54

54
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 LECTURE # 02
Fundamental elements of wave motion :

(1) Amplitude (A) : Maximum displacement of vibrating particle from its equilibrium position.
(2) Time period (T) : Time taken by wave to travel a distance equal to one wavelength.
(3) Frequency (n/f/n) : Number of cycle (number of complete wavelengths) completed by a particle in unit
time.
2p
(4) Angular frequency (w) : It is defined as w = = 2pn
T
(5) Wave length (l)
* Length of 1 wave
Or
* Minimum distance between any two particles which are vibrating in same phase.
Or
* Distance covered by wave in 1 time period
Or
* Distance between two successive creast or trough in a transverse wave.
Or
* Distance between two successive compression or rarefaction in a longitudinal wave is known as wave
length.
(6) Wave number ( n )
Number of wave produced per unit distance is known as wave number.

1
n= Unit = m–1
l

(7) Angular wave number or wave propagation constant (k) :

The ratio of phase difference and path difference of any two particles in the direction of wave propagation
is known as angular wave number.

3p/2

p
O Df 2p w
2p k= = = Unit = rad/m
p/2 Dx l v
l

5
 (8) Wave speed (v)

Distance travelled by the wave per unit time is known as wave speed.

l w w
v= = nl and v= Þ v = nl =
T k k

(I) Medium given (II) Source given

So v = constant So n = constant

Þ nl = constant Þ vµl

1
Þ nµ
l

eg. Medium-1 Medium-2

n1 n2 n1 = n2
v1 v2 v1 ¹ v2
l1 l2 l1 ¹ l2

If a wave of particular frequency propagate from one medium to another medium then frequency remains
unchanged. Velocity of wave is medium dependent quantity, it depends on properties of medium like density,
elasticity, inertia etc.

Frequency of wave is a property of source, means it is decided by source.

Equation of a Plane Progressive Wave

If, during propagation of wave in a medium, the particles of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (a)

l
the medium perform simple harmonic motion then the wave 3
4
2
is called a 'simple harmonic progressive wave'. Suppose, a a
y
simple harmonic progressive wave is propagating in a 1 5 9 x

medium along the positive direction of the x-axis (from left x 6 8

7 (b)
to right). In fig. (a) the equilibrium positions of the particles Direction of wave
1, 2, 3 ....... are shown.

When the wave propagates, these particles oscillate about

their equilibrium positions. In Fig. (b) the instantaneous positions of these particles at a particular instant are
shown. The curve joining these positions represents the wave. Let the time be counted from the instant when
the particle 1 situated at the origin starts oscillating. If y be the displacement of this particle after t seconds,
then y = a sin (wt+f)...(i)

where a is the amplitude of oscillation and w = 2p n, where n is the frequency. As the wave reaches the
particles beyond the particle 1, the particles start oscillating. If the speed of the wave be v, then it will reach
particle 6, distant x from the particle 1, in x/v sec. Therefore, the particle 6 will start oscillating x/v sec after
the particle 1. It means that the displacement of the particle 6 at a time t will be the same as that of the
particle 1 at a time x/v sec earlier i.e. at time t – (x/v). The displacement of particle 1 at time t – (x/v) is equal
to particle 6, distant x from the origin (particle 1), at time t which is given by

6
54
54
54
 æ x ö
y = a sin ç w(t - ) + f ÷
è v ø

æ w ö
y = a sin ç wt - x + f ÷
è v ø

w
= k then
v

This is the equation of y =asin[wt–kx+f] wave propogating in +x direction in which y represent the displace-
ment of a particle placed at x at any time t.
Note :- 1. General equation of plane progressive wave propogating in positive x direction is given by
y = a sin[wt–kx+f]
2. General equation of plane progressive wave propogating in negative x direction is given by
y = a sin[wt+kx+f]
Note :- 1. If both wt & kx have same sign then wave propogate in negative x direction.
2. If both wt & kx have opposite sign then wave propogate in positive x direction.
Phase angle (q)
The argument of function in wave equation is known as phase angle.
y = A sin (wt ± kx + f)
y = A sin q
phase q = (wt ± kx + f)
Initial phase angle (f)
The value of phase angle at t = 0 and x = 0 is known as initial phase angle.
• Relation between Phase difference, Path difference & Time difference

y1 = A sin[ wt – kx1 + f]
y 2 = A sin[ w t – kx 2 + f]
Df = k(x 2 - x1 )

