Materials: The earthen materials, obtained from excavations or borrow areas, intended to be used for

backfilling around foundations and structures and filling, shall be free from trash, lumber and other
debris and from stones and hard clods larger than 75mm (3 inches) in any dimension. b. Sand: The sand,
intended to be used for backfilling around foundations and structures and filling, shall be clean and
coarse grained, with no more than 10% passing US Sieve No. 50 and shall be obtained from an approved
source. 3.2 Compaction a. Unless otherwise specified, the backfills and fills, with earthen materials, shall
be compacted to minimum of the following percentages of the laboratory maximum dry density, based
on AASHTO Test T180, Table D (Modified Proctor). The field density shall be determined in accordance
with AASHTO T191. i. Backfilling around foundations and structures 90% ii. Filling under floors and slabs
on grade 85% 18 b. Unless otherwise specified, the backfills and fills, with sand, shall be compacted to
minimum of 90% of relative density. c. Type of the compactor, to be used, shall depend upon the
volumes of earthwork, to be compacted, and the space constraints and it shall be as approved by the
Engineer. d. Placing and compaction of backfilling and filling around walls shall proceed, simultaneously,
on both sides of the structure, to avoid unbalanced pressures. e. Backfills and fills shall not be placed,
against structures, earlier than 4 days after placing of concrete or brick masonry. 4. MEASUREMENT 4.1
Excavations and Backfilling for Structures a. Measurement, for excavations and backfilling (with the
same excavated material), for structures, will be made in the specified units, of theoretical volume of
unclassified excavation, acceptably carried out, on the basis of the dimensions, for the neat excavation
finish lines, in accordance with the Drawings or directions of the Engineer. b. Any excavation carried out
outside the limits, shown on Drawings or directed by the Engineer, shall not be measured as excavation
and shall not be paid for. c. Filling, with the imported materials, for structures, will be measured and
paid, separately, as laid down in Section 4.2. 4.2 Filling Measurement, for filling, under structures,
foundations and floors, will be made in the specified units, of theoretical volume of compacted fill, of
specified material and quality, acceptably placed, on the basis of the dimensions, for the neat filling
finish lines, in accordance with the Drawings or directions of the Engineer. 5. RATE AND PAYMENT 5.1
Payment Payment for, both excavation and backfilling and filling, of specified nature, will be made for
the respective quantities of these items, measured in accordance with Article 4, at the unit rates,
tendered in the priced Bill of Quantities. 5.2 Rate The unit rates tendered, for both excavation and
backfilling and filling, shall be deemed to be inclusive of, but not limited to the following: a. Common
Applicable to All Items i. All operations related with transportation, involved in the process ii. All
operations related with storage of materials iii. All sorts of wastages iv. Operations including
maintenance, protection and repairs, of the works v. Design, provision, construction, maintenance and
removal of all the requisite temporary works like bridges and detours for the traffic vi. Design, provision,
construction, maintenance and removal of the requisite public protection and warning works like
suitable barricades, flood lights, warning lights, signs and similar items 19 vii. Protection of existing
adjacent facilities like paving, structures and utilities viii Making good all damages ix. Obtaining soil data
and information x. Carrying out all sampling and testing xi. All other operations, procedures and
requirements necessary to complete the work in accordance with these specifications. b. Excavations
and Backfilling for Structures i. Protection, preservation and maintenance of excavations ii. Stock piling
of suitable excavated materials iii. installation and removal of shoring, sheeting, wall bracings, planking,
strutting and similar items iv. Dewatering for excavations, including works like drains, ditching, pumping,
well-pointing, bailing, disposal and all other work v. Disposal of surplus and/or unsuitable excavated
material and filth and garbage vi. All operations associated with back-filling including placing, watering
and compaction, of the back-filling materials c. Filling i. Providing filling material ii. Development of
borrow areas including necessary clearing and grubbing, disposal of debris and other unsuitable
materials, acquiring the necessary right-of-way for and making access roads, for hauling of materials and
making provisions for the satisfactory drainage of the borrow areas iii. All operations including placing,
spreading, watering and compaction of fill materials iv. Final grading and leveling 20 SECTION 04.3:
EARTHWORK FOR ROADS 1. SCOPE OF WORK a. The work to be done under this section consists of
performing all earthworks, for the roads, in accordance with these Specifications and in conformity with
the lines, grades, sections, and dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. b.
