LITERATURE REVIEW

1. D. Ram Kumar & Dr. P. Nivetha -2024

This study provides an insightful analysis of the import and export trends in the leather
industry, with a specific focus on Bharath Associated Tanning Company. It highlights the
factors influencing trade patterns, including economic policies, consumer preferences,
supply chain efficiency, and technological advancements. The research explores the
performance of the leather industry in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, analyzing
production processes and the potential for export growth. Using both primary and
secondary data sources, the study evaluates market dynamics and the challenges faced
by the sector, such as high production costs and regulatory barriers. Findings suggest that
improving infrastructure, adopting modern technology, and streamlining customs
procedures can enhance efficiency in leather trade. The paper also emphasizes the need
for sustainable practices and strategic innovations to strengthen India’s global
competitiveness in the leather industry.

2. Kiran Azeem, Kiran Zehra, Asma Jabeen, and Syeda Ramsha

This study explores the factors contributing to the decline of Pakistan’s leather exports
and assesses their impact on the industry. The research identifies key challenges such as
high production costs, raw material shortages, smuggling of livestock, and lack of
advanced technology as significant barriers to export growth. Using primary data from
leather exporters in Karachi, the study applies correlation and regression analysis to
examine the relationship between these variables and export performance. The findings
highlight the urgent need for policy reforms, including improved raw material availability,
stricter control over livestock smuggling, better promotional strategies for leather
products, and a reduction in taxation to enhance global competitiveness. Additionally,
the research emphasizes the importance of technological advancements and
infrastructure improvements to strengthen the sector’s position in international markets.
By addressing these challenges, Pakistan’s leather industry can regain stability and
contribute more effectively to economic growth and foreign exchange earnings.

3. Sonali M. Mohapatra

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the export performance of India’s

manufacturing sector, distinguishing between labor-intensive and capital-intensive
industries over the period 2004–2019. The research highlights that labor-intensive
industries tend to be more export-oriented than capital-intensive ones, reflecting India’s
comparative advantage in workforce-driven production. The study employs econometric
models, including the panel Tobit model, to assess key determinants such as foreign
 share, research and development (R&D), real effective exchange rate (REER), and firm
size. The findings suggest that foreign ownership and R&D investment significantly
boost export performance, while firm size exhibits mixed effects, with smaller firms
sometimes facing limitations in expanding exports. Additionally, the paper observes a
gradual shift toward capital-intensive production, driven by technological
advancements and automation. The study also examines policy interventions, noting
that government initiatives like the National Manufacturing Policy and Make in India
aim to enhance export competitiveness. However, structural challenges such as
inadequate infrastructure, regulatory hurdles, and fluctuating global demand remain
barriers to sustained growth. The research provides valuable insights for policymakers,
industry leaders, and economists seeking to strengthen India's manufacturing sector
and align export strategies with evolving global trade patterns.

4. Sonia Akhter, Sajib Ahmed, Md. Mahbub Hasan, Lion Mahmud Noyon, S. M. Sohaeb
Bin Islam, and Farhan Shariar

This article explores the barriers limiting the growth of Bangladesh’s leather industry,
emphasizing how non-compliance with environmental and regulatory standards affects
its global competitiveness. As a major contributor to the country’s economy, the
leather sector has the potential for expansion, yet it faces persistent challenges in five
key areas: (1) raw material constraints, including irregular supply and lack of backward
linkage industries; (2) financial and marketing limitations, such as high bank interest
rates and inadequate funding for modernization; (3) export and import challenges,
including market access restrictions and international compliance issues; (4) workforce
and policy inefficiencies, with a shortage of skilled labor and ineffective regulatory
enforcement; and (5) environmental and relocation issues, stemming from poor waste
management and the impact of tannery relocation policies. The study underscores the
urgent need for policy interventions, improved compliance strategies, and
infrastructure development to ensure sustainable growth. By addressing these critical
areas, Bangladesh’s leather industry can enhance its global market position and achieve
long-term success.

5. Syed Khusro Chishty & Sonia Sayari

This study examines the impact of market-oriented environmental sustainability (MES)
on the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India’s
leather industry. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and data from 194
manufacturing export enterprises, the research analyzes how MES influences green
export resources, competencies, and eco-friendly marketing strategies. The findings
suggest that MES positively affects green export-related competencies, which in turn
enhance eco-friendly export marketing strategies and improve export performance.
However, MES does not have a direct impact on resource acquisition, highlighting the
need for firms to focus on capability development rather than merely investing in
resources. The study emphasizes the strategic importance of sustainability in global
trade and provides valuable insights for Indian leather SMEs aiming to gain a
 competitive edge in international markets. By integrating sustainability into their
business models, firms can enhance export success while meeting evolving
environmental standards.

6. Sanjida Chowdhury Bonney, Md Rokibul Hasan, and Debanjan Das

This study provides a detailed analysis of the global leather industry, focusing on the
export competitiveness of the top ten leather-exporting nations. It highlights the
industry's substantial market value, projected to grow from USD 444.17 billion in 2022
to USD 735 billion by 2032, driven by increasing consumer demand for high-quality
leather goods. The paper examines the industry’s competitive dynamics by analyzing
trade performance across two major product categories: raw hides, skins, and leather
(Chapter 41) and finished leather goods (Chapter 42). Using indicators such as Trade
Competitiveness (TC), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), and
Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA), the study identifies key players
in global leather exports. Italy, the U.S., and Brazil lead in raw leather exports, while
China, Italy, and France dominate in finished leather goods. Despite China’s significant
presence, its trade competitiveness in raw leather has declined, whereas the U.S. and
Brazil have shown strong performance.

