Introduction

Part A
Section 1 Essentialsof religion
1.1 Definitions and features of religion 2 ~,f.s- ,~
Section 2
2.1
God in religion
A Christian understanding of God 8
{;Jt,A~ •j'Q a!
2.2 Major manifestations of God in Hinduism 10
2.3 Relationship with Allah in Islam 12
2.4 The nature of God in Judaism 14
2.5 The concept of God in Caribbean
indigenous religions 16
Section 3 Placesof worship
3.1 Christian places of worship 18
3.2 Sacred places in Hinduism 20
3.3 Places of worship in Islam 22
3.4 Places of worship in Judaism 24
3.5 Places of worship in Caribbean
indigenous religions 26
Section 4 Major religions: locationsand origins
4.1 Locations of major religions 28
4.2 How major world religions came to
the Caribbean 30
4.3 How the Caribbean indigenous
religions developed 34
Section 5 Sourcesof authority
5.1 Sources of authority in Christianity 36
5.2 Hindu holy scriptures 38
5.3 Sources of authority in Islam 40
5.4 Jewish holy scriptures 42
5.5 Sources of authority in Caribbean
indigenous religions 44
Section 6 Major teachings and beliefs
6.1 Major teachings of Christianity 46
6.2 Major teachings of Hinduism 48
6.3 Major teachings of Islam 50
6.4 Major teachings of Judaism 52
6.5 Major teachings of Caribbean
indigenous religions 56
Section 7 Festivals
7.1 Festivals in Christianity 58
7.2 Festivals in Hinduism 62
7.3 Festivals in Islam 64
7.4 Festivals in Judaism 68
7.5 Festivals in Caribbean indigenous religions 72
Section 8 Religious practices and rites of passage
8.1 Practices and rites in Christianity 74
8.2 Practices and rites in Hinduism 78
8.3 Practices and rites in Islam 80
8.4 Practices and rites in Judaism 82
8.5 Practices of Caribbean indigenous religions 86

Section 9 Similarities and differences

9.1 Comparing religions 88

Part B
OptionA: Christianity
A.1 Human life issues 92
A.2 The Bible 98
A.3 God 102
A.4 Concept of sin and salvation 104

Option B: Hinduism
8.1 Human life issues 106
8.2 The Ramayana and Bhagavad Gita 112
B.3 The Absolute and avatars 114
8.4 Concept of sin and liberation 116

Option C: Islam
C.1 Human life issues 120
C.2 The Holy Qur'an 128
C.3 The concept of Allah (God) 134
C.4 Concept of sin, punishment and reward 140

Option D: Judaism
D.1 Human life issues 144
D.2 The Tenakh 150
D.3 God 156
D.4 Festivals and observances 160
Exam tips 166
Part A Practice exam questions 169
Part B Practice exam questions 178
Glossary 180
Index 184
Acknowledgements 188
This CSEC® Religious Education Study Guide has been developed
exclusively with the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC®) to
be used as a resource by candidates and teachers following the
Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC®) programme.
This Study Guide has been written to meet the requirements of the
CSEC® in Religious Education. The contents provide comprehensive
coverage of the CXC® Religious Education syllabus.
Designed to help you achieve your best in the examination, this guide
has been written by experienced teachers and examiners who have
included features to make it easier to master the key concepts.
At the end of the book you will find a comprehensive glossary of
all the key terms and their definitions, as well as practice·exam
questions for each section to test your knowledge.
Included with this Study Guide is an accompanying CD, which
includes electronic activities that are designed to help you with your
exam technique:
• On your marks activities are designed to provide experience of
exam questions and offer guidance on improving grades. Each
On your marks will provide you with an examination-style
question, an example candidate answer and feedback from an
examiner to show where the example candidate did well and how
their answer could be improved.
• Test yourselfactivities are specificallydesigned to provide you
with experience of multiple-choice exam questions. In addition to
this, helpful feedback refers you back to the guide so that you can
revise problem areas.
 Definitionsand
features of religion
Definitions

In this topic you will learn to: Religion

• define religion, Religion is a system of beliefs and practices that people follow in order
denomination, sect and cult to make sense of life, to bring meaning to their existence and to bring
them comfort and guidance. Religions help to explain the creation
• explain the common features
of the world and recognise and meet the needs of the human spirit.
of religions
Religions teach that a supreme or higher power is at work in the
• describe human needs world - whether this is God, 'qods or spirits. Religions also provide a
to which religion offers a moral code to live by. There are many different religions in the world,
response. but four of the world's major religions found in the Caribbean are
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. This guide looks at each of
these religions, as well as Caribbean indigenous religions.

Denomination
Denomination describes the various beliefs and practices between
different branches of the same religion. Denominations tend to
emerge gradually over time and are officially recognised in society.
All of the Christian denominations have the same core beliefs,
but they may interpret some teachings differently or emphasise a
particular belief or practice above others. Examples of this include the
teaching of the Methodist Church to abstain from alcohol, and the
practice in the Roman Catholic Church of praying to the saints.

Roman
Catholic

Lutheran Presbyterian

Baptist Methodist

Pentecostal

Seventh-Day
Adventists

Figure 1.1.1 The main denominations of Christianity

Sect
Sects are different groups within established religions that follow
a system of belief (or doctrine) that differs from others within their
religion. Sect and denomination are often used to mean the same
thing.
For example, Hindus may worship God without form (nirguna) or
ACTIVITY
with form (saguna). Within this categorisation, there are many
different groups including Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakteya and Kali Mai. Give definitions of
During rituals, followers of the different groups wear particular 'denomination' and 'sect'
markings to show which group they belong to. in your own words, and cite
examples of each within one of
the major religions.

Orthodox

Messianic

Reform

Reconstructionist

Humanistic

Conservative

Flexidox

Figure 1.1.2 Examples of sects within Judaism

Cult
A cult is a small, recently created religious group. It is not a variation
of an established religion, it is a new religion, and it is often founded
by a charismatic leader. Cult leaders often have a high level of control
over their members. Many people think that cults are dangerous and
that they brainwash their followers. However, many cults are harmless
and are made up of people who may be disillusioned with established
religion. Often cults are radical in the way they live out their beliefs -
for example, followers may live together in communes, dress in a.
particular way and choose to separate themselves from society.

Features of religion
Prayer
Prayer features in all religions. It is the means by which humans
communicate with God, gods or spirits. Prayer may be in the form
of liturgy (written words and movements) or people may use their
own words to pray. Particular prayers are often read at significant
times. For example, Christians say a prayer for forgiveness before they
receive Holy Communion. Many people pray before eating to remind
themselves to thank God for His provision of food. People pray in
many different ways:
• Together in groups
• Individually
• Prayers spoken out loud
• Silently inside their own minds
• By way of meditation
• By serving people
• Ritual movements
 Some religions have specific rules regarding prayer. For example,
Muslims must pray five times a day as they face Makkah (Mecca).
Jews pray three times a day - in the morning, the afternoon and
the evening. Jesus taught Christians to pray using the Lord's Prayer.
Hindus pray twice a day, at dawn and dusk. The one common factor
that unites prayer in every religion is that it enables humans and God
to communicate with each other and have a relationship.

Places of worship
Many religions have a particular place of worship where followers can
meet to pray and worship together. For Christians this place is called
There is more about places of a church, for Hindus it is a mandir (temple) or a shrine at home, for
worship in Section 3, Places Muslims it is the masjid (mosque) and musallah, for Jews it is the
of worship, beginning on synagogue. Many Caribbean indigenous religions also have a meeting
page 18. place, church, chapel or hall. Religions use different sacred objects
and features within their buildinqs to aid worship.

Belief systems
Religious belief systems have been developed through holy scriptures
and through a long history of teachings. A belief system is a set of core
beliefs and practices that a person has that influences how they live,
what they believe and what they value. Often these beliefs are linked
to a particular religion. What a person believes about God, others
and themselves will influence the decisions that person makes, how
they relate to others, what they value and how they spend their time.

Rituals
Rituals prescribe particular ways of carrying out worship within
different religions. For example:
• Muslims, some Hindus and Caribbean indigenous groups may offer
meat from an animal as a sacrifice during some special ceremonies.
• Some Hindus also give offerings of flowers and fruit to their gods.
• In Islam, Muslims wash before prayers (called wudu in Arabic).
Different religions originated in different geographical areas. For this
reason, particular languages remain important to religions.

Worship

Worship is a way of showing love, obedience and devotion. In

religion, this love and devotion is shown to God. People worship in
various ways. In Christianity, people often worship using songs and
through written and spoken prayers. In Orisha, chants are often used
in worship. Dance is an important element of worship in Revivalism.

Symbols
Symbols are objects or signs that carry a meaning. Religions often use
symbols to help them worship. Symbols can also represent a religion
or a particular aspect of a religion. The Star of David is the symbol of
Judaism, and the cross in Christianity reminds Christians of how and
why Jesus died. In Hinduism, the symbol for the sacred sound Aum
signifies different states within Hinduism.
Figure 1.1.3 Can you state which
religion these symbols are However, there are no symbols in Islam. Islam teaches its followers
connected with? not to use symbols or pictures.
Sacred writings
Sacred writings are books or pieces of writing that people believe
• All Muslims are required to
are inspired by God. These writings help people to understand God
learn their holy language,
and His purposes for humankind as well as giving guidance on how
and the language of the Jews
we should live. Sacred writings may also help to explain the origins
is still used today.
of particular religions. Examples of sacred writings are the Bible for
Christians, the Tenakh for Jews, the Qur'an for Muslims and the Holy • Hinduism uses its holy
Piby for Rastafari. Hindus have many sacred writings. The Ramayan of language in rituals and
Tulsides is the best known in the Caribbean. worship. Hindus also often
use Hindi-related languages
in their devotions, particularly
in the Caribbean.
ACTIVITY
• Caribbean indigenous
Match the language to the religion that it is connected with: religions use mainly English,
but this is sometimes mixed
Arabic, Hebrew, Greek, Sanskrit, African/Creole
with words from African and
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, .Caribbean indigenous Caribbean language forms.
religions

Deities
Deity is another term for God. It is also the term used for multiple
manifestations of God shown in Hindu gods and goddesses such as
Brahma, Lakshmi and Durga. However, Islam does not use the term
'deity'.

Festivals
Within religions, festivals take place to mark a particular event within
a religion's history or to celebrate a particular time of year. Festivals
are usually celebrated with a special period of worship followed by
people coming together and often giving gifts. Festivals are normally
a time for celebration, but they also can be a time to think seriously
about your religion and beliefs.

Rites of passage
Rites of passage are religious customs that mark a particularly
There is more about sacred
significant time in a person's spiritual or physical life. Examples are:
writings in Section 6, Major
• a Hindu child receiving their sacred thread. This can happen at any teachings and beliefs, starting
time from the age of eight and it marks the beginning of the Hindu on page 46, as well as within
child's spiritual education Option B, Hinduism.
• bar mitzvah (for boys) and bat mitzvah (for girls) in Judaism to
There is more about religious
mark their entry into adulthood festivals in Section 7, Festivals,
• Christian babies being christened when they are born to welcome starting on page 58.
them into God's family
There is more about rites of
• the Aqueeqah in Islam, where a baby is named, has their head passage in Section 8, Religious
shaved and (for boys) is circumcised seven days after birth
practices and rites of passage,
• the mourning ceremony for Spiritual Baptists where they focus on starting on page 74.
their spiritual rather than physical needs.
 Human needs
You can learn about the principles and practices that make up a
religion, but what makes someone choose to follow a religion? What
is it that makes people need to believe in some power higher than
them? And how do people choose which religion to believe in? There
are many reasons why people follow a religion. Some of them are
covered on the following pages.

Quest for personal identity

Religion gives an explanation for the existence of human beings - it
explains where we have come from and why we are on the earth.
Whichever religion you belong to, your purpose is to worship, to
obey and to have a relationship with God. Religion teaches that we
are God's creation - that is our identity. Belonging to a particular
religion also provides you with a set of views and beliefs. It can
ground you and help to make sense of life's issues and challenges.
To belong to a particular religion is to have a clear identity - to know
what you believe in and how you should live. For most religions,
being part of a worldwide group, with other believers, also helps the
followers to have an identity and a sense of belonging.

Quest for personal fulfilment in life

Personalfulfilment
If I discover within myself a Followers of religion argue that human beings are created to worship s~
desire which no experience in God, and that if we do not do this we will always have a sense of
this world can satisfy, the most being incomplete. Knowing that you are following God's purposes
probable explanation is that I for your life and living in a close relationship with Him can bring
was made for another world. great personal fulfilment. Millions of people who follow religions
C.S. Lewis, 1898-1963, have found that ultimate and lasting fulfilment and peace can only
Christian writer and theologian be found through God. 0

Search for harmony with nature and in human relationships

Religions teach us to be in harmony with, and to respect, nature as
God's creation. This means protecting the world and not purposely
harming or spoiling our environment. Religious people feel that this is
because God created the world for us to enjoy. Judaism, Christianity
and Islam believe God originally created a paradise called Eden for
Pro
humans to enjoy. It could be that our souls are still trying to connect
with that Eden today. Hindus see the earth as a manifestation of ~t
God's creative energy. Many Hindus worship Mother Earth and -en
perform rituals to purify the atmosphere. Serr
on
The onset of climate change has generated greater awareness of and
ed
responsibility towards nature and humanity together, as many people
- e
are suffering due to more extreme weather. Many religious people
regc
feel that they have to take action on climate change because it has
peo
been caused largely by humans and because it is damaging both the
sens
environment and human lives.
Religion is about building happy human relationships. Many religions A
provide teaching and advice on marriage, family relationships, how
to deal with conflict and what our attitude should be to others. 1/
Following these teachings can bring inner peace and harmony.
L
 Many people who follow a religion feel that they have an obligation to care for
the world

ACTIVITY
1 All religions include key
What other benefits can you think of that belief or faith brings concepts such as worship,
to an individual? Make a list. prayer, belief systems and
rituals.
Seeking spiritualmeaning 2 Religion can provide identity
One of the biggest reasons people follow religion is to find spiritual through explaining the
meaning. It may be hard to try to follow the ideals and values of a origins and purpose of
particular religion, or to believe in something that you cannot see. humankind. Belonging to a
However, many people feel that it would be harder stil to believe that group of people also helps
there is no meaning to life and that our experiences are insignificant. to bring identity.
Not believing in any god is called atheism. Religion gives purpose to 3 Many followers of religion
life, with all of its challenges, pain, sorrows and joys. Believing that have found that ultimate
whatever happens to us can be used for good - either to strengthen personal fulfilment can only
us or to help someone else or to bring us closer to God - brings come from a relationship
comfort and strength. Knowing that there is life after we die, and with God.
that how we respond to events on earth can impact our eternal life,
affects how we live and the decisions we make. 4 Religion teaches that
we should respect our
Providingmoral codes as a guide for life environment and fellow
human beings.
As touched on already, religion provides guidelines for life. The
Tenakh contains the Ten Commandments, the Bible contains the 5 Religion can bring meaning
Sermon on the Mount, the Qur'an contains teachings on good to life. Religion teaches that
conduct and how to treat others. Caribbean Hindus rely on the God can use our situations
Vedas, the Ramcharitmanas and Bhagavad Gita, among others, as for good purposes - even if
their main guides for living a moral life. All of the world's religions it is only to strengthen our
regard human life as precious and as coming from God. Therefore, all faith. Many people who
people should be respected, cared for and treated with dignity. In this follow a religion believe that
sense, religion is a positive contributor to society. God ultimately shapes and
directs our life if we allow
ACTIVITY Him to.

Write a short summary of your personal beliefs. What do you see 6 Religion can provide moral
as your religion? codes to live by.
 A Christian
understanding of God

Creator
Christianity derives much of its understanding about God from Jewish
In this topic you will learn to:
beliefs, since Christianity grew out of Judaism. Christians believe in
• describe how Christians a single creator, God, who made the world and all living things in it.
express their understanding Belief in a single God is called monotheism .
of God.
The Bible describes how God created order from chaos just by
speaking His instructions:
• On the first day, God created periods of light and darkness, which
became day and night.
'With the Lord a day is like
H
• On the second day, He created the sky.
a thousand years, and a
• On the third day, He gathered the water into oceans and created
thousand years are like a day.' re
areas of dry land. On this dry land He commanded plants and trees
2 Peter 3:8
to grow.
Some people believe that • On the fourth day, He created the sun, moon and stars to give light
verses such as this one show to the earth and create the seasons.
how the biblical creation
• On the fifth day, He created fish and birds and told them to
account and the science of
multiply and fil the skies and the oceans.
evolution (animals and humans
developing and changing over • On the sixth day, God created animals and people. God was very
pleased with all that He had made.
millions of years) can work
together. • On the seventh day, He rested.
Christians believe that God created a
perfect world where God and human beings m
were in harmony. Sin entered the world as er
a result of Adam and Eve (the first humans)
disobeying God. With the arrival of sin came Ch
sickness, disaster and evil. The Old Testament ch
section of the Bible is full of accounts of how hE
God's people suffered in a broken world, and Go
of the troubled relationship between God he
and man. fat

Despite all of their sin, God loved His people

(the Israelites). He delivered them from slavery
in Egypt and led them to freedom in a land He
had promised them (Exodus 3:7-8). Even after
God's people reached this new land though,
it did not take long for sin, disobedience and
separation from God to build again. To break
this cycle, the Old Testament promises a future
deliverer or liberator who will bring freedom
from sin for ever.

The Bible says that God created the world and everything in it in six days
Jesus Christ - Deliverer and Liberator
Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the Deliverer and Liberator that The Holy Spirit can cause people
the Old Testament speaks about. Christians believe that God came to to speak in unknown languages
earth in the human form of Jesus. Christians call this 'incarnation'. (called speaking in tongues).
God came to earth in human form to restore the relationship This first took place when
between God and people and to bring freedom from sin, sickness God sent the Holy Spirit to the
and death. While he was on earth, Jesus healed people, forgave disciples following Jesus' death.
their sins and even brought people back to life after they had died. Christians refer to this language
(You can read about these things in the biblical gospels Matthew, as a 'heavenly language'. When
Mark, Luke and John.) But Jesus' ultimate act was his death and someone speaks in tongues
resurrection. Christians believe that the consequence of sin is death - during a church meeting, an
physically and spiritually. Through his sacrificial death, Jesus, who interpretation is often given as
was perfect and had never sinned, defeated sin and therefore death. well so that the whole group
Jesus' sacrifice shows that God could forgive people's sin and He can benefit from the message.
goes on forgiving today.

Holy Spirit ACTIVITY

After Jesus' death, the Bible teaches that he came back to life and Some Christians would call the
returned to heaven. Christians believe that God then sent His spirit, Trinity a mystery of faith. Why do
the Holy Spirit, to be His presence in the world. The Holy Spirit is one think it is considered a mystery?
of the three persons of the Trinity. The Holy Spirit came to the first In your own words, how would
Christians at Pentecost. The Holy Spirit lives in the believer and brings you explain the Trinity?
comfort, guidance, peace and strength.

God as father and mother

The Bible says that human beings were made in God's image. This The island of Trinidad was
means that the human qualities we have - such as a conscience, named after the Trinity.
morality, spirituality, love, personality, dominion and creativity - are When Columbus was on
reflections of God. Since God made both man and woman in His his way to America, he saw
image, many Christians believe that He must have both male and what he thought were three
female characteristics. islands in the distance. As he
approached, he realised that
Christians believe that God loves them as a loving parent loves their they were not three individual
child and that, like a parent, He also has to discipline them, teach islands but one larger one
them and help them to grow. In Matthew 23:37 the Bible describes joined by a strip of low-lying
God as wanting to gather His people under His wings as a mother land. He named the island
hen gathers her chicks. And Matthew 7: 11 compares God to a loving Trinidad (Spanish for Trinity).
father who wants to give good gifts to His children. He said that when we see God
from afar we only see three
persons, but when we see God
as He really is then we discover
Christians believe that God: the three persons are one.
• created the world and all living beings
• liberated/delivered humankind from sin and death, and
restored the relationship between people and God
There is more about God as
• came to earth in human form as Jesus Christ
creator, Jesus Christ His son,
• is still with us on earth today through the Holy Spirit the Holy Spirit and the Trinity in
• loves, cares for, disciplines and guides human beings just as a Section 6, Major teachings and
father and mother guide their children. beliefs, starting on page 46.
 Major manifestations
of God in Hinduism

The majority of Hindus believe in many different deities (male

and female divinities) who have appeared in different forms or
In this topic you will learn to: incarnations. Each of these gods and goddesses derive from
Brahman, who is the Ultimate Reality or God. Some people see
• identify some major Hinduism as a polytheistic or pantheistic religion (believing in more
manifestations of God in than one god). Others see Hinduism as a monotheistic religion, since
I Hinduism. all Hindu gods descend from Brahman.
The central Hindu gods, as descended from Brahman, are Brahma,
Vishnu and Shiva (called the Brahman Trinity or Trimurti). The central
goddess is Shakti. All other gods and goddesses are incarnations,
spouses or offspring of these major gods and goddess. There are
many different traditions or branches of Hinduism and different
traditions may believe slightly different things about the gods. Also,
not all Hindus worship all of the gods. Generally, Hindus choose one
or two of the Hindu gods to focus on and worship, and will probably
build a shrine to these deities in their home, as per family tradition or
personal choice.

Brahma
Brahma is the Creator. Hindus believe Brahma created
the world but, once creation was complete, Brahma's
work was finished. Brahma is not worshipped as it is
thought that he is responsible for distracting people S
from nourishing their soul and thinking instead about
I . their physical desires.
-
Vishnu
Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation. He
is full of mercy and goodness. Vishnu maintains life -;-h
and the cosmic order of creation. Vishnu has many di
incarnations to redress the balance of dharma and w
adharma. D
D
Shiva
Hindus believe Shiva (or Mahesh) is the destroyer god.
Along with Brahma and Vishnu, he is responsible
for the ongoing cycle of creation, preservation and
destruction of the world. Shiva is considered the god
I of change. His destruction is not always bad - it may
bring death but it can also bring freedom from our
ego (self) and from bad habits.

The Trimutri: Brahma (left), Vishnu (middle) and Shiva (right)

Ha
Lakshmi
Lakshmi is the goddess of health, beauty, wealth and good
fortune. She is Vishnu's wife and is very beautiful. Each
time Vishnu incarnates, Lakshmi incarnates with him as his
companion (or consort).

Saraswati
Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge, music and the creative
arts. During their examinations, students worship this goddess
in the hope she will help them do well!

Ganesh
Ganesh is an elephant-headed god who represents wisdom and
intellect. Many Hindus worship him when they want to remove
obstacles in their life - perhaps obstacles to belief or to.their
happiness or success. The fact that Ganesh has an elephant
head encourages Hindus to look beyond outer appearances and
to the spiritual side of life. Ganesh is the god who is called on at
the start of every Hindu ritual.
Saraswati (left), Lakshmi (middle) and Ganesh (right)
Ha nu man
Hanuman is the monkey god, an incarnation of Shiva. He is known
for his courage, strength and devotion. Hanuman teaches Hindus of
1 Brahman is the Ultimate
the power that lies in every person. In times of trouble, many Hindus
Reality or God in Hinduism.
wil chant the name Hanuman or sing his chalisa (hymn) to gain
All other gods are
strength and perseverance.
manifestations of Brahman.
Surya Each of these gods, in
turn, has multiple avatars
Surya is the Hindu sun god. Since Surya controls light and warmth, or incarnations. Although
he is an important god in terms of influencing the seasons and Hinduism is often described
therefore is worshipped in relation to blessing crops. as polytheistic because of its
many gods, this labelling is
Durga not strictly true since all gods
The goddess Durga was created by Hindu gods who each formed a derive from a single God.
different part of her body. Durga is the warrior aspect of Shakti and 2 The central Hindu gods
was created to fight evil forces who were overpowering the gods. are Brahma, Vishnu
Durga signifies the unity of all the gods. In some Hindu traditions, and Shiva (the Brahman
Durga is the wife of Shiva. Trinity) and the central
goddess is Shakti. All other
gods and goddesses are
manifestations, spouses
or offspring of these main
gods and goddess.
3 Different traditions of
Hinduism prioritise different
gods. Hindus worship
different gods at different
times in their lives, although
many Hindus also have a
Hanuman Surya Durga favourite god.
 Relationship with Allah
in Islam

Muslims, like Christians and Jews, believe in only one God. Their
belief in the Oneness of God is called Tawhid. They call God Allah,
In this topic you will learn to: the Arabic word for God. The Qur'an and Hadith refer to Allah in 99
different ways, each revealing something about His attributes.
• describe a Muslim's
relationship with Allah.
Creator and created
AI-Khaaliq means Allah the Creator. Muslims believe that Allah
created the universe and everything in it. Humans are the most
important part of Allah's creation. The Qur'an states that the first
human was made out of clay. Today Allah continues to create human
beings through the human reproduction process, which He oversees
(see Surah 23:12-14).

All living things depend upon Allah for their existence, therefore
humans should submit to Allah as a servant submits to his master.
This is such a central belief to Muslims that the word 'Islam' literally
means submission to Allah. Submission is not meant to be difficult
or painful. The relationship between Allah and His servants is one
of obedience and love. Submitting to Allah is to put your life into
the hands of an all-powerful God who loves and cares deeply for
you. Hadith number 19 of An-Nawawi's 40 Hadith speaks of how
everything that happens is under Allah's control.
ac
Allah's love and mercy for man
Surah 2:21-22 gives examples of how Allah shows love for His people
through providing for them. These verses also tell readers that they
should love Allah. Although Allah is all-powerful and holy, He does
not judge people harshly when they
do wrong. Surah 3:31 tells how Allah :. . e
is ready to forgive and show mercy. In .
-~
response, Muslims should show their
love for Allah by living lives dedicated
to Him. Surah 9:24 talks about how
Hun
Allah should be more important to
Muslims than any worldly wealth, :: th
possession or pleasure. Man should ·= g
value his relationship with Allah above -arm
all else. This means loving Allah, living a·e
a life that pleases Him and following : ou
the Five Pillars of Islam (Shahadah - the ... m
Muslim declaration of faith; salah -
prayer; zakah - giving to the poor;
Figure 2.3.1 The five pillars support the 'House of Islam'. Through putting
sawm - fasting; and hajj - pilgrimage
the five pil ars into practice, Muslims uphold their religion. to Makkah).
 The Qur'an on Allah
O you people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and
those who came before you, that you may have the chance to
learn righteousness. Who has made the earth your couch, and
the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens;
and brought forth therewith fruits for your sustenance; then do
not set up rivals unto God when you know (the truth).
Surah 2:21-22

Worshipped and worshipper

The relationship between Allah and Muslims is one of worshipped Muslims follow a lunar
and worshipper. To worship means to show obedience, adoration and calendar (controlled by cycles
devotion to God. Muslims believe that Allah should be worshipped of the moon). Each year in the
as the one true God who is above all thinqs, He is holy, almighty, Islamic calendar is designated
compassionate and all-knowing. He is far beyond our understanding AH (which stands for the Latin
or our power. He is infinitely bigger than us and therefore our only term Anno Hegirae (in the
response should be to worship him. Worship can come in many year of the Hijra)) or BH (before
forms - it is shown through the rites and ceremonies that Muslims Hijra). AH time began the
perform such as salah (prayer) and wudu (ritual washing). But year Muhammad migrated
worship is also shown through the way Muslims live their lives - from Makkah to Medina (this
through zakah, through kind acts and through living honourably and migration, or journey, is called
peacefully. In these ways, Muslims worship Allah. the Hijra).

Hadith
The Hadith are the sayings, actions and silent approvals of
Muhammad, which do not appear in the Qur'an but which were
written down by his followers. An-Nawawi was an Islamic scholar
who lived in Damascus. He was born in AH 631 (1234CE) and died
in AH676 (1278cE). During his 44 years of life he wrote many
Islamic texts. The best known is the An-Nawawi 40 Hadith. This is a Muslims believe that:
collection of 42 Hadith that An-Nawawi collected and sourced. These
• there is one God, Allah,
42 Hadith are considered the core Hadith for Muslims.
who created the world and
humanity
Human and race relations • we should worship Allah and
As well as loving and worshipping Allah, Muslims show their faith submit to His will. All of life is
by the way they treat other human beings, regardless of their race or controlled by Him
religion. Islam teaches that Muslims should not intentionally cause • Allah is full of love and mercy
harm to anyone. A well-known Hadith is: 'Fear Allah wherever you towards mankind and He
are, and follow up a bad deed with a good one and it will wipe expects His followers to show
it out, and behave well towards people' (An-Nawawi 40 Hadith love towards each other.
number 18).
 The nature of God
in Judaism

The one and only God

Like Christians and Muslims, Jews believe in a single God. A very
In this topic you will learn to:
important verse of the Tenakh to Jews is Deuteronomy 6:4. Jews call
• summarise Jewish beliefs on this verse Shema. It declares that the Jewish God, Yahweh, is the one
the nature of God. God. The verse also reminds Jews that they are God's chosen people
(elected). Jews say this verse twice a day (morning and evening).

One in His works

Jews believe that Yahweh is the single creator of the world. Genesis
1: 1 states that 'In the beginning God created the heavens and the
earth'. As well as scriptural evidence, Jews believe that the beauty and
complexity of nature prove that God must have designed it. As well
as creating the world, Jews believe that God controls and sustains it.

One in His attributes

If Jews believe that God is incorporeal - that is, He is spirit rather than
a physical being. The fact that He is spirit means that He is not bound
-----'(; by time and space - He can be everywhere at the same time.
Hear O Israel, the Lord is ~
Jews also believe that God is eternal. God has existed since before
our God, the Lord is One.
time began and will go on existing forever. God's nature is also
Deuteronomy 6:4 eternal in the sense that He never changes.
Omni is the Latin word for 'all'. Jews believe that God is omnipotent
111 · (all-powerful), omniscient (all-knowing) and omnipresent (all-present/
everywhere) by His spirit. The Tenakh tells of powerful acts of God, such
as when He divided the Red Sea (Exodus 14) and created the world.