Earth work, for roads, shall include the following: i. Performing the required excavations, in earth, rock
or other materials, from the roadway, adjacent areas or from borrow areas ii. Transporting and disposal
of unsuitable and/or surplus excavated materials iii. Transporting, placing and compacting the excavated
materials in embankments and for improvement of sub grades c. All the provisions of Section 04.1 shall
apply to this section of specifications. 2. EXCAVATION OF UNSUITABLE OR SURPLUS MATERIAL 2.1
General "Unsuitable or Surplus Material" is the material, arising from Roadway Excavation, which is
declared in writing by the Engineer to be unsuitable for use or surplus to the requirements of the
Project. 2.2 Construction Requirements a. All suitable material, excavated within the limits of the
project, shall, unless provision is expressly made to the contrary, be used in the most effective manner
for the formation of the embankment, for widening the roadway, for backfill, or for other work included
in the Contract. b. Any excavated material, surplus to the project requirement or declared, by the
Engineer, to be unsuitable, shall be disposed of, as directed by the Engineer. 3. COMPACTION OF
NATURAL SURFACES 3.1 General This work shall consist of compacting the cleared and excavated
surfaces, prepared for receiving the road embankment or, directly, the pavement courses, as the case
may be. 3.2 Construction Requirements a. The top 200 mm (8") layer, of the cleared or excavated
surface, to be prepared for receiving the road embankment or, directly, the pavement courses, shall be
scarified and the soil contents, thoroughly, mixed. b. Moisture contents, in the top layer, shall be
brought, close to the optimum moisture contents, for compaction. c. Except where otherwise specified,
top 200 mm (8") layer, of the cleared or excavated surface of the ground, shall be compacted to
minimum of the following percentages of the laboratory maximum dry density, based on AASHTO Test
T180, Table D (Modified Proctor). The field density shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO
T191. i. Level difference between finished sub grade surface 95% and surface to be compacted, less than
1 m (3.25') ii. Level difference between finished sub grade surface 85% and surface to be compacted, 1
m (3.25') or more 21 4. EMBANKMENT FORMATION 4.1 General This work shall consist of excavation of
materials, haulage, filling and placing, compaction, shaping and sloping necessary for the construction of
all embankment, sub grades, shoulders and special backfills, to the required alignment, grade and cross-
sections, shown in the Drawings. 4.2 Material Requirements a. General: All materials excavated for
embankment formation shall be unclassified and paid for regardless of the material encountered. It shall
include suitable fill material excavated from roadway and borrow area. b. Borrow Excavation i. Borrow
excavation shall include the material that is suitable for the construction of roadway embankments or
other work of constructing embankments, covered by the Contract, and also unsuitable material that is
necessary to excavate, as determined by the Engineer, to obtain suitable material. ii. Borrow shall be
resorted to only when sufficient quantities of suitable material are not available, as herein prescribed,
from roadway excavation, to properly construct the embankment sub grade and shoulders and to
complete the backfilling of structures. iii. In no case shall material be borrowed until so ordered by the
Engineer, and then only from the designated borrow pits with their location duly approved by the
Engineer. 4.3 Embankment Construction a. General i. Embankment shall be constructed with suitable
material, as approved by the Engineer, true to lines, grades and cross-sections, shown in the Drawings,
within a tolerance of 13 mm (1 /2"). ii. Except where otherwise specified, the embankment shall be
constructed in successive layer of not more than 250mm (10") in thickness measured loose for the full
width of the embankment. iii. Embankment shall be constructed in lengths of not less than 90m (300') or
for the full length of road. b. Placing near Pipes and Structures: Embankment over and around pipes,
culverts, arches and bridges shall be made with selected materials and thoroughly compacted in such a
manner as to avoid undue strains upon the structures. c. Traffic Distribution over Embankment: All
traffic over the work during the construction of embankment shall be distributed so as to cover the
entire surface of each layer. d. Stability of Embankments: The Contractor shall be responsible for the
stability of all embankment made by him and shall replace at his own expense any portions which, in the
opinion of the Engineer, have been displaced, due to carelessness or negligent work on the part of the
Contractor, except for damages, resulting 22 from natural cause such as storms, cloud burst,
movements of natural ground or due to shrinking of the material of which the embankment is
constructed. 4.4 Embankment Compaction a. General: All embankments shall be compacted in
accordance with the following requirements: i. Each layer of embankment material, except layer
consisting of stones, shall be moistened or dried uniformly to the optimum moisture content, and then
thoroughly mixed with a blade grader or disc harrow or any other suitable equipment and then
compacted by rolling with sheep foot roller, tamping or pneumatic tired roller or 3 wheel power roller.
ii. During the progress of the work, the Engineer shall make density tests, to measure the degree of
compaction. In case the measured degree of compaction, in any layer, is less than the required; the
Contractor shall perform additional rolling, as may be necessary, to achieve the required compaction. iii.