2p
Df = Dx ...(1)
l

x1
t1 =
v

x2
t2 =
v
Dt = t2–t1

Dx
Dt =
v

Dx
Dt = T ....(2)
l
From equation 1 & 2

7
 Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference
Df Dx Dt
= =
2p l T
Que. Find out VOP, DOP and nature of wave in following equations
(a) y = A sin(wt – kx) (b) y = A sin(wt – ky)
DOP = +x DOP = +y
VOP = +y VOP = +y
Transverse Longitudinal
(c) y = A sin(–wt–kz) (d) X = A cos(wt+kx)
VOP = +y VOP = x
DOP = –z DOP = –x
Transverse Longitudinal
(e) y = A sin(kx–wt)
VOP = y
DOP = +x
Transverse
Note : If w and k have same sign then wave will propagate in (–ve) direction otherwise in (+ve) direction.
æ pö
Que. Find phase difference between y1 = A sin ç wt - kx + ÷ and y2 = A cos(wt–kx)
è 3ø

Sol.

Que. Find out phase difference between given waves y1 = A sin (wt – kx + 0.57) and y2 = A cos(wt – kx).

Sol.

Df = f2 - f1 = 1.57 - 0.57 = 1rad

Que. In transverse wave distance of 5th and 9th crest is 35 cm and 63 cm from centre of oscillation of this wave takes
2 s to go from 5th to 9th crest. Find out wave length, velocity, frequency of wave.

Sol. (i)

Que. A man generate a wave in a string by moving his hand up and down. A t=0 the point in his hand moves
downward. The wave travels with speed of 3 m/s on string and his hand passes 6 time in each second from
mean position. Find out time taken by particle which is situated at 3 m from his hand to reach at upper extreme.

Sol.

8
Que. In a stretched wire speed of wave 20 m/s and n = 50 Hz. Find phase difference between particles separated by
10 cm from each other.
Sol.

Que. For a sound wave path difference of 40 cm is equivalent to phase difference 1.6p rad. If speed = 330 m/s. Find n.

Df Dx
Sol. =
2p l

1.6 p 40 40 ´ 2 ´ 10 1
Þ = Þ l= Þ l=
2p l ´ 100 100 ´ 16 2

Q V = nl Þ n = 330 × 2 Þ n = 660 Hz

é px ù
Que. If equation of plane progressive wave is given by y = 10 sin ê200pt - . Find out
ë 9 úû

(a) DOP (b) Nature (c) Amplitude (d) Angular frequency

(e) Time period (f) Wave speed (g) Wave length (h) Maximum velocity

Sol.

9
 LECTURE # 03
Velocity and acceleration of a particle in a wave
* Velocity of medium particle (vp)
As we know that
y = A sin(wt ± kx)

dy
Þ = A ëécos( wt ± kx)(w ´ 1 ± 0) ûù
dt
Þ vp = Aw cos(wt ± kx)
Þ (vp)max = Aw
* Acceleration of medium particle (ap)

d2y
2
= - A w 2 sin( w t ± kx )
dt

a p = -Aw2 sin( wt ± kx)