God also knows His creation intricately. He knows the movements of

planets and when volcanoes will erupt, as well as the thoughts and
desires of every human heart. Psalm 139 is a very well-known passage
that talks about God knowing everything about us.
Finally, since God is omnipresent, Jews believe He can be everywhere,
with everyone, at the same time. Jews also believe that, since all of
-----~c
God's judgement
·----._
nature was created by God, all of nature must reflect His handiwork.

The righteousness of the Compassionate and mercifuljudge

righteous will be credited to The Tenakh states that God is compassionate and merciful. However,
them, and the wickedness of the God is also holy and all-powerful. Two of the Hebrew names for God,
I . wicked wil be charged against 'Elohim' and 'Adonai', describe God's authority and role as Master.
them. But if a wicked person He demands obedience and devotion and judges all actions.
turns away from all the sins they
have committed and keeps all
I my decrees and does what is
Sacredness of God
just and right, that person will The sacredness of God's name is very important in Judaism. The
surely live; they will not die. Hebrew name for God is Yahweh. Jews believe that God's name is
so holy that it cannot be spoken or written down. Therefore, when
Ezekiel 18:20b-21
writing God's name, Jews write YHWH or G-d. Another example of
Jews respecting God's sacredness is that, when they read the Torah,
they use a silver pointer (a yad) to follow the words so that their
fingers do not touch the sacred pages.

God's covenants with Abram, Moses and David

Throughout history, God made covenants with His people. A
covenant describes an exchange of promises. God promised Abram
(Abraham), that he would be the patriarch (father) of a great nation
and that the Jews would bring blessing to the earth. The covenant
Jews use a yad (a silver pointer) when they
was renewed with Abram's son Isaac and Isaac's son Jacob. God read from the Torah. This is so that their flesh
also promised that He would be with Abram and his descendants. In does not touch the Jewish scriptures, which are
return, Abram and his descendants must always remember God and considered sacred.
keep His laws, including being circumcised. Abram also had to go to
a land that God directed him to. In Abram's old age, his wife Sarah
gave birth to a son, Isaac - this was the start of the Jewish nation.
When Abram died, God's blessings were passed on to Isaac and then
to Isaac's son, Jacob. God told Jacob:
you will have descendants as many as dust! ... and all the nations
of the earth wil be blessed through you and your descendants.
Genesis 28: 13-14

Although God promised to bless Abram, Isaac, Jacob and their

descendants, this did not mean that life would always be easy. One
period when it may have seemed to the Jews that God had forgotten
His promise was when the Jews were slaves in Egypt.
After helping the Israelites to escape from Egypt, God gave Moses
instructions for how the Jewish people should live. These form the
Torah that Jews follow today. The best known of these laws are the
Ten Sayings (Christians call these the Ten Commandments) recorded
in Exodus 20:1-17.
David was a Jewish king who ruled Israel for 40 years. He made
mistakes, but God was with him, and blessed him and the Jewish
people through him. God promised that David's son would make the
Jewish kingdom strong. He again renewed His promise to be with
the Jewish people and to love them, and He promised that the Jewish
people would have an Everlasting Kingdom. It was through David's
lineage that the Messiah would come. David's son, Solomon, built
a Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Today, only one wall of the Temple
remains after it was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. This wall is God kept His covenant with Moses and
known as the Western or Wailing Wall. led the Jews out of Egypt to a land He had
promised them

Jews believe that

• there is one God, Yahweh, who created the world
• God is incorporeal (spirit), eternal, all-knowing, all-powerful ACTIVITY
and present everywhere
Read in Exodus about how God
• God is a compassionate judge kept His covenant with the Jews
• God is holy and should be worshipped but He also wants a during their time of slavery and
relationship with His people. He has made covenants through led them out of Egypt. What
the ages that outline His promise to bless Israel and be with the were the 10 plagues that God
Jewish people, in exchange for obedience and love from them. sent on Egypt?
 The concept of God in
Caribbean indigenous
religions
Rastafari
Rastafari believe that Ras Tafari is the living God, Jah. This is the same
In this topic you will learn to:
God that Christians and Jews believe in. Some Rastafari believe that
• identify the roles of each Jesus Christ was God on earth. However, unlike Christians, orthodox
major divinity and the lesser and theocratic Rastafari believe that Haile Selassie, the final Emperor
divinities as well as the of Ethiopia, was the reincarnated Christ.
ancestors, spirits, elders
The belief in God coming to earth in various forms is one that the
and other humans in each
Rastafari religion shares with Hinduism. Rastafari believe in the Trinity
Caribbean indigenous
of God as the Father, Son and Holy Spirit (the name Haile Selassie
religion.
means 'the power of the Trinity'). They believe that God lives in the
human heart and soul in the form of the Holy Spirit. This presence
of the Holy Spirit creates oneness with God and oneness (equality)
with other people. This concept is expressed in the term 'I and I' that
Rastafari use instead of 'we'.
Bible verse that Rastafari
Rastafari believe Emperor Haile Selassie to be the Supreme Being.
believe refers to Haile
Selassie Rastafari believe that the titles 'King of Kings', 'Lord of Lords'
I, Jesus, have sent my angel and 'Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah', given to him at his
to you to tell the churches all coronation, link Selassie to the biblical use of the titles, and therefore
confirm him as a deity. Other titles for him are His Imperial Majesty
these things. I am both David's
root and his descendant. I am or HIM. Rastafari believe that Haile Selassie was divine. They cite
the bright morning star. verses such as Revelation 22:16 and Psalm 87:4 as evidence of Haile
Selassie's divinity.
Revelation 22:16
Rastafari, like Christians and Jews, believe that God (Jah) created the
world and everything in it. However, unlike Christianity and Judaism,
Rastafari believe that Jah created the plant marijuana, which is used
as a sacrament in some of their services, to be used to help gain
spiritual enlightenment.

Revivalism
Revivalism has many ties to Christianity. It believes in the Bible and, in
this sense, believes some of the same things about God as Christianity
does. There are two forms of Revivalism - Zion and Pukumina. Zion
has closer links to Christianity and Pukumina has closer links to
African religion. Unlike Christianity though, Revivalism focuses on
three levels of spirits: heavenly, ground
and earthbound spirits.
Heavenly spirits in Revivalism are the Christian deities such as God,
I \I archangels, saints and angels. Earthbound spirits are fallen angels
who have been expelled from heaven. These include Satan and
evil spirits. Finally, ground spirits are spirits of people's ancestors.
Revivalists believe that if ground spirits are honoured they will take
Haile Selassie was the final Emperor of care of you in this life. However, of the three types of spirit, Zion
Ethiopia. Rastafari believe he was the final Revivalism mainly focuses on the heavenly spirits, while Pukumina
incarnation of God on earth. focuses on ground and earthbound spirits.
Vodun
Vodun has much of its roots in ethnic African practices and Roman
Catholic Christianity. However, it veers away from Christianity in
some of its practices - particularly animal sacrifice and possession by
many spirits.
Vodun believes in one God who is known as Grand Maitre (the
Great Master/Creator) or Bon Dieu (Good God). Grand Maitre has
many helpers (or orishas). Vodun believes that the chief God,
Olorun, authorised a less-powerful God, Obatala, to create the
Followers of Orisha (devotees)
earth.
believe that the different
Vodun believes in hundreds of minor spirits that are present in nature gods enter the world through
and can possess human beings. These spirits are known as loas or possessing them. The purpose
lwas. Some of these loas came with Vodun from Dahomey (what is of this is for the person being
now the West African country Benin). Dahomey spirits are called Rada possessed to dance or act out
loas. Other loas were added to Vodun at a later date. Many of these stories, guided by the spirit, to
are thought to be the spirits of deceased leaders. These are called advise other Orisha followers.
Petro loas.

Oris ha
Like many of the Caribbean indigenous religions, Orisha originated
from Africa. However, when it arrived in the Caribbean, it mixed
with the beliefs and practices of Roman Catholicism to form its own
distinct religion.
Orisha believes in one Supreme Being - Olodumare. Followers of
Orisha believe that Olodumare has many smaller gods (or orishas)
who carry out his work. The god Obatala created the world and
Spiritual Baptists dance, drum, ring bells, sing
humanity. Shango is the warrior god of thunder, lightning, fire,
and shout in their worship. Their churches
drums and dance. The god Oshun rules over the waters of the world can be very loud and lively places!
and embodies love and fertility.

Spiritual Baptist
1 Rastafari, Revivalists,
Spiritual Baptists have the same view of God as Christians. They
Spiritual Baptists and
believe in the Trinity of God with an emphasis on the Holy Spirit. They
followers of Vodun and
believe that there are other spirits, such as the Orisha spirits, but they
Santeria all believe in a
do not believe that any god should be worshipped other than the
single Supreme God.
God of Christianity.
2 However, many of these
Caribbean indigenous
Santeria
religions also believe in
Santeria, like Orisha, also believes in Olodumare as the one Supreme lesser gods or spirits called
God. Followers of Santeria believe that Olodumare is the source of orishas.
Ashe - the life force that runs through all things and controls what
3 Many of the beliefs
happens in life. Followers of Santeria obtain Ashe through their
about God in Caribbean
conduct and good character, which also gives them inner peace.
indigenous religions
Santeria also believes in orishas (lesser gods). Male and female priests originate from Christian
in the religion are thought to have been possessed by a particular beliefs and have been mixed
orisha. This gives them spiritual powers, such as being able to see with African tradition.
into the future and bring healing to people.
 Christian places
of worship
Christians believe that God is everywhere and lives within a person
through the Holy Spirit. A person does not have to be in a church,
chapel or cathedral to be close to God. In fact, many people feel
In this topic you will learn to:
closest to God when they are enjoying the nature that He created, or
• identify places of worship in through seeing God within other people. However, places of worship
Christianity. within Christianity give a focal place for people to come to worship
God. Buildings also enable group worship to take place. Many
people find great comfort and encouragement through worshipping
together.

A church ·building
This is the most common place for Christians to worship. It is used
on Saturdays and Sundays for Christians to gather for services, which
include prayer, singing and teaching. Churches are also often used
during the week for meetings, Bible study and community activities.

' Some churches, particularly Roman Catholic and Anglican ones, are
highly decorative and are designed with features such as a font (for
baptising babies), a pulpit (a raised area to preach from), a nave (the
central area where people sit) and an altar (an area to kneel and
receive Holy Communionor prayer). Other churches may be small,
simple halls. Some church groups do not meet in a specially designed
Worshippers at a church service
building but rent out a building, such as a school, to meet in.

Temples
In Jesus' time, the Temple was a common place of worship for Jews
in Jerusalem. The Temple was also the place where Jews would meet
to study. There is a famous account in the Bible of Jesus turning
over tables in the Temple in Jerusalem (Matthew 21: 12). Traders
were using the temple to deceive and make money from people.
For Christians today, a temple is another name given to a church,
although there are not many Christian temples in existence.

Tabernacles
During the Israelites' escape from Egypt, it was necessary for them to
transport the Ark of the Covenant (a sacred chest that contained the
Ten Commandments, written on tablets of stone). This was too holy
for men to touch, so a tabernacle (a tent-like structure that could
be carried) was created to contain the Ark. Today, many Christian
churches are given the title of tabernacle. Christians believe that
God is always with them, but naming a church a tabernacle reminds
worshippers that the church is a holy place where God should be
the focus of their thoughts. The chest or box on a church altar that
contains the sacraments for Holy Communion is also referred to as a
tabernacle.
Cathedrals
In the Anglican denomination, churches in a
geographical area are grouped together into
diocese. A cathedral is the head church in a
diocese (group) of churches. It is the place where
the bishop of a city or area is based. Roman
Catholic and Orthodox traditions also have
cathedrals. Many cathedrals are very old and
often contain beautiful architecture. St Michael's
Cathedral in Bridgetown, Barbados is a very old
cathedral. St George's Cathedral in Georgetown,
Guyana is the tallest wooden building in South
America.

Basilica StGeorqe's Cathedral in Guyana

A basilica is a church with architecture similar to the basilicas of

ancient Rome. It has aisles on each side of a central area (the nave), a
colonnade and an apse at one end (a large open area with a domed
or arched roof). A church can also be named a basilica by the Pope -
usually this is because the building is a pilgrim age site or contains
ACTIVITY
relics of a saint or significant religious object. Services in basilicas
are generally very formal and traditional. The Minor Basilica of the To appreciate the relevance
Immaculate Conception is found in Castries, St Lucia. of places of worship, it is first
necessary to understand what
Assembly halls or tents worship is. Write out a short
description of what worship
An assembly hall or tent is a less formal place of worship than a is, its importance, the different
church. Assembly halls are normally simple halls that have chairs forms it can take and, if
and usually a piano, drums or guitar. Often these halls are also used applicable, how you worship
during the week by the congregation and community. Assembly and what worship means to
halls are most often found in villages or small towns. Tents are used you.
for Christian worship when no building is available (sometimes
temporarily), or when an event is taking place that the public are
invited to. A tent can give more space than a hall and has the
advantage that it can be set up anywhere. Many church groups run
community events or services in tents in public places.
'Assembly' is the term used to describe a gathering of worshippers.
An assembly may meet in a building, in a tent or in the open air. 1 Christians believe that God
Churches often run services in the open air in order to evangelise. is present everywhere.
2 Christian places of worship
Chapels range from simple halls or
tents to grand cathedrals.
A chapel is a small and usually very simple church building. Chapels
are often found in villages. A chapel can also be a room in a public 3 Anglican and Roman
place that is allocated for worship and prayer. Hospitals, airports and Catholic churches have
funeral homes contain chapels where people can be quiet to reflect specific features such as a
and pray. Many cemeteries, universities and large places of work also font or an altar.
contain chapels. Methodist churches are also often called chapels.
 Sacred places
in Hinduism

Hindus believe that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is in all things

and is present in all of creation. This is one reason why there are so
In this topic you will learn to: many sacred objects in Hinduism, including trees, rivers, mountains,
animals and plants. It is important to Hindus that they have a focal
• identify the sacred places point to worship their chosen god and to offer gifts to him or her.
of worship and teerthas in
ltt Hinduism.
A collective place of worship is not as important to Hindus as it is to
followers of other religions.

Home altar
Hindu worship (puja) mainly takes place at a home altar or shrine.
Hindus will designate a part of their home (or somewhere close to it)
for worship of their god and wil set up a shrine containing a statue
or image of the god that they worship. Each morning, an elder of the
family will present fresh flowers and other gifts on the shrine (such as
incense and fruit). Each person in the family will then carry out their
own worship in front of the shrine before their day begins.

Mandi rs
Many Hindus travel to a temple (known as a mandir) to worship too.
Mandirs contain a shrine that may have one or more deities. Inside
the mandir, Hindus sit on the floor and face the shrine to worship.
During worship, music is played, bhajans sung and sacred scriptures
are recited. As well as being centres for collective worship, some
mandirs are centres for religious teaching and schools as well as
being social centres for the Hindu community to gather.

Teerthas
The temple in the sea in Trinidad As well as places that people have created (buildings and shrines),
nature is very important in Hinduism and many aspects of nature
are considered sacred. Many natural places become places of
pilgrimage (teerthas) that Hindus travel to in order to gain spiritual
enlightenment and good karma.

Holy rivers
Rivers are particularly significant in Hinduism. Hinduism has seven
holy rivers. Hindus believe that if you bathe in any of these rivers, bad
karma (bad deeds from your past) will be washed away. Hindus also
believe that if their ashes are scattered on a holy river when they die,
their soul will be able to move quickly on to the next life and perhaps
escape the cycle of birth, death and rebirth that all people are caught
J 11 up in. Hinduism's most holy river is the Ganges in India. Every 12
years a bathing fair called a Kumbh Mela is held at the River Ganges
where it meets the Yamuna and Saraswatti rivers. People bathe in
the river to have their past sins washed away, and people who are il
believe that bathing in the river may make them well. Situated on the
banks of the Ganges, Varanasi is one of the oldest cities in the world.
ACTIVITY
It is the most sacred city for Hindus. It is also considered to be the
dwelling place of Lord Shiva. What are the names of
Hinduism's seven holy
rivers? Can you find out any
interesting facts about them?

Spiritual Hindu bathers at the River Ganges Many of Hinduism's holy plants also have
strong medicinal qualities. Tulsi is said to be a
Sacred plants and trees powerful stress reliever and antiviral remedy.

Certain plants or trees have special significance in Hinduism and

are considered sacred. There are many sacred trees and plants in
Hinduism. Three of the most sacred are as follows:
Everything the cow produces -
• The tolsi tree is found at many Hindu temples, especially those
milk, curds, ghee butter, urine
dedicated to Vishnu and Krishna. It is also in every Hindu home.
and dung - can be used in
• The neem tree has many curative properties. Ancient Hindus Hindu worship. For example,
attributed this to the fact that a drop of heavenly nectar fell on it. cow dung can be used as
The flower of the neem tree is offered to God and its bitter leaves disinfectant, as a building
are chewed on New Year's Day to symbolise accepting the good material and in place of
with the bad. firewood.
• The lotus flower symbolises beauty, purity and divinity. Many Hindu
gods are shown with a lotus flower. The lotus flower symbolises
the goddess Lakshmi and is one of the incarnations of the goddess
Devi. The lotus flower also symbolises spiritual enlightenment. Most
Hindu homes wil have one in the home.

Sacred animals
All animals are respected in Hinduism since Brahman, the Ultimate
1 Hindus believe Brahman
Reality, is thought to reside in every living thing. However, certain
(the Ultimate Reality) is
animals are considered more important than others. The cow is the
present everywhere.
most sacred animal to a Hindu and Hindus are forbidden to eat beef
(many Hindus do not eat any meat at all). Cows are considered sacred 2 Hindus worship at home
as they are very gentle creatures and because they represent sacrifice shrines and Hindu temples
through providing milk to humankind. Milk is essential for our health (mandirs).
and well-being. Also, milk is needed for ghee (clarified butter), which
3 Nature is very important
is a very important offering made to the gods in worship.
in Hinduism. Many natural
The cobra is another sacred animal in Hinduism. It is thought to objects are considered
symbolise power and represents the cosmic energy coiled and sacred.
sleeping in every person.
 Places of worship
in Islam

Worship in Islam is not confined to any particular place. The Prophet

Muhammad stated that the entire earth is a masjid (mosque).
In this topic you will learn to: Therefore, Muslims can pray anywhere, except for toilets and dirty
places. Muslims should always be conscious of Allah and be in
• identify the places of worship submission to Him. At the call to prayer, Muslims are required to
in Islam.
ltl stop what they are doing and, wherever they are, put down a prayer
mat, face the direction of Makkah and pray. That said, masjids are

·~
important places for Muslims. They allow for congregational worship
and teaching, as well as providing a place for the Muslim community
to meet and support one another. Three of the most important
masjids are Masjid al-Haram, which houses the Kaaba, Masjidul Aqsa
4 and Masjidun Nabi.

Masjids
Masjid al-Haram

I ii The Kaaba in Makkah, Saudi Arabia The Kaaba is a cube-shaped building situated in the masjid in Makkah
in Saudi Arabia. Muslims believe that Abraham built the Kaaba
with his son Ishmael after Ishmael had settled in Arabia. Very few
people are allowed in the Kaaba itself, but people are allowed in
the masjid built around the Kaaba, called the Masjid al-Haram. The
There is more about the hajj in Masjid al- Haram is the largest masjid in the world. One of the Five
Section 6.3, Major teachings of Pillars (the central beliefs) of Islam is that all Muslims should go on a
Islam, starting on page 50. pilgrimage to the Kaaba at Makkah at least once in their lifetime. This
I JI pilgrimage is called the hajj.

Masjidul Aqsa
Masjidul Aqsa is the masjid situated on Temple Mount (known to
Muslims today as Haram al-Sharif) in the old city of Jerusalem. The
Dome of the Rock is also located here. Muslims believe that the dome
of the masjid covers the place (the rock) from which Muhammad
ascended to heaven. It is believed that Muhammad was transported
from Masjid al-Haram to the site of Masjidul Aqsa during his Night
Journey. The Masjidul Aqsa was the second place of worship built to
Allah, according to Muslim belief. The Kaaba, built by Abraham and
Masjidul Aqsa, Jerusalem Ishmael, was the first.

Masjidun Nabi
Masjidun Nabi is the masjid that the Prophet Muhammad helped to
I 'I
I • build and worshipped in. It is located in Medina, Saudi Arabia (after
the Prophet moved to this city its name was changed from Yathrib).
Masjidun Nabi is the second most holy site in Islam (after Masjid
I 11 al-Haram). It is here that Muhammad is buried. A green dome has
been erected in the centre of the mosque over his tomb.

Masjidun Nabi, Saudi Arabia

Features of a masjid
Qibla wall
Outside the masjid
• Minaret: The minaret is the tower from which the mu'adhdhin
gives the call to prayer (called the Adhan) five times a day. The
tower is tall so that the mu'adhdhin's voice can carry and be heard
across the community, as well as to show the importance of the
Adhan. Today, the Adhan is called by a person over a loudspeaker
from the minaret.
• Dome: Domes are built over the prayer hall. This helps the acoustics
(quality of sound) in the masjid.

Inside the masjid

• Prayer area: Masjids contain one large open space where Muslims Washing
pray. This area is carpeted and often contains decorated rugs but area
no cushions or seating. The prayer itself makes all Muslims to be
equal in prayer before God. People from all walks of life stand
shoulder to shoulder as equals before God.
• Qibla wall: The qibla wall shows the direction of the Kaaba in
Makkah. This is important because Muslims must always face
Makkah when they pray.
• Mihrab arch: Within the qibla wall is the mihrab arch - the
imam faces into this arch (towards the direction of Makkah) to
lead prayers. The sound echoes back from the arch and enables
worshippers to hear the imam's words. The mihrab arch is
decorated with patterns and Islamic calligraphy (writing).
• Minbar: The minbar is a raised platform from which the imam
Min bar Clocks
speaks to the congregation during Friday prayers. The minbar
allows everyone in the mosque to see and hear the imam. Figure 3.3.1 Features inside a masjid
• Washing area: Most masjids have a washing area for worshippers
to perform wudu (ritual washing) before praying.
• Clocks: Most masjids display a row of clocks showing the times that
prayers wil be held each day (this varies depending on where in the
world the masjid is and what time the sun rises and sets).
1 Muslims pray five times each
day.
2 Masjids (mosques) are
important centres for
Caribbean masjids are built with the front of the masjid facing
worship and community
Makkah. This means that Muslims face the front of the masjid to
support.
pray and do not need a qibla wall.
3 The three most important
and sacred masjids are
Islamic centres Masjidul Aqsa, Masjidun
Nabi and Masjid al-Haram.
As well as masjids, Muslims often meet in Islamic centres (sometimes
mosques double up as Islamic centres too). These centres provide 4 All masjids have common
community and religious services, such as Islamic schools and features, such as a minaret
libraries, and often act as a kind of community and advice centre for and a minbar.
Muslims. Worship can take place in Islamic centres too.
 Places of worship
in Judaism

Temples and synagogues

The Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70cE.
In this topic you will learn to:
The Temple was the central and most important place for Jews to
• identify places of worship in worship God. This is where Jews would gather on important religious
Judaism. occasions. However, with the destruction of the Temple, synagogues
that had been used for Jews to worship in locally in their towns and
villages became more important. Today, Jews worship in synagogues.
Like Christian churches, synagogues are normally used for far more
The Temple in Jerusalem than worship. They are also used as community centres -for example
was first destroyed by the for senior citizens clubs and youth clubs, and for the study of Jewish
Babylonians in 586scE. It traditions; beliefs and customs.
was rebuilt and stood for Synagogues can vary greatly in their outward appearance. The
almost 600 years before being most important feature is that they are built facing the direction of
destroyed again by the Romans Jerusalem.
in 70cE. Today, all that remains
of the Temple in Jerusalem is
the Western Wall (also called
the Wailing Wall).

The Sha'are Shalom synagogue in Kingston has sand on the floor to remind the Jews
of their flight from Egypt

Features of a synagogue
• Prayer hall: Inside a synagogue is a central prayer hall. In some
Orthodox synagogues men and older boys sit on the ground floor
while women and children sit on the balcony. However, these days
. I in the reform tradition many families all sit together on the ground
floor. Synagogues contain four main features for worship:
- Aron Hakodesh/the Ark: The Ark is a large cupboard or alcove
in the wall that faces Jerusalem. The Ark contains the scroll on
J 111 which the Torah is written.
- Ner Tamid/the perpetual light: Above the Ark is a light that 2
never goes out. It signifies the light in the original Jewish Temple
in Jerusalem that always burned. It also gives reassurance to
worshippers that God is always with them.
- Sefer Torah/scrolls of the Torah: This is the scroll that is taken out
of the Ark to be read to the congregation during a service in the
synagogue. A particular passage on the scroll wil be selected for
that day's reading.
- Binah/platform: This is a raised area in the front or centre of
the synagogue from which the Sefer Torah is read out to the
congregation.

Aron Hakodesh
(Ark) Ner Tamid
(the
perpetual
light)

0 0

0 0
Binah
The Congregation Mikve Israel-Emmanuel
(platform)
synagogue in Willemstad, Curacao, Built in
0 0 Sefer Torah
Prayer 1692, it is the oldest synagogue in use in the
hall (scrolls of Western Hemisphere and contains several
0 0 the Torah) copies of the Torah that are more than 300
years old.

t
Main
entrance

Figure 3.4.1 Features inside a synagogue

ACTIVITY

Why do many people refer to the Western Wall of the Jewish

Temple in Jerusalem as the Wailing Wall? Many Jews and
Christians believe that the Temple in Jerusalem will be rebuilt
before the Last Days. Find out more about these beliefs.

1 Synagogues are used by Jews for worship and as community

centres.
2 Although synagogues may look very different from the
outside, they have certain common features. These include a
prayer hall and a Binah.
 Places of worship in
Caribbean indigenous
religions
Rastafari
Rastafari believe that their body is the Temple of Jah so they do not
In this topic you will learn to:
need special buildings in which to worship. However, Rastafari do
• identify places of worship use some buildings - called temples or tabernacles - for worship.
in Caribbean indigenous Often these buildings are situated in camps where Rastafari live
religions. communally. The Bobo Shanti Community in Bull Bay, Jamaica is
an example of a Rastafari camp, with their worship taking place
in August Town square. Rastafari respect nature and so will often

~· l
sit outside to worship and learn more about their faith. Rastafari
worship through meditation, prayer, drumming, chanting and
4 reasoning. The Nyabhingi group of Rastafaris in particular use
chants, rhythm and drums in their worship. These chants have had a
big influence on ska, reggae and rocksteady music.

Revivalism
Revivalists gather together to worship on a Saturday or Sunday and
throughout the week in either churches or mission houses. Revivalist
worship includes singing, Bible reading and sometimes spirit possession.
Special Revivalist services include the Table where a table is spread
with food and lit with candles. Worshippers dance anticlockwise
around this table to encourage spirit possession. Revivalists also meet
during the week for healing services (at a place called the balm-yard),
and prayer meetings.

Vodun
Vodun ceremonies are usually held in the homes of followers.
However, worship also takes place in Vodun temples. Vodun temples
are called hounfour. Hounfours are usually quite simple buildings
with a mud floor. At the centre of a hounfour is a poteau-mitan.
This is a pole where spirits communicate with worshippers. Vodun
temples usually contain an altar or table decorated with candles,
pictures and symbolic items. Drums are very important in Vodun
worship as the drumming is used to take worshippers into a trance.
This then enables them to be possessed by a loa (spirit).
The hounfour is the geographical district that the Vodun priest
(houngan) or priestess (mambo) is responsible for.

111. Vodun temples (or hounfours) are usually

simple buildings. Their main feature is a Orisha
central pole where spirits communicate with
Vodun followers. Orisha worship takes place in an Orisha leader's yard. In this yard is
1111 a palais (palais is the French word for palace but, in reality, a palais
for Orisha worship is a simple hall/building). Orisha worship takes
place in the palais and is lively with singing, drumming, chanting and
dancing. Ceremonies, particularly spirit possessions, also take place
outside in the yard where there is plenty of room for dancing.
The leader's yard also has a chapelle. This is a special shrine room
containing an altar and pictures of saints, as well as objects of the
Powers (symbolic implements of the saints and gods such as candles,
beads, cups of water and flowers).

SpiritualBaptist
Spiritual Baptists worship in specially designed church buildings.
Many features of these churches are the same as Christian churches.
There are pews for people to sit on and a pulpit for the minister to
preach from. The symbol of the cross also features in churches of
Spiritual Baptists. However, Spiritual Baptist churches differ from
Christian churches in that they include a centre pole that is decorated
with flowers, candles and containers of water to attract the spirits.

Santeria
There are not many buildings designed specifically for Santeria
worship. Many forms of Santeria worship take place in hired halls
or in the homes of senior priests (santeros). These homes are called
Casa de Santos. Santeria devotees belong to a particular Casa de
Santo, with the chief male or female priest acting as their leader and
spiritual guide. Casa de Santos often contain altars where rituals take
place to attract or please the orishas (spirits).
Followers of Santeria can also go to the Casa de Santo for
consultations with a santero (priest) when they need advice and
guidance.

1 Followers of some
Caribbean indigenous
religions often gather
in outside spaces or in
people's homes to worship.
2 Some Rastafari live together
Spiritual Baptist church service
in communal camps. These
camps often have a specific
ACTIVITY space set aside for worship.