On the written request of the Contractor, the Engineer may permit in writing compaction with types of
equipment other than those specified above, provided the Contractor demonstrates that use of the
alternate equipment will consistently produce densities of not less than the specified percent as
provided above. b. Moisture Content: Materials shall be at a moisture content + 2% (two percent) of
optimum moisture (AASHTO T180). c. Compaction Requirement for New Embankment: Except where
otherwise specified, sub grade embankment shall be compacted to minimum of the following
percentages of the laboratory maximum dry density, based on AASHTO Test T180, Table D (Modified
Proctor), for its full width. The field density shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO T191. i.
Potions of embankment lying within 95% top 1 m (3.25') of embankment ii. Portions of embankment
lying 85% below 1 m (3.25') of finished sub grade surface d. Testing Requirements for Compaction i. The
compaction, of each and every layer, shall be tested and approved before the next layer of fill is placed.
ii. The result shall be examined on a statistical basis. Only one result, in ten consecutive tests, may fall
below the specified degree of compaction, with no result having values below 97.5% of the specified
degree of compaction. e. Maintenance of Sub grade Surface: i. After the sub rade has been prepared, as
specified above, the Contractor shall maintain it free from ruts and depressions and all damage resulting
from the carriage or hauling of any materials, machinery and equipment shall be made good, to the
required standard. ii. Ditches and drains shall be constructed and maintained, along the completed sub
grade section. A completed sub grade equal to at least the length of base or pavement to be laid the
next working day shall be maintained at all times. 23 f. Testing of Sub grade Surface: Prior to the laying
of pavement, the sub grade levels shall be checked by the use of leveling stakes and/or other means,
approved by the Engineer and any necessary correction made, as specified hereinafter: i. After the sub
grade has been prepared and immediately before the paving course is laid, the sub grade shall be tested
as to crown and elevation by the use of an approved sub grade template. ii. The template shall be so
constructed that its lower or testing edge will just come to the true position of the sub grade when the
template is riding on the forms, set for this purpose. iii. Where the sub grade is found not to be at the
proper elevation, material shall be removed or added, as the conditions necessitate and compacted to
bring all portions of the sub grade to the correct elevation and to specified density. iv. Where the sub
grade is more than 7.5m (25 feet) in width; it shall be tested in strips 7.5m (25 feet) or less in width by
the use of crown stacks, temporary forms or other means approved by the Engineer. 5. MEASUREMENT
5.1 Excavation of Unsuitable or Surplus Material a. Measurement, for excavation of unsuitable or surplus
materials, will be made in the specified units, of theoretical volume of unclassified excavation,
acceptably carried out, on the basis of the dimensions, for the neat excavation finish lines, in accordance
with the Drawings or directions of the Engineer. b. Any excavation carried out outside the limits, shown
on Drawings or directed by the Engineer, shall not be measured as excavation and shall not be paid for.
c. Only excavated materials, which are surplus to the requirements of the Project or are unsuitable, as
established by the Engineer, will qualify for measurement and payments under this item. Excavation of
materials, which are used for filling and embankment construction, shall be deemed to be included in
the pay items, relating to the parts of the work, where these materials are used. 5.2 Compaction of
Natural Surfaces Measurement, for compaction of natural surfaces, at or below NSL, will be made in the
specified units, of theoretical area of the surfaces, acceptably compacted, on the basis of the
dimensions, in accordance with the Drawings or directions of the Engineer. 5.3 Embankment Formation
Measurement, for embankment formation, will be made in the specified units, of theoretical volume of
compacted fill, of specified material and quality, acceptably placed, on the basis of the dimensions, for
the neat embankment finish lines, in accordance with the Drawings or directions of the Engineer. 24 6.
RATE AND PAYMENT 6.1 Payment Payment, for the above measured items, will be made for the
respective quantities of these items, measured in accordance with Article 5, at the unit rates, tendered
in the priced Bill of Quantities. 6.2 Rate The unit rates tendered, for the above measured items, shall be
deemed to be inclusive of, but not limited to the following: a. Common Applicable to All Items i. All
operations related with transportation, involved in the process ii. All operations related with storage of
materials iii. All sorts of wastages iv. Operations including maintenance, protection and repairs, of the
works v. Design, provision, construction, maintenance and removal of all the requisite temporary works
like bridges and detours for the traffic vi. Design, provision, construction, maintenance and removal of
the requisite public protection and warning works like suitable barricades, flood lights, warning lights,
signs and similar items vii. Protection of existing adjacent facilities like paving, structures and utilities viii
Making good all damages ix. Obtaining soil data and information x. Carrying out all sampling and testing
xi. All other operations, procedures and requirements necessary to complete the work in accordance
with these specifications. b. Excavation of Unsuitable or Surplus Material i. Protection, preservation and
maintenance of excavations ii. Stock piling of suitable excavated materials iii. Installation and removal of
shoring, sheeting, wall bracings, planking, strutting and similar items iv. Dewatering for excavations,
including works like drains, ditching, pumping, well-pointing, bailing, disposal and all other work v.