(ap)max = Aw2
Que. If equation of plane progressive wave y = y0 sin(wt–kx) and here wave velocity = maximum particle velocity.
Find out l.
Sol.
Relation between wave velocity and particle velocity
y = A sin(wt ± kx)

dy
Let = A ëécos( wt ± kx)(w ´ 1 ± 0) ûù ...(1)
dt

dy
and = ± Ak cos( wt ± kx) ....(2)
dx
From equation 1 & 2
æ v p ö Aw cos(wt ± kx)
Þ ç ÷=
è dy / dx ø ± Ak cos(wt ± kx)

w æ dy ö
Þ vp = ±
k çè dx ÷ø

w
Q v=
k

æ dy ö
\ vp = ±v ç ÷
è dx ø
velocity of particle at a given point = (–) wave velocity×slope of wave at that point. (Slope of
wave is also called as wave strain)
From equation 1 & 2
¶2 y 1 ¶2 y
Þ =
¶x 2 V2 ¶t2

This is the differential equation of harmonic progressive waves.

10
 Note :-

(1)

y = A sin [kx–wt]

(2)

y = A sin [wt–kx]

(3)

y = A sin [wt+kx]
Note :-
If y = f(ax ± bt) represent travelling wave function then -
¶2 y 1 ¶2 y
(i) y satisfy =
¶x 2 V2 ¶t2

(ii) for any value of x & t y should be finite.

Que. Which of the following equation can represent wave equation.
(a) y = A sin (wt2 –kx) (b) y = A tan (wt –kx)
1
(c) y = A cos (wt –kx) (d) y = Ans. [c]
t-x
Que. Which equation can represent a travelling wave
1
(b) y =
2
(a) y = (x–vt)2 (c) y = e -( x - vt) (d) None of these Ans. [c]
t+x
Que. If given wave is moving along (+x) direction. Find out which of the particle have
y
B H
A C G I
+x
D F
E

(a) upward velocity Ans. C, I, D

(b) downward velocity Ans. F, G A
(c) 0 velocity Ans. B, E, H
Sol.

11
Que. If a wave of n = 500 Hz move from point x to y and travel a distance 600m in 2 s. Find number of
waves between x and y.
Sol.

p
Que. Equation of wave is given by y = 8 sin(0.5 px–4pt+ ). Find out velocity of wave
4

Sol.

Que. If the given wave moves along +x direction with speed of 330 m/s. Find out velocity of particle p.
y
p
30° +x

Sol.

Intensity :
The maximum amout of energy passes from unit area in unit time in direction of wave propagation is known as
intensity.

E max J
I= =
A ´ t m2 / s

P Watt
I= = 2
A m
Intensity of mechanical wave
t
M = vol × r = A × l × r = A × V × t × r r
1 2
v M
Mv 2p 1 A ´ V ´ t ´ r ´ v p max
E max 2 max
Þ I= ´
I= =
A´t A´t 2 A´t
l
1
Q v p max = aw = a(2pn) Þ I= ´ V ´ r ´ (2pna)2 Þ I = 2p a n rv
2 2 2
2

12
54
 LECTURE # 04
Speed of Transverse Mechanical Wave :-
Speed of Transverse Wave on a Stretched Wire -

T
VT = this is the velocity of wavewith respect to string
m
where T = tension in wire
m ® Mass per unit length of
wire / linear mass density /
linear density

M wire æ kg ö
m= ç ÷
L èMø
2
A = pr M wire Volume ´ density ( AL ) r
r m= = =
L L L L
So, T T T where A = cross-section area of wire
m = A r = pr 2 r VT = = =
m Ar pr 2 r r = radius of wire
r = density of wire
Note :-
(1) Speed of transverse mechanical wave is greater in hollow wire than the solid wire of same material, same
æ 1 ö
radius under same tension. ç V µ ÷
è mø
(2) Speed of transverse mechanical wave is greater in thin wire than the thick wire of same material, same

density under same tension. æç V µ ö÷

1
è rø
Results:-

T Mg Vrg T Mg - Vrg
(1) T VT1 = m
=
m
(2) VT2 =
m
=
m
M M
(3) From (1) & (2)