Many places of worship in Caribbean indigenous religions 3 Tables (altars) and poles are
contain a pole to attract or communicate with the spirits. Why used in some Caribbean
do you think a pole is used for this purpose? (Clue - where is the indigenous religions to
pole reaching from and to?) attract spirits.
 Locations of major
religions
Map of the world showing where major religions
are concentrated
In this topic you wil learn to:
This map shows the countries where Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and
• identify the major locations Judaism are practised. It is likely that every country of the world contains
where Christianity is practised some followers of the major religions, even if only in very limited
• identify the major locations numbers. However, this map focuses on where each major religion is
where Hinduism is practised concentrated (present in large numbers). The key also tells you how
many followers of each of these religions there are in the world.
• identify the major locations
where Islam is practised
ACTIVITY
• identify the major locations
where Judaism is practised 1 Look at the map of the world in Figure 4.1.1. Can you identify
• identify the major locations regions of the world where each of the major religions are
where each Caribbean concentrated? Can you find any regions where a major
indigenous religion is religion isn't present?
practised. 2 List the major religions in order of their largest geographical
presence across the world.
3 Conduct some research to discover where, around the world,
the different major religions are on the increase/decrease.

~ I

1111
2 --;

,.E

Key cc
Christianity 2 billion • Hindu 900 million Tribal and Christian • Buddhism 500 million
:r
• Islam 1.3 billion * Judaism 14 million Tribal, Christian and Islam 3 Sc
:,

Figure 4.1.1 SC
Map of the Caribbean showing where different
indigenous religions are concentrated
Santeria, which fuses European
This map shows the countries where different indigenous religions and African religious beliefs
are practised in the Caribbean. and practices, is followed
Although religions such as Rastafari and, some believe, Spiritual widely in the Caribbean. It is
Baptist, originated in the Caribbean, these indigenous religions are also estimated to have around
now also found widely across the United States and Europe. 100,000 followers in New York
City alone.
Since many Caribbean indigenous religions originated from Christianity,
and then fused with African tribal religions, the concentrations of
Caribbean indigenous religions shown on this map also indicate how
widespread the influence of Christianity was across the region.

Cuba

Dominican
+
Republic
Puerto
Rico
Jamaica ._
Haiti

Belize Barbados
St Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago
Guyana

Key
Rastafari Vo dun Spiritual Baptist
• Revivalism • Orisha • Santeria

Figure 4.1.2

1 Christianity is the most widespread religion in the world,

followed by Islam.
2 Although there are areas of the world where the major ACTIVITY
religions are particularly concentrated, there are very few
countries that have not been influenced by one or more of Look at the map of the
the major world religions. Caribbean in Figure 4.1.2.

3 Santeria is strong in Cuba, The Dominican Republic and Which indigenous religion, as
Puerto Rico, while Spiritual Baptists are concentrated in shown on this map, has spread
southern Caribbean territories. across the most territories?
 How major world
religionscame to the
Caribbean
How Christianity came to the Caribbean
The first denomination of Christianity to arrive in the Caribbean
In this topic you will learn to:
was Roman Catholicism (Catholics) in the late 15th century (around
• explain how Christianity came 1493). The European explorer Christopher Columbus, along with
to the Caribbean through Spanish invaders, were responsible for establishing Roman Catholic
Christian mission and its churches across the region.
establishment in the region
In 1655 the British invaded the Caribbean. Britain was Protestant and
• explain the ways in which so Roman Catholicism was banned on the islands that the British
p Hinduism came to the conquered. The British invasion led to the Anglican Church being
4 tt Caribbean
• explain the ways in which
established in the Caribbean.

Islam came to the Caribbean Missionaries

.n • explain the ways in which

Judaism came to the
Caribbean.
Towards the end of the 1600s, Christian missionaries began to
arrive in the Caribbean from Europe and North America. Moravian
and Quaker missionaries were the first to arrive in the Caribbean. But
1H it was Baptist missionaries in particular who helped the slaves. They
spent time teaching the slaves to read and write. They also gave them
money to buy land. Many slaves became Baptists in order to benefit
from this help. Methodist missionaries also had a big impact on
religion in the Caribbean at this time.
These missionaries supported the slaves practically, spiritually and
emotionally. They taught slaves the concept of salvation through
faith. Before long, slaves began thinking about their salvation in
II physical as well as spiritual terms.
As well as the many different
Christian denominations that The abolitionof slavery
exist in the Caribbean, many Slavery was abolished (emancipation) in 1834 (the Slavery Abolition
Caribbean indigenous religions Act was signed in 1833). After that time, indentured labour was
are based on Christian beliefs. brought in from India and West Africa to replace the freed slaves.
The many Indians that were brought to the Caribbean in the 1800s
were mainly Hindu, and there were some Muslims. They lived in
very poor conditions in the Caribbean and were often abused by
their employers. During this time, two Canadian missionaries, John
Morton and Kenneth Grant, built schools for the Hindu and Muslim
1 Roman Catholicism was the indentured workers. They also built churches. However, many
first denomination to exist indentured workers were forced to convert to Christianity as a result
in the Caribbean. of social pressure, for example, in order to get jobs or housing.

11 i 2 Later, the British invasion

Christianityin the Caribbean today
meant that Protestant
Christianity was the Today, Christianity has by far the largest number of followers in
,11 dominant religion. the Caribbean - across the Caribbean islands, 87 per cent of the
population are Christian.
3 Missionaries in the Caribbean
converted African and Indian More recently, newer denominations of Christianity have arrived in
(Hindu) slaves to Christianity. the Caribbean. These include Pentecostalism, Seventh-Day Adventists
and Jehovah's Witnesses.
How Hinduism came to the Caribbean
Hinduism arrived in the Caribbean in the early 1800s. Indian Hindus There is more about Divali and
travelled to the Caribbean to replace slaves as indentured workers. Holi in Section 7, Festivals,
Often these indentured workers were not paid a wage but were starting on page 58.
given meagre food, clothing and shelter, as well as passage to the
Caribbean, in exchange for their work. They lived in very squalid
conditions and were often badly mistreated by their employers.
Life in the Caribbean was very hard for Indian immigrants. They lived
and worked in difficult conditions. The landlords who employed
them discouraged the Indian workers and their families from meeting
together and there were no mandirs. During this time, Indian Hindus,
particularly the women, ensured that the Hindu faith continued
through the oral tradition. They told their children stories about the
Hindu gods and built shrines in their homes where family members
could worship and make offerings to their gods.
The Caribbean benefits from a mix of
I ndentu reship different religions and cultures. The annual
Hindu festival of Phagwa (Hali) brings colour,
Once Hindu workers had completed their contracts and were free, music, fun and dancing to the streets of
they began to build mandirs in which to worship, pray and support Trinidad.
one another. The building of mandirs developed significantly when
the first period of indentureship ended in the mid-1800s. As life
improved for Hindus, families grew, increasing the number of Hindus
on the islands.

Indentured Hindus arrived mainly in Trinidad and Guyana, as these

were the last islands to become colonies and so contained fewer
slaves but more indentured workers.

Hinduism in the Caribbean today

Today Hindus in the Caribbean are mainly concentrated in:
• Trinidad and Tobago (around 23 per cent of the population)
• Suriname (around 27 per cent of the population)
• Guyana (around 30 per cent of the population).
There are also significant Hindu populations in Jamaica, Barbados,
Grenada, St Lucia and Martinique.
Just over 1 per cent of the population across the Caribbean are Hindu.

Outside their homes, most Hindus in the Caribbean have a

1 Hindus came to the
sacred space where they plant their jhandis after a puja. Jhandis
Caribbean as indentured
are sacred bamboo poles that fly flags symbolic of the deity
workers.
worshipped in the puja. These are considered very important in
the Caribbean Hindu world. 2 Hinduism in the Caribbean
grew following the end of
indentureship.
ACTIVITY
3 Hindus in the Caribbean
The joyous festival of Phagwa (Holi) is one benefit that Hinduism are mainly concentrated in
brings to the Caribbean. What others can you think of? Trinidad and Guyana.
 How Islam came to the Caribbean
The Amerindians had occupied There is some evidence to suggest that when Columbus 'discovered'
the Caribbean for thousands of the Caribbean towards the end of the 15th century (around 1493),
years before Columbus arrived many Caribbean people already followed Islam. Some people think that
on the islands. Islam had probably been brought to the Caribbean by Spanish explorers
and West African travellers and traders hundreds of years earlier.

Slavery

,,, When Columbus arrived in the Caribbean, he brought the influence

of Christianity with him. The British invasion in 1655 also contributed
to the dominance of Christianity. By the time slaves began arriving in
the Caribbean in large numbers, during the 1600s, there were few
Muslims left in the Caribbean.

When the slave ships from Africa arrived in the Caribbean, they
brought a new generation of Muslims with them. These Muslim
slaves were dispersed throughout the islands (although concentrated
in Trinidad). Since these slaves were the only Muslims in the
Caribbean, surrounded by Christians and followers of local religions,
many of them pretended to follow other religions in order to avoid
persecution. As Muslims integrated with these other religions, many
of them did actually convert. By the time slavery was abolished in
1833 there were very few Muslims left in the Caribbean.

Slaves often worked up to 18 hours a day and were poorly

provided for. They carried out many duties including agricultural
work, domestic work and construction work. Although slavery
was finally abolished in 1834, it took another four years for
slaves to finally be free.
Many Muslims arrived in the Caribbean on
slave ships from Africa
I ndentureship
As in the case with Hinduism, indentureship brought many Muslims
to the Caribbean from India. Muslims arriving in the Caribbean during
1 During the time of Spanish indentureship came from many different parts of India. Although
and British rule, many their cultures and traditions were different, these people shared
Muslims were converted to common goals. This produced strong ties between the different
l Ill' Christianity. Muslim groups.
2 Islam reappeared in the
Following indentureship, many workers settled in the Caribbean
Caribbean with the arrival of
and had large families. This caused Islam to grow. Arab traders and
Muslim slaves from Africa.
Muslim merchants also began to travel to the Caribbean to trade and
3 Muslim slaves hid their faith sell. Many of them stayed and influenced others to convert to Islam.
to avoid persecution - this
led to Islam, as well as other Once they were free, Muslims built masjids across the Caribbean.
African religions, dying out Masjids were used as places to socialise, support one another and
in parts of the Caribbean. learn, as well as being places for prayer and worship.

4 In the years during and Islam in the Caribbean today

following indentureship,
Islam grew again through Today Muslims are found across the Caribbean but particularly in
Muslims' greater freedom to Trinidad and Tobago (6 per cent of the population) and Guyana
practise their religion. (10-12 per cent). There are Muslim schools in the Caribbean, as well
as shops selling halal meat and Muslim clothes.
How Judaism came to the Caribbean
Judaism arrived in the Caribbean around the same time as
Christopher Columbus (1493). At this time, Jews were being
persecuted and kil ed in Spain, and later in Portugal, as part of the
Inquisition. Many of them fled to the Caribbean. It is thought that
some Jews formed part of the crew of Christopher Columbus' ships.
Jewish people found peace and freedom to practise their religion on
the Caribbean islands.

Emigration from Brazil

Most of the Jews who came to the Caribbean were Sephardic Jews.
These are Jews who originate from the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day
Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and France). Other European Jews
came to the Caribbean during the Second World War.
Around 1664, large numbers of Jews began arriving in -the Caribbean
from Brazil. These Jews had fled to Brazil to avoid persecution in
Portugal during the Inquisition that began there in 1532 (half a
century after the Spanish Inquisition). They had settled in Brazil
as this was a territory of Portugal, so they could speak their own
language and integrate easily. Jewish people were successful in Brazil,
establishing trade routes between Portugal and Brazil and farming
the land.
A Jewish family in the Caribbean
However, Judaism was stil forbidden in Brazil and so Jews set up
secret societies in which to practise their religion. During the 1630s
Holland successfully invaded part of Brazil. During Dutch rule, Jews
were allowed to worship freely.
Following the recapture of Brazil by Portugal in 1664, many Jews did
not want to return to the days of hiding their religion. Instead they
chose to flee - and since they were geographically close, many of
them travelled to British territories in the Caribbean.
In particular, Jewish people moved to Suriname. At this time,
Suriname was a British colony. The British wanted to attract Jews
to the colony to develop its economy. Jews were offered British
citizenship, recognition of their Sabbath and 10 acres of land on
which to build a synagogue. This attracted many Jews to Suriname.
When it became a Dutch colony in 1667, most Jews moved to other
British colonies, such as Jamaica and Barbados, in order to retain their
British citizenship. 1 Judaism arrived in the
Caribbean around 1493.
Judaism in the Caribbean today Jews were escaping
persecution in Europe.
Jews have brought wealth and development to the Caribbean islands
and in exchange they have found freedom to thrive and practise their 2 A large number of Jews
religion. In particular, the Caribbean islands of Jamaica, Barbados and arrived in the Caribbean
Puerto Rico have significant Jewish populations. in 1664, again to escape
persecution.

ACTIVITY 3 The former British colonies

of Jamaica, Puerto Rico
Are there any distinguished Jewish people in your community? Do and Barbados have large
some research to find out. numbers of Jews.
 How the Caribbean
indigenousreligions
developed
Caribbean indigenous religions formed from a combination of
Christian and African religious beliefs. These religions were formed
In this topic you will learn to: though the influence of Christianity on the islands as well as African
traditions and beliefs that were brought over with African slaves.
• _ utline the development of
When slaves arrived in the Caribbean they were forbidden to practise
the Caribbean indigenous
their African religions and forced to convert to Christianity. However,
religions in the Caribbean.
many continued with their traditional practices in secret.

Rastafari
111
ll Rastafari was thought of as
a cult until Rastafari figures,
Rastafari began in Jamaica in the 1930s in the slum areas of
Kingston, Jamaica. It was a people movement against the harsh
particularly Bob Marley and his conditions that blacks lived in (no housing, no jobs and no political
music, made Rastafari popular. representation). The black rights' promoter and cultural leader,
Still, Rastafari is not accepted Marcus Garvey, told people to 'look to Africa when a black king shall

'' everywhere. be crowned, for the day of deliverance is at hand'.

Shortly after this prophecy,

Ethiopia in 1930. Rastafari
Haile Selassie was crowned Emperor of
believed that this was the fulfilment of
Marcus Garvey's prophecy. L.P. Howell then founded the first branch
of Rastafari in Jamaica and preached about the divinity of Haile
Selassie.

Rastafari theology developed from Protestant Christianity mixed with

African religious practices. Rastafari emerged as a reaction against the
harsh realities of life for poor blacks. Rastafari believe in the Christian
II Bible but apply a different translation to some parts of it. They also
believe in the supremacy of the black people.

Revivalism
Revivalism also began in Jamaica, in Watt Town, St Ann. It was
adapted from a religion called Myalism, brought to the Caribbean by
African slaves. In 1760 a slave leader called Taki led a rebellion among
Myalists against their slave owners. During this time Myalists formed
into groups for worship and healing services, which helped to further
strengthen the religion. Following the Great Revival of 1860-61,
which started in Christian churches, Myalists joined with the Christian
Native Baptist Movement and the American Baptist Movement to
Marcus Garvey was an early influence on form Revivalism. The fusion of Myalism and Christianity led to the
Rastafari
formation of the new religion Revivalism. Revivalism is split into two
groups: Zion, aligned more with Christian practice, and Pukumina,
representing more African elements.

I Vodun
Vodun originated in the West African country of Benin (formerly
Dahomy). It was brought to Haiti by slaves. Vodun is a mix of Roman
Catholicism and Dahomean (African) religious practices. Early Vodun
followers in Haiti practised their religion at night since slaves were
not allowed to meet together in groups and African religions were
banned by the Roman Catholic Church. Slaves forced to convert to
Roman Catholicism brought many elements of Roman Catholicism
into Vodun. Some slaves escaped from their owners and lived
together in rural communes. Over time, as Africans of different
religions mixed, Vodun adapted again. Today, the vast majority of
Vodouisants in Haiti are also Roman Catholics.

Orisha
Orisha originated in Trinidad, where it was known as Shango. It
was brought to the island by African slaves who combined their
traditional African Yoruba beliefs with Roman Catholicism and
Baptist Protestantism. Dancing, drumming and spirit worship are
aspects of Orisha that came from Africa. Respect for the saints is an
influence of Roman Catholicism. Orisha grew significantly during the
indentureship when a new influx of Africans arrived in Trinidad.

~.
Dancing, drumming and spirit worship are aspects of Orisha that originated in Africa

Spiritual Baptist
It is thought that the Spiritual Baptist movement began in St Vincent
in the early 1800s. African slaves originally brought the religion to
1 Caribbean indigenous
the Caribbean from the Yoruba area of Africa. Like many of the other
religions were formed when
African religions, once in the Caribbean it combined with Christian
African slaves brought their
beliefs (both Protestant and Roman Catholic) to form a new religion.
religions to the Caribbean,
Today there are Spiritual Baptist congregations around the world.
where they fused with other
European traditions and
Santeria beliefs.
Santeria is a fusion of the Yoruba religion (brought to the Caribbean 2 Many Caribbean indigenous
by African slaves), Roman Catholicism (from the Iberian Peninsula) religions have strong links
and Native Indian traditions (brought to the Caribbean by indentured to Christianity, particularly
workers). Santeria developed mainly in Cuba, from where its influence Roman Catholicism.
reached other Caribbean followers.
 Sources of authority in
Christianity
The Bible
The Bible is the written source of authority for Christians. Along with

,, In this topic you will learn to:

• identify the written source of

authority for Christianity.
the guidance of the Holy Spirit, Christians believe that the Bible is
the main way in which God communicates with people. The Bible
also tells the story of God's relationship with humankind throughout
history and records Jesus' teaching and actions while he was on
the earth. The Old Testament part of the Bible gives people an

,1
iI explanation of how the earth came into being and the purpose of
human life. It also gives instructions for how to live a godly life,
provides comfort and encouragement, and tells of events stil to
come (prophecy).

lL Christians believe that the Bible was inspired by God and written by
people. God told people what He wanted them to write. In this way,
the Bible transmits the Word of God to earth. The Bible also gives
an account of Jesus' life and teaching while he was on the earth. As
ll well as recording the miracles that Jesus performed, the Bible also
tells the stories (called parables) that Jesus used to communicate his
1 Corinthians 14:35-36 has messages. Jesus often used stories to explain a point. Using stories
been the cause of much of everyday situations and happenings helped people to understand
controversy and discussion Jesus' teaching and remember his message.
in the worldwide Christian
In the parable of the Good Samaritan, Jesus teaches that we should
church. The verses state that
love everyone and show this in practical ways. In Matthew 5:43-45
women should not speak in
I church. Some people take this
he takes this idea further, stating that people should love their
enemies and pray for those who persecute them. The account of
teaching literally as meaning
Jesus' life, recorded in the Bible, shows this type of love in action.
• that women should not fil any
Christians try to follow the example of loving others that Jesus gave.
,11 public role in church, while
others believe that this was Throughout the Bible, God repeatedly tells His people not to
• just a teaching specific to the worship other gods or idols (statues); they should only worship
time and context that Paul Him. The Bible gives specific instructions for worship. For example,
was speaking to in Corinth at in the book of 1 Corinthians, the Apostle Paul explains how
I ~ the time. the different gifts of the Holy Spirit should be used in worship
(1 Corinthians 14) .
. 4.
However, the Bible teaches that loving God and other people is
more important than how people worship or the rules they follow
(Micah 6:6-8). Jesus reminds people of the importance of love in the
New Testament (Matthew 22:37-40).

Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your
soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest
commandment. And the second is like it: Love your neighbour as
yourself.
Matthew 22:37-39
:-, s:
Instructions for living
The Bible also gives some specific instructions about how people
should live:
• It states that people should forgive (Matthew 18:21-22). This
passage in Matthew goes on to record Jesus' parable of the
unforgiving servant. He was forgiven his huge debt but would not
forgive his debtor a small debt. As a result, the servant is thrown
into jail by his master. This story il ustrates the huge debt (of sin)
that God has forgiven in each of us. If we don't forgive others the
relatively small sins they have committed against us, God cannot There is more about prophecy
forgive us our sin. and the other types of writing
• It states that Christians should show their faith through love and in the Bible in Option A,
compassion in their actions (James 2: 14-17). Christianity, starting on
• It gives advice on how men and women should support each other page 98.
in marriage (Ephesians 5). There is more about biblical
• It teaches that Christians should look to God to supply their needs teaching on daily life in
and not worry about material provision. Above all else, the Bible Option A, Christianity, starting
teaches, Christians should focus on the Kingdom of God. If they do on page 92.
this, the things they need each day will be provided. This coming
to God to meet daily needs is reflected in the Lord's Prayer which
states: 'Give us this day our daily bread.' (Matthew 6:11).
Christian congregations also place great importance on the teachings
of their pastor or vicar to interpret and apply what the Bible says.

ACTIVITY

Paul's letters to the early churches give lots of advice about how
Christians should conduct themselves in life and in worship. Read
Ephesians Chapters 5 and 6 and 1 Corinthians 14 for examples
of this. Choose one of these chapters and select three or four
instructions. Rewrite these instructions for modern-day life.

1 The Bible is the main source

of authority for Christians.
Christians believe that it
contains the inspired words
of God.
2 The Bible explains the
origins of the earth and the
purpose of human life, as
well as giving guidelines
for life, instructions for
worship, work, comfort and
encouragement.
3 Christians also rely on the
insight of pastors and
Christian teachers to help
them understand the Bible
Christians study the Bible to discover more about their faith, God's nature and the and the Christian faith.
teachings of Jesus
 Hindu holy scriptures

Several holy scriptures are used in Hinduism. These give insight,

knowledge and understanding to Hindus about the spiritual universe
In this topic you will learn to: and how to conduct themselves. Hindu texts are also used in worship
and for reflection. Much of the Hindu scriptures contain beautiful
• identify Hindu scriptures.
language and imagery. The Hindu scriptures are divided into Shruti
and Smriti. Hindu scriptures are the oldest in the world - the first
written records are believed to date from between 1500 BCE and
1200 BCE, although the scriptures were in existence orally thousands
of years before this. Hindus describe their scriptures as existing from
'the dawn of creation'.

Shruti
A person can achieve The Hindu term 'Shruti' means 'what is heard or revealed'. It is used
everything by being simple to describe the ancient Hindu scriptures that contain the four Vedas
and humble. and the Upanishads. The four Vedas are the Rig Veda, the Yajur
Veda, the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda. Hindus believe that the
Rig Veda
I Vedic texts were revealed directly from Brahman to holy men (called
rishis) in India. The rishis handed down what they had received from
Brahman orally for hundreds of years before their words were written
down in Sanskrit. Each Veda is divided into four sections that
contain different types of writing:
• Samhitas: mantras used for chanting

One school of thought in • Brahmanas: explaining the Hindu hymns and rituals
11- Hinduism believes that only the • Aranyakas: containing writings that focus on a category of rituals
Samhitas contain the revealed relevant to one who has renounced the world
knowledge from Brahman • Upanishads: revealing knowledge about the Vedic texts, the
and can be classed as Shruti. human spirit and the universe.
•• This school believes that the
The Rig Veda is the best-known and most important Veda. The Yajur
Brahmanas, the Aranyakas
Veda is mainly used in ceremonies involving sacrifice. The Sama Veda
and the Upanishads are
is often used for chanting, and the mantras of the Atharva Veda are
philosophical writings of rishis
used to bring good luck during difficult times.
and are therefore Smriti.

Smriti
Smriti are writings that have been composed by enlightened
Hindus (rather than coming from Brahman directly). These Hindus
are believed to have reached the ultimate level of spirituality. The
Smriti writings are a collection of Hindu laws, beliefs, thoughts
and practices - often communicated through stories. Unlike Shruti
scriptures, Smriti writings are constantly changed and adapted to
relate to modern life.

Dharma Shastras
The Dharma Shastras are the writings in the Smriti that record
laws and rules. These laws outline how a Hindu should behave in
 Hindu holy scriptures

Several holy scriptures are used in Hinduism. These give insight,

knowledge and understanding to Hindus about the spiritual universe
In this topic you will learn to: and how to conduct themselves. Hindu texts are also used in worship
and for reflection. Much of the Hindu scriptures contain beautiful
• identify Hindu scriptures.
language and imagery. The Hindu scriptures are divided into Shruti
and Smriti. Hindu scriptures are the oldest in the world - the first
I written records are believed to date from between 1500 BCE and
1200 BCE, although the scriptures were in existence orally thousands
of years before this. Hindus describe their scriptures as existing from
'the dawn of creation'.

I Shruti

A person can achieve The Hindu term 'Shruti' means 'what is heard or revealed'. It is used

' everything by being simple to describe the ancient Hindu scriptures that contain the four Vedas
and humble. and the Upanishads. The four Vedas are the Rig Veda, the Yajur
Veda, the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda. Hindus believe that the
I Rig Veda
Vedic texts were revealed directly from Brahman to holy men (called
rishis) in India. The rishis handed down what they had received from
Brahman orally for hundreds of years before their words were written
down in Sanskrit. Each Veda is divided into four sections that
contain different types of writing:
• Samhitas: mantras used for chanting
One school of thought in • Brahmanas: explaining the Hindu hymns and rituals
II· Hinduism believes that only the • Aranyakas: containing writings that focus on a category of rituals
Samhitas contain the revealed relevant to one who has renounced the world
knowledge from Brahman • Upanishads: revealing knowledge about the Vedic texts, the
and can be classed as Shruti. human spirit and the universe.
•• This school believes that the
The Rig Veda is the best-known and most important Veda. The Yajur
Brahmanas, the Aranyakas
Veda is mainly used in ceremonies involving sacrifice. The Sama Veda
and the Upanishads are
is often used for chanting, and the mantras of the Atharva Veda are
philosophical writings of rishis
used to bring good luck during difficult times.
and are therefore Smriti.

Smriti
Smriti are writings that have been composed by enlightened
Hindus (rather than coming from Brahman directly). These Hindus
are believed to have reached the ultimate level of spirituality. The
Smriti writings are a collection of Hindu laws, beliefs, thoughts
and practices - often communicated through stories. Unlike Shruti
scriptures, Smriti writings are constantly changed and adapted to
relate to modern life.

Dharma Shastras
The Dharma Shastras are the writings in the Smriti that record
laws and rules. These laws outline how a Hindu should behave in
relation to the community, their family and the nation. The laws in
the Dharma Shastras can be adapted to reflect the requirements of
the time. For example, certain laws may become outdated and, as
science and culture progress, other laws may need to be added. The
Jaw-giving Smriti are named after the people who collected those
laws together. The most famous lawgiver was Manu - his writings are
called the Manusmriti. There is more about Hindu
scriptures and how they apply to
(:)i daily life in Option B, Hinduism,
Where women are honoured, there the devatas (gods) are ·~ starting on page 106.
pleased; but where they are not honoured, no sacred rite yields
rewards.
Manusmriti, 3:56
ACTIVITY
The Ramayana The Ramayana has been retold
The Ramayana is a sacred poem set in the Second Age when the in many languages and forms,
forces of adharma were attacking the world but dharma was including films and plays. The
prevailing. The story is of the Lord Rama coming to earth and Ramcharitmanas written by
marrying Princess Sita. The princess is abducted by Ravana, who takes Tulsidas is the most popular
her to Sri Lanka. With the help of the monkey god, Ha nu man, Lord version in the Caribbean. What
Rama builds a bridge from India to Sri Lanka and rescues Princess other versions of the story can
Sita. This story shows how, although adharma threatens order and you discover?
happiness, dharma or righteousness overcomes.

The Mahabharata
This is the longest and oldest poem in history. It is set in the Third
Age when adharma was engulfing the world. In essence, the story
tells of two cousins who go to war to decide who should be king.
One of the cousins, Arjuna, decides to turn back during the final
battle as he does not want to kill people whom he loves. However,
Arjuna's chariot driver is Krishna. He tells Arjuna that sacrifice must
be made in order to achieve victory and righteousness, and that the
souls of those who die will live again in another life. Arjuna's resolve
is strengthened by Krishna's words and he goes on to fight and win
the war. The recorded words that Krishna speaks to Arjuna are called
the Bhagavad Gita (meaning the Song of the Lord). This is a very
famous piece of sacred literature.

Puranas
These are a series of Hindu stories and poems that celebrate the life
and work of the gods. There are 18 poems - six for each god of the
Trimurtri: Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma.
This il ustration from the Mahabharata shows
Arjuna being comforted and strengthened by
Krishna's words

1 The Shruti are the Hindu scriptures that contain the four
Vedas and the Upanishads. They are believed to come directly
from Brahman.
2 The Smriti are the secondary sacred texts. They are the writings
of rishis and philosophers and are there to guide and inspire
humans in accordance with the teachings of the Vedas.
 Sources of authority
in Islam

Shariah
Shariah means 'straight path' in Arabic. It is the term used to
In this topic you will learn to:
describe the laws of Islam. These laws are based on the Qur'an and
• identify the written source of the Sunnah. Islamic schools of law also influence Shariah. Shariah is
authority for Islam. used by Muslims alongside the laws of the country in which they live.
However, in some Muslim countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran,
most of their laws are governed by Shariah law.