7. Manoj Kumar & Rao T Joji

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges faced by the Indian
leather industry in implementing Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM).
Recognizing the sector's significance as a major contributor to employment and foreign
exchange earnings, the paper highlights its environmental concerns, particularly in
terms of water, land, and air pollution. Using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and
MICMAC methodology, the study identifies and categorizes internal and external
barriers hindering GSCM adoption. Key barriers include inconsistent quality, lack of
motivational laws, inadequate infrastructure, and limited financial support. The
research effectively maps the interdependencies between these barriers, offering a
structured approach to overcoming them. The findings emphasize the need for policy
interventions, industry collaboration, and technological advancements to promote
sustainable practices.

8. Sarbapriya Ray

The article presents a detailed econometric analysis of productivity growth in India's

leather industry from 1979-80 to 2008-09, focusing on labor productivity and total
factor productivity (TFP) growth. It highlights the significant role of the leather industry
in India's economy as a major foreign exchange earner and employment generator. The
study finds that while labor productivity improved in the early post-reform years (1990-
91 to 1999-2000), it declined in the following decade. Using the Translog Divisia
approach, the study confirms that economic liberalization had a favorable impact on
 TFP growth, leading to increased efficiency and competitiveness. A SWOT analysis
identifies key strengths, such as abundant raw material availability, export potential,
and government support, while weaknesses include low modernization, lack of skilled
labor, and environmental challenges. The study emphasizes that the leather sector has
immense potential for expansion in global markets, especially in finished leather goods
and footwear. However, to sustain growth, the industry needs better infrastructure,
enhanced labor productivity, and greater investment in technology and sustainability
practices. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and industry
stakeholders to strengthen India’s leather sector and improve its global standing.

9. Mohammad Abdur Razzaque, Abu Eusuf, Mahtab Uddin & Jillur Rahman
In this paper, the authors employ a comprehensive analytical strategy that includes a
review of historical data, market trends, and policy analysis to assess the current state
and future potential of Bangladesh's leather sector. The primary objective is to evaluate
the industry's performance, identify challenges, and propose policy recommendations
to enhance competitiveness in the global market. Key points discussed include the
historical context of the leather industry, notable export trends, and the decline in
exports due to infrastructural inadequacies and non-compliance with international
standards. The authors highlight actionable policy recommendations aimed at
improving the operational efficiency of the Tannery Estate Dhaka, fostering better
linkages between raw material suppliers and manufacturers, and emphasizing the
importance of sustainable practices. Additionally, the chapter discusses the potential
for expanding exports by tapping into new markets and increasing product variety

10. Xiaowei Chen, Linqi Xu, Zhou Ren, Fu Jia, and Yiqi Yu

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of sustainable supply chain management

(SSCM) practices within the leather industry. The authors aim to synthesize existing
research, identify key themes, and highlight gaps in the literature regarding
sustainability in leather production, which is often criticized for its environmental and
ethical issues. They categorize findings into themes such as environmental
management, social responsibility, and technological innovation, while also addressing
challenges like resource depletion and pollution. The review proposes strategies for
enhancing SSCM, including adopting circular economy principles, investing in cleaner
technologies, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders. Additionally, the authors
emphasize the role of regulatory frameworks in promoting sustainability. Overall, this
systematic review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners,
underscoring the need for a collaborative effort to address the challenges of
sustainability in the leather industry.
 REFERNCES

1. D. Ram Kumar & Dr. P. Nivetha 2024. A Study on Import and Export of Leathers in Bharath
Associated Tanning Company
2. Kiran Azeem, Kiran Zehra, Asma Jabeen, and Syeda Ramsha 2017. The Impact of Decline
in Leather Exports on Leather Industry.
3. Sonali M. Mohapatra 2022. Export Performance: A Study of Labour and Capital Intensive
Manufacturing Industries in India
4. Sonia Akhter, Sajib Ahmed, Md. Mahbub Hasan, Lion Mahmud Noyon, S. M. Sohaeb Bin
Islam, and Farhan Shariar 2023. Leather Industry is Lagging Behind Due to Non-Compliance:
A Systematic Review of the Leather Industries in Bangladesh
5. Syed Khusro Chishty & Sonia Sayari 2024. Does Market-Oriented Environmental
Sustainability Determine the Export Performance? A Study of Leather Products
Manufacturing SMEs in India

6. Sanjida Chowdhury Bonney, Md Rokibul Hasan, and Debanjan Das 2024. Who Leads the
Global Leather Industry? An In-depth Analysis of the Export Competitiveness of Top Leather-
Exporting Nations

7. Manoj Kumar & Rao T Joji 2023. Study of the Interplay Among Internal and External
Barriers to GSCM in the Indian Leather Industry Using the Total ISM and MICMAC
Methodology

8. Sarbapriya Ray 2011. Econometric Analysis of Productivity Growth in Indian Leather

Industry

9. Mohammad Abdur Razzaque, Abu Eusuf, Mahtab Uddin & Jillur Rahman 2020.Exports
of Leather and Leather Goods: Performance, Prospects, and Policy Priorities

10. Xiaowei Chen, Linqi Xu, Zhou Ren, Fu Jia, and Yiqi Yu 2023. Sustainable Supply Chain
Management in the Leather Industry: A Systematic Literature Review