V1 Mg Vs g 1 V1 1 r ® density of liquid
= = = Þ =
V2 Mg - Vrg Vsg - Vrg r V2 r s ® density of solid
1- 1-
s s
(4) In solid wire

T T Stress Y ´ strain
VT = = = = means VT = VL strain
m Ar r r
15
 æ Dl ö Y Dl
(5) Strain = ç ÷ VT = ´
è l ø r l

Y
(6) Thermal strain:- (µ Dq) VT = ´ µ Dq µ = coefficient of thermal expansion
r

Que. Find out the ratio of VT in both identical wire

V1
T1
Sol.
60
T2 mg
V2
T2
20
mg
Que. Find out VT in given thick rope at point A, B, C if lenfth of rope is (L) and Mass is (M)

Sol. C

16
Que. Find out time taken by transverse wave to reach from point A to C in previous ques.

Sol.

Alternate method :

Que. 2 wires of different densities but same area of cross section are joined together at their one end and other ends
of wire are stretched to a tension 'T'. If speed of transverse wave in one wire is double of other, find out the ratio
of densities.

Sol.

Que. A 4 kg block is attached to one end of string and other end of string is attatched with ceiling of a lift moving
upward with acceleration of 2m/s2. If linear mass density of wire is 19.2 × 10–3 kg/m, find speed with which
wave travel along string.
Sol.

Que. A string of mass 2.5 kg is under some tension. The length of stretched string is 20m. If transvers wave at one end
of string taken 0.5 s to reach at the other end. Find T
Sol.

17
Que. In the diagram, string has M = 4.5 g. Find time taken by a transverse wave produced at floor to reach the pulley.

Sol.
25cm
2m
2kg

Que. A wire is 4 m long and has a mass = 0.2 kg. The wire is kept horizontally. A wave is generated by plucking one
end of wire. If the wave pulse makes 4 trips back and forth in 0.4 sec. Find tension in wire.

Sol.

18
54
54
54
Note : (i) If medium is same then v, r = constant so I µ a 2n2
(ii) If medium and source are same then v, r , n = constant so I µ a 2
I1
Que. Find for waves shown in figure
I2
y
4 1
1
2 x

Sol.

I1
Que. Find for waves shown in figure
I2
y
4 1
1 2
x

Sol.

Wave front ® An imaginary surface on which waves incident perpendicular & in same phase.
Wave front Plane Spherical Cylindrical

Source Source at infinite distance Point source Linear source

Sun, Torch, (Bulb, small siren) (tubelight)
loud speaker
Area of A = l ×b A = 4pr2 A = 2prl
wavefront A = const. A µ r2 A µr
1 1 1
Iµ µ a2 I = constant Iµ µ a2 Iµ µ a2
Area r2 r
1 1
Variation during a = constant aµ aµ
r r
propagation
c c'
Equation y = a sin (wt - kx) y= sin ( wt - kr ) y= sin ( wt - kr )
r r
Plane progressive Spherical progressive Cylindrical progressive
wave wave wave
13
Que. 10 m I=?
S
P = 100 watt
Sol.

Que. 10 m I = 100
S

20
m

I=?

Sol.

Que. 10 m I=? Linear

source
40 m I2 = 50

Sol.

14
 REFLECTION OF WAVES, STATIONARY WAVES, STANDING WAVES IN
STRINGS AND ORGAN PIPE
Reflection and transmission of waves Fixed end Free end

Whenever a travelling wave reaches a boundary, part or Incident pulse Incident pulse

all of the wave will be reflected. For example, consider a

pulse travelling on a string fixed at one end (figure). When
the pulse reaches the fixed wall, it will be reflected. Since
the support attaching the string to the wall is assumed to
be rigid, it does not transmit any part of the disturbance to
the wall. Note that the reflected pulse is inverted. This
can be explained by Newton's third law, the support must Reflected pulse
exert an equal and opposite (downward) reaction force on
the string. This downward force causes the pulse to invert Reflected pulse

upon reflection.
Now consider another case where the pulse arrives at the end of a string that is free to move vertically. The
tension at the free end is maintained by tying the string to a ring of negligible mass that to slide vertically on a
smooth post. Again, the pulse will be reflected, but this time its displacement is not inverted. As the pulse
reaches the post, it exerts a force on the free end, causing the ring to accelerate upward.