The Qur'an
There are two main sources of
guidance in Islam: The Arabic word 'Ouran' means 'that which is read or recited'.
Muslims believe that the Qur'an contains the direct words of Allah, as
• the Qur'an - the revealed
communicated to Muhammad. Muhammad received revelations from
Word of God to the Prophet
Allah from 610cE until his death in 632cE. The Qur'an was compiled
Muhammad
orally in Muhammad's lifetime and, before his death, Muhammad
• the Hadith/Sunnah - the instructed his followers on its order and arrangement and parts of it
recorded life of the Prophet.
were written down. After the Prophet's death, his Khalifah (successor)
There are four main sources Abu Bakr, commissioned a written compilation of the Qur'an, using
of Islamic jurisprudence the oral and written compilations that already existed. The Qur'an
(sources of law): contains:
• the Qur'an • explanations for the purpose of the world and of humankind
• the Hadith/Sunnah - the • instructions for living in a way that pleases Allah and brings
sayings, actions and blessing to yourself and others
approvals of the Prophet
• historical references and stories of past nations
• the ljma - consensus of the
• encouragement and comfort at difficult times.
scholars
• the Qiyas - analogical The Qur'an is divided into surahs (chapters) each with a different
reasoning. theme. The best-known surah in the Qur'an is the first surah.
Muslims recite this surah at least 17 times each day during the five
prayers. Muslims believe that, because the Qur'an contains the direct
words of Allah, it can never be added to or have anything taken away
Praise be to Allah. Lord of from it.
the Universe.
The Compassionate, the Merciful. The Sunnah
Sovereign of the Day of The Sunnah is made up of Hadith and Muhammad's biography. The
Judgement! Qur'an outlines how a Muslim should live, but it can be difficult to
You alone we worship, and to know how to apply these rules to daily life. The Sunnah (in Arabic
You alone we turn for help. 'the practical example' or 'the way') records the actions and sayings
Guide us to the straight path, of Muhammad during his life. The Qur'an tells Muslims how to live
The path of those whom You and the Sunnah shows them how to live. The Sunnah is recorded as
have favoured. Hadith, the short passages that record Muhammad's sayings, actions
or silent approvals. The approvals are the actions or attitudes that
Not of those who have incurred
Ill your wrath,
Muhammad approved of in others. The Sunnah complements the
Qur'an by showing how its teachings can be put into practice in daily
Nor of those who have gone
life. The Qur'an tells Muslims to follow the example of Muhammad's
astray.
life (the Sunnah).
Surah 1 :1-7

••
 ACTIVITY

In your own words, explain why it is important that Muslims There is more about the Qur'an
have the Sunnah as well as the Qur'an to guide them. and the Hadith in Option C,
Islam, starting on page 131.

Fiqh
Fiqh describes Islamic jurisprudence- the methods of interpreting
and applying Islamic law. There are four main schools of thought
(Madhhabs) as to how Islamic law should be interpreted. These are
considered below.

Hanafi
This interpretation is based on the legal views of the Iraqi scholar
Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man who lived between AH 699 and AH 767
(1299-1365 ct). This is the oldest school of thought regarding
Islamic law and it is the most popular. It is the most liberal (relaxed) of
the four Madhhabs and has the largest number of followers. It is the
main school of thought followed in the Caribbean, Iraq, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, China, Turkey and the Balkans.

Maliki
The Maliki is the second-largest of the four schools of thought
regarding the interpretation of Islamic law. It is followed by
around 25 per cent of Muslims, mostly in North Africa, West
Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and in some parts of
Saudi Arabia. This school of thought was founded by Malik ibn Anas
in Medina. All Islamic schools use the Qur'an and the Sunnah as their
first reference point regarding Islamic law. However, the Maliki school
differs from the others in that it also uses the recorded teachings and
practices of the Muslims of Medina, including the Muslims that lived Islamic law gives guidance about how women
should dress - although Muslims interpret
there immediately following Muhammad's death.
this in different ways. Some Muslim women
cover themselves completely, including their
Shafei faces, while others leave their faces and the
palms of their hands uncovered.
The Shafei school of thought is named after the Islamic scholar Imam
ash-Shafei. Imam Shafei was born in Gaza in AH760 (1358cE). At that
time, there were two different interpretations of Islamic law: one was
independent reasoning based on the teachings of the Qur'an and
Sunnah, and the other was literal interpretation of these teachings. 1 The Qur'an and the Sunnah
Imam Shafei also taught that if a practice was widely accepted and are the main sources of
followed by the Muslim community then it became acceptable in the authority for Muslims.
eyes of Islamic law.
2 The Hadith are the sayings,
actions and silent approvals
Hanbali of Muhammad.
The Hanbali school of jurisprudence was established by the 3 Fiqh is the term used
students of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Hanbali jurisprudence (law to describe Islamic
interpretation) is the strictest and most conservative of the four jurisprudence (law
schools. This is the Islamic law interpretation that is followed in interpretation).
Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the Palestinian territories. It also forms 4 There are four main schools
the main laws to be followed in the holy sites of Makkah and of Islamic jurisprudence.
Medina.
 Jewish holy scriptures

The Tenakh
The Tenakh is the name for the Jewish Holy Scriptures. It is the
In this topic you will learn to:
same as the Old Testament part of the Bible, although the books
• identify the written sources are arranged in a different order. The books within the Tenakh are
of authority for Judaism. grouped into three sections, the Torah, the Nev'im and the Ketuvim,
according to their content.

The Torah
There is more about the Tenakh The Torah contains the law books. It is made up of the first five
in Option D, Judaism, starting books of the Old Testament (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers
on page 150. and Deuteronomy). These first five books give an account of how the
world was created and how the Jewish people were chosen by God.
The Torah also contains all of the laws that Jews should live by. Jews
believe that these laws were spoken directly from God to Moses.
The Torah is considered the most important Jewish scripture and is
treated with great respect. The Ten Commandments contained in the
Torah are considered the most important laws for Jews to follow.

As well as the Torah referring to the first five books of the Bible,
the term is also used by some Jews to mean the whole collection
of Jewish scriptures and the commentaries that interpret and apply
these teachings to daily life. Writings by rabbis and scholars that
attempt to interpret and explain Jewish scriptures and teachings are
called Midrash.

The Nev'im

The scroll on which the Torah is written is The Nev'im records the lives and teachings of the prophets. The
treated with great respect by Jews. This scroll, Nev'im is divided into two parts: the Former Prophets and the Latter
which belongs to a synagogue in Kingston, is Prophets. The Former Prophets records the lives and spiritual journey

~,
protected and decorated by an ornate cover
of the Israelites after Moses' death. The Latter Prophets contains
and silver crowns.
prophecies and teachings from important figures such as Isaiah
(: and Jeremiah, as well as from 12 minor prophets including Micah
The Lord said, 'It is because and Habakkuk. These prophets brought messages from God to the
they have forsaken my law,
,~I which I set before them; they
Israelites. The messages were often reprimands - reminding the
Jewish people to only worship God and to live a moral life (see the
have not obeyed me or followed example from Jeremiah opposite). The messages often contained
my law. Instead, they have warnings of what would happen if the Israelites did not change their
JI followed the stubbornness of ways. However, the prophetic writings also contain passages that tell
their hearts; they have followed of God's love and care for His people and His longing for them to
ill the Baals, as their ancestors turn back to Him.
taught them.' Therefore this
is what the Lord Almighty, the
~II God of Israel, says: 'See, I will
make this people eat bitter food
The Ketuvim
The Ketuvim contains all of the other writings contained in the Old
and drink poisoned water.' Testament - this includes the Psalms, Proverbs, philosophical writings
(such as Job and Ecclesiastes) and poetic writing such as the Song of
Jeremiah 9: 13-15
Solomon.
Other sources of authority in Judaism
Mishnah The 613 commands recorded
The Mishnah contains Jewish laws that were not included in the in the Torah are called mitzvot.
Torah. These were originally passed on orally but, in around 200cE,
Rabbi Judah the Prince wrote these laws down.

Gemara
The Gemara is a commentary on the Mishnah. It explains laws
and teachings recorded in the Mishnah and helps people to apply
these to their everyday lives. It also contains writings on subjects not
covered in the Mishnah.

Talmud
The Talmud brings the writings contained in the Mishnah and the
Gemara together into one book. Some Jews believe that the contents
of the Talmud (the Mishnah and the Gemara) were spokeh directly
from God to Moses.

Mishneh Torah

The Mishneh Torah summarises and provides a commentary on

the teachings contained in the Torah and Talmud (an example of
Midrash). It was written by the Jewish rabbi and philosopher Moses
ben Maimon in 1167 CE and helps Jews to decipher the laws and
teachings contained in the Talmud. There are other commentaries
on the Talmud, but the Mishneh Torah is one of the most widely
respected and authoritative.

Apocrypha
Moses ben Maimon lived in the 2nd century
The Apocrypha (from the Greek word meaning 'hidden') are Old and wrote the respected commentary on the
Testament writings that were not official y selected to be included Talmud, called the Mishneh Torah
in the Tenakh. Nevertheless, some Jews consult these books for
information and teaching.

ACTIVITY

Find out which 15 books make up the Apocrypha. How many

of these books were written by women? Choose two or three of
the Apocryphal books and find out more about them. What type
of writing is contained in them? And why are they not accepted
as God-inspired scripture by Jews and Christians?

KEY POINTS

1 The Tenakh is the main collection of Jewish Holy Scriptures. It

contains the Torah, the Nev'im and the Ketuvim.
2 The Torah (containing the Jewish laws) is the most important
source of authority for Jews.
3 The Talmud contains extra Jewish laws not contained in the
Torah. Opinion differs as to how important these laws are.
 Sources of authority in
Caribbean indigenous
religions
Rastafari
The Holy Piby is the main source of authority for Rastafari. This is also
In this topic you will learn to:
often known as the Blackman's Bible. It puts an emphasis on black
• Identify some of the sources supremacy, Africa as Zion (the promised land) and the destruction
of authority (oral and of Babylon (white rule). The Holy Piby was compiled by Robert Athlyi
written) for each caribbean Rogers and published in 1924.
indigenous religion.
After the Holy Piby, the Bible is the next source of authority for
Rastafari. Rastafari use the King James translation of the Bible as
they believe other translations are corrupt and that the King James is
closest to the original manuscript. However, although Rastafari refer
to the Bible as their authority, they interpret some passages differently
to Christians.
Rastafari also take authority from their own self (I and the plural
I-N-1). Through meditation, reasoning together and studying
scripture, they can come to know the truth through revelation
from Jah.

Revivalism
Since Zion Revivalism is close in its origins, beliefs and practices to
Christianity, its main source of authority is the Bible. The Pukumina
branch of Revivalism also uses books of magic, dreams and
possession by spirits as its source of authority. Zion Revivalists also
believe that God can speak to them through dreams and visions but
believe that only the Holy Spirit should possess them.

Vodun
Vodun uses the Bible as its main source of authority for worship
and guidance on day-to-day living. However, Vodun also places a
strong emphasis on spirit possession. Followers of Vodun believe
that spirits that possess them can bring messages and guidance
to them and to others through them. Sometimes Vodun followers
seek spirit possession in order to find an answer to a specific
question, to seek guidance on a particular matter or to discover
the future (prophecy).

ril
Oris ha
11 fl I. Due to its connections with Roman Catholic Christianity, Orisha
uses the Bible as a source of authority. The Bible provides followers
of Orisha with direction, strength and answers to life's questions.
Ill However, for specific questions and difficulties, Orisha followers
take direction and guidance from divination and from the Odu
lfa. This is a collection of writings making up 16 books that are
believed to give advice on all situations, circumstances, actions and

..
consequences. Orisha priests use divination to select passages from
the Odu lfa that they believe wil provide insight and guidance to
individuals in particular circumstances. In addition, like followers of
other Caribbean indigenous religions, followers of Orisha use spirit
possession to gain spiritual enlightenment and guidance.

------------(-
When eyes are two, they watch events unfold --
When legs are two, they walk with heavy treading
The rumps are two, they sit on a mat
One hand does not jingle
Also, one leg will not walk with fast treading
Odu lfa

Spiritual Baptist
The links that Spiritual Baptists have with Christianity mean that
the Bible is their main source of authority on issues of worship and
day-to-day life. In particular, Spiritual Baptists take from the Bible
their practice of baptising their members. Baptism is the practice of
immersing believers in water. Spiritual Baptists also take authority
from communication with God and the Holy Spirit - this may be
through dreams, possession or a sense of God speaking to them.

Santeria
Santeria beliefs have been passed on orally through the generations.
These oral traditions use stories to convey the beliefs and practices
of the religion. Santeria also emphasises communication with spirits
of ancestors and deities as a means to gain knowledge, insight and
1 The Holy Piby is the main
direction.
source of authority for
Rastafari. They also take
guidance from the King
James Version of the Bible.
2 Followers of Revivalism,
Vodun, Orisha and the
Spiritual Baptists refer to
the Bible as their source of
authority.
3 Santeria relies on oral
tradition for its authority.
4 Many of the Caribbean
indigenous religions see
dreams, visions and spirit
possession as sources
of authority. However,
Zion Revivalists and
Spiritual Baptists only
Many Caribbean indigenous religions teach that God and spirits can speak to people
believe in possession by the
through dreams and visions. Often dreams can show people what to do in a particular Holy Spirit.
situation.
 •
Major teachings of
Christianity
Almighty creator God
The Bible teaches that there is only one God (monotheism). This God
In this topic you will learn to:
is Yahweh - the God of the Old and New Testament.
• outline the basic beliefs of
The Bible instructs Christians to worship only God and not bow down
Christianity.
to any other god, statue, idol or earthly possession. This theme carries
over into the New Testament where Jesus warns that a person cannot
love both God and money (Matthew 6:24).
Christians believe that God created the world and everything in it.
They believe that God is almighty - He controls the universe and
sustains life. But God is also gentle, kind and righteous. Christians
trust Him to protect, love and provide for them.

A useful way to think of the The Trinity

Trinity is to imagine water. The Trinity is the three persons contained within one God. It is a holy
Water is a single substance but mystery. The Trinity is made up of God the Father, God the Son, and
it can come in different forms - God the Holy Spirit.
as liquid, as ice or as steam. It
is the same with the Trinity: it The Father
is one substance (God) but in
three different forms - Father, God the Father created the universe and is the ultimate authority.
Son and Holy Spirit. Jesus and the Holy Spirit submit themselves to Him. Jesus himself
says:

Very truly I tell you, the Son can do nothing by himself; he can do
only what he sees his Father doing, because whatever the Father
does the Son also does.

John 5:19

The Son
God the Son came to earth as Jesus to redeem mankind and restore
God's relationship with man. Since Jesus lived on earth and was fully
human, he understands our joys and temptations, our pains and
our sorrows. At the same time, Jesus was God. He lived a perfect life
and never sinned. Christians often pray to Jesus, rather than God the
Father as they can connect with Jesus' humanity.

The Holy Spirit

Before he died, Jesus told his followers that God the Father would
send them a helper. This helper, the Holy Spirit, would guide and
comfort people when Jesus had left the earth. God sent the Holy
Spirit at Pentecost. The Holy Spirit entered into the spirits of the first
Christians and gave them boldness. Today, Christians testify that the
Jesus' crucifixion redeemed mankind's
Holy Spirit gives them boldness, wisdom, understanding and comfort.
relationship with God

..
He is the presence of God inside every Christian and many Christians
ACTIVITY
claim to sense the Holy Spirit speaking to them. The Holy Spirit is also
responsible for the spiritual gifts, which include speaking in tongues, What are some of the signs of
prophecy and words of knowledge. the last days, as recorded in the
Book of Revelation?
Man, sin and salvation
Sin has plagued the relationship between God and man since
it entered the world through Adam and Eve. The Old Testament
contains many accounts of God punishing people for their sin. But
------r-
For it is my Father's will that --
with Jesus came salvation - the means for man's sin to be forgiven
everyone who sees His Son and
and the relationship between God and man to be restored.
believes in him should have
eternal life - that I should raise
Jesus Christ is redemption
him at the Last Day.
During Jesus Christ's time on earth, he healed the sick, performed John 6:40
miracles, forgave sins and taught about God. But Jesus' uitimate
purpose was redemption. Sin had damaged the relationship
between God and man. The Old Testament contains accounts of
animals being sacrificed to pay for people's sin and bring forgiveness.
But no sooner had a sacrifice been made than people would sin
again. God's holiness meant He could not get close to sin so the only Christian beliefs and practices,
solution was for a perfect and final sacrifice to be made to pay for and the impact of these on
humanity's sin. This sacrifice was Jesus. Only he had lived a perfect daily life, are covered in more
life on earth. The Bible teaches that Jesus' death paid for sin forever. depth in Option A, Christianity,
With sin dealt with, the relationship between humans and God was starting on page 92.
restored. Christians still sin but, because of Jesus' sacrifice, God can
forgive.

Judgement, punishment, forgiveness and reward

The Old Testament contains many accounts of God punishing people
1 The one God created the
for their sin. Christians believe that this cycle of laws and punishment
earth.
was broken by Jesus' sacrifice. However, the Bible teaches that there
will be a final judgement for everyone after death: 2 The Trinity contains God the
Father, God the Son, and
• Those people who have accepted Jesus and had their relationship
God the Holy Spirit.
with God restored wil go to heaven. Their rewards in heaven will
depend on the life they have lived on earth. 3 Jesus Christ brought
• Those people who have not believed in Jesus' sacrifice and do not redemption from sin and
have a restored relationship with God will not enter heaven. They restored God and man's
will face eternity separated from God. relationship.

4 God will judge everyone,

Concept of the Second Coming and last days based on their acceptance
The Bible teaches that Jesus Christ will come to earth a second time. of Jesus. People's actions
Christians call this the Second Coming. During this time, Jesus on earth determine their
will take up to heaven all Christians left on the earth. This is called heavenly rewards.
the Rapture. Before this time comes, the New Testament Book of 5 Jesus will return to earth
Revelation warns of difficult times of famine, wars and natural and take Christians to
disasters. The Bible also warns of an Antichrist who will rule the heaven. As this day draws
world and try to turn people against God. But the Bible encourages near, life on earth will
Christians to hold fast to their faith because, when these troubles become more troubled.
come, it means Jesus' return is near.
 Major teachings of
Hinduism

The original name of Hinduism was Sanatana Dharma, meaning

'Eternal Truth that sustains and upholds'. Hinduism is the oldest major
In this topic you will learn to: religion and has many laws that Hindus believe uphold and sustain life.

• outline the beliefs of

Hinduism that govern life.
Nature of atman
Atman (sometimes called atma) is the Hindu term for the soul or

,~
spiritual self. Hindus believe that atman is the eternal part of every
living thing. Atman can easily be forgotten in the day-to-day activity
I I of life. Hindus perform meditation to connect with atman.

Forms of life
Hindus believe that Brahman is present in all of creation. They also
believe that all forms of life have a soul (including humans, animals
and plants). Hindus believe that every soul experiences life in different
forms through reincarnation.
II Dharma
Dharma is a Sanskrit word meaning 'that which supports'. It refers
to the duties, responsibilities, values and guiding principles that help
Hindus achieve moksha while also maintaining order, peace and
harmony on the earth and in society.
Sanatana dharma - the laws of the universe and duties of people.
l Hindus use yoga and meditation to try to
Individuals have personal dharma according to their stage in life.

connect with their atman (their spiritual soul

or self) Karma
Karma is the Sanskrit word for 'deeds' and it is the collective actions
of a person throughout their different lives on earth. If a person lives
well and follows dharma, they wil earn good karma. The amount of
good or bad karma that a person has determines what form their life
takes through reincarnation.

Incarnation
Incarnation in Hinduism describes the different forms that Hindu
deities have taken on the earth. For example, the god Vishnu has
been incarnated as a fish (matsyavatara), a dwarf (vamanavatara) and
many other forms, such as Ram and Krishna.

Reincarnation
Hindus believe that, following death, they return to earth in another
bodily form. This is called reincarnation. If a Hindu has earned good
karma in their life, they wil be reincarnated into a higher caste or
even as a guru. It is the ultimate aim of Hindus to escape the cycle of
life and rebirth (called samsara) and to achieve moksha.

,:
The four yugas
The four yugas are the four different ages (or eras) within a cycle
The Hindi word 'paap' means to
of time in Hinduism. During each era, dharma (righteousness)
move away from dharma (the
decreases and adharma and disease increases. As humanity becomes
guiding principle of Hinduism).
increasingly unrighteous, the length of human life decreases. The four
Adharma is the closest
yugas are: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dapara Yuga and Kali Yuga.
equivalent to sin.

The four stages of life

Hinduism teaches that there are four different stages to a person's
life. A Hindu may not necessarily enter each stage (these days it is not Hindu beliefs and practices,
expected). However, progression through the four stages is the ideal. and the impact of these on
The stages are: daily life, are covered in more
• Brahmacharya: the period of education, including spiritual depth in Option B, Hinduism,
education. Their life is simplistic and emphasis is on spiritual starting on page 106.
attainment. This stage normally lasts up to age 25. ·
• Grihastha: home and family life. Individuals pursue religious merit,
wealth and pleasure.
• Vanaprastha: a person's hair turns grey and his grandchildren
are born. During this stage, a person should move into a simple
1 Every living being has a
dwelling in a forest. Life should be devoted to spiritual growth,
soul (atman) - the atman is
retirement from the world and devotion to spiritual matters.
eternal and is like Brahman
• Sannyasin: a person breaks all worldly ties and wanders alone, in its nature.
without possessions. He/she relies on charitable giving for survival.
His/her soul prepares to leave the earth. 2 All Hindus should follow the
moral and ritual duties of
dharma.
The four goals of life
3 Karma determines a
The four life goals for Hindus are: person's rebirth.
• Dharma: as a Hindu matures, the pleasures of sexual relations, 4 Hindu gods can be
power and wealth fade. Spiritual connection and peace of the soul, incarnated into earthly
through following dharma, become more important. forms. The god Vishnu has
• Artha: the pursuit of power, fame and wealth. been incarnated on the
• Kama: seeking worldly pleasures (including sexual satisfaction) and earth many times.
recreation. This must comply with morals governed by dharma. 5 All human souls are
• Moksha: to escape from samsara (the continual cycle of death and reincarnated after death,
rebirth) into spiritual enlightenment and union with God. unless they have achieved
moksha (a Hindu's ultimate
goal).
Maayaa
6 There are four yugas (cycles)
Maayaa (or Maya) is a power that causes us to focus on our
of time, four stages of life
physical and mental state, rather than our spiritual existence.
and four goals in life.
Hindus believe it blinds us to the real nature of the self, creation
and Brahman, and the relationship between each of these. Maayaa 7 Hindus believe that Maayaa
causes people to look inwards into themselves and prevents them blinds us to the real
seeing beyond their desires and feelings. Hindus believe humans nature of the self, creation
are one tiny part of a bigger picture - like a tiny drop of water in and Brahman, and the
an ocean. Hindus try to rise above Maayaa and achieve spiritual relationship between these
enlightenment through connecting with the universe of which they three realities.
are a part.
 Major teachings
of Islam

The five pillars of Islam

Muslims believe that there are five crucial actions (pillars) that
In this topic you will learn to:
a person must live out. The entire Muslim faith rests on these pil ars.
• outline the basic Islamic
beliefs. The Shahadah
Muslims make this declaration of faith several times a day. It should
be the first thing a Muslim hears after birth and the last thing
they hear before they die. To become a Muslim, a person says the
Shahadah three times in front of witnesses.

Salah
The Shahadah
There is no god but Allah, and Salah (prayer) is crucial. The Qur'an teaches that Muslims should pray
Muhammad is His messenger. five times a day facing Makkah. Muslims perform wudu (ceremonial
washing) before they pray. The mu'adhdhin calls Muslims to prayer
and the prayers are led by an imam. Muslims pray at home individually
or wherever they are if they cannot reach the masjid.

Zakah
Zakah is charitable giving. Muslims are commanded to give donations
of money to other Muslims who are suffering. The minimum
amount a Muslim family should give is 2.5 per cent of money left
over once all basic requirements have been met. However, money left
over must exceed a minimum requirement, called the nisab, to have
zakah paid on it.

Sawm
Muslims performing salah
Sawm (or saum) is the fast during Ramadan. This takes place during
the ninth month of the Muslim year and remembers Muhammad's
revelation of the Qur'an. During sawm, a Muslim abstains from food,
drink and sexual relations during daylight hours.

Hajj
Hajj is the pilgrimage to Makkah that each Muslim should try to make
in their lifetime. This pilgrimage involves a number of symbolic acts
recalling the life of Ibrahim. In particular, it remembers Ibrahim's
willingness to sacrifice his own son to Allah.

The six articles of faith

Tawhid
II Muslims believe that Allah is the one and only God. Allah has no
The six articles of faith are partner, equal or rival. He alone created and controls the world and
popularly known as the Pillars demands to be worshipped. This belief in the Oneness of Allah is
of Iman. called Tawhid. Muslims believe that Allah's attributes are perfect and
greater than any worldly attributes.
Belief in angels
Muslims believe that angels are spiritual, heavenly beings created
from light by Allah, with specific jobs to do. The angel Jibril spoke
the Qur'an to Muhammad. The angel Mikhail gives daily sustenance.
There is an angel that brings death, and an angel to blow the
trumpet on Judgement Day. Angels in Islam provide protection and
blessing for Muslims. Even the angel of death brings blessing by
taking Muslims into a place of peace to await Judgement Day.

Belief in prophets
The Qur'an lists 25 prophets that Muslims believe in. Prophets are
Islamic beliefs and practices,
also called messengers. Not all prophets are messengers, but all
and the impact of these on
messengers are prophets. Many prophets in Islam are the same
daily life, are covered in more
prophets that Christians believe in, including:
depth in Option C, Islam,
• the first prophet - Adam starting on page 120.
• the first messenger and prophet - Nuh (Noah)
• Ibrahim (Abraham)
• Musa (Moses).
However, Christian and Islam belief differs with regard to Isa (Jesus)
and Muhammad. Muslims believe that Isa was a prophet and not
God. Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the most important
and final prophet. Prophets receive messages from Allah - usually
through angels - then reveals these messages to the world.

Belief in the Revealed Books

Muslims believe that there are four known Revealed Books that have ------------(
been revealed directly by Allah to different prophets. These are:
And to every soul will be paid -
• the Torah - revealed to Musa (Moses) in full (the fruit) of its deeds;
• the Psalms (in Arabic Zabur) - revealed to Dawud (David) and (God) knows best all that
they do.
• the Gospels (in Arabic lnjeel) - revealed to Isa (Jesus)
Surah 39:70
• most importantly the Qur'an - revealed to Muhammad.
Muslims believe that only the Qur'an is the absolute, unspoilt Word
of God. Muslims believe that the other Revealed Books were altered
by humans. Muslims also believe that there are ancient scrolls that
contain direct revelation from Allah. 1 Islam contains six major
articles of faith: belief in
Belief in Al Qadr the unity of Allah, belief in
Belief in Al Qadr is the belief in predestination or fate. Muslims angels, belief in prophets,
believe that everything that happens is the will of Allah and that Allah belief in the Revealed Books,
knows every human heart. He knows what people will do before they belief in life after death and
do it and He sees every person's life before they live it. belief in predestination.
2 Islam is built on Five Pillars,
Belief in Al Akhirah
or practices, which every
Belief in life after death is called Al Akhirah. Muslims believe that Muslim should try to carry
after they die they stay in their graves until the Day of Judgement. out. These Five Pillars are:
This period of time is called barzakh. On Judgement Day, earthly life the declaration of faith,
ends, the dead are resurrected and both the living and the dead are prayer, giving to charity,
judged. Those whose good deeds outweigh their bad enter paradise. fasting and pilgrimage to
Those whose bad deeds outweigh their good go to hell. Ultimately, it Makkah.
is the mercy of Allah that wil allow a person to enter paradise.
 Major teachings of
Judaism

God is one, Almighty creator

Like Christians and Muslims, Jews believe in one single creator God
In this topic you will learn to:
(monotheism). Unlike Christians, Jews do not believe in the Trinity.
• outline the basic beliefs of They believe that God is a single being whose spirit is present in
Judaism. the world. They do not believe that Jesus Christ was God. Judaism
teaches that God:
• is almighty
• is present in all of creation
I • has no rivals
II • controls. human activity
• is present with us
• is omnipresent (everywhere).
Jews and Christians have the same beliefs about how God created
the world. Both religions follow the same creation story, recorded in
Genesis of the Bible and the Tenakh.

There is judgement, punishment, forgiveness, reward

Judaism teaches that everyone will be judged. God will reveal to every
person what their life could have been like if they had sinned less and
loved God and people more. Jews believe that a person's punishment
is the shame and sadness they feel at opportunities they have missed
on earth. Jews believe that this shame of life not being lived well is
the burning punishment that the Tenakh speaks of. However, Judaism
also teaches that God is forgiving and will show mercy. After the
'punishment' of shame, human souls enter God's presence (heaven).
Judaism teaches that there are different levels in heaven. Souls will
be rewarded and sent to different levels, depending on their holiness.
Each level brings a soul closer to the presence of God.
Converse to the reward of living for eternity in the presence of God
is the punishment of being cut off from God forever. This fate is
reserved for souls who have shown themselves to be evil on earth.

Concept of humanity, sin and salvation

ACTIVITY Jews believe that the human soul has three parts:
• The animating spirit - this is connected to the physical body
According to Jewish belief, the
• The 'you' - a person's intellect, personality, desires, etc.
human soul has three parts.
For each part of the human • The Holy - the presence of God within us all
soul, think of a situation where Judaism teaches that all humanity is created by God and should be
that part might be particularly submitted to Him. Our job on earth is to grow closer to God through
active. In what ways might our actions, thoughts and worship. However, Judaism teaches that
the animating spirit and the we all sin (disobey God's commands) and need God's mercy and
'you' sin? forgiveness. Jews believe that it is this mercy and God's love for
humanity that brings their salvation.
Concept of second coming and last days
Jews do not believe in a 'second coming' because they do not believe
that the Messiah has visited the earth a first time yet. Orthodox Jews
are still waiting for the promised Messiah, who they believe will
establish God's kingdom on earth and rule humanity in the Last Days.
Reform Jews view the Messiah, spoken about in the Tenakh, as being
a time (the Messianic era) rather than a person. During the Messianic
era, all humanity wil live in peace and follow the one true God.
According to what is written in the Tenakh (particularly in the Book
of Isaiah), Jews believe that there are a number of prophecies to be
fulfil ed during the Messianic age. These include the following:
• The Messiah will be descended from King David (Isaiah 11: 1 ).
• Knowledge of God wil fill the world (Isaiah 11 :9).
• All Israelites wil be returned to their homeland (Isaiah. 11 :12).
• All of the dead will rise again (Isaiah 26:19).

