the art of communication is the language of leadership) – James Humes

 Communication- generally defined as an exchange of thoughts, ideas, concept and views, between or
among two or more people various context come into play
 Context – the circumstances or environment which communication takes place

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
- According to MODE
- verbal or nonverbal communication
-visual communication
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
- Intrapersonal communication – latin intra prefix means within or inside
- Interpersonal communication--latin prefix intra means between or among and together
- Extended communication
- Organizational communication

Two types of organizational communication

1) Formal structure- allows communication to take place via designated channels of message consist
of 4 approaches
A. Downward communication
B .Upward communication
C. Horizontal communication
D. Crosswise communication
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2) Informal
-Intercultural communication – is a communication between or among people having different,
linguistic, religious, ethnic, social and professional
backgrounds.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
-Formal communication- employs formal language delivered orally or in written form
-Informal communication- does not employ formal language

Lesson 3
For both oral and written communication you should be able to apply the following principles
a. know your purpose in communication
b. know your audience
c. know your topic
d. adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation
e. work on the feedback given to you

Principles of effective oral communication

a. be clear with your purpose
b. be concise
c. be natural with your delivery
d. be complete with the message you deliver
e. be specific and timely with your feedback

Principles of effective written communication: the 7’s

a. be clear – to the message, it must be clear to the mind of the audience
b. be concise-the message should not include unnecessary details, it should be short and complete
c. be concrete-one should be specific
d. be complete-one should include all the relevant information
e. be correct-correct language should be use
f. be coherent-it refers to the written or spoken communication express clearly, logically and
intelligibly
g. be courteous -the sender should take into consideration both feelings and viewpoints of the receiver
Lesson 4
Communication and Globalization

Globalization
 globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Principally, it's an
economic concept
 Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to everyone.

How globalization works?

In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders.
Principally, it's an economic concept – the integration of markets, trade and investments with few
barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations. There is also a cultural element, as
ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated.

 Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to everyone.
 Story
-What is Globalization Anyway? By Alex Gray
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Analyzation
What is Globalization Anyway? By Alex Gray

How did globalization happen?

 One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via an overland
route.
Merchants carried goods for trade back and forth, trading silk as well as gems and spices and, of course, coffee.
(In fact, the habit of drinking coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an example of how
globalization can spread culture across borders.)
What's good about it?

 Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty. For example, when a
company like Starbucks buys coffee from farmers in Rwanda, it is providing a livelihood and a benefit
to the community as a whole. A multinational company's presence overseas contributes to those local
economies because the company will invest in local resources, products and services. Socially
responsible corporations may even invest in medical and educational facilities.

What's bad about it?

While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere.

Steel companies in the UK, for example, once thrived, providing work for hundreds of thousands of people. But
when China began producing cheaper steel, steel plants in the UK closed down and thousands of jobs were lost.

Globalization operates mostly in the interests of the richest countries, with most of the world's collective
Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary Fund) globalization could lead to
"unparalleled peace and prosperity". Done poorly, "to disaster".

Lesson 5
What is Intercultural communication?
 Science explains that each person is genetically unique. except for identical twins, each person has a
unique genetic composition. This uniqueness becomes even more heightened because of individual
experiences. Humans are formed by forces other than genetics.
 Family background, Religious Affiliations, Educational Achievements, Socio-cultural forces, economic
conditions, emotional states, and other factors shape human identities. Because of this, no two people
can ever be exactly the same.
Communicating Across Cultures by Carol Kinsey Goman (2011)
(1) Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for granted.
Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting is begun at a very early age.
And while some of a culture's knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught
explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously.
(2) The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide business organizations
have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject of importance—not just because of
increased globalization, but also because their domestic workforce is growing more and more diverse,
ethnically and culturally.
(3) We are all individuals, and no two people belonging to the same culture are guaranteed to respond in exactly
the same way. However, generalizations are valid to the extent that they provide clues on what you will
most likely encounter when dealing with members of a particular culture.
High context vs Low context
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High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian,
American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context,
nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.
By contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to
be explicit and specific.

Sequential vs. Synchronic

In sequential cultures (like North American, English, German, Swedish, and Dutch), businesspeople
give full attention to one agenda item after another.
In synchronic cultures (including South America, southern Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed
as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated. This viewpoint influences
how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking, investments, developing talent
from within, and the concept of "long-term" planning.
Affective vs. Neutral
In international business practices, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates
depends upon whether we are affective (readily showing emotions) or emotionally neutral in our
approach. Members of neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings, but keep them carefully controlled
and subdued. In cultures with high affect, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling,
grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying, shouting, or walking out of the room.
Reason and emotion are part of all human communication. When expressing ourselves, we look to
others for confirmation of our ideas and feelings.