Incident pulse Incident pulse

(a) (a)
Reflected Tranmitted Reflected Tranmitted
pulse
pulse pulse pulse

(b) (b)
In the process, the ring "overshoots" the height of the incoming pulse and is then returned to its original position
by the downward component of the tension.
Finally, we may have a situation in which the boundary is intermediate between these two extreme cases, that is,
one in which the boundary is neither rigid nor free. In this case, part of the incident energy is transmitted and
part is reflected. For instance, suppose a light string is attached to a heavier string as shown in figure. When a
pulse travelling on the light reaches the junction, part of it is reflected and inverted, and part of it is transmitted
to the heavier string. As one would expect, the reflected pulse has a smaller amplitude than the incident pulse,
since part of the incident energy is transferred to the pulse in the heavier string. The inversion in the reflected
wave is similar to the behavior of a pulse meeting a rigid boundary, when it is totally reflected.
When a pulse travelling on a heavy string strikes the boundary of a lighter string, as shown in figure, again part
is reflected and part is transmitted. However, in this case the reflected pulse is not inverted. In either case, the
relative height of the reflected and transmitted pulses depend on the relative densities of the two string.
Thus, the speed of a wave on a string increases as the density of the string decreases. That is, a pulse travels
more slowly on a heavy string than on a light string, if both are under the same tension. The following general
rules apply to reflected waves :
(1) When a wave pulse travels from medium A to medium B and vA > vB ( B is denser than A), the pulse will
be inverted upon reflection.
(2) When a wave pulse travels from medium A to medium B and vA < vB (A is denser than B), it will not be
inverted upon reflection.
Stationary Waves
(1) When two indentical progressive waves (transverse or longitudinal) propagating in opposite direction superimpose
in a bounded medium (having boundaries) the resultant wave is called stationary wave or standing wave.
(2) Stationary wave pattern may be obtained only and only in limited region.

(3) We can obtain two same type of progressive waves, only & only by method of reflection.

(4) According to the nature of reflected surface, reflection are of two types –

36
54
54
54
(a) Rigid End (b) Free End
In such type of reflection incident and reflected In such type of reflection incident
waves have phase difference of p and and reflected waves are in phase and
direction of propagation are opposite. direction of propagation are opposite.

rigid Free

rigid Free

incident wave y1 = a sin (wt - kx) incident wave y1 = a sin (wt - kx)
reflected wave y2 = a sin (wt + kx + p ) reflected wave y2 = a sin (wt + kx)
or y2 = –a sin (wt + kx) From superposition of wave
y = y1 + y2 y = y1 + y2
y = a {sin (wt – kx) – sin (wt + kx)} y = a {sin(wt – kx) + sin(wt + kx)}
after solving after solving
y = –2asin kx cos wt y = 2a cos kx sin wt
y = –A cos wt where A = 2a sin kx y = A sin wt where A = 2a cos kx
at x=0 A=0 so x = 0 and A = 2a
y1 = A sin [kx–wt]
y2 = A sin [kx+wt]
y = y1 + y2

y = 2Asin kx cos wt
in the above equation Amplitude = 2A sin kx
If (1) x=0 y = 0 (Node)