Opinion differs within Judaism regarding what happens to the earth

after the Messianic era, or the reign of the Messiah. Some believe
that human souls exist in another spiritual place. Others believe that
the earth continues, but that it becomes an intensely spiritual place.
Belief in life after death though is a widely held Jewish belief.

A bazaar in the West Bank, Palestine. Many Jews believe that one of the signs of
the Messianic age is that all Israelites wil return to Israel. This is a sensitive issue as
Palestinians have lived in the land for centuries. Currently, around 3 million Palestinians
live in Israel and view the country as their homeland.

Varying beliefs of the major Jewish sects

OrthodoxJews
• Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah came directly from God
via Moses.
• They believe that the 613 mitzvot (commandments) in the Torah
should be followed exactly.
• Modern Orthodox Jews observe halakhah (Jewish law), while
integrating into modern society. Ultra-Orthodox Jews live outside of
modern society.
 Messianic Jews
• Messianic Jews believe that Yeshua (Jesus' original name in Hebrew)
is the Messiah.
• They believe that Yeshua completes their Jewish faith and is the
new covenant spoken of in the Tenakh.
• While having the same core beliefs as Christianity, Messianic Jews
retain and practise their Jewish identity.

.
• Messianic Jews follow the whole Bible, including the Torah, the
Prophets, the Writings and, unlike other Jews, the New Testament.
• Messianic Jews do not believe they have to follow halakhah (Jewish
law) since Yeshua introduced a new covenant between God and
people.

Reform Jews
• Reform Jews believe that the Torah was written by different human
sources:
• Reform Judaism began in Germany in the early 1800s. Some Jews
felt that the rigid nature of Orthodox Judaism was unhelpful. At the
same time, Germany society was becoming more liberal, which was
influencing many Jewish people.
• They are not controlled by halakhah, although they do follow some
Jewish practices and maintain Jewish values.
• Reform Judaism is the most liberal expression of modern Judaism.

Reconstructionist Jews
• Reconstructionist Jews believe that Judaism must evolve.
• They do not accept the traditional Jewish beliefs of God.
• They follow halakhah to retain their Jewish identity.

Humanistic Jews
• Rabbi Sherwin Wine established the first Humanistic Jewish
congregation in 1963. He also helped set up the Society for
Humanistic Judaism in 1969.
• Humanistic Jews either do not believe in the concept of God or
consider His existence irrelevant. Humanistic Jews believe that
humans, not God, have the power to bring change and solve the
world's problems.

Conservative Jews
• Conservative Jews believe that God gave people original thoughts

'I. and ideas that were developed in the Torah.

• They follow halakhah but believe that the law should adapt, within
reason, to modern times.
Jewish beliefs and practices, Flexidox Jews
I and the impact of these on
daily life, are covered in more • Flexidox Jews follow a very new form of Judaism (established in 2003).
depth in Option D, Judaism, • They embrace the spirit of Orthodox Judaism but give themselves
starting on page 144. flexibility to move beyond specific and outdated constraints of
Jewish law.
Teachings concerning the Sabbath
The fourth of the Ten Commandments is:

Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.

Six days you shall labour and do all your work,
but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord
your God. On it you shall not do any work,
neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor
your male or female servant, nor your animals,
nor any foreigner residing in your towns.
Exodus 20:8-1 0

Sabbath (in Hebrew Shabbat) begins at sunset

on Friday and finishes at sunset on Saturday.
The Sabbath is a day to rest and focus on God.
Orthodox Jews mark the start of the Sabbath
by lighting candles, blessing bread and wine,
reciting prayers and reading scripture. Many
Jewish families celebrate the Sabbath with a
meal on Friday evening. On the Sabbath, families
attend a service together at the synagogue. It is
generally forbidden for Jews to carry out any kind
of work on the Sabbath. There are 39 types of
forbidden 'work' including travelling in a vehicle,
cooking and writing. However, Reformed and
Liberal Jews do not follow all of these laws.
In some parts of the Caribbean, such as Jamaica,
there is flexibility around observing the Sabbath
due to work demands.

Orthodox Jews believe that even travelling in a vehicle or cooking are

forms of work and should not be performed on the Sabbath

ACTIVITY

1 God is one - the Almighty creator. Do you think there should be

work or employment that a Jew
2 Everyone will be judged and rewarded or punished according
should be free to perform on
to how they have lived. Only evil people will be expelled from
the Sabbath? If yes, what work
God's presence.
or employment would you
3 All humanity sins, but there is salvation through God's mercy argue should be allowed? Do
and forgiveness. you think Jews in professions
4 In the Messianic age there will be peace on earth and all such as medicine or policing
people will know God. Judaism teaches life after death. Some who don't want to work on the
believe life will continue on earth, others believe souls enter a Sabbath should be required to?
spiritual realm. Give reasons for your answers.

5 The Jewish sects differ in their beliefs on the sacredness of the

Torah, the literal following of halakhah (Jewish law) and the
need for Judaism to adapt to the modern world.
6 The Sabbath should be kept holy. Jews rest and nurture
their spirit.
 Major teachingsof
Caribbean indigenous
religions
Rastafari
Rastafarians believe that:
In this topic you will learn to:
• Haile Selassie was God incarnated in a human body. They believe
• outline the basic beliefs and
that he was the Messiah, whose coming was predicted in the Bible.
teachings of each Caribbean
Some Rastafarians also believe that Jesus Christ was God on earth
indigenous religion.
in human form, but that Haile Selassie was God come to earth a
second time
• all Rastafarians should live in Africa since this is the nation that the
descendants of most. Rastafarians came from
• there should be reparation (compensation) for the wrongs
committed during the slave trade. This compensation could come
in the form of money, investment in countries where the slave trade
took place, repatriation of slave descendants, etc.
• black people are the true Israelites, whose history is recorded in
the Bible
• Ethiopia is a sacred land - the 'black man's heaven', since this is
where Haile Selassie ruled
• the King James Bible is the correct version of the Bible to refer to
• Babylon is a term to describe any government, regime or rule that
goes against Rastafarian teaching and beliefs, and the will of Jah
• ganja was given by Jah as medicine and to prompt wisdom
• the body is a temple for God and should be kept healthy. Diet
should be natural, unprocessed and vegetarian
• reflection and meditation are needed to feed the spirit and gain insight
• they should respect the environment
• Pan-Africanism is something that can and should be achieved.

Revivalism
Revivalists believe:

• in the existence of two words: the temporal (what is physically

here on earth now) and the spiritual
• that the universe is occupied by three groups of spirits: the
heavenly, the earth-bound and the ground spirits

'I • that the human body can be possessed by spirits

• that Revivalists can travel to the spirit
and communicate with the spirits
world, receive spiritual gifts

• that ancestors can communicate with Revivalists through dreams

~ I Revivalists and Spiritual

Christian
Baptists believe in the
practice of baptising believers by
submerging them in water
and visions
• that sometimes spirits communicate with them using colours.
Devotees wil also wear a particular colour based on their rank
within the religion
• in baptismby water (or baptism by immersion).
Vodun
Followers of Vodun believe:
• in loas (spirits of ancestors) and saints. Some believe that these are
the same thing and others believe that they are two distinct groups
of spirits·
• that loas communicate with followers of Vodun through dreams
and visions
• that the dead can reward or punish you on earth so must be
honoured
• that people with special talents or gifts must be degraded when
they die so that they do not torment their living relatives
• that spirits can possess the bodies of Vodun followers.

Orisha
Followers of Orisha believe: Followers of the Yoruba
• that gods possess the bodies of Orisha followers and can be religious system (e.g. Orisha
identified through the physical effect they have on the body and Santeria) have the world's
highest rate of twin births.
• that ancestors play an important role in life - they can bring good
The Yoruba town of lgboora in
or harm to people
Nigeria has the highest number
• that the dead have a soul, as well as a shadow or spirit
of twin births in the world with
• that the gods speak to Orisha followers through dreams, visions 150 of every 1000 births being
and divination twins.
• in the giving of offerings or sacrifices, such as animals and herbs.

Spiritual Baptist
Spiritual Baptists believe:
• that the Holy Spirit lives within them to guide, empower and
comfort them ACTIVITY
• that the Bible and prayer are powerful and can change situations What similarities can you see
• in baptism by the Holy Spirit as well as baptism in water between the teachings of the
• that when a person sins, they can be cleansed through repenting, six Caribbean religions? Draw
fasting and mourning up a table comparing the key
• that ancestors communicate with the living through dreams. teachings.

Santeria
Followers of Santeria believe:
• in five different levels of power. These are Olodumare (the high 1 Many Caribbean indigenous
god), the orisha (lesser gods), human beings, human ancestors religions believe in spirits
and plants, animals and natural and man-made items and/or ancestors.
• that Olodumare is the one Supreme God 2 Many Caribbean indigenous
• that they communicate with the orisha through prayer, divination religions practise spirit
and offerings (including fruit, flowers, sweet foods and ebo- possession.
sacrifice such as an animal or animals' blood)
3 Revivalists and Spiritual
• that 11 commandments were given to Obatala (the eldest orisha, Baptists practise baptism in
who created the world) to keep people from evil and help them to water.
live prosperous lives.
 Festivals in Christianity

Christmas
Advent
In this topic you will learn to:
Advent is the period that starts on the fourth Sunday before
• explain selected Christian
Christmas Day and ends on Christmas Day. In many churches around
festivals in different traditions
the world, a candle is lit each week of Advent. In the Caribbean this
of Christianity in the
is only recognised in some traditions, such as Roman Catholic and
Caribbean.
Anglican. This symbolises lighting the way for Jesus' birth. During
Advent, Christians remember Christ's promise that he wil come to
earth again to judge humanity. Many Christians use Advent as a time
to focus on their relationship with God.

CASE STUDY The day arrives!

It's 6am on 25 December and the Williams family in St Vincent

are already up and very excited! Mum is busy cooking ham, baked
chicken and rice and preparing salads and black cake (fruitcake in
Jamaica) for Christmas dinner. Dad is making final alterations to
the decorations. The Williams family are Christians and, for them,
today is Christmas Day - the day when Christians celebrate Christ
being born on earth to save humankind from their sin and restore
the relationship between God and people.
Ten-year-old Patricia and her 14-year-old brother Winston have
been opening the doors on an Advent calendar each day during
December, excitedly counting down the days to Christmas.
Yesterday, on Christmas Eve, the family attended a service at their
Anglican church. Soon, everyone will dress in their best clothes for
the Christmas Day service at church. They wil sing carols - with a
distinctive reggae beat - and hear readings from the Bible about
Jesus' birth. It wil be a very joyful service, thanking God for Jesus'
arrival on the earth.

At Christmas it is traditional to give out

Patricia and Winston are looking forward to seeing their cousins
presents to each other to remember how later, when the whole family wil have a special meal together. After
Jesus was God's gift to the world everyone has eaten, it will be time to give out presents. Presents
symbolise the gift of Jesus that God sent to the world. This is the
part of the day that Patricia and Winston are looking forward to
most of all!

Epiphany
The account of Jesus' birth tells of wise men (or magi) who travelled
many miles to worship Jesus (scholars think they travelled from Iraq,
Iran or India). The Greek word epiphany means manifestation, and
Christians consider Epiphany to be the manifestation of Christ to
the Gentiles. The visit of the magi shows that, from his birth, Jesus
came to save all people, not just the Jews. Epiphany also marks the
end of the 12 days of Christmas and, for some Christians across the
Caribbean, it is the time to take down decorations and officially end
the celebrations. The gifts that the wise men
brought to Jesus all had a
meaning. Gold identified him
CASE STUDY Going without
as a king, frankincense was
Lent lasts for 40 days in the run-up to Easter and is a time used in prayer and worship and
when traditionally Christians show penitence and self-restraint signified Jesus as a priest, and
to commemorate Christ's fasting in the wilderness. During the myrrh prophesied Jesus' death.
40 days of Lent, Patricia and Winston's mother, Merlene, has
decided to give up meat. She hopes that this will help her to
understand more about how it felt for Christ to go without food
and drink when he was in the wilderness. Merlene also hopes
that, by denying her body some of the luxuries of daily life, she
can focus more on her spiritual life.

Ash Wednesday
-----~o
Ash Wednesday marks the first day of the abstinence of Lent. It is a
time for repentance and cleansing of the soul. Roman Catholic and
Traditional Ash
Wednesday prayer
--
Anglican churches hold sombre services in which people's foreheads God our Father, you create us
are marked with ash. This ash symbolises sorrow for sin and the from the dust of the earth.
death that sin has brought into the world.
Grant that these ashes may be
for us a sign of our penitence,
Holy Week and a symbol of our mortality.
This is the most sombre week of the Christian Calendar. It is the week
in which Christians remember Jesus' death and the events leading up
to it. The week incorporates Palm Sunday, Maundy (or Holy) Thursday
and Good Friday. Some of these days are public holidays in many
Caribbean countries.

Palm Sunday
On Palm Sunday people remember Jesus' triumphant arrival in
Jerusalem. People cheered and waved palms to welcome him. Yet,
only five days later, the public called for him to be killed. Palm Sunday
marks the start of Holy Week.

Maundy or Holy Thursday ~~~~~~~~~---''~ ,.-:; ;-\

On this day, people remember Jesus' Last Supper with his disciples. And he took bread, gave
During this meal, Jesus washed his disciples' feet - showing the thanks and broke it, and gave
importance of humility, love and service. Maundy Thursday also marks it to them, saying, 'This is my
the origins of Holy Communion, when Jesus told his disciples to body given for you; do this in
remember the sacrifice of his death and celebrate the new covenant remembrance of me.'
with God through eating bread and drinking wine. In the same way, after the
supper he took the cup, saying,
Good Friday 'This cup is the new covenant in
This is the day when Christians remember Jesus' crucifixion. Churches my blood, which is poured out
hold three-hour services for people to reflect on Jesus' suffering and for you.'
on their own sin, which contributed to his death. Although it seems a Luke 22:19-20
strange name, the day is good because Christians believe that Jesus'
death paid for their sin and restored the relationship between God
and man.
 Kite flying is popular on many Caribbean islands all year round. On
Good Friday though, the activity takes on special meaning. Kite flying
Easter and Good Friday, in represents Jesus' ascension into heaven that occurred a few weeks
particular, have traditions and after his death. In Bermuda, Barbados, Trinidad and the Grenadines,
I I superstitions attached to them
in the Caribbean. One is that
kite flying over the Easter weekend remains a strong tradition -
although, for many, its links to Christianity have been lost.
you should not go to the beach
on Good Friday and definitely
Paschaltide
should not enter the sea:
tradition dictates that you will Paschaltide (sometimes written Paschal Time) covers the time from
turn into a fish or a mermaid! Easter Sunday to Pentecost (seven weeks later) and includes the
Another tradition is to break an following events.
egg at exactly midday on Good
Friday and, whatever shape the Easter Saturday
egg forms is your destiny for This is the day after Good Friday. It is a sombre time for Christians as,
the year ahead. For example, if following his crucifixion. on Good Friday, Christ's followers were filled
the egg forms the shape of a with sorrow over his death.
boat, you wil travel.
Easter Vigil
In the early hours of Easter Sunday, the day that Christ rose from
the dead, many Christians hold a vigil. They meet together to pray,
worship and read the Bible as they wait for the sun to rise. The sun
rising marks the start of Easter Sunday, when those attending the
vigil wil celebrate Christ's resurrection together. The vigil may end
with a shared breakfast.

Easter Sunday

/"CASE STUDY I Easter Sunday and the resurrection of Jesus

It is Easter Sunday and Patricia and Winston are enjoying church.

The church is decorated with flowers and there is an atmosphere
of celebration. There have been Bible readings telling of the
empty tomb and Mary Magdalene's encounter with the risen
Jesus on Easter morning. Lots of joyful hymns have been sung
about Jesus defeating death. Christians believe that Jesus'
resurrection (him coming back to life after he died) is further
proof that Jesus was God. Jesus' resurrection also symbolises the
new spiritual resurrection between God and humanity.
On Easter Sunday, Christians celebrate Jesus
rising from the dead and leaving an empty Easter is also a time to celebrate life and new birth. Patricia
tomb and Winston have already eaten many Easter buns over the
weekend. Today they have been given chocolate eggs. These
eggs symbolise new life and Jesus' empty tomb.
After church, Patricia and Winston's neighbours are coming
When he had led [the round for lunch. Then they are all going to fly kites on the beach.
disciples] out to the vicinity of
Bethany, he lifted up his hands
and blessed them. While he was Ascension Day
blessing them, he left them and Jesus spent 40 days on earth with his disciples after rising from the
was taken up into heaven. dead. After this time, Jesus returned to heaven. The Bible tells that Jesus
Luke 24:50 will return to earth one final time in the last days to take his people
(Christians) up to heaven. This only applies to some denominations.
Pentecost and Whitsuntide
Jesus' return to heaven did not mark the end of his influence on the When the day of Pentecost (.~
earth. Before Jesus was taken back to heaven, he promised to send came, [the disciples] were all
the Holy Spirit to the disciples. together in one place. Suddenly
a sound like the blowing of a
The role of the Holy Spirit was to comfort, guide and strengthen
violent wind came from heaven
the disciples when Jesus was no longer with them. The Holy Spirit
and filled the whole house
still comforts, guides and strengthens Christians today. The Bible
where they were sitting. They
teaches that gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as speaking in tongues and
saw what seemed to be tongues
prophesying, are for all Christians at all times. Many of these gifts
of fire that separated and came
of the Holy Spirit are seen in churches today - particularly non-
to rest on each of them. All
denominational churches and Pentecostal churches. Another
of them were fil ed with the
word for Pentecost is Whitsuntide.
Holy Spirit and began to speak
in other tongues as the Spirit
ACTIVITY enabled them.
What other gifts of the Holy Spirit are there? What are the benefits Acts 2:1-4
of these? If you are able, try to visit a Pentecostal church -you
may see some of the gifts of the Spirit actually occurring.

Trinity Sunday
Trinity Sunday occurs on the first Sunday after Pentecost. It provides
a chance for Christians to focus on the concept of the Trinity (God
the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit). Sermons in church
often focus on the Trinity on this day and children will learn about
the Trinity in Sunday school. Congregations in Anglican churches
often say the Nicene Creed together, which is a statement of belief
including what Christians believe about the Trinity.

Corpus Christi
This day occurs on the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday (although
some church traditions have moved the day to the first Sunday after
Trinity Sunday). The day celebrates the Eucharist (the service of Holy
Communion). It is a mainly Roman Catholic tradition, although some
Anglican and Lutheran churches mark the day too.

1 During Advent Christians prepare, spiritually and practically,

for Christmas.

2 Christmas celebrates Christ's birth.

3 Epiphany marks the visit of the magi to Jesus. It celebrates
Jesus coming to redeem all people, not just the Jews.
4 Lent marks the 40 days Jesus spent without food or water
in the wilderness. It is a time of penitence and self-restraint.
Lent begins on Ash Wednesday.
5 During Holy Week, Christians remember Christ's death. This
week includes Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday.
6 Paschaltide marks the Easter season, which runs from Easter
Sunday to Pentecost (seven weeks later).
 Festivals in Hinduism

CASE STUDY Divali/Deepavali

In this topic you will learn to: It is late October in Guyana and, for 12-year-old Ramesh and
14-year-old Kamala, the five-day festival of Diva Ii is coming
• describe some of the
to an end. A week ago, they helped to clean the house
important Hindu festivals and
to welcome the goddess Lakshmi into their home. Hindu
reasons for their observance.
custom teaches that Lakshmi wil bring prosperity and good
fortune to the family. Most Hindus perform pujas to the goddess
Lakshmi.
Divali is the festival of lights, so Ramesh and Kamala decorated
their home with tiny deeyas (lights in small clay pots). They also
have spectacular lights in the window every evening. These lights
represent the lights that guided Rama home after he had rescued
his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana.
Kamala's favourite part of the five-day festival has been
the new clothes and beautiful necklace that she has been
bought to wear for the celebrations. Ramesh has enjoyed
listening to traditional stories about Hindu gods, particularly
the Ramayana, and watching the motorcades drive through
town the day before Divali. The whole family has enjoyed pujas
(sacred rituals), sharing of meals and sweets with neighbours,
singing praises to the deities in their mandirs and homes', and,
of course, Ramesh and Kamala have enjoyed receiving presents.
But now they are ready for life to calm down again - they
need some sleep! The lights that form the centrepiece of Divali
Ramesh and Kamala light the deeyas that
celebrations are a reminder that darkness can be driven away by
represent the lights that guided Rama light and that, in the same way, adharma can be driven away by
home dharma.

Phagwa/Holi
Phagwa/Holi, after the spring month Phalguna, in which the festival
falls, is when Hindus remember the story of Holika and her nephew
Prahlada. Holika tried to kill Prahlada because she did not like the
devotion he showed to the god Vishnu. By repeatedly speaking the

, name Vishnu, Prahlada was saved from death - instead it was Holika
who died in a bonfire.
This story teaches Hindus the importance of having faith in the god
II Vishnu, as well as confirming the Hindu belief that good will triumph
over evil. It also provides a great reason for Hindus to celebrate the
ACTIVITY festival with bonfires! Fertility, connected to spring and new life, is
also an important aspect of Holi celebrations. Holi also celebrates
Find out more about the the god Krishna who was an avatar of Vishnu. Krishna has a playful
festival of Krishna Janam side and Hindus remind each other of this during Holi by throwing
Ashtmi. What is the coloured dye and powder at one another. They enjoy singing songs,
significance of midnight? praising the deities (especially Krishna), and making the streets very
colourful during Holi.
 CASE STUDY Rama Naumi

Rama Naumi (or Rama Navami) takes place in March or April

(Vaishakha in the Indian calendar) and celebrates the birth of Lord
Rama, an avatar of Vishnu on earth. Lord Rama was the hero of the
Ramayana. For around a week leading up to Rama Naumi, the book
is recited continually. On the day of the festival, highlights of the story
are read in the temple. Pujas and devotional songs are also performed.
Kamala is helping to clean and decorate the house for the festival.
Yesterday, Ramesh bought fruit and Kamala collected flowers for the
family shrine to Lord Rama. Today the children wil perform pujas,
recite devotional songs and visit the mandir. They will also rock a
cradle containing an image of the infant Rama and lay flowers in the
cradle around the figure.
Afterwards, Ramesh and Kamala are looking forward to a feast using
the sacred food offered to Rama. ·

Ramesh and Kamala lay flowers

around the figure of the infant Rama

Maha Sivaraatri
Maha Sivaraatri is celebrated every year on the 13th nighV14th Nava Raatri means nine nights
day of the Hindu month of Phalguna (March), which is a moonless in Sanskrit. This is because the
night. Hindus believe that there is a high level of divine energy festival takes place for 1 0 days
present on the night of Maha Sivaraatri. During the night they keep and nine nights.
vigil, fast, offer prayers and sing devotional songs called bhajans
to Shiva. During the day, Hindus offer bael leaves to Lord Shiva,
fast, and practice yoga and meditation in order to achieve greater
spirituality.
1 Divali means 'festival
of lights'. This festival
Krishna Janam Ashtmi
celebrates the goddess
This festival falls in the Hindu month of Bhadra (AugusVSeptember) Lakshmi and it is a time for
and celebrates the birth of the god Krishna. Re-enactments are new beginnings.
performed of rocking the infant Krishna's cradle and of Krishna
2 Phagwa/Holi celebrates the
being born. Traditional songs are sung and special pujas (rituals) are
triumph of good over evil
performed in the minutes leading up to midnight. At midnight, there
and the importance of faith.
is singing and dancing, and sweets are shared out.
It is also a time for fun.
3 During Maha Sivaraatri,
ACTIVITY
Hindus fast, perform yoga
Find out more about the festival of Krishna Janam Ashtmi. What and meditate to achieve
is the significance of midnight? higher spiritual revelation.
4 Krishna Janam Ashtmi
celebrates Krishna's birth.
Nava Raatri
5 Rama Naumi celebrates the
This festival celebrates God in the feminine form as Shakti. The festival
birth of Lord Rama.
remembers Shakti's incarnationsas nine different Hindu goddesses.
The festival takes place for 10 days between September and October. 6 Nava Raatri celebrates the
During the festival, different stories of Shakti in her various forms mother goddess or energy
are retold, in particular the story of the goddess Durga defeating Shakti in her nine different
Mahishasura the Buffalo Demon. Ram Lila is a very popular performance forms as Hindu goddesses.
in communities at this time as a re-enactment of the life of Ram.
 Festivals in Islam

CASE STUDY Eid ul Fitr

In this topic you will learn to: Today is Eid ul Fitr and a national holiday in Trinidad. Muslims
have been fasting for the last 30 days during Ramadan. Going
• recall the purpose of selected
without food and drink all day in the heat has been a big
festivals and observances in
challenge. People who are young, old, frail or pregnant have
Islam.
not followed the fast. Today, everyone is happy and celebrating
because Eid ul Fitr marks the end of the fast. Maryam has fasted,
but her brothers Muhammad and Aadam are stil to young to
fast all day. Instead, they have missed one meal each day to
prepare them for when they too will go without any food or
drink during daylight hours in Ramadan.
Yesterday, the children's father went to the masjid to pay zakah.
This is a donation of around 3.8 kg of rice for each member of
the household. The children's father donated 23 kg (since the
children's aunt lives with them too). During Ramadan, Muslims,
however rich or poor, become equal. Everyone experiences how
it feels to go without food. This morning, Maryam, Muhammad
and Aadam recited the Salatul Eid ul Fitr, a special prayer to mark
the start of Eid ul Fitr, at the masjid. Maryam, Muhammad and
Aadam followed the procession of people travelling to the masjid
one way and travelled back home by a different route, as the
Prophet Muhammad taught.
Now it is time for the feasting and celebrations to begin! Maryam,
Muhammad and Aadam are wearing their best clothes. Their
house is filled with Eid Mubarak cards and brightly coloured
decorations. Maryam, Muhammad and Aadam have been given
During Eid ul Fitr, Muslims celebrate with a
presents and sweets from family, neighbours and friends and later
feast after the long weeks of fasting during
Ramadan
they will share in the Eid ul Fitr feast with their family.

ACTIVITY

As well as to benefit others, there is another reason behind

families donating food at the end of Ramadan. Find out what
this reason is.

1 Why is this benefit particularly significant during Ramadan?

Ill 2 Why do Muslims believe it is easier to perform good deeds
II during Ramadan?

I Not only does Eid ul Fitr mark the end of the fast of Ramadan, it
is forbidden for Muslims to fast on this day.
Eid ul Adha
Eid ul Adha is known as the festival of sacrifice. It commemorates
Ibrahim's wil ingness to sacrifice his son Ismail to Allah. This showed
that Ibrahim was willing to obey Allah completely, even when it
was hard. Once Ibrahim had shown his obedience, Allah provided a
ram for Ibrahim to sacrifice instead of Ismail. It is unlikely that Allah
would ever ask anyone today to sacrifice their son, but it is this same
obedience and sacrifice that all Muslims should show towards Allah.
Eid ul Adha starts on the tenth of Dhulhajj (the last Islamic month),
and animal sacrifices are made. The festival occurs at the same time
as the hajj pilgrimage.
Eid ul Adha begins with a special prayer that is recited in the
morning. Later, an animal is sacrificed. This must be a healthy animal
and it is usually a sheep, goat, bull or, in Arab countries, a camel. In
Muslim countries it is often the father of a family who slaughters the
animal but, in the Caribbean and other non-Muslim countries, the
animal is slaughtered professionally in the courtyard of the masjid.
There are strict rules for how the animal should be slaughtered in
order for it to be halal:
• It must not be frightened.
• It must be turned to face the direction of Makkah while the
slaughterer declares the name of Allah.
• The animal is killed with a very sharp knife that is drawn across its
jugular (main) vein in its neck. All of the blood is drained from the
body.
Once the sacrifice has been made, the family keep one-third of the
meat for a feast for themselves and share the rest among relatives
and the poor.

During Eid ul Adha, sacrificed meat is shared

among relatives and the poor in order that
everyone can join in the celebrations
 The sacrifice of Ismail by Ibrahim
when the son reached the age of serious work with him, he
said, 'Oh my son! I see in vision that I offer you in sacrifice; now
see what is your view!' (The son) said: 'Oh my father! Do as you
are commanded: you wil find me, if God so wills, one practising
patience and constancy!'
So when they had both submitted their wil s (to God), and
[Ibrahim] had laid him prostrate on his forehead (for sacrifice),
We called out to him, 'O Ibrahim! You have already fulfilled the
vision! - thus indeed do we reward those who do right. For this
was obviously a trial.'
Surah 37:102-106

Ashura
The Ashura festival occurs on the tenth day of the Islamic month
of Muharram. Sunni Muslims fast on either the 9-10 or 10-11
Muharram to remember both Nuh leaving the ark and Musa and the
Israelites being saved from the Egyptians.

Imam Hussein
For Shia Muslims, Ashura is also the day they mourn the martyrdom
of Imam Hussein.
• Hussein was a grandson of Muhammad who fought against the
ruler of the Islamic community in the 7th century CE.
• Hussein was killed in battle, together with many of his followers, in
680cE at Karbala in modern-day Iraq.
• Hussein's death led to the two distinct sects of Islam - Shia and
Sunni.
• During Ashura, Shia men and women dress in black and march in
the streets slapping their chests and chanting. Many of the men
share in the suffering of Imam Hussein by hitting themselves with
chains (self-flagellation).