If our approach is highly emotional, we are seeking a direct emotional response: "I feel the same way." If our
approach is highly neutral, we want an indirect response: "I agree with your thoughts on this."

Varieties of English
 According to Braj Kachru, the Three Concentric Circle of Asian Englishes presents the three circles:
Inner Circle (English as a native language) member countries, Outer Circle (English as second language)
member countries and Expanding Circle ( English as a foreign language) member countries.

World Englishes (WE)

- Stands for localized varieties of English as they are used or spoken in certain areas.

 According to Bautista and Gonzalez (2006), the structural characteristic of these new varieties differ.
In terms of social features, differences can also be highlighted through these following varieties of English
within the same Speech Community:
1. Acrolect – comes to the closest to the standard.
2. Basilect – digresses thoroughly from it and comes closest to the pidgin.
3. Mesolect – middle variety is midway between Acrolect and Basilect.
4. Edulects – these varieties resulting from certain types of education ascertained by social class but are
conveyed or transferred by the kind of instruction of the school.
 According to Kachru and Nelson (2006) claim that these varieties of English are influenced by the
local language/s in various areas of their grammars and exhibit specific phonological, lexical, syntactic
and discoursal characteristics.

Voiceless plosives such as p,t,k and often perceived by the Inner countries same as with the b,d,g.

Expanding Countries like Japan do not properly distinguish between R and L.

Only some English varieties in Southeast Asia can be seen having a lexicon and vocabulary words with these
following examples:
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1. Singapore English
actsy ‘show off’
missy ‘nurse’
chop ‘rubber stamp
Marina kids, youngsters who spend their leisure time at or around Marina Square. (Pakir, 1992, as cited in
Kachru & Nelson, 2006)

2. Philippine English
‘deep’ hard to understand
‘High Blood’ tense or upset
‘Blow out’ to treat someone with a meal
‘Motel’ used for pre-marital sex
‘Amboy’ half Filipino and American
‘Pulot boy’ boy who pick up tennis balls in a game
‘Balikbayan box’ bow where Filipinos returning from abroad put all their shopping among others.
(Bautista 1997, cited Kachru & Nelson 2006)
3. Malaysian English
‘Antilog’ a male hated by a girl
‘Popcorn’ a loquacious person
‘Kachang’ peanuts
‘Slambar’ relax
‘day bugs’ those come to attend school do not live in residence halls (Said &Ng 2000, as cited in Kachru
&Nelson, 2006)
Language Registers/Registers of English
 David Crystal (2008) defines Register as a variety of language defined according to its use in social
situations e.g. a register of scientific, religious, formal English.
 Crystal (1964) discusses Style refers to the degree of formality attached to particular interpersonal
social situation which is reflected by differences in Language. E.g. The way on how you talk to a friend
is different on how you talk to your superior.
Crystal (1964) discusses Register refers to a kind of language whose forms are of a deniable social situation,
legal language, liturgical language and so on.

According to Lee (2001), Genre is associated with the organization of culture, register is associated with the
organization of situation.

Genre of Recipe
- Field may be analyzed in terms of social setting and the communicative purpose in which text is
produced.

Tenor
- May be described in terms of the role/s required of the writers and readers including the cultural values
shared by both.

Mode
- could be explained in light of the knowledge of other texts required of speakers/listeners and
writers/readers as regards the genre including formal text features.

Language Register
- refers to formality of language which one speaks and used in different situations.
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Formal Register
- used in formal speaking and writing situations. Likewise appropriate use in professional writing
Lesson 7

Writing an Explanation Essay

WHY- is a relevant question because if we live from ancient times “why” was not used to ask or attempt to
seek an answer. Without “Why”, we would have limited knowledge about many things in our world.
Why – means providing explanations for phenomena
Explanation Essay – one such example a written piece of work that addresses “why” questions.
The following reading selection is an explanation essay which attempts to answer “why” questions similar to
some. Look up the following words and phrases that are used in the selection
• Lingua franca
• Linguistic Nationalism
• Cultural Chauvinism
• Conversant
• Siloed cubicles
• Crème de la crème
• Mano-a-mano
• Bourgeois stories

 A Mansion of Many Languages by Danton Remoto (2017)

 In 1977, my mentor, the National Artist for Literature and Theater Rolando S. Tinio

The Blog

Writing a Blog
 Blogs define as from handwritten entries on a piece of paper or a notebook page, diary in contemporary
times come in the form of online journals.
 It was first used in the 1990’s.
 This is different from traditional journal/diary wherein it can be uploaded to online platforms that make
easier for bloggers it means that bloggers must present these issues in a way that would interests the
general public.
 Blogs are more concerned with communicating a message, rather than simply expressing or
documenting an idea or emotion.
 It also promotes your way of expressing your emotions through ideas based on your personality.