2p l
(2) x = l/8 y = 2Asin cos wt = 2A cos wt
l 8

2p l
(3) x = l/4 y = 2A sin cos wt = 2Acos wt(A.N.)
l 4

2 p 9l
(4) x = 3l/8 y = 2Asin cos wt = 2A cos wt
l 8

2p l
(5) x = l/2 y = 2Asin cos wt = 0(Node)
l 2

(6) x = 5l/8 y = – 2A cos wt

(7) x = 3l/4 y = –2Acoswt (A.N.)
(8) x = 7l/8 y = – 2A cos wt
(9) x=l y=0

37
Special properties of stationary wave pattern
l Zero wave velocity : No transfer of energy between two points, particle velocity is non zero but wave velocity
is zero.
l Position of antinodes & nodes in this pattern remains fix.
l The particles between two consecutive nodes vibrate in same phase while medium particles nearby of any node
on both sides always vibrate in opposite phase.
l All medium particles doing simple harmonic vibrations have identical time period but different vibration Amplitude
and because of this their maximum velocity at mean position is different
l All medium particles pass through their mean position simultaneously but with different maximum velocity.
l All medium particles pass their mean position in their one complete vibration two times hence stationary wave
pattern is obtained as straight line twice in its one complete cycle.
l In this pattern, at antinode position, displacement and velocity is maximum, but wave strain is minimum.
æ dy ö
Strain = slope of stationary wave pattern ç ÷
è dx ø
At node position displacement and velocity is minimum but wave strain is maximum.
l Amplitude of incident wave > Amplitude of reflected wave
For node a1 – a2 Þ minima
For antinode a1 + a2 Þ maxima
l For any wave each and every reflecting surface have some absorptive power and due to this the energy,
intensity & amplitude of reflected wave is always less compared to that of incident wave. Two waves differ in
their amplitude having same frequency and wavelength and propagate in reverse or opposite direction always
give stationary wave pattern by their superposition.
l According to nature of superposing waves stationary waves are of two types –
Transverse stationary waves ® Musical instruments based on wire (sonometer).
Longitudinal stationary waves ® Musical instruments based on air (resonance tube).
l Only applied to longitudinal stationary wave

N
Pressure ­ density ­
(compression)
If medium particles move in this way

N
Pressure ¯ density ¯

(Rarefaction)
at antinode ® Pressure & density constant so variations min.
at node ® Pressure & density variations maximum.

change in pressure dP æ dy ö
l E gas = = = const. then dP µ strain ç ÷
volumetric strain æ dy ö è dx ø
ç dx ÷
è ø

So strain is maximum at node positions and minimum at antinode positions.

38
 LECTURE # 11
Mathematical Analysis :-
yair = a sin (wt – kx)

Rigid end Free end

yR = – a sin (wt + kx) yR = a sin (wt + kx)
r r r r r r
ysw = y in + y R ysw = y in + y R
ysw = a [sin (wt – kx) – sin (wt + kx)] ysw = a [sin(wt – kx) + sin (wt + kx)]
ysw = – (2a sin kx) cos wt ysw = (2a cos kx) sin wt

amplitude SHM amplitude SHM

yair = a cos (wt – kx)

Rigid end Free end

yR = – a cos (wt + kx) yR = a cos (wt + kx)
r r r r r r
ysw = y in + y R ysw = y in + y R
ysw = a [cos (wt – kx) – cos (wt + kx)] ysw = a[cos (wt – kx) + cos (wt + kx)]
r r
ysw = 2a sin kx sin wt ysw = 2a cos kx cos wt
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
amplitude SHM amplitude SHM
Results :-
(1) In stationary wave equation if sin and cos both terms are present then incident and reflecting wave are of
sin type otherwise cos type.
sin cos sin sin
sin type cos type
cos sin cos cos
(2) If reflection is from rigid end then incident and reflecting wave are in opposite phase so node is formed at
that end. and sin kx term is present in equation of stationary wave.
(3) If reflection is from free end than incident and reflecting wave are in same phase and so antionode is
formed at that end and cos kx term is present.
(i) if x = 0 Þ y=0 Þ Node Þ Rigid end
(i) if x = 0 Þ y¹0 Þ antinode Þ Free end
æ x ö
Que. The equation of a progressive wave is given by y = 0.09 sin 8p ç t - . After reflection of this wave from rigid
è 20 ÷ø

2
end the amplitude becomes of initial amplitude. Find out equation of reflected wave.
9

Sol.