Miladunnabi
The twelfth day of Rabiul Awai celebrates the birthday of the Prophet
Muhammad in 570cE. On this day, many Muslims remember the
life of the Prophet Muhammad and his wisdom, bravery, leadership
and teaching. Parents tell their children stories from the Hadith and
religious leaders make speeches about Muhammad's life. Some
Muslims do not celebrate Miladunnabi as there is no evidence that
Muhammad celebrated his birthday and they believe that only
practices instructed in the Qur'an and Sunnah should be followed.

Lailatul Miraj
This festival, celebrated by some but not all Muslims, marks
Muhammad's Night Journey when the Prophet travelled from
Makkah to Jerusalem in a single night. From Jerusalem, Muhammad
was taken up to heaven by Allah. In heaven he met the prophets
The Night of Power
who had gone before him and he also met with Allah. This is when .
We have indeed revealed this
Allah told Muhammad that Muslims should pray five times a day. This
(Message) in the Night of
festival is also known as Lailatul lsra.
Power:
And what wil explain to thee
Lailatul Qadr what the Night of Power is?
This festival is a single night in Ramadan that is a solemn, reflective The Night of Power is better
night of prayer (also called the Night of Power), which marks the than a thousand months.
night when the angel Jibril (Gabriel) revealed the first verses of the
Therein come down the
Qur'an to the Prophet Muhammad. The festival, which falls during
angels and the Spirit by Allah's
Ramadan, is a time for prayer and study of the Qur'an. Some Muslims
permission, on every errand:
spend all night praying and reciting from the Qur'an. It is also a time
to seek forgiveness from Allah for your sins. Peace! ... This until the rise of
morn!
Su rah 97: 1-5

1 Eid ul Fitr marks the end

of the 30-day fast during
Ramadan.
2 Eid ul Adha, the festival
of sacrifice, remembers
Ibrahim's willingness to
sacrifice his son Ismail.
3 Ashura commemorates
Musa being saved from the
Egyptians. For Shia Muslims
it is also a day to sanctify
the death of Imam Hussein.
4 Miladunnabi celebrates the
birthday of the Prophet
Almost one million pilgrims visit Makkah to pray on Lailatul Qadr, one of the holiest Muhammad in 570cE.
nights of the Islamic calendar
5 Lailatul Miraj celebrates the
Prophet's Night Journey and
Lailatul Bara'at ascension into heaven.
This festival, known as the Night of Forgiveness, falls on 15 Sha'ban, 6 Lailatul Qadr celebrates
the eighth month in the Muslim calendar. Not all Muslims observe the first time the Angel
this festival, but those who do believe that their life for the coming Jibril revealed the Qur'an
year is determined on this night. Therefore, many Muslims stay up to Muhammad. This
all night praying for guidance and for God's mercy and grace. Some festival takes place during
Muslims also fast during the day to prepare for their night of prayer. Ramadan.
Muslims often give charitable donations on this day and visit the
graves of dead relatives to pay their respects. 7 During Lailatul Bara'at many
Muslims pray all night while
their destiny for the year
ahead is determined by
Allah.
 Festivals in Judaism

Rosh Hashanah
The festival of Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew for 'Head of the Year') marks
In this topic you will learn to:
the beginning of a new year for Jews. This is a day of complete rest.
• describe selected festivals in During this day, Jews examine their lives, motives and spiritual state.
Judaism. Jews believe that there are 10 days for Jews to repent of their sin and
put right any wrongs. On the tenth day following Rosh Hashanah,
God judges each person and decides whether or not they will remain
in the Book of Life.

On the day of Rosh Hashanah, the shofar (ram's horn) is blown 100
times by a rabbi in the synagogue. This follows instructions given in
the Torahand reminds Jews to repent of their sins.
During Rosh Hashanah Jews eat sweet food, including bread dipped
in honey and bread sprinkled with sugar, as a symbol of hope for the
year ahead. While eating, Jews say to each other:
'May it be the Lord's wil to renew us for a year that will be good and
sweet.'

In particular, during Rosh Hashanah, Jews remember:

• God's creation of the world in six days and his resting on the
seventh
• God's judgement of every Jew according to their actions in the past
year.

Yorn Kippur
This Jewish festival takes place 10 days after Rosh Hashanah. Yorn
Kippur is known as the Day of Atonement and it is a solemn day for
Jews.

• This is the day when God examines the Book of Life and decides
whose name should remain.
• Jews hope that God will judge them favourably and that the
coming year will bring them life and not death.
• Jews also use this quiet day of reflection to re-examine their lives
and spiritual state. Many prayers are said and many Jews fast for
the full 25 hours to show their penitence and faith.
• The Day of Atonement is also a day for Jews to say sorry to each
other for any wrongs they have committed.
• During Yorn Kippur, Jews also remember people in need and give to
charities.
• Most of the day (which lasts for 25 hours) is spent in the
synagogue. Jews listen to the story of Jonah from the Tenakh/Book
During Yorn Kippur, Jews remember what
happened to Jonah as a result of him
of Prophets, which reminds them of the senselessness of disobeying
disobeying God God.
Jonah and the Big Fish
Jonah was a prophet in Old Testament times who was told by God
to warn the wicked people in the city of Nineveh that they would
be destroyed unless they repented of their sins. Jonah ran away,
was thrown overboard the ship in which he was travelling and was
swallowed by a great fish. He was in its belly for three days before
it spat him out on to dry land. Jonah discovered that he could not
escape the responsibility that God have given to him, no matter how
hard he tried.

Sukkoth
This seven-day festival takes place five days after Yorn Kippur. During Sukkoth prayer
this festival, Jews 'live' in booths to commemorate the Israelites living May it be Your will, 0 my
in tabernacles (or booths) during their time in the wilderness. Jews God and God of my fathers,
remember God's provision during this time through supplyi-ng manna that You cause Your divine
for the Jews to eat and water for them to drink. Sukkoth is a joyful presence to live among us, and
time and importance is placed on the unity of the body and soul, the may You spread a covering of
worship of God and the blessings and responsibilities of community peace over us.
life - including charity towards those who are in need.

Simchath Torah
This day is celebrated at the end of Sukkoth. It is the day when public
The Judas who led the rebellion
reading of the Torah ends for the current year and begins for the
against Antiochus had the
next. During a special service, the Torah scrolls are distributed and
nickname Maccabeus (meaning
paraded around the synagogue seven times.
'the hammerer'). From this, his
family and descendents came to
Chanukah
be known as the Maccabees.
Chanukah, or the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day festival that
celebrates the victory of the Jews over the evil Antiochus Epiphanes,
who occupied Jerusalem around 170 BCE. This leader tried to destroy
Judaism and tried to force Jews to worship Greek gods and eat pork.
A Jew named Mattathias, and later his son Judas, led a rebellion
against Antiochus. Judas and his followers took occupation of the
Temple in 164BcE and, on 25 Kislev (December), Judas proclaimed the
rededication of the temple to God. Although there was only enough
oil to keep the perpetual lamp in the temple burning for one day, the
lamp burned for eight days, signifying God's provision.

Case study j Pancakes, presents and people

Benjamin and Jacob have a menorah burning in the window

of their home. Tonight, the last night of Chanukah, the final
candle wil be lit. Benjamin and Jacob are sad that the festival
of Chanukah is coming to an end. They have enjoyed the family
gatherings where they have eaten doughnuts and latkes (potato
pancakes) and played games together. And they have really
enjoyed receiving a gift for each of the eight days of Chanukah ! The menorah is an eight-branched lamp used
But Benjamin and Jacob know that the most important part of during Chanukah to mark the eight days
the festival is respecting and celebrating the uniqueness of all of the festival and the eight days that the
perpetual lamp in the temple burned, despite
people and remembering the importance of standing up for only having enough oil to burn for one day
your beliefs and for truth and goodness.
 ACTIVITY Purim
This festival is known as the Festival of Lots and celebrates the victory
Read the book of Esther in the
of Esther over the wicked Haman. Esther became King Ahasuerus'
Bible(fenakh.
wife while the Jews were exiled in Persia. Following Haman's plot
1 What do Esther 4: 11 and to destroy all Jews in the kingdom, Esther approached the king to
4: 16 tell us? ask for mercy. The festival celebrates Esther's bravery and the Jew's
escape from destruction. Jews fast the day before Purim to remember
2 What risk did Esther take in Esther's three-day fast before she approached the king. On the day
approaching the king? of Purim, there is great feasting and festivity. Jews exchange presents
3 Why do you think Esther and the story of Esther is read out to boos and hisses when the name
commanded the Jews to of Haman is mentioned.
fast?
4 List the benefits to Esther, Pesa ch
Mordecai and the Jews as a The Jewish festival of Pesach (Passover) is very important for Jews. It
result of Esther's actions. remembers God's rescue of the Jews from Egypt where they were
oppressed and abused. The festival of Pesach has been celebrated by
Jews for thousands of years. It was the Pesach feast that Jesus would
have shared in with his disciples during the Last Supper, the night
before he was crucified. Pesach (Passover) gets its name from the final
plague on Egypt 'passing over' Jewish homes marked with blood.
This plague kil ed every firstborn Egyptian son and caused Pharaoh to
finally release the Jews from slavery.

Families share in a Pesach meal called Seder and eat traditional symbolic
foods such as bitter herbs and roasted eggs. The festival is a sombre
time when Jews remember their persecution in many lands throughout
history and also to pray for people trapped in slavery today.

, I'
CASE STUDY The hunt

It is the night before Pesach in

Jamaica and Benjamin and Jacob
are hunting for leaven (yeast) and
leavened bread in their home.
For weeks, the whole family have
helped to clean the house ready
for the Pesach festival. Hunting for
leaven is the final stage in preparing
the house. It reminds Jews that,
during the Exodus, when Moses
led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt,
there was no time to let dough
I rise, so bread was made without
yeast. For Benjamin and Jacob,
II searching for leaven is just for fun,
but thousands of years ago when

I Jews were preparing to leave Egypt

- not knowing whether they would
be attacked and having so little time
Hunting for leaven is the final to prepare - the atmosphere would
preparation before Pesach
have been very different.
 T

A family sharing a Seder meal

Shavuot/Feast of weeks
This festival takes place seven weeks after Pesach. On this day, Jews The Jewish festivals are covered
remember Moses receiving the Ten Commandments from God on in more depth in Option D,
Mount Sinai. This festival is also the time that Jews thank God for their Judaism, starting on page 160.
land and their harvest. Jews believe King David was born and died on
Shavuot and, to mark this, Psalms written by King David are read out.

1 Rosh Hashanah is a time when Jews remember

responsibilities and examine their spiritual and moral state.

2 Yorn Kippur is a solemn day of fasting and prayer to seek

forgiveness for sins. .
3 Sukkoth celebrates God's provision. Jews remember the
tabernacles that Jews lived in during their wanderings.
4 Simchath Torah marks the end of one year's public reading of
the Torah and the start of the next.
5 Channukah reminds Jews of the triumph of good over evil.
6 Purim remembers the evil of Haman, and Esther's victory over
him.
7 During Pesach, Jews remember God bringing the Israelites
out of slavery in Egypt.
8 Shavuot commemorates Moses receiving the Ten
Commandments on Mount Sinai.
 Festivals in Caribbean
indigenous religions

Rastafari
Nyabhingi is a celebration of Rastafari. It is an orthodox
In this topic you will learn to:
interpretation of the religion and is heavily influenced by Ethiopian
• describe some of the Orthodox Christianity. Music and drumming is an important part
important festivals and of this celebration of Rastafari. Annual Nyabhingi celebrations take
feasts and reasons for their place across the Caribbean and key features of the celebrations are
observances in the different drumming and chanting. Today, Rastafari meetings that involve lots
Caribbean indigenous of music are often referred to as Nyabhingi celebrations.
religions.
Revivalism
7 Jan Rastafari follow the Ethiopian Revivalist Convention
calendar, which celebrates Christmas on
17 January. Rastafari adopt the Ethiopian Every year on the first Thursday in March there is a Revivalist
Orthodox traditions of Christmas, Convention in Watt Town, St Ann in Jamaica - the place where
including burning incense, singing carols Revivalism began. Revivalist worshippers come from across the
and feasting, followed by a Nyabhingi
(a musical meeting). Caribbean, and some even further, to pray and worship together.
Worshippers often wear elaborate dress, and singing and dancing
take place all day.
21 April Haile Selassie's visit to Jamaica in
1966 is commemorated on this day with
music, drums and chanting.
Table
The most important Revivalist service is called the Table. During this
25 May Rastafari celebrate African
service, a table is decorated with fruit, flowers and candles and
Liberation Day (a public holiday in many laid with foods such as bread and fruit, as well as glasses of water.
African countries). This day celebrates Worshippers dance anticlockwise around the table to encourage spirit
the independence Africa gained from possession. These services can last several days and often mark special
foreign rule.
occasions such as thanksgiving, burial or healing.

23 July The birthday of Haile Selassie in

1892 is marked with Nyabhingi celebra- Vodun
tions of singing, drumming and chanting.
The main purpose of Vodun worship is to honour and summon a
loa (spiritual ancestor). Ceremonies may also take place to honour or
2 Nov The coronation of Emperor Haile summon a particular spirit.
Selassie is one of the most important
events in the Rastafari calendar. Haile Following the death of someone with special abilities, a series of
Selassie was proclaimed Ethiopia's new Vodun ceremonies take place to remove these abilities from the dead
leader on 2 November 1930. Rastafari person (degradation) and transmit them to a successor. Alternatively,
mark this day with reasonings (based on
a relative of the dead can choose to undergo a Ceremony of
teachings from the Bible and from
Selassie), chanting and music. Renunciation if they do not wish to receive the gift/ability. Another
Figure 7 .5.1 Rastafari festivals
Vodun ceremony is a Ceremony of Dismissal, which takes place if a
throughout the year person wishes to be released from obligation to a loa (spirit).

Oris ha
Oshun festival:The Oshun festival (also known as Osun) originated
in Osun state, Nigeria. It celebrates the river goddess Osun, known
for her sensuality and beauty. During the festival, offerings are made
to Orisha gods and there is dancing, drumming and singing.
 _.. . . . . . . . - · . - ---·-------------~---="""""""'-==~

Rain festival: This festival marks the beginning of the rain cycle. It is an
ACTIVITY
opportunity for refreshment, thanksgiving and cultivation - spiritually
and physically. Orisha followers thank Shango, the god of thunder, for As a revision exercise, draw up
the rain that brings fertility to the earth. During this celebration, Orisha a table and label six columns
followers remember their responsibilities to the environment and recall with the Caribbean indigenous
lessons about the land learnt from their ancestors. religions looked at in this topic.
Earth festival:This festival, also called the Oduduwa festival, takes In each column, write in your
place on 21 March. It is a celebration of the orisha (god) of the earth. own words, a short description
It also marks the start of the Yoruba New Year. of the festivals that each
religion celebrates.

SpiritualBaptist
Candles are very important in the Spiritual Baptist tradition. Often,
when worshippers meet, they light candles as part of their worship.
The wax of the candles represents the spiritual darkness and
primitiveness of humans. The wick represents enliqhtenmentand
release from the darkness.
Thanksgiving services are also important to Spiritual Baptists. During
these services, offerings of food including bread, cake and fruit
are made and this may be followed by a time of feasting. Spiritual
Baptists believe that, by giving food as an offering to share with
others, those who give will be blessed for their generosity.

Santeria
Abakua dance of the lreme (diablito)
The Abakua is a secret society for men that originated in Nigeria. Dancing is a part of the bembe feast
When African slaves were transported to Cuba, African traditions fused
with Cuban culture. Today, Abakua is a fusion of Afro-Cuban religion,
culture and practices. As part of the Abakua tradition, a special dance
is performed during initiation ceremonies and at funeral gatherings. 1 Rastafari has a number of
During these performances, an Abakua dancer, dressed in a tight-fitting festivals including many
suit and hood, dances with a stick and broom. The broom is believed honouring Haile Selassie.
to cleanse faithful members of the Abakua, while the stick chastises 2 Revivalism holds an annual
enemies and traitors. The dancer in these ceremonies is called the lreme. convention in Watt Town, St
These dancers are also known as diablito (Spanish for 'little devils'). Ann as well as holding Tables
for specific occasions.
Guiro
3 Vodun holds ceremonies
Guire is a Santeria ceremony that takes place to honour and entertain in honour of spirits and
the gods, in particular the orisha Eleggui. This orisha is responsible for ancestors, and following the
opening and closing doors or new paths in fife. The quire instrument, death of a houngan or priest.
from which the ceremony gets its name, is played, along with a bell
and a conga drum. While music is played, Santeros (followers of 4 Orisha holds Oshun, rain and
Santeria) dance. earth festivals.
5 Spiritual Baptists hold
Bembe feasts ceremonies of thanksgiving
Bembe feasts take place to honour particular saints. As well as the using lights and food.
feast, which wil normally include the meat from a sacrificed animal, 6 Santeros use drumming,
bembes involve singing, dancing and drumming to evoke the orishas. singing and dance in their
Dancers who have been possessed by orishas often perform strange ceremonies to honour and
and jerky movement - the orishas will use them to pass on messages communicate with orishas.
from the spirit world.
 ••

Practices and rites in

Christianity
Rites of passage
Birth
In this topic you will learn to:
• describe and explain different CASE STUDY A christening
practices of Christianity and
rites of passage. 'Do you reject the devil and
all rebellion against God?'
Winston and Patricia are
at the christening of their
eight-month-old cousin,
Responsibilitiesof a Ruth. The vicar has just
parent and godparent asked Ruth's parents and
Parents and godparents, the godparents this question.
Church receives these children They will be asked other
with joy. questions too and they
will be required to make a
Today we are trusting God for
series of professions about
their growth in faith.
their faith and beliefs. The
Wil you pray for them, draw answers to these questions,
them by your example into the and the statements that
community of faith and walk the parents and godparents
with them in the way of Christ? make, must be spoken out
Book of Common Worship, Baptism in public. The congregation
At a christening, friends and family of a baby
service, Church House Publishing, 2006 are witnesses to the fact that gather to witness the promises of parents
the parents and godparents, and godparents to bring a baby up as a
who are responsible for the Christian. A christening, or infant baptism,
spiritual upbringing of Ruth, is also the time that a baby is officially and
publicly given its Christian name.
believe in God, Jesus and the
Holy Spirit. Parents and godparents must promise to pray for Ruth
and to nurture her in the Christian faith. When she is older, Ruth
Not all denominations christen wil have to make a choice about whether she wants to confirm
babies. Baptist and Pentecostal these vows for herself in a ceremony called a confirmation.
churches believe that babies
should not be baptised (or Ruth's family and friends are gathered around a type of big bowl
called a font, which is filled with water. Now that Ruth's parents
christened) until they can make
their own decision to follow and godparents have made their promises, the vicar is pouring
Christ. Some denominations some of the water over Ruth's head. Patricia is worried that Ruth
dedicate or bless babies during will cry but thankfully the water is not cold and Ruth just looks
a regular morning service a bit surprised! The vicar marks Ruth's forehead with the sign of
instead. During this service, the cross. This symbolises that Ruth is a child of God and is part
of the worldwide Christian family.
parents thank God for a safe
delivery, commit their child to A christening, or infant baptism, is a time to celebrate and to
God and ask for God's help to thank God for the life of a child. Once the service is finished,
raise him or her as a Christian. Winston and Patricia wil attend a party to celebrate the occasion.
 --·- -- -~ - ---- ~

Marriage
Christians believe that God designed a man and woman to live
together faithfully in marriage. Many churches run counselling
sessions to help couples prepare for married life.
During the wedding ceremony, the man and woman publicly make
vows promising to love and care for each other and to be faithful to
one another for life. It is the responsibility of the bride and groom's
family and friends to support the couple and pray for them. In some
traditions, including Anglican ceremonies, the woman promises
to obey the man. This is based on Paul's teaching in Colossians 3.
However, many women today choose not to include this vow. Christianity teaches that marriage is a gift
from God and it is the right context in which
Once vows have been made, the bride and groom exchange rings
to enjoy sexual relations and to raise a family
as a symbol of their everlasting love and faithfulness. These symbolic
acts and the promises made are the same in all denominations of
Christianity, although the words may differ.
Traditional Anglican
Weddings are nearly always followed by a celebration, called wedding vows
a wedding reception. Nearly every Caribbean wedding party includes
To have and to hold,
fruitcake, which is shared among the guests. Along with eating and
drinking, wedding receptions usually include speeches. From this day forward.
For better, for worse
Another important tradition of weddings is the tossing of the
bouquet. All unmarried females have a chance to catch the bride's For richer, for poorer
bouquet when she throws it. Whoever catches it is said to be next in In sickness and in health
line to get married. To love and to cherish
'til death do us part.
Death
When a Christian dies, it is the end of their life on earth. However,
Christianity teaches that their soul lives with God following ACTIVITY
resurrection. For this reason, although Christians are sad to say
goodbye when a Christian friend or family member dies, they know Look at the wedding vows on
that their goodbye is temporary - they wil see their loved ones again this page. Briefly summarise
in heaven. Many Christians hold a memorial or thanksgiving service what they mean.
instead of a funeral to celebrate the person's life rather than focus on
1 Is there anything you would
their death. Even within a Christian funeral, thanks for the person's life
want to add if you were
plays a large part in the service. Some people choose to wear cheerful
making these vows?
colours rather than black. During the service there is a sermon and
songs, as well as a speech (called a eulogy) about the person who has 2 Why do you think a bride
died. Favourite songs for thanksgiving services in the Caribbean are and groom make promises
'Meet me by the River' and 'Some day I'l go where Jesus is'. to each other during their
wedding service?
During a funeral or memorial service, people are reminded of the
words Jesus said to his followers: 3 Why do you think couples
make their vows publicly in
I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will
front of friends and family?
live, even though they die.
John 11 25

These words bring comfort by reminding Christians that their bodies

are temporary but that their spirit never dies.
Couples who go away on
A favourite hymn sung at funerals is 'The Lord is my Shepherd', based holiday at the start of their
on Psalm 23. Following a funeral service, bodies are either buried or marriage are said to be on a
cremated, as they are no longer needed since the person's spirit has 'honeymoon'.
now left their body.
 Rituals
Holy Communion
Holy Communion (also called the Eucharist, Mass, Breaking of Bread
or Lord's Supper) is a special service in which bread and wine are
eaten and drunk as a symbolic reminder of Christ's sacrifice. Holy
Communion is a sacrament that Jesus instructed his followers to
carry out. During the Last Supper, the night before his crucifixion,
Jesus took bread and wine, blessed it and gave it to his disciples.
Jesus explained that, by eating the bread, which represented his
body, and drinking the wine, which represented his blood, his
followers would share in his death and resurrection until he returned
to earth. In this way, Christians accept Jesus as God's new covenant -
a covenant based on love rather than the law, which brings freedom
and forgiveness.

Prayer
Prayer is an integral part of Christianity. It is the means by which
humans communicate with God. Prayer in Christianity can
be personal, communal and informal, or it can be public and
formalised. In some traditions, written prayers that congregations
read together are called liturgy . Liturgy is important in the service
of Holy Communion and in rites of passage such as weddings and
funerals. In Anglican, Roman Catholic, Evangelical and Pentecostal
A well-known grace
churches, for example, there is also liturgy to help prepare for Holy
For what we are about to Communion. In more informal churches, prayers are usually more
receive, may the Lord make us personal and spontaneous.
truly grateful. Amen.
Many Christians pray before eating a meal in recognition that all
of their provision comes from God, and to thank God for His care.
Praying before a meal is known as grace. Some Christians use a
formal grace, while others use their own words.

Church service for Missionaries of the Poor, a religious order based in Kingston, Jamaica
that works to help the disadvantaged
Initiation ceremonies
(:)-1
Baptism Now when the apostles in ·~
Jerusalem heard that Samaria
Anglican and Roman Catholic Christians believe that baptising babies had accepted the word of God,
(christening) commits a baby to God when they are too young to do they sent them Peter and John,
this for themselves. This is particularly important to Roman Catholics who went down and prayed for
who believe that baptism cleanses babies from original sin. them, that they might receive
Other denominations, such as Evangelicals, Pentecostals and the Holy Spirit, for it had not yet
independent churches, believe that baptism should only occur when fallen upon any of them; they
a person can make a decision for themselves to follow Christ. These had only been baptised in the
Christians practise adult baptism. During adult baptism, a person name of the Lord Jesus. Then
publicly declares that they have made a decision to follow Christ. they laid hands on them and
Jesus himself instructed his followers to be baptised in water as well they received the Holy Spirit.
as by the Holy Spirit. During baptism, adults are submerged under Acts 8:14-17
water, symbolising their old, sinful self dying with Christ. Their
re-emergence from the water symbolises the new, eternal life that
they now live because of Christ's resurrection.

1 During a christening/
Revivalists also practise adult baptism. There is information baptism/dedication, parents
about this on page 87. and godparents promise
to bring a baby up in the
Christian faith.

Confirmation 2 In Christian wedding services,

a couple make their vows in
Confirmation occurs in Anglican, Methodist and Roman Catholic front of God and others.
traditions. It allows people who have been baptised as babies
to confirm their faith for themselves. In most cases, people are 3 Some Christians hold
confirmed in their early teens, although adults converting to funerals and memorial
Christianity can also be confirmed. services to celebrate a
person's life. Christianity
The practice of confirmation originates from followers of Christ being teaches that Christians will
prayed for to receive the Holy Spirit. Today, a bishop prays that those be reunited in heaven.
being confirmed will be strengthened and guided by the Holy Spirit.
Following confirmation, participants become full members of the 4 The sacrament of Holy
Christian community. In some churches, people cannot participate in Communion recognises
Holy Communion until they are confirmed. Christ's death and
resurrection, and the new
Symbolsand worship covenant this brings.
The most important Christian symbol is the cross. Some churches 5 Written prayers, called liturgy,
often have a statue of the empty cross - showing that Jesus is are used mainly in Anglican
risen. Roman Catholics generally use a crucifixto remember Jesus' and Roman Catholic services.
sacrifice. Today the cross has become a fashion accessory, but
for many Christians, wearing a cross is an outward show of their 6 Confirmation and baptism
acceptance of Jesus' sacrifice. are ways for an individual to
profess faith for themselves.
The sign of the fish is also symbolic in Christianity. During persecution,
early Christians would draw a fish on the ground as a code to 7 The cross and the fish
encourage fellow Christians. Today, the fish is used as a symbol of are important symbols in
commitment to Christianity. Many Christians have fish stickers on Christianity.
their cars or wear a necklace or pin badge representing a fish.
 Practices and rites
in Hinduism

LEARNING OUTCOMES Rites of passage {samskaras)

Birth
In this topic you will learn to:
Hindus believe that children are a gift from the gods and that all life is
• describe and explain different
sacred. The name of a child in Hinduism is extremely important. Hindus
practices of Hinduism.
believe that the child's name will play an important role in their life. For
this reason, many Hindus will consult a priest regarding the name. The
priest draws up a horoscope based on the date and time of the birth,
the place the child was born, the parents' names, and the positions
of the stars and planets when the baby was conceived and born. This
horoscope will produce certain syllables that should be included in the
child's riame. Once the name has been decided, the baby's name is
announced at a samskara called Name-giving or Namkaran.

CASE STUDY Sacred thread

Almost grown up!

Twelve-year-old Ramesh is preparing for his sacred thread cere-
mony. This is a major samskara in Ramesh's life. It symbolises
that Ramesh is considered old enough to begin his spiritual
learning.
During the sacred ceremony, a priest will hang a loop of thread
over Ramesh's left shoulder. It will descend to his right hip. The
thread will remain across Ra mesh's chest for the rest of his life
as a reminder that he has been born once physically and again
spiritually.
During the sacred thread ceremony, the holy
thread is hung from a boy's left shoulder to Ramesh is thankful that he does not have to leave his family
his right hip. This signifies that the boy is old and go to live and study with his guru, as boys did in the past.
enough to begin his spiritual learning. Ramesh will stay with his family, but life will change. From now
on, Ramesh has entered the brahmacharya stage of life where
ACTIVITY discipline, studying hard and respect for elders becomes more
important than ever. Ramesh will also be expected to participate
In ancient India, girls also used in daily prayers, like the rest of his family, carry out the necessary
to perform the sacred thread Hindu ceremonies and study Hindu scriptures.
ceremony. This is starting to Ramesh is about to become spiritually responsible, and he is taking
happen again in many parts the responsibility seriously. He feels proud that he is considered
of the world, including the mature enough to undertake his sacred thread ceremony.
Caribbean. Do some research to
find out where in the Caribbean
girls have taken their sacred Marriage
thread ceremony. Are there Marriage is very important in Hinduism. It is believed to be the
other differences between how context in which children should be born and raised to be ideal
the sacred thread ceremony is citizens of a nation.
performed in India and in the
Caribbean? Use your findings to Like all samskaras, Hindu wedding ceremonies take place in front of
create a short presentation for a holy fire (agni). As a sign of the couple being joined together, the
your family or a study partner. end of the bride's sari is tied to the end of the groom's kurta. During
the ceremony, the bride and groom walk around the sacred fire seven
(or four) times. Following this, they take seven (or four) steps north- --~~~~~~~c
eastward (called sapta-padi). After each step, they declare promises
to each other and pray for health and prosperity, for mutual love
A Hindu marriage
declaration
-
and respect, for children, and for a lifetime of friendship. Friends and
With utmost love to each other
family shower flower petals over the couple. After the ceremony there
is a vegetarian feast with friends and family or an evening reception may we walk together ... May
before the couple go on their honeymoon. we make our minds united, of
the same vows and of the same
The appearance of the bride is very important in a Hindu wedding. The thoughts. I am the wind and
bride wears a red and gold sari and wears intricate make-up and henna you are the melody. I am the
patterns on her hands and feet. She also wears lots of gold jewellery. melody and you are the words.