Lesson 8

COMMUNICATION MODES
• Refers to the channel through which one express his/her communicative intent
• Conveys his/her thoughts
• Views or feelings can be communicated through face to face interaction, video, audio and text based.
1. Face to face interaction
How do you initiate conversations?
Margaret J. Wheatley states: “All social change begins with a conversation”

2. Video
3. Audio
4. Text based Communication
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Communication Strategies
 Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.
Types of Communication Strategies
 Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the strategies together will
allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to meet employee needs and increase
workplace knowledge.

The following are the important things to remember:

• Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written and oral
communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall into the
oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face conversation.
• Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language, facial
expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice. These cues are typically not
intended. However, it is important to realize the message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one
thing, yet the receiver is hearing another.
• Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, webpages, and illustrations. These strategies are
used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation. Human resources is required to post certain
visuals throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.

Physical media
 With physical media we mean channels where the person who is talking can be seen and heard by the
audience. The whole point here is to be able to not only hear the messages but also to see the body
language and feel the climate in the room.
 This does not need to be two-way channels. In certain situations the receiver expect physical
communication. This is the case especially when dealing with high concern messages, e.g.
organizational change or downsizing. If a message is perceived as important to the receiver, they expect
to hear it live from their manager.

The following are example of Physical Media:

• Large meetings, town hall meetings - This channel works very well when you need to get across strategic
and important messages to a large group of people at the same time
• Department meetings (weekly meetings) - Weekly meetings are also used to follow up on information from
large meetings, management team meetings etc from a “what’s-in-it-for-us-perspective”.
• Up close and personal (exclusive meetings) - This is a form of meetings where, often, a senior manager
meets with a “random” selection of employees to discuss and answer questions.
• Viral communication or word of mouth - Or viral marketing as it is also called works external as well as
internal and refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increases in
awareness or knowledge through self-replicating viral processes. It can be word-of-mouth delivered

Mechanical media
 With mechanical media we mean written or electronic channels. These channels can be used as archives
for messages or for giving the big picture and a deeper knowledge. Typically though, because it is
written, it is always interpret by the reader based on his or her mental condition. Irony or even humor
rarely travels well in mechanical channels.
• E-mail - It is suitable mainly for up-to-date and “simple” messages and where there is no risk of
misunderstanding, E-mail is an important supplement to weekly meetings and the Intranet.
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• Weekly letters or newsletters - Managers that have large groups of employees and who has difficulties in
meeting all of them often choose to publish a personally weekly letter.
• Personal letters - At special occasions it can be justified to send a personal letter to employees in order to get
attention to a specific issue. E.g. pat on the back letter after extra ordinary achievements.
• Billboards - But the good thing with the billboard is that you can use billboards to inform people who does
not have computers and/or access to the Intranet or to reach people that work part time and does not attend
weekly meetings.
• Intranet - The Intranet is of course one of the most used types of communication medium and a very
important communication channel and work tool for you as a manager, but it is also your job to help your
employees prioritize and pick out the information on the Intranet.
• Magazines or papers - A Magazine offers the opportunity to deepen a specific issue, explain context,
describing consequences or tell a story. It also has the opportunity to reach many employees.
• SMS (Short Message Service) - Or text messaging to the mobile phone is one of the new types of
communication medium and not a very widely used channel but where it is used it is proven very effective.
• Social media - Wikipedia describe social media as “Media designed to be disseminated through social
interaction, created using highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques. Social media supports the
human need for social interaction, using Internet- and web-based technologies to transform broadcast media
monologues (one to many) into social media dialogues (many to many).
Push or Pull
Push channels are channels where the sender are pushing the message to the receiver. Meaning it is up to the
sender to control the communication.
• E-mail

• Newsletters and letters (if sent out)

• Magazines (if sent out)

• Meetings

• Telephone

Pull channels on the other hand is when the receiver is pulling the message from the sender. It is up to the
receiver when he or she wants to take in the message.
• Intranet
• Billboards
• New letters and letters (if not sent out)
• Magazines (if not sent out)
• Social media