æp ö
Que. If equation of standing wave is given by y = 5cos(60 pt) cos ç x ÷ where x and y are in cm and t in second. Find
è6 ø
(1) General equation of standing wave (2) Type of reflector
(3) Type of incident and reflected wave (4) Equation of incident and reflected wave
(5) Amplitude at (x) position (6) Amplitude at AN and N
(7) Distance between 2 successive N
(8) Distance from reflection where particle has minimum vibration.
(9) Speed of incident and reflected wave (10) Speed of standing wave

39
Sol. (1)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(7)

(9)

æp ö
Que. If equation of standing wave is given by y sw = 8 sin(30pt) sin ç x ÷ then find out :
è3 ø
(1) General equation of standing wave (2) Type of reflector
(3) Type of incident and reflected wave (4) Equation of incident and reflected wave
(5) Amplitude at (x) position (6) Amplitude at AN and N
(7) Distance between 2 successive N
(8) Distance from reflection where particle has maximum vibration.
(9) Speed of incident and reflected wave (10) Speed of standing wave
Sol.

Application of Stationary Waves

Longitudinal Transverse
Stationary wave Stationary wave
* Organ pipes * Sonometer wiere
* Resonance tube exp * Sonometer exp.
(1) Fundamental Frequency:- Minimum possible frequency of sound produced by a source is known as
fundamental frequency.
(2) Overtone Frequency :- Frequency higher than the fundamental frequency is know as overtone frequency.
(3) Harmonic Frequency:- Integer multiple frequency of fundamental frequency is known as harmonic
frequency.

40
Que. 2 forks A and B produce 4 b/s when sounded together. A is in resonance with COP, l = 16 cm and B is in
resonance with OOP of l = 32.5 cm. Find out frequency of both pipes.
Sol.

Que. A flute which we treat as an OOP of L = 60 cm. How far from the mouth piece a hole should be uncovered for
fundamental frequency to be 330 Hz. If speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, then also calculate fundamental
frequency when all the holes are covered.

Sol.

Transverse Stationary Wave:-

Sonometer wire:-
l l
=l, l = 2l
2
N N
A V V 1 T
n1 = = =
l1 2l 2 l m
Ist hormonic or fundamental frequency
x=l/2 l
l
P
N N A A A
A A N
N

l l l Pl P
x= = x= =l
4 2´2 2´P 2

2l 2l 2l
= l, l 2 = lP =
2 2 P

V 2 T V PV P T
n2 = = nP = = =
l2 2l m lP 2l 2l m
2nd hormonic or 1st OT * Pth Harmonic
* (P – 1) No. of OT
* (P + 1) No. of nodes
* P No. of Antinodes

46
 Sonometer:-
B1 Rider B2
A

Sound box (hollow)

* Based on resonance principle
* Used to find frequency of unknown tuning fork.
* At resonance condition

P T 1 T
nTF = nwire, nTF = , normally P = 1 then n TF = 2 l
2l m m

P T P T P T
nP = = =
2l m 2l Ar 2l pr 2r

P T æ Mö P T
nP = çm = ÷ Þ nP =
2 M 2 è l ø 2 Ml
´l
l
1 1 1 1
Here * nµ * nµ * nµ * nµ * nµ
T r l r m
Que. A stretched wire of length 114 cm is divide into three segment whose fundamental frequencies are in the ratio
4 : 3 : 1, the length of the segments must be in the ratio

Sol.

Que. If a stretched string which is fixed at both ends has m nodes, then calculate its length.
Sol.

Que. A sonometer wire emits a fundamental note of frequency 150 Hz. Calculate the frequency of the note emitted

when the tension is changed in the ratio of 9 : 16 and length in the ratio of 1 : 2.

Sol.

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