Death
Traditionally, when a Hindu person died, their body was burned
within hours on a funeral pyre. These days, the time of cremation is
determined by when relatives can come together. It is the responsibility
of the eldest child to ensure that the cremation of the body is carried
out properly. Traditionally the eldest son lights the pyre (although
female relations can do this too). When the flames reach the body,
it is his responsibility to pour ghee onto the flames (ghee is already
on the body as part of the preparation), while mantras are recited by
the pandit (priest). Three days after the cremation, the son returns to
gather up the ashes. Following this, most Hindus perform ceremonies
to assist the soul to find its new resting place. These ceremonies occur
on the tenth, eleventh and thirteenth days following the cremation.

Rituals 1 The naming of a baby is

very important in Hinduism.
Rituals are very important in Hinduism and feature in daily life. Each A priest is consulted when
day, a Hindu performs puja (prayer and worship) at the family shrine. deciding on a name.
There are also special rituals that only priests can perform. These are
often performed to ask the gods for a blessing such as a child or rain. 2 The Sacred Thread
ceremony marks the
There are domestic rites that are taught by priests to be performed beginning of a child's
in the home. They celebrate new and full moons, changing of the spiritual learning.
seasons, first fruits of the harvest, the building of a new house, birth
of a child and rites of passage. 3 The most important part of
a Hindu wedding ceremony
is the seven steps (or four)
Initiation ceremonies that a couple take around
Although young females do not have a coming-of-age ceremony, a holy fire (Agni) while
some Hindu girls follow the annual Monsoon Austerity Ritual of making promises to each
Purification by not eating cooked food for one or two weeks. This other.
practice is known as Goriyo. During this time they cultivate wheat
4 Following the death and
and mung beans from seed.
cremation of a person,
Hindus perform ceremonies
Symbols and worship to help the soul to find its
Symbols are significant in Hinduism. Hindus believe that every Hindu new resting place.
symbol points the worshipper to Brahman, the Ultimate Reality. Each 5 There are many rituals in
god has its own statues, known as murti, that are worshipped. Rivers Hinduism, some that can
are also symbolic - they symbolise life and cleansing. Most Hindus be performed by anyone
believe that bathing in one of Hinduism's seven holy rivers will wash and others that can only
away wrong actions and bring a person closer to moksha. The sacred be performed by priests or
syllable Aum, which represents the characteristics of Brahman, is used Brahmin.
in Hindu chants, mantras and prayers.
 ~~ - •t=+-JOC

Practices and rites

in Islam

Rites of passage
Birth
In this topic you will learn to:
As soon as a Muslim baby is born it is washed and welcomed into
• describe and explain different
the family by the father whispering the Shahadah into its ear. This is
practices of Islam.
followed by the adhan being spoken to the baby. Muslims believe
that these words mark the beginning of the child's spiritual learning.
Soon after this, an older member of the child's family puts a small :;
piece of date into the baby's mouth and prayers are said that the
child will grow up to have a sweet nature. This is called the tahnik
ceremony._
Seven days after birth, Aqiqah takes place. Great care is taken
--------c,
Traditional Muslim
in choosing the baby's name and often older family members,
particularly the child's grandfather, will advise. During Aqiqah, the
wedding vows baby's hair is shaved off and its weight in silver is given to charity. The
Aqiqah ceremony is followed by a feast. Many Muslims also perform s
Bride: 'I, , offer
circumcision during Aqiqah as it is recommended that this practice : ac
you myself in marriage and in
be carried out during infancy.
accordance with the instructions
=ar
of the holy Qur'an and the holy Marriage
prophet, peace and blessing be
upon him. I pledge, in honesty Islam teaches that marriage is the context in which sexual relations Syn
and with sincerity, to be for you should be enjoyed and children raised. Traditionally, in a Muslim
marriage the groom gives the bride money or property known as a Isl
an obedient and faithful wife.'
mohrar or dowry. ash
Groom: 'I pledge, in honesty oy r
and sincerity, to be for you a During the wedding, verses from the Qur'an are read out (often stars
faithful and helpful husband.' Su rah 4). The bride and groom are asked three times if they accept : OU
each other in marriage according to the terms of their traditional : e ir
marriage contract or nikah. Then they sign the contract, the marriage
- ef
is sealed, and the congregation may bless them.
a d:
Following the marriage there is feasting.
• Sac
Death sac
• bli:
CASE STUDY Funerals can
---~~~~~~~~~-\0 Death is not the end
•
roe,
ur
An Islamic funeral prayer ---._
Maryam, Muhammad and Aadam are at the funeral of their sea:
O Allah, forgive our dead and
grandfather. Just before he died, the children and the rest of reve
alive, our present and absent,
the family gathered around his bed. Their grandfather asked
our young and old, our male
for forgiveness from his friends and family as well as from
and female [Muslims]. 0 Allah,
Allah for any wrongs he had committed and then he recited
whomever among us You gave -he
the Shahadah. Maryam, Muhammad and Aadam are pleased
life, let him live with Islam. COU
that their grandfather was able to do this before he died. Just as
Whomever among us You took \11u'.
the Shahadah is the first thing a person should hear when they
life from, let him die with Iman sym
are born, if possible it should be the last thing they say before
(Faith).
they die.
 After their grandfather died, the children's father washed his body
in scented water and placed his hands at his side. He was wrapped
in three plain sheets to show that all are equal in death.
Maryam, Muhammad and Aadam are joining in the prayers for
their grandfather. After this, their grandfather will be lowered into
the grave with the right-hand side of his body and his head facing
Makkah. Muslims believe that the body should be in contact with
the earth when it is buried.
Maryam, Muhammad and Aadam are sad that their grandfather
has died. But they are happy that he is at peace and that they will
see him again one day when all the dead are raised to life and
Muslims who have sought Allah's forgiveness wil live together in
After death, Muslims are washed, wrapped
Paradise. in simple sheets and their arms are placed
at their sides as in worship, before they are
buried facing the direction of Makkah

Rituals and initiation

The main rituals in Islam are the acts that make up the Five Pillars
(declaration of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting and pilgrimage).
Muslim children are considered Muslim from birth. Although there
is acknowledgement that individuals must make their own conscious
decision to follow Islam, there is no specific initiation ceremony to
mark a young Muslim's progression into adulthood.

Symbols and worship

In Islam, symbols representing Allah or Muhammad are forbidden
as they are thought to encourage idol worship, which is condemned
by the Qur'an. However, symbols are used in masjids. Circles and
stars are often used to decorate the inside of masjids. The circle is
thought to symbolise eternity and the points of the stars symbolise
the influence of Islam spreading across the world.
The following acts, which take place during Hajj, are also symbolic
and are important acts of worship:
• Sacrificing an animal: this is symbolic of Ibrahim's willingness to
sacrifice Ismail.
• lblis (stoning of Satan when he was trying to prevent Ibrahim
1 Muslims believe it is very
carrying out the sacrifice of his son): the throwing of pebbles at a
important that the first
rock symbolises a person's commitment to fight evil.
words a baby hears are the
• Running between Safa and Marwah: this symbolises Hajar declaration of faith. These
searching for water in the desert and being saved by Allah, should also be a person's
revealing Allah's mercy. last words before they die.
2 The Five Pillars are the most
important rituals in Islam.
The star and crescent moon may feature on the flags of Muslim
3 Symbols representing
countries, but they are not considered symbols of Islam by many
aspects of Allah or
Muslims. Many believe them to be political rather than religious
Muhammad are forbidden
symbols.
in Islam.
 Practices and rites in
Judaism

Rites of passage
Birth
In this topic you will learn to:
When a Jewish girl is born, the father announces the baby's name
• describe and explain different
and reads from the Torah in the synagogue. If the baby is a boy,
practices of Judaism.
his birth is marked by circumcision eight days after he is born. The
Hebrew name for the circumcision ceremony is brit milah. In Genesis,
God commanded Abraham to circumcise all of the males in his family
to show their special relationship with God. Today, circumcision is stil
practised as a sign of the covenant and it is an important symbol that
Jewish baby boys are
men belonq to the Jewish faith.
circumcised by a professional
circumciser called a mohel. During the procedure, the boy's grandfather holds him. After the
Circumcision can take place procedure, the father says: 'God has commanded me to introduce
in a hospital, or at a medical my son in to the covenant of our father, Abraham.' To which
clinic, home or synagogue. everyone present responds: 'As he has entered into the covenant, so
may he enter into the study of the Torah, marriage and a life of good
deeds.'

Circumcision - a sign of the covenant

This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you,
the covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be
circumcised. You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the
sign of the covenant between me and you.
Genesis 17:1011 e

Marriage
-=

Judaism teaches that man and woman should be united within

marriage. The completion of the marriage is the gift of children.
Before a Jewish marriage, the groom signs a wedding document
(called a ketubah) in which he promises to provide for and care
for his wife. During the wedding service, seven blessings called
Sheva Brachot are read out. After each blessing the bride and
--
groom sip wine. After this, the groom crushes the wine glass
under his foot to symbolise that there will be hard times in the
marriage as well as blessings. During the ceremony, the ketubah
is read aloud and blessings are pronounced over the couple. The
groom then places a ring on the bride's finger to symbolise their
everlasting love.
The wedding ceremony is followed by a party where guests wil
feast, drink and dance. Food may include spicy chicken jerky, rice and
During a Jewish wedding ceremony, the vegetables, curried goat and dark, fried plantain and black cake.
groom crushes a wine glass under his foot to
symbolise times of pain, as well as blessings,
in their marriage
Death
There is no firm teaching in Jewish scriptures about life after death
and Jews hold mixed views on the subject. Most Jews believe in
resurrection following death. All Jews agree that a person should
focus on their earthly conduct rather than on what might happen
after death.
If a Jew is close to death, they speak out a prayer confirming their
belief in God, asking for His healing and confessing their sins. If the
person dies, burial takes place as soon as possible. Since the body
cannot be left alone, appointed helpers called chevra kadisha stay
with the body and prepare it for burial.
During burial, those attending the service say a prayer before using a
spade to scatter earth on the coffin.

--;

Scripture spoken at Jewish funerals

The Lord has given and the Lord has taken away: blessed be the
name of the Lord.
Job 1 :21

. I

ACTIVITY

Choose from either birth, marriage or death and compile a table

to show the similarities and differences between these rites of
passage within the four main religions.

Jewish symbols
As with Islam, Judaism also forbids the use of images or statues to
depict God. However, Jews do use objects and symbols to represent
their faith.

The mezuzah
This is a decorated box that strict Jewish households place in the
doorways of their homes. The box contains paper on which the
Shema is written. Jews use their right hand to touch the mezuzah
whenever they go through the doorway to remind them of
their belief in one god. This practice dates back to the teaching
in Deuteronomy that the Jews should write God's laws on the
doorframes of their houses. The mezuzah

The menorah
The menorah is a seven-branched candlestick that reminds Jews of
their responsibility to be a light to the world.
At Chanukah, Jews use a nine-branched menorah to remind them·
of the eight days during the uprising against Antiochus when a
menorah burned in the Temple with only one day's supply of oil. The
middle candle is used to light the other eight. The menorah
 The Star of David
Opinions differ, but many believe that the six points on the Star
of David symbolise God, the world, man, creation, revelation and
redemption. Others believe that the 12 sides of the star represent an
the 1 2 tribes of Israel. bir
The Star of David oa
The Ark of the Covenant of
The Ark in synagogues symbolises the original Ark of the Covenant ars
that the Israelites built as a physical sign of God's presence. : E
res

ACTIVITY
The Ark of the Covenant
Numbers are significant in Judaism. In particular, the numbers
three and seven are symbolic. c
n
1 Who are the three patriarchs and what are the three
pilgrimage festivals? ·

2 What happens on the seventh day of the week in Judaism? Kos

3 What has the number seven got to do with creation? ar

-=ooc
tnat
: e
Initiationceremonies and rituals cert,
Bar mitzvah

CASE STUDY I Two celebrations in one week!

Today is Benjamin's thirteenth birthday. Benjamin is excited

to be having a birthday and to finally become a teenager. But
Benjamin's birthday is particularly important this year because,
when a Jewish boy reaches 13 years of age he is considered
2
old enough to be responsible for his own spirituality. This is the
beginning of Benjamin's entry into the adult world.
Benjamin is looking forward to the next Sabbath, in three days' 3
time, when his bar mitzvah will take place. But he is a bit nervous
about reading from the Torah in public for the first time - what if
he stumbles over his words or, even worse, drops the yad (pointer) 4
that he will use to follow the passage he is reading? Benjamin is
going to make sure he has had plenty of practice before Saturday.
During the bar mitzvah ceremony, Benjamin will also receive his
tallit (prayer shawl) and tefillin (boxes containing the Shema).
When a boy reaches 13 years of age he Tonight, Benjamin will have a special birthday dinner and cake
celebrates his bar mitzvah. He reads from with his family and on Saturday, after his bar mitzvah, there will
the Torah scroll and from then on he is be another party to celebrate. It is not often you get the chance
considered responsible for his own spiritual
to have two celebrations in a week - Benjamin is going to make
welfare
the most of it!
Bat mitzvah and bat chayil
A bat mitzvah is the equivalent coming-of-age ceremony for a girl.
Not all synagogues hold these ceremonies and they are becoming less
and less common. If they occur, they are held after the girl's twelfth
birthday. As in a bar mitzvah, the girl reads from the Torah or another
part of the Jewish scriptures. More common is a bat chayil ('daughter
of worth') ceremony. During this ceremony, a girl's achievements
are celebrated and prayers are said for her. The girl may read from
the Tenakh, but usually not from the Torah as this is considered a
responsibility of men.

The Hebrew words 'bar mitzvah' mean 'Son of the

Commandment'. So what do you think the words 'bat mitzvah'
might mean?

Kosher

Many ceremonies are marked with a celebration that often includes

food. As with Shariah in Islam, Jews are only permitted to eat food
that is considered kosher (the Hebrew word for 'fit'). This refers to
the type of food Jews are permitted to eat (they cannot eat pork or
certain types of seafood, for example) as well as the way in which
animals must be slaughtered.

1 Jewish boys are circumcised eight days after birth, as a sign

of the covenant between God and the Jewish people.
2 At a Jewish wedding, the groom will crush a wine glass
under his feet to symbolise that the marriage will contain
difficult times as well as good.
3 Most Jews believe in resurrection following death. However,
all Jews believe that their conduct on earth is more important
than what will happen to them after they die.
4 Judaism forbids symbols or images that depict God. However,
Jews use various symbols, such as a menorah, in their
worship.
 Practices of Caribbean
indigenous religions Cere
Vodi
fami
cerer
is rel

~l.:EARNING OUTCOMES Spiritual Baptist

Mourningceremony
Rev
In this topic you will learn to:
Bapt
The mourning ceremony is a reminder to Spiritual Baptists of their
• describe and explain different
frailty and it is a time for them to focus on their spiritual rather than Like
practices of Caribbean
physical needs. In the past, the mourning ceremony lasted for three bapti
indigenous religions.
weeks, during which time worshippers would fast, go without any Chris
comforts and spend long amounts of time lying on an earthen floor throu
or in a coffin in the dark. place
their.
These days the mourning ceremony only lasts for three days and most
There are 22 levels of hew
people only fast for part of this time or they may simply reduce their
leadership in the Spiritual food intake or eat simple foods. By focusing on their spiritual state, A bap
Baptist organisation. By it is hoped that participants can heighten their psychic powers. Many servi«
taking part in the mourning people also look for a cure for an il ness during the ceremony or hope and s
ceremony, Spiritual Baptists to receive a message from a dead relative.
may qualify to move up to a
higher level in leadership. Sant
Nation dance
lnitia
Dance has always been important in Caribbean traditions, no matter
what religion you follow. Spiritual Baptists use dance extensively A pers
ACTIVITY in their worship. At significant times, such as the night before a means
Find out what the nation dance wedding or on the anniversary of a family member dying, Spiritual cerem
involves and write a short Baptists perform a special dance called a nation dance.
• Recs
description that answers the your
following questions: Vodun and

1 Are any of the steps Degradation ceremony

to t
significant? • Crea
In Vodun, when a person with special abilities dies, such as a to th
2 Is it a group or individual houngan (male high priest) or mambo (female high priest), their clay,
dance? abilities must be removed and passed on to a successor. Voduns mad
believe that if degradation does not take place, the dead person wil
• Rece
torment their living relatives until the abilities are transferred.
impk
repre
Ceremony of transmission
• The
Once the special abilities have been removed from the deceased can
person they must be transferred to the successor. A ceremony of
Comp
transmission takes place. During this ceremony the person to take
he mo
on the special abilities, usually an heir or relative of the houngan, is
oriest
appointed and the deceased person's abilities are transmitted to that
person.
Fun er
Ceremony of renunciation Santer
: e ori
For heirs or relatives of the deceased houngan who do not wish
<tuals
to receive the special abilities, there is a ceremony of renunciation.
special
During this ceremony the heir renounces their claim on any special
s also
abilities from the deceased.
Ceremony of dismissal
Vodun teaches that family loas (spirits) are passed down through
family members. If an inheritor does not wish to receive a loa, a
ceremony of dismissal takes place. During this ceremony, the person
is released from any obligation to the family loa.

Revivalism
Baptism
Like many denominations of Christianity, Revivalists practise adult
baptism. Baptism symbolises that a person wants to share in Jesus
Christ's death and resurrection and accept God's new covenant
through Jesus. During a Revivalist baptism, which often takes
place in a river or the sea, the person being baptised wil declare
their belief and trust in Jesus before being submerged briefly under
the water.
A baptism in the Revivalist congregation is a very joyful occasion. The
service will contain prayers for the person or people being baptised,
and singing and dancing.

Santeria
Initiation ceremonies
A person being initiated into Santeria is known as an iyaw6, which
means 'bride'. Initiation into Santeria involves a series of four Santeria funeral ceremonies include music
ceremonies: and dancing

• Receiving your eleke (beaded necklace) matching the colours of .. KEY POINTS.
your parent orisha. The eleke is ritually bathed in a mixture of herbs I -

and other potent substances. Elekes are thought to give protection 1 During mourning
to the wearer. ceremonies, Spiritual
• Creation of an eleqqua. The iyaw6 collects stones and brings them Baptists focus on their spirit
to the initiator, who chooses one to create an image around using by denying their body its
clay and shells. This eleggua is kept at home and offerings are usual comforts and seeking
made to it. Again, the eleqqua protects the initiate. guidance through prayer.
• Receiving implements of warrior orishas (gods). These include iron 2 When a houngan or mambo
implements, a bow and arrow, and a cup and rooster. These all dies in the Vodun tradition,
represent different warrior gods in Santeria. their special abilities are
• The Asiento - possession of the iyaw6 by the parent orisha. This removed. The special
can only be performed after the first three ceremonies. abilities are passed on to
the person's heir or relation,
Completing the four initiation ceremonies takes a few days and, in
who can choose whether to
the months following initiation, the iyaw6 returns to the Santeria
accept or reject them.
priest for further purifications.
3 Revivalists practice adult
Funerals baptism as a sign of
acceptance of Jesus.
Santeros (followers of Santeria) believe that funerals are controlled by
the orishas, although the ceremonies are overseen by priests. Death 4 Anyone wishing to become
rituals include music, dancing and sometimes animal sacrifice. The initiated into Santeria must
special dress worn by santeros during their initiation into the religion take part in a series of four
is also worn by them for their burial. ceremonies, which culminate
in orisha possession.
 •
Nots
Comparing religions • All
dif
reli
• Chi
Vai
hur
In this topic you will learn to: beli
fine
• compare similarities and
Ras
differences about
incs
-God
- the origins of the religions Note!
- the sources of their authority
There
- the places of worship
Juda is
- the religious practices
- the major teachings • All t
between Christianity, pro;
Hinduism, Islam, Judaism Mes
and Caribbean indigenous • The
religions (CIR). cont
Table 1: God
• Chris
com
Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism CIR
• Jews
Monotheism Yes No - although some branches Yes Yes Rastafari, Revivalism and Spiritual Mess
(belief in one of Hinduism hold the view Baptist: yes
• Chris
god) that different Hindu deities are Vodun, Santeria and Orisha: no.
incarnations or names of the Jew i
These religions believe in many
one god Brahman and therefore smaller gods or orishas teach
Hinduism does teach monotheism • Islam
God as creator Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
throu
pro p
Believe God Yes - as Jesus Yes, e.g. Krishna and Rama (only No No Rastafari: yes, as Haile Selassie
appeared in Vaishnava Hindus) Revivalism and Spiritual Baptist:
human form yes, as Jesus Table
Orisha, Santeria and Vodun: no

Table 2: Origins of religion

"ollow
-estam
Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism CIR

Religion built on teaching of No. Christians No Yes. Islam was Yes. Judaism was No. Rastafari
Sacred
prophets believe that established by established by the believe that Haile
and gu
Jesus was God the Prophet Prophet Abraham Selassie was God,
and not a Muhammad not a prophet
prophet Sacred
explain
Religions grew from the same Yes No Yes Yes No
and ma
root (Adam and Abraham)
Sacred
Religion originated in the Yes No -Asia Yes Yes No - blend of
ave be
Middle East African religions
by God
and Christianity
Religion introduced to the No - through Yes No - there were No - through Jews Yes. African slave
Caribbean through slave trade missionaries some Muslims escaping persecution religions combined
and/or indentured workers 1700-1800s before in Europe with Christianity,
except Rastafari
Notes on Table 1
• All of the religions believe that God created the world, although
different religions, and even different denominations within the
religions, have different beliefs about how God did this.
• Christianity is the only major religion to teach that Jesus was God.
Vaishnava Hindus believe that many incarnations of Vishnu take
human form. Rastafari, Revivalism and Spiritual Baptists take this
belief from Christianity. Islam believes that Muhammad was God's
final prophet but was not God incarnate (God in human form).
Rastafari believe that, after Jesus, Haile Selassie was the final
incarnation of God on earth.

Notes on Table 2
There are many similarities in the origins of
Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
• All three religions are founded on Adam (the first
prophet), and Abraham's covenant with God in
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).
• The Qur'an, Tenakh and Bible share much of their
content.
• Christianity broke away from Judaism with the
coming of Jesus.
• Jews did not accept that Jesus was God's
Messiah as Christians did.
The Middle East is an area of the world with a rich religious heritage.
• Christians stopped trying to follow the strict
Judaism, Christianity and Islam all originated in the Middle East and
Jewish laws and instead followed Jesus' have strong ties with Jerusalem.
teachings of love and forgiveness.
• Islam broke away from Judaism and Christianity
through its belief that Muhammad was the final
prophet.

Table 3: Sources of authority

Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism CIR

Follow the biblical Old Yes, but the New No Yes, but the Yes - this is Yes, except
Testament Testament takes Qur'an takes called the Santeria, which
precedence precedence Tenakh is based on oral
tradition
Sacred writings contain stories Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. Santeria uses
and guidelines for moral living stories passed on
orally
Sacred writings attempt to Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
explain the origin of the world
and man's purpose in it
Sacred writings are believed to Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes - Rastafari,
have been inspired or revealed Revivalism and
by God Spiritual Baptist
Table 4: Places of worship Tabl

Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism CIR

Have shrines Yes - mainly Yes - for worship of Some, although Yes - mainly graves Yes Cone
Roman Catholic gods and goddesses worship does not or sites of historic and'.
Christians. Some in homes and usually take place interest. Worship
shrines are temples at shrines does not usually
pilgrimage sites take place at shrines
Worshippers No Yes Yes No Sometimes - more
sit on floor to do with style
of building than a
religious practice Cone,
Use a specific Yes No Yes Yes Yes, although some judqe
building Cl Rs (e.g. Spiritual pun is
for regular Baptist, Revivalism) rewar
worship use buildings more
than others
Have Yes, e.g. Lourdes Yes, many, including 'Yes Yes - the Western/ Yes. Revivalism - Watt Cones
pilgrimage River Ganges and Wailing Wall Town, Jamaica Judge
sites Allahabad (city of Endo
God)
Worship often Yes Yes - home worship Yes - especially Yes - Friday evening Yes
takes place in is more common tahajjud (night Belief
homes than temple worship prayer) usually reinca
I prayed around
3-4am

Belief
death
Table 5: Religious practices
eligio
a more
Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism CIR ·ve by
Practise initiation Yes Yes No Yes Yes - Santeria Comm,
ceremonies Rastafari hold up a baby to ith a
dedicate it to Jah spirits

Celebrate festivals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Hold ceremonies Yes Yes Yes Yes All practise death ceremonies;
for birth, death and some practise marriage Notes
marriage ceremonies
• Most
Use of symbols in Yes Yes - but not all No No Yes - tables, altars, seal, poles, that,
worship colours, candles, etc.
• Hind
Practice baptism using Yes No No No Yes - Revivalism and Spiritual
water and in the Holy Baptist
dorm
Spirit will b
• Musli:
Follow rules concerning Yes - Seventh-Day Yes - beef is Yes- only Yes - only Yes - Rastafari - certain food is
what food is permitted Adventists cannot forbidden. halal food kosher food not permitted, generally vegan
on ea
eat pork Many Hindus allowed can be • Jews
are vegetarian eaten come
rather
pros p
Table 6: Major teachings

Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism CIR

Concept of sin Yes Yes. The Hindu Yes Yes Yes - Rastafari, Revivalism and
and salvation concept of Spiritual Baptist
sin is paap
(moving away
from dharma).
The concept
of salvation is
moksha
Concept of Yes Yes - through Yes Yes Yes - Rastafari, Revivalism and
judgement and reincarnation Spiritual Baptist
punishment or according to
reward karma. Moksha
as the ultimate
reward
Concept of a Yes No - a concept Yes Yes Yes - Rastafari, Revivalism and
Judgement Day/ of the end of one Spiritual Baptist
End of the World cycle of creation
followed by the
dawn of another
Belief in No Yes No No No, although Vodun teaches
reincarnation I that a person's gifts/abilities
' can be passed on to the living.
I
Yes. Rastafari - Haile Selassie
was a reincarnation of Jesus
Belief in life after Yes Yes - through Yes Yes Yes - although most Cl Rs do
death reincarnation of not have a concept of heaven
the soul or hell
Religion provides Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
a moral code to
live by
Communicate No - spirits No No - spirits No - spirits Yes - many Cl Rs practice
with ancestral lie dormant, lie dormant, lie dormant, communication with spirits
spirits awaiting awaiting awaiting No - Rastafari
resurrection resurrection resurrection

Notes on Table 6
ACTIVITY
• Most Christians believe that Jesus will come to earth again and
that, at this time, all people, alive and dead, will be judged. Try drawing concept maps
or flowcharts, arranging key
• Hindus believe that at the end of one cycle of creation all beings lie
words around different topic
dormant waiting for the next cycle of creation to begin when souls
headings to help you remember
will be reincarnated.
the similarities and differences
• Muslims believe that there will be a day when Allah will cease life between the different religions.
on earth and all people wil be judged.
• Jews believe that judgement wil take place after the Messiah has
come to earth. Some Jews believe that the Messiah will be an era,
rather than a person, during which time there will be peace and
prosperity on earth.
 • c
Human life issues • f-
• f-
• t

Meaning and purpose of life • c

(J
The Bible has much to say about the meaning and purpose of life and
In this section you will learn to: Inc
it gives guidance about how to live. Christians often regard the Bible
• discuss the meaning and as a handbook for living as well as an insight into the nature of God.
purpose of life as reflected in The creation story in particular, from the book of Genesis, explains
the Bible who made humans and why. C
• explain the concept
of stewardship and its
Christians believe that each person is unique and special and that s
human beings are different from all other animals and the highest P
application to daily living form of creation. Look at others around you - our bodies and our al
• assess issues related to justice personalities are unique, and humans have a spiritual side too. B
and peace and the value h
and dignity of human life as Made in God's image re
reflected in the Bible U
The Bible says that we have been created in God's image and
• discuss the responsibilities , likeness (Genesis 1 :26-27). Does this mean that we physically look m
and rights of individuals in 'a bit like God or are aspects of our personality similar to God's? o
areas of family life and work ' Christians believe that each person has qualities that God also has - H<
as reflected in the Bible for example, the ability to be loving, creative and forgiving. If each sa
• illustrate how the biblical person is made in God's image, then we are all of value. hE
concept of love applies to he
different areas of life and Part of God's family th
relationships m
Aside from our families here on earth, the Bible teaches that humans
• describe the Old Testament are made and created by God (Ephesians 3:15, Acts 17:27-29) to DE
background to the concept be part of God's family (Genesis 22:20, Acts 3:25, Ephesians 3:15). co
of the reign of God The Bible says that when God was creating the earth He made both rn
men and women (Mark 10:6-9) and blessed them with intelligence de
• describe the New Testament
and free will (Genesis 3:7-14, John 14, 15 and 16). In Genesis 3, W
background to the concept
Adam and Eve - the first humans - are guided by God but given the he
of the reign of God.
freedom to make decisions of their own - though they then have to
live with the consequences of their choices.