The ambition Stairway

The Ambition Stairway is a useful tool for you to use when deciding what channels to use for your level of
ambition. Witch gives you control of the different types of communication medium. Also, it is important to
realize that just publishing something on the Intranet will not get employees motivated and involved.
Lesson 10 and 11
Genre Across Professions
1. Business Letters

a communication letter between a sender and a receiver wherein it is used for transaction and can’t be easily
relayed orally.
a. Heading
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b. Inside Address

c. Salutation

d. Body

e. Complimentary close

f. Signature

2. Memorandum
came from a latin term means “it must be remembered”. It is usually used is disseminating message by those
occupying mid-level positions and up in an organization
A reminder to one’s constituents who need to act about something.
Effective memo should be written in a Powerful manner
3. Minutes of Meeting
Offices hold meetings from time to time.
In this event one should discuss important matters and issues.
4. Business Proposal
it is to attract clients or secure support from possible investors or organizations.
Your goal is to approve by the prospective client.
3 major parts:
a. Problem Statement

b. Proposed solution

c. Costing or pricing

5. Job Interview
All a job interview does is give employers the chance to meet you and see if they like you enough to give you a
job.
Follow these 5 easy steps and you will stand the best chance of getting a job:

a. What type of interview is it?

The three main types of interview:

• One-to-one interview – The most common type… You are interviewed by just one person (usually the boss!)
and it’s a simple question and answer session.

• Panel interview – A bit scarier… This is where you’re interviewed by more than one person at a time –
expect two or more interviewers to be in the room with you.

• Competency interview – The most advanced interview type. You’ll be tested on different situations e.g. ‘tell
me about a time when you showed good teamwork’.

b. What should I wear?

 It may sound silly but you must plan your interview outfit. You don’t necessarily have to wear a suit,
depending on what job you’re going for, but you should follow a few simple dress code rules

c. Practice these interview questions

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YOU MUST PRACTICE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS! OK, that was a bit dramatic, but this is where many
people mess up. By just spending a little bit of time looking at common interview questions and answers you
can really improve your chances of getting the job

d. Body language in the interview

It may sound weird but body language has a big part to play in your job interview. For example, if you sit
slouched in your chair with your arms crossed you could come across badly, even if your answers are good

e.Don’t forget to ask your own questions

At the end of almost every interview, the interviewer will say to you ‘do you have any questions for me?’ If you
shrug your shoulders and get tongue-tied then you can look uninterested. Go in with a few interview questions
of your own prepared, instead
6. Application Letter and Resume
A letter of application, also known as a cover letter, is a document sent with your resume to provide
additional information about your skills and experience. The letter of application is intended to provide
detailed information on why you are a qualified candidate for the job.
A resume is a one- or two-page formal document that job hopefuls submit to hiring managers and employment
recruiters as a means of itemizing their work experience, educational background, and special skills. Successful
resumes entice potential employers to invite applicants to interview for the position.
Lesson 12
Research based Journal
The following are the Major Sections of a Research Journal: Customary Parts of an Education Research Paper:
• Title/Cover Page

Contains the paper's title, the author's name, address, phone number, e-mail, and the day's date.

• Abstract
Often only 100 to 300 words, the abstract generally provides a broad overview and is never more than a page. It describes
the essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the research question posed, its significance, the methodology, and
the main results or findings. Footnotes or cited works are never listed in an abstract. Remember to take great care in
composing the abstract. It's the first part of the paper the instructor reads.
• Introduction and Statement of the Problem

A good introduction states the main research problem and thesis argument. Never provide a lengthy justification for your
topic before it has been explicitly stated.
• Limitations of Study

Indicate as soon as possible what you intend to do, and what you are not going to attempt. You may limit the scope of
your paper by any number of factors, for example, time, personnel, gender, age, geographic location, nationality, and so
on.
• Literature Review The research process uncovers what other writers have written about your topic. Your education
paper should include a discussion or review of what is known about the subject and how that knowledge was acquired.
Once you provide the general and specific context of the existing knowledge, then you yourself can build on others'
research.

• Main Body of Paper/Argument

It's where the author supports the thesis and builds the argument. It contains most of the citations and analysis. This
section should focus on a rational development of the thesis with clear reasoning and solid argumentation at all points. A
clear focus, avoiding meaningless digressions, provides the essential unity that characterizes a strong education paper.
• Conclusion
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After spending a great deal of time and energy introducing and arguing the points in the main body of the paper, the
conclusion brings everything together and underscores what it all means. A stimulating and informative conclusion leaves
the reader informed and well-satisfied.
• Appendices Education research papers often contain one or more appendices. An appendix contains material that is
appropriate for enlarging the reader's understanding, but that does not fit very well into the main body of the paper. Such
material might include tables, charts, summaries, questionnaires, interview questions, lengthy statistics, maps, pictures,
photographs, lists of terms, glossaries, survey instruments, letters, copies of historical documents, and many other types of
supplementary material.