Disposal of surplus and/or unsuitable excavated material and filth and garbage vi. Obtaining the consent
of the Owner or tenant of the land, for disposal of surplus or unsuitable material. c. Compaction of
Natural Surfaces i. All operations including scarifying, mixing, watering and compaction of the top soil
layer. d. Embankment Formation i. Providing filling material including its excavation and transportation
ii. Development of borrow areas including necessary clearing and grubbing, disposal of debris and other
unsuitable materials, acquiring the necessary 25 right-of-way for and making access roads, for hauling of
materials and making provisions for the satisfactory drainage of the borrow areas iii. All operations
including placing, spreading, watering and compaction of fill materials iv. Final grading, leveling and
dressing 26 SECTION 04.4: EARTH WORK FOR PIPES TRENCHES 1. SCOPE OF WORK a. The work to be
done under this section consists of performing all operations in connection with excavation and back-
filling, of trenches, for the pipes, laid for the following services, in accordance with these Specifications
and in conformity with the lines, grades, sections, and dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed
by the Engineer: i. Water supply pipelines ii. Sanitary and storm sewers iii. Other pipelines b. Earth work,
for pipes, shall include the following: i. Performing the required trench excavations, in earth, rock or
other materials ii. Transporting and disposal of unsuitable and/or surplus excavated materials iii. Back-
filling of trenches c. All the relevant provisions of Section 04.1 shall apply to this section of specifications.
2. TRENCH EXCAVATION 2.1 General a. Trenches for pipelines shall be excavated to the lines and grades,
shown in the drawings or as directed by the Engineer, as necessary for the proper completion of the
work. b. The contractor shall do all excavations, of whatever substance encountered, to the depth
shown on the drawings or otherwise specified. c. Excavation shall include without classification the
removal and disposal of all materials of whatever nature that would interfere with the proper
construction and completion of the work and shall include the furnishing, placing and maintenance of
supports for the sides of the excavations. d. The work shall also include all pumping, ditching,
dewatering and other measures required for the removal and exclusion of water. e. Except as otherwise
specified, excavation for pipes shall be open cut trenches, with sides as nearly vertical as practicable. f.
Unless otherwise directed or permitted by the Engineer, not more than the following length, of any
trench, in advance of the end of the pipeline already laid, shall be opened at any time. i. 150 meters (500
feet), for water line ii. 50 meters (165 feet), for sewer line g. Unless otherwise directed or permitted by
the Engineer, not more than 300 meters (1000 feet) of any one trench shall be worked on at a time. h.
Bell holes and depressions, for joints, shall be dug after the trench bottom has been prepared and
graded. The pipe, except for joints, shall rest on the prepared bottom for its full length. Bell holes and
depressions shall be only of such length, depth and width as required for properly making the particulars
type of joint. i. Stones shall be removed, from the trench beds, to avoid point bearing. j. Whenever wet
or otherwise unstable material, that is incapable of properly supporting the pipe, as determined by the
Engineer, is encountered in the bottom of the trench, such material shall be removed to the depth
required and the trench backfilled to the proper grade with coarse sand, or other suitable approved
granular material. Such replacement of unsuitable material will be paid for at the contract unit price for
that item of work. k. In no case, material removed from trench excavation shall be used as backfill
material, unless approved by the Engineer. 27 2.2 Trench Excavation for Water Pipelines Unless
otherwise shown in the drawings or directed by the Engineer, trenches, for water lines, shall be of a
depth to provide a cover, over the top of the pipe, of 0.75 meters (2.50 feet) from the existing ground
surface or finished grade whichever is closer. 2.3 Trench Excavation for Sewers a. The trenches for
sewers shall be made to their proper levels with the aid of suitable boning rods and sight rails which
shall be fixed according to the requirements of the Engineer at intervals not exceeding 12.5 (40') and
also by leveling along the invert with leveling instruments. b. All sight rails and posts shall be well
seasoned deodar timber of ample size and strength. The rails and boning rods shall be suitably and
accurately planned and no warped or otherwise defective or damaged sight rails or boning rods shall be
used. All boning rods shall suitably be shoed with iron. c. Sight rails shall be secured to the posts by
strong steel clamps to the approval of the Engineer and in such a manner that they shall be fixed as
immovable in relation to the correct lines and levels. d. All boning rods and sight rails shall have the
center line accurately marked thereon, by a fine saw cut and shall be painted black and