Distinguish between Linear and Areal/Superficial expansion, When a solid is heated, the atoms gain

energy and vibrate more vigorously. This results in the expansion of the solid.

Linear expansion Superficial or Areal expansion

When a body is heated or cooled, the length of the It is increase in area of solid object due to
body changes due to the change in its temperature. heating. Example metal ball
Example Train track
The ratio of increase in length of the body per degree The ratio of increase in Area of the body per
raise in temperature to its unit length is called. Co- degree raise in temperature to its unit Area is
efficient of linear expansion called. Co-efficient of Superficial expansion

Distinguish between Ideal Gas and Real Gas

Ideal Gas Real Gas

The atoms or molecules of a gas do not interact with Molecules of Atoms of a gas interact with each
each other other
At low pressure or high temperature the inter atomic At very high temperature or low pressure real gas
or inter molecular force of attraction are weak behaves like an ideal gas because of lack of inter
atomic or intermolecular force of attraction

Distinguish between the resistivity and the conductivity of a conductor

Resistivity Conductivity
It is the resistance of a conductor of unit length and It is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity
unit area of cross section
Its unit is ohm meter Its unit is ohm 1‫ ־‬meter 1‫־‬
RA σ = 1/ ρ
P = ----
L

Distinguish between ore and minerals

Ore Minerals
Ores are the Minerals from which metal Minerals are the natural inorganic
can be extracted economically and substance that exist in earth’s crust.
conveniently.
They do not have definite crystalline They have definite crystalline structure
structure
All ores are not minerals. All minerals are not ores
Example: Bauxite and Cryolite are the ores Example: Clay is the mineral of
of Aluminium. Aluminium.
Ore always contains a good percentage of Minerals may or may not contain a
metal good percentage of metals.
Distinguish between a. somatic gene therapy and germ line gene therapy b. undifferentiated cells and
differentiated cells

Somatic Gene Theraphy Germline Gene Theraphy

Transfer of section of DNA to any cell of the body Transfer of section of DNA to any cell of egg and
except eggs and sperm sperm
Example lung cell and blood cell Example embryo, sperm

Undifferentiated cells Differentiated cells

Specialized cell to perform unique function in the Responsible for replenishing old, mature cells
body
Example epithelial cell, endothelial cell, cardiac Stem cells
muscle

Differences between a Convex Lens and a Concave Lens

S. Convex Lens Concave Lens
No
1 A convex lens is thicker in the middle A concave lens is thinner in the middle than at edges.
than at edges.
2 It is a converging lens. It is a diverging lens.
3 It produces mostly real images. It produces virtual images.
4 It is used to treat hypermeteropia. It is used to treat myopia

Differences between series and parallel connections/circuit

S. CRITERIA SERIES PARALLEL
No.
1 Equivalent resistance More than the highest resistance. Less than the lowest resistance.
2 Amount of current Current is less as effective Current is more as effective re-
resistance is more. sistance is less.
3 Switching ON/OFF If one appliance is disconnected, If one appliance is disconnected,
others also do not work. others will work independently.

Difference between the sound and light waves

S.No SOUND LIGHT

.
1 Medium is required for the Medium is not required for the propagation.
propagation.
2 Sound waves are longitudinal. Light waves are transverse.
3 Wavelength ranges from 1.65 cm –7 –7
Wavelength ranges from 4 × 10 m to 7 × 10 m.
to 1.65 m.
4 Sound waves travel in air with a –1
Light waves travel in air with a speed of 3 × 108 ms .
–1
speed of about 340 ms at NTP.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Atom Molecule
An atom is the smallest particle of an element A molecule is the smallest particle of an
element or compound.
Atom does not exist in free state except in Molecule exists in a free a state
noble gas
Except some of noble gas, other atoms are Molecules are less reactive
highly reactive
Atom does not have a chemical bond Atoms in a molecule are held by chemical
bonds

Difference between hygroscopic substances and deliquescence

Hygroscopic substances Deliquescence substances

When exposed to the atmosphere at ordinary When exposed to the atmospheric air at
temperature, they absorb moisture and do not ordinary temperature, they absorb moisture
dissolve. and dissolve.
Hygroscopic substances do not change its Deliquescent substances change its physical
physical state on exposure to air. state on exposure to air.
Hygroscopic substances may be amorphous Deliquescent substances are crystalline solids.
solids or liquids.

Differences between combination and decomposition reactions

COMBINATION REACTIONS DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

One or more reactants combine to form a A single reactant is decomposed to form one or
single product more products
Energy is released Energy is absorbed
Elements or compounds may be the reactants Single compound is the reactant

Differences between reversible and irreversible reactions

REVERSIBLE REACTION IRREVERSIBLE REACTION
It can be reversed under suitable conditions. It cannot be reversed.

Both forward and backward reactions take It is unidirectional. It proceeds only in forward
place simultaneously. direction.
It attains equilibrium. Equilibrium is not attained.
The reactants cannot be converted The reactants can be completely converted into
completely into products. products.
It is relatively slow. It is fast.

Differences between Dicot and Monocot root

No. Tissues Dicot Root Monocot Root
1 Number of Xylem Tetrarch Polyarch
2 Cambium Present (During secondary growth only) Absent
3 Secondary Growth Present Absent
4 Pith Absent Present
5 Conjunctive Tissue Parenchyma Sclerenchyma
Ex. Bean Maize

Differences between Dicot Stem Ex.Sunflower and Monocot Stem Ex.Maize

S. Tissues Dicot Stem Monocot Stem
No.
1 Hypodermis Collenchymatous Sclerenchymatous
2 Ground tissue Differentiated into cortex, endodermis, Undifferentiated
pericycle and pith
3 Vascular bundles (i) Less in number (i) Numerous
(ii) Uniform in size (ii) Smaller near periphery,
(iii) Arranged in a ring bigger in the centre
(iv) Open (Cambium present) (iii) Scattered
(v) Bundle sheath absent (iv) Closed (Cambium
absent)
(v) Bundle sheath present
4 Secondary growth Present Mostly absent
5 Pith Present Absent
6 Medullary rays Present Absent

Differences between of Dicot and Monocot Leaf

S. Dicot Leaf Monocot Leaf
No.
1 Dorsiventral leaf Isobilateral leaf
2 Mesophyll is differentiated into Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy
palisade and spongy parenchyma parenchyma
Differences between Artery and Vein
S.N Artery Vein
o
1 Distributing vessel Collecting vessel
2 Pink in colour Red in colour
3 Deep location Superficial in location
4 Blood flow with high pressure Blood flow with low pressure
5 Wall of artery is strong, thick and elastic Wall of vein is weak, thin and non-elastic
6 All arteries carry oxygenated blood except All veins carry deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins
7 Internal valves are absent Internal valves are present

Differences between endocrine and exocrine gland

Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland

Exocrine glands have specific ducts to Endocrine Glands are found in different regions of the body
carry their secretion
They have specific Ducts They do not have specific ducts, so they are called ductless
glands
The secretion is produced from the The secretion diffuses into the bloodstream and reaches the
specific duct target organ
E.g. Salivary Glands sweat glands Eg.Pituitary Adrenal Glands

Differences between Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Factors Type-1 Insulin dependent Type-2 Non-insulin

diabetes mellitus (IDDM) dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM)
Prevalence 10-20% 80-90%
Age of onset Juvenile onset (< 20 years) Maturity onset (>30 years)
Body weight Normal or Underweight Obese
Defect Insulin deficiency due to destruction of β-cells Target cells do not respond to insulin
Treatment Insulin administration is necessary Can be controlled by diet, exercise
and medicine

Comparison between soap and detergents

Soap Detergent
It is a sodium salt of long chain fatty acids. It is sodium salts of sulphonic acids.
The ionic part of a soap is – COO–Na+. The ionic part in a detergent is – SO–3Na+.
It is prepared from animal fats or vegetable oils. It is prepared from hydrocarbons obtained from
crude oil.
Its effectiveness is reduced when used in hard It is effective even in hard water.
water.
It forms a scum in hard water. Does not form a scum in hard water.
It has poor foaming capacity. It has rich foaming capacity.
Soaps are biodegradable. Most of the detergents are non-biodegradable.

POINTS TO REMEMBER