God as the source of life and human values Vall

The Bible points to God as the Creator of all life (Genesis 2:3, Ezekiel he
For an introduction to
37:5, Acts 17:25) and states that God's love for each person began a titu
Christianity, see Section 1,
before they were even born. Christians believe that having faith in
Essentials of religion, starting Chile
God is the best way to receive direction and purpose in their lives.
on page 2.
he
Concept of stewardship there
£rom
Through the creation story, the Bible teaches that each. person has a
1 : 11)
responsibility as a 'steward' to take care of the world that God has
orm
made and everything in it. This is part of each person's purpose.
charit
The Bible does not just talk about humans' responsibility for taking rnent.
care of the planet (Genesis 1 :28-30), it also has instructions for how Christ
humans should conduct themselves in everyday life, including: or ne
• guidance about how to be good stewards of the things we have
(2 Corinthians 9:6-9)
• how to treat the sick (Mark 3:1-6, Matthew 20:30-34)
• how to treat those who are suffering (Mark 5: 1-42, Luke 17: 12-19)
• the care and treatment of children (Luke 8:40-56; 18: 15-17, Psalm
131 :1-2, Proverbs 22:6, 1 Corinthians 13:11, Ephesians 6:1-4)
• caring for people who have been rejected or outcast by society
(John 8:1-11, Luke 17:11-19, Luke 19:1-10).
In other words, stewardshipis integral to living life as a Christian.

CASE STUDY Being special

Seventeen-year-old Rachel goes to the same church as

Patricia and Winston's family. Last week at church she·spoke
about what the Bible means to her. She has learnt that the
Bible is God's word and a guidebook for her life. She was
honest with the congregation and admitted that she tries to
read it every day, but that there are parts that are difficult to
understand and it is not always easy to work out what God
might be saying to, her through some of the passages. Lots
of people in church, including Patricia and Winston, agreed.
However, Rachel spoke about how she knows that the Bible
says that she was made by God and that God knows all about
her - the Bible even says that God knows exactly how many
hairs Rachel has on her head! Through the Bible, Rachel knows
that she is special and unique and loved by God. And that
makes her feel good.
Despite some parts being easier to read than others, Rachel has
come to understand that, whatever situation she finds herself
in, the Bible has some words of advice for her. So when she has
decisions to make about her future or wants advice on the best Rachel finds that the teachings in the Bible
way to act, then she will read her Bible and pray that God will guide her to make the right decisions in life,
help her to understand. as well as encouraging her that she is special
to God

Value and dignity of human life

The expectation of Christians to be good stewards influences their
attitude towards different issues, such as those outlined below.

Child abuse
The Bible teaches that children are a gift from God (Psalm 127:3) and
there are many stories in the Bible that show children as a blessing
from the Lord to their parents (Genesis 13:6, Ruth 4: 13-16, l Samuel
1: 11 ). Therefore, Christians would say that abuse of children in any
form is never acceptable or part of God's plan for relationships. Many
charities exist to help children who are being abused, physically,
mentally or sexually. Some of these charities were originally set up by
Christians who were inspired by their faith to help the many abused
or n~glected children in society.
 -
Substance abuse Mal,
ACTIVITY
The Bible tells us that our bodies are 'temples of the Holy Spirit' Chri:
1 Find more verses in the Bible and that we should be honouring God by treating our bodies well with
that could both support (1 Corinthians 6: 19-20). Therefore, Christians believe that anything whei
and argue against the that causes harm to the body- such as abusing drugs or alcohol - is was
death penalty (e.g. Exodus wrong. This does not mean that all Christians are against alcohol men
21:12-14, Romans 13:1-5, or prescription medicine - it is about whether the substance is Chris
Exodus 20:13 and John damaging or helping our bodies. Drugs and alcohol in particular can aboL
8:7-11). be highly dangerous and could potentially end life by human hands Jesus
2 Do you feel the teachings of and not by God's will. and c
the Bible support one view ary
more than another? Capital punishment
Viole
3 What is the significance Capital punishment is also known as the death penalty. This is when
of most of the verses that someone is killed as punishment for the crimes they have committed -he E
seem to support the death such as murder or treason. The Bible does not give direct guidance as out it
penalty appearing in the to whether capital punishment is acceptable or not. However, it does att
Old Testament? teach that God is loving and forgiving and that, therefore, Christians z ghti
should try and love and forgive everyone. This does not mean that are ti:
4 What is your view on the criminals should go unpunished though. The Bible teaches that will o
issue? murder is wrong, but Christians have differing views about capital that t
punishment. the N
Sermc
Capital punishmentin the"-.;, Poverty shou!
Old Testament
The Bible teaches that although poverty will always be with us, it is The B
Show no pity: life for life, eye
not something that we should ignore or do nothing to change. The peopl
for eye, tooth for tooth, hand
Bible teaches that Christians should show justice, love and kindness pleasi
for hand, foot for foot.
and help others in need. In particular, the book of James, in the New
Deuteronomy 19:21
Testament, speaks about the uselessness of faith without actions. Treat
Capital punishmentin the
There
New Testament Unemployment
with I
Do not judge, or you too will
As discussed at the start of this section, Christians believe that we those
be judged. For in the same
have each been born for a reason and that God has a purpose for disabi
way as you judge others, you
our lives. Presumably then God has roles and jobs for us to do. In persor
will be judged, and with the
Jeremiah 29: 11-14 we can read that God has good plans for our and p
measure you use, it will be
lives. Paul, the writer of many New Testament books, gave this ·n the
measured to you.
advice to the people of Thessalonica in 2 Thessalonians 3: 10-11: 'If many
Matthew 7:1-2
anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat'. However, the majority and tr
of unemployed people want to work, of course, and cannot help : ppo,
their lack of employment. The Bible urges people not to be anxious
(Philippians 4:6) but to trust in God. The Bible also urges others ::>ealin
to help their brothers (in God's family) when they find themselves mu
without food or money (Deuteronomy 15:7-8).
-; : e
~ Prejudice and discrimination
'I
__ cal
People can be discriminated against for different reasons - because 2re tr
i of race, religion, gender, age, etc. Prejudice is an attitude not based : che
on fact and therefore it cannot be made illegal. Discrimination : ey sh
Segregation between whites and blacks in the as an action, however, is generally against the law, but it can still •espon:
US in the 1950s and 1960s was an example happen. The Bible teaches that all people are equal in the eyes of God one of
of extreme prejudice and discrimination.
(Galatians 3:28) and every individual should be treated fairly and with
Today this period in history is universally
recognised as wrong, although at the time
respect.
many Christians-supported the segregation.
Male and female roles and relationships
ACTIVITY
Christians have different ideas about the roles of men and women
Do you think that people
within relationships. The Bible was written in a patriarchal society
still show prejudice and
where males dominated public life. When Jesus was on earth, society
discrimination in day-to-day
was very patriarchal. However, the Bible also clearly states that
men and women are equal in Christ Jesus (Galatians 3:28) so most life? How might these attitudes
Christians believe that it is not about who is in charge of who but be shown through both words
about using the skills that God has given in the best possible way. In and actions?
Jesus' time, women were elevated and set free to learn under a rabbi
and do things other than keeping the home, as shown in the story of
Mary and Martha. (-
There is neither Jew nor
Violence, vandalism and war Gentile, neither slave nor free,
The Bible sometimes suggests that some wars are instructed by God, nor is there male and female, for
but it also clearly states that Christians should love their enemies you are all one in Christ Jesus.
(Matthew 5:44). This leads to Christians being divided over whether Galatians 3:28
fighting in a war is justified or not. Some Christians believe there
are times that fighting is acceptable - such as to ensure that good
will overcome evil. Some Christians are pacifists . Some people say
that there is a lot of fighting and war in the Old Testament but that ACTIVITY
the New Testament promotes peace and love. Jesus' teaching in the
Research the issue of pacifists
Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5) certainly suggests that Christians
in the First and Second World
should be peaceful, not violent.
Wars. Did pacifists face any
The Bible does not directly mention vandalism but it does call on discrimination? Were there
people to discern what is right and wrong and to only do what is other ways in which pacifists
pleasing to God (Matthew 7: 12). contributed to the war effort?
What are your views on
Treatment of the mentally and physically challenged pacifism?
There are many stories in the Bible of Jesus and the disciples treating
with love and kindness people who were physically challenged and
those struggling mentally and, in many situations, healing their
disabilities. As we have mentioned, Christians believe that each
person is special and that we are all equal. Therefore, the mentally
and physically challenged should be treated with love and respect,
in the same way that all fellow humans should be treated. There are
many Christian organisations, such as the Barbados Children's Trust
and the Leonard Cheshire Foundation Home in Trinidad, that exist to
support people with mental and physical challenges.

Dealing with Human ImmunodeficiencyVirus/Acquired

Immune Deficiency Syndrome {HIV/AIDS)
As the first case of HIV/AIDS was not recognised until the early 1980s,
there is no direct mention of HIV/AIDS in the Bible. However, in
biblical times, an equivalent disease was leprosy. People with leprosy
were treated as outcasts, but Jesus ate with lepers (Mark 14:3) and
touched them (Matthew 8:2-4). Jesus' actions teach Christians that
they should show love and compassion to all. Therefore, the Christian
response to HIV/AIDS and those suffering with it should always be
one of grace and mercy.
 -----('
Submit to one another out
of reverence for Christ. Wives,
submit to your husbands as to
- Roles, responsibilities and rights in family life
and work
Family
Although the Bible was written thousands of years ago, there are
the
(Co,
the,

the Lord. For the husband is

many similarities between the situations of Bible characters to lm1
the head of the wife as Christ is
head of the church ... Husbands situations that people are in today. This is because, although times hu,
love your wives just as Christ may change, human issues have not changed much from biblical
The
loved the church ... each one times. Therefore, Christians can look to the Bible and use it as a guide
mos
of you must love his wife as he for how to live now. For example, family life in biblical times faced
that
loves himself, and the wife must many of the same issues that families deal with today - arguments,
to fc
respect her husband. favouritism, deep love, etc. The story of Joseph and his brothers in
enjo
Ephesians 5:21-33
Genesis 42 shows how an arguing family can be reunited. The Bible
diffe
teaches that family units are important and that relationships in
families should be loving, respectful and positive. The
love,
Marriage Gree
In Genesis 2 the Bible lays diffe
The Christian church teaches that marriage is a gift from God and
down the ideal for marriage moth
that marriage should be for life, until one person dies. Direction is
and family life: one man love
also given in the Bible for how a husband and wife should treat each
and one woman as equals. This
other and the role that each person should take within a marriage
However, there are people, in (Ephesians 5:21-33).
the Bible (such as Jacob) who
I
The
had more than one wife. It is Such passages (see also 1 Peter 3: 1-7) tend to cause much debate
as to their meaning, as initial reading seems to suggest that the wife The
thought that polygamy (having
more than one legal sexual is less important than the husband. It is important to remember -he O
partner) was permitted by law, that relationships and society in general was very male-dominated
but it was not really what God in biblical times and that these passages were written within that
intended. context. However, it is generally accepted that Christian marriage is
about mutual love and respect for each other and about loving the
other person as much as God loves us. ceop
;: nati
The Bible teaches that sex is a gift from God but that it should
:'.:::id
be confined to monogamous marriage. God intended men and
::·d
women to live together, but not to live together outside marriage.

Children
eN
The Bible also has advice within family life for the relationships
-e
between children and their parents. Children should honour and
::-· s
obey their parents (Ephesians 6:1-2, Colossians 3:20) and parents
should not irritate their children but bring them up showing a good
example (Ephesians 6:4, Colossians 3:21 ). In all areas of family life,
each person has the responsibility to love and respect those within
-g·n
the family.
-cc r
Work -;; atio
aul,
In work situations, the Bible expects a positive work attitude
other
(Deuteronomy 5: 13) and views work as a necessity to living
(2 Thessalonians 3:10). God and Jesus have set the example for Christia
working hard (John 5: 17). There are also expectations about how anothe
a master treats their slave (or an employer treats their employee) with G
The Bible contains teaching and advice for
and how a slave treats their master (or an employee treats their The N
children, parents, husbands and wives to
encourage good family relationships employer). Employees should work with all their heart, all of people
God in
the time and not just when they think they are being watched
(Colossians 3:22-23). The Bible also calls upon employers to ensure
they pay their employees ( 1 Timothy 5: 18) !

Implicationsof biblical teaching of love in

human relationships
The Bible teaches that life is to be enjoyed and lived to the full, and
most Christians integrate into society fully. However, the Bible teaches
that God should be a Christian's number one priority and that trying
to follow His guidelines is the best and safest way for a person to
enjoy their life. This means that, in some areas, Christians take a
different view to society at large.
The Bible, particularly in the New Testament, talks a great deal about
love and about loving others. This type of love is called 'agape', a
Greek word for the kind of love that God shows for humankind. It is
different from the kind of love a husband might feel for his wife or a
mother might feel for her child. Christians are called to show agape
love to all those around them regardless of their race or social status.
This kind of love is respectful, caring and kind.

The concept of the reign of God

The Old Testament: background
The Old Testament is very much about God creating the world and
the whole world belonging to God. Psalm 8 is a song glorifying God
Cti
When I consider your heavens, -"\
and celebrating the world that He has made. the work of your fingers,
the moon and stars
After the creation, it tells of the relationship that God had with his
which you have set is place,
people (the Jews). God reigned over the people he had created as
what is man that you are mindful
a nation, although they still had their free wil and chose to disobey
of him?
God on many occasions. Israel was shown as a light to the rest of the
Psalm 8:3-4
world. God promised the people of Israel a kingdom to live in, and the
Old Testament tells the story of their journey to that kingdom of God.

The New Testament: background

The New Testament is about the life and ministry of Jesus, whom
Christians believe was God's son. The message is about how God
can reign in each individual. Instead of searching for God's kingdom
in this lifetime, the New Testament's message is that God's kingdom
is something that people work towards by having faith in God and
living in the way God wants people to.

According to the New Testament, many people had lost their

relationship with God. In Acts 17:22-31, a follower of Jesus, called
Paul, gave a speech calling on people to turn from their beliefs in
other gods and allow God to be their Lord.
Christians believe that through faith in Jesus, people are offered
another chance to follow God and that this faith will result in living
with God for ever, even after our deaths, in heaven (1 Peter 1 :3-5).
The New Testament talks of belief in God and Jesus as something that
people must choose individually if they wish to dwell (or live) with
God in the future (Revelation 21 :1-3).
 The Bible
Sc
'11,
-e,
t
oe
OVI

LEARNING OUTCOMES How the Bible came into being

Christians believe that the Bible is the most important and holiest
In this section you will learn to:
book. They consider the Bible to be the word of God and, through it,
• describe how the books of God communicates with people. It was written over many centuries
the Bible were transmitted by many different people and Christians believe that God chose its
and selected writers and inspired them to write so that their words showed the h
• identify the different types of character and plans of God (2 Timothy 3: 16).
3ot
writing in the Bible Some Christians believe that the Bible is literally true and that
c
• explain how biblical passages everything in it happened as described. Others think that the Bible
O
may be applied to areas of needs to be interpreted in order to work out what it means for us :-,pE
daily life today. Either way, Christians try to follow the Bible's teachings. - rr
• relate biblical teachings The Bible is made up of two parts - the Old Testament and the New ceo
to personal and social Testament. The Old Testament was written before Jesus came to
experiences. earth. The New Testament was written following Jesus' death. The Old
-=:),
Testament contains 39 books that tell the story of God's relationship
with his people from creation through to the time before Jesus was
born. The New Testament contains 27 books and tells the story of -- . "-
the life and death of Jesus and what it means to be a Christian.
Of the 27 books in the New Together, it is a bit like a library of books that tell God's story from the
Testament 14 were written by beginning of time and stil gives guidance for life today.
the apostle Paul.
How the, books of the Bible were selected
;
The stories in the Bible would have initially been passed on from
generation to generation orally, but then, as writing developed,
they were written down and copies were made. The books of the
Old Testament were used by the Jews and early Christians as part of
their worship. At first, the apostles and disciples would have spoken
about Jesus and his teaching during these services. These stories
and teachings began to be written down and copies were made.
Christians collected these writings and the letters that had been
written by Jesus' followers and they were used in the teaching and
worship of the early church.
The first official list of such writings was produced by Marcion in
140cE, but different Christians had different views regarding what
writings about the life of Jesus should be accepted and given authority.
Finally, church leaders met together in 367 er, 393 CE and 397 CE to
decide which writings would become the Bible as we know it today.
-
z
:e
c
The Dead Sea Scrolls -
In 1947 shepherds entering a cave on the shores of the Dead Sea,
in what is now the West Bank, discovered manuscripts and other
books dating back to before the time ofJesus. It is thought that the
people from the nearby community of Qumran must have hidden
The Dead Sea Scrolls are the earliest known
their library of scrolls in the caves because of the impending Roman
copies of Hebrew scriptures, thought to be
have been written between approximately invasion. The Dead Sea Scrolls are thought to have been produced
1 50 BCE and 70 CE between approximately 150 BCE and 70 CE.
Scholars were able to compare these scrolls with the later
manuscripts in existence and found them to be virtually the same
text, which is a testimony to the remarkable care taken by scribes Before the shepherds' discovery,
who copied out the Hebrew text by hand before printing came into the earliest manuscripts of any
being. The fact that the Jews preserved their scriptures so accurately part of the Old Testament dated
over many centuries says much about the reliability of the text. from the 9th century CE, but
the Dead Sea Scrolls (as they
became known) used a form
Differenttypes of writing in the Bible
of letters called the 'Massoretic
The word 'testament' means 'agreement'. The Old Testament was text', which was known to be
an agreement that God made with the people of Israel. The New used prior to 500cE.
Testament is about the agreement that God has made with all people
who believe in Jesus.

Both the Old and the New Testament are made up of books, each
book being broken down further into chapters and verses. As you
would expect from different books on a bookshelf, there a-re different
types of books in the Bible and different styles of writing. This is
sometimes because the books were written by a number of different
people and sometimes the different styles are because of the content
of that particular book. For example, the book of Leviticus contains
information about laws so it is written in a very factual way. The book
of Psalms, however, is a book of songs so it reads more like a poetry
book. On the following page is an outline of some of the different
styles of writing found in the Bible.

1-
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 Narrative Passaqs
Much of the Bible is written in a narrative style - telling the story or • exam
giving an account of something that happened. In the first five books Cain.
of the Bible (often known as the Pentateuch), the account is the Marti
beginning of God's relationship with people and what happened to • cornf
them (the Jews) after that.
• relief
Laws and instructions • coura
• prote,
The first five books of the Bible from Genesis to Deuteronomy are
known as Books of the Law. The best known of the laws are the Ten • how 1
Commandments in Exodus 20. Laws and instructions are also given • dealir
in the New Testament - see especially Matthew 5-7 and John 14-16.
Laws and instructions set out God's rules for his people about living a
happy life and the right way to worship. CASE

Winst
Prophecy
ridicu
The books in the Old Testament from Isaiah to Malachi are known in cia:
as the Books of Prophecy. In these books, the prophets(men called belief'.
by God to speak to his people) explain to the people where they religio
are making mistakes and how God wil act in the future. Christians isn't t,
believe that these books also talk about the coming of Jesus. his pe,
Winstc
Apocalypticwriting dad h,
Apocalyptic writing gives detail about the future and what might deal v,,
happen at the end of the world (Matthew 24, Mark 13, Luke 21 ). The s ood
last book of the Bible, Revelation, outlines a vision of the future when 1\/instc
Christians believe Jesus will return to earth again. sometl
Words of wisdom from 2 Time
the Bible Parables s timi
A fool finds pleasure in oring c
evil conduct, but a man of The first four books of the New Testament - Matthew, Mark, Luke and
John - tell the life story of Jesus. When Jesus was talking to people, he will be
understanding delights in -he Bit
liked to illustrate what he was saying by telling parables - stories with a
wisdom. be vvitl
meaning. There are many parables in these books, such as the Parable of
Proverbs 10:23
the Sower (Matthew 13) and the Parable of the Tenants (Luke 20:9-19). strong
qrateft.
Wisdom sayings
The Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament is full of down-to-earth Applyim
The Bible to Christians advice and wise sayings about life and God (Mark 1 :23-28).
As previo
Your word is a lamp to my feet Bible was
and a light for my path. Miracle stories
applied t
Psalm 119:105 Throughout the Bible there are stories of miracles that have taken see as gi\
The Bible is not merely a book; place. These include accounts of miracles that Jesus performed, such
• the Ten
it is a Living Being, with an as driving out evil spirits, Jesus calling the first disciples, Jesus healing
people and even bringing people back to life (John 11: 1-44). • the Sen
action, a power, which invades
everything that opposes its • the Gol
extension, behold! It is upon Biblical teachings applied to personal and • the Gre
this table: This Book, surpassing social experiences • Christ's
all others; I never omit to read
We have acknowledged that Christians view the Bible as a handbook • Christia
it, and every day with some
for living and, therefore, there is much in the Bible about personal • the way
pleasure.
feelings and situations that most people experience. Christians use • marriag
Napoleon Bonaparte
these as an example of how the Bible is relevant to today.
Passages about personal and social experience include:
• examples of relationships with family and peers - arguing brothers
Cain and Abel (Genesis 4), devoted but different sisters Mary and
Martha (Luke 10:38-42)
• comfort in times of sorrow (2 Corinthians 3-5, Romans 8:26-28)
• relief in times of suffering (2 Corinthians 12:8, Hebrews 12:3-13)
• courage in time of fear (Hebrews 13:5-6, 2 Timothy 1 :7)
• protection in time of danger (Psalms 91, 121)
• how to behave in professional and business matters (Psalms 15)
• dealing with material wealth (Luke 12:16-21).

CASE STUDY Getting braver

Winston is being bullied at school. Some boys in his year are

ridiculing him for working hard and for not messing around
in class like they do. They have also been making fun of his
beliefs and telling Winston that he is boring and that his
religion stops him from having any fun. Winston knows this
isn't true, but it is hurtful to be rejected and ridiculed by
his peers.
Winston has spoken to his dad about his problems. His
dad has said that there wil always be difficult people to
deal with in life - even as adults. These people have to be
stood up to.
Winston's dad also showed Winston that the Bible has
something to say about being strong and courageous.
2 Timothy 1 :7 says 'For the Spirit God gave us does not make
us timid, but gives us power, love and self-discipline.' If we
bring our troubles to God and ask him to make us strong, He
wil be with us and will give us courage to face our difficulties.
The Bible also promises in Isaiah 41: 10 that God will always
be with us. Winston is praying each day for God to make him Winston is finding courage to face his bullies
strong and courageous to stand up to the bullies. And he is through reading God's promises that He will
grateful for the reassurance that God is with him. be with him

Applying biblical passages to daily life

As previously mentioned, Christians believe that even though the
Bible was written many years ago, the guidance it gives can still be
applied to daily life today. There are some key passages that Christians
see as giving clear guidelines for living. These include:
• the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20: 1-17)
• the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7)
• the Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12)
• the Greatest Commandment (Matthew 22:36-4)
• Christ's New Commandment (John 13:34-35)
• Christian Love (1 Corinthians 13)
• the way of salvation (John 14:6, Acts 16:31, Romans 10:9)
• marriage and divorce (Matthew 19:3-9).
 God
someth
for Goe
underst

God c
Roles of God The Bib
underst
When you think of God, what idea comes to mind? Some people see
In this section you will learn to: and Go,
God as a rescuer - someone they can call out to in times of difficulty.
are kno-
• describe the roles of God Other people see God almost like a policeman watching over them to
• explain the significance of check how they behave. The Bible says much about who God is and God is s
I the names of God what He is like. God can be described as multifaceted or having many (Isaiah S
different aspects or roles: an elem,
• describe the idea of God as
about G
Father, Son and Holy Spirit • Creator: throughout the Bible God is recognised as creator and
• explain the attributes of God. Lord of all. He rules over the earth, heaven, animals, fish, plants, God the
humans, and social and political systems (Genesis 1 :2, Psalm 8, human f
Acts 1 7: 1 5.:._ 31). Nays. In
• Provider: God provides for the needs of all living things (Psalm 23, God, SU~
God as provider Luke 12:22-34).
Then Jesus said to his disciples:
'Therefore I tell you, do not worry
• Protector and liberator of systems and people (Joshua 23, Psalm 91, = :- re
about your life, what you wil eat;
Luke 13:34). -= eart
oraboutyourbod~whatyou • Sovereign ruler over all (Psalm 6, 47, 97, Luke 10:21-22). :·::a ion
wil wear. For life is more than • The source and sustainer of life: God not only created all life forms, :::::: e:
food, and the body more than - :_.r br
but it is God who sustains life on earth. For example, the earth is
clothes. Consider the ravens: They
the only planet in our solar system that is exactly the right distance
do not sow or reap, they have -- "but,
from the sun to sustain life. Christians believe this is God's design.
no storeroom or barn; yet God
And that, at any time, God can choose to end life on earth or the =::: ave
feeds them. And how much more
valuable you are than birds!' life of individuals. Similarly, He can choose to give life back, even :an tell u
Luke 12:22-24 to people who have already died (Genesis 1-2, John 5: 19-24, ore abc
Romans 8:18-23).
• Unity -
• Revealer and teacher: the Bible talks
• Eterna
about how we can know God and
Name Meaning Bible reference • Omnip
understand His teachings through
Yahweh Yahweh is the main name for God in the Psalm 90:2 the Holy Spirit, who speaks to • Omnis
Bible. It is thought to mean 'He brings our human spirit (John 14:15-17, • Omnip
into existence whatever exists' or 'I am'
16:7-15, 1 Corinthians 2:9-16). 19:6).
King, Redeemer, Showing God as a ruler, saviour and Job
Shepherd also a protector Psalm 23:1 • Love -
Adonai Master or my Lord Exodus 4: 10-12 Significance of the names 8:10).
Joshua 7:8-11 of God • Justice
Elohim Plural terms for God - Authority, Genesis 31 :3
The original Hebrew and Greek text • Holy-
Plenitude Deuteronomy 5:9
of the Bible is very descriptive about (1 Pete
EI-Shaddai Almighty Genesis 17:1-20
God. It uses different words for the
Jehovah-Jireh The Lord wil provide Genesis 22:8-14 • Rightec
name of God, all of them emphasising
Jehovah-Rapha The God who heals Exodus 15:26 • MercifL
a different aspect of His character. It
I Jehovah-Shalom
Christos
God is peace
Anointed one
Judges 6:24
John 1:41
also describes God and Jesus in many
Refers to Jesus different ways. In the same way a
ACTIVI
Yeshua God is salvation Matthew 1 6: 13-1 6 person can have many words linked
John 6:42 to them that describes something of Think
Father, Advocate, Someone who appeals on our behalf Matthew 6:26, 1 who they are - a man could be a son, the sta
Lord Refers to Jesus John 2:1 brother, doctor, husband, etc. - God opiruor
Deuteronomy 10: 17
and Jesus are given names that reflect
something of their attributes. In English there is really only one word
for God so it is helpful to look at the Hebrew and Greek in order to
understand more of what God is like.

God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit

The Bible teaches that there is only one God but that He can be
understood in three different ways - as God the Father, God the Son
and God the Holy Spirit. These three ways or different personalities
are known as the Trinity.

God is sometimes referred to in the Bible as Father of humankind

(Isaiah 9:6, 64:8), reflecting a loving and close relationship and also
an element of dependence on Him. People today sometimes talk Figure A.3.1 The concept of the Trinity
about God being a mother as well as a father. can be hard to explain, but this illustration,
called the Shield of the Trinity, can help us
God the Son refers to Jesus. Christians believe that Jesus was God in to understand how three things can be
human form (Matthew 8:29). Jesus was also referred to in different part of one whole
ways. In John 1 :19-31, John the Baptist'called Jesus the Lamb of
God, suggesting gentleness. Jesus is also referred to as the Bread of
Life (John 6:32-35), meaning he is the nourishment we need.
The third aspect of God is as Spirit - the way in which God lives in
the hearts and lives of believers. God the spirit was at work in the
creation of the world (Genesis 1: 1-2) and individuals (Psalm 139:7).
God the spirit is also an advocate, someone who wil speak to God
on our behalf (John 14:15-17, Acts 2:2-4, 11-12).

Attributes of God
We have discovered that studying the different names given to God
can tell us more about what God is like. Further passages tell us even
more about the attributes of God: We eat to satisfy our hunger, but then grow
hungry again. Jesus compares himself to
• Unity - God is one (Deuteronomy 6:4, 1 Corinthians 8:6). food when he describes himself as the Bread
of Life. He states that those who believe in
• Eternal - God transcends time (Genesis 21 :33, Psalm 90:2).
him will never hunger spiritually again.
• Omnipresent - God is present everywhere (Psalm 139: 1-4).
• Omniscient- God knows all things (Psalm 139:1-4, 147:4-5).
• Omnipotent - God is all-powerful (Matthew 19:26, Revelation
The Serenity Prayer
19:6).
The Serenity Prayer has been
• Love-God's love is limitless (Psalm 103:17, John 3:16, 1 John used by many people (not just
8:1 O). Christians) for over seventy
• Justice - God is fair and does not show favourites (Acts 10:34-35). years. It highlights three of the
• Holy - God is righteous, perfect and set apart from all sin or evil attributes of God that He passes
(1 Peter 1 :16). on to those who ask: serenity
(peace), courage and wisdom.
• Righteous - living according to the laws of God (Psalm 19:7-9).
• Merciful - God shows undeserved compassion to all (Exodus 3:7). God, grant me the serenity
to accept the things I cannot
change,
ACTIVITY Courage to change the things I
can,
Think back to the image of God that you had in your mind at And wisdom to know the
the start of this section. How do you view God now? Has your difference.
opinion changed? Reinhold Niebuhr, theologian
 Concept of sin
and salvation ::5crit
+eedoi
--2 cor
- ·-7,
=_e's·
a: sal
'l!.EAR~ING OUTCOMES Sin in
Sin is the breaking of God's law (Romans 1 ). In Genesis, we read
In this section you will learn to: : ristia
that God created humans to have free will and, therefore, the ability
~' the
• explain the basic concept to make good and bad choices. The first sin in the Bible (sometimes
salvatic
of sin known as the original sin) can be found in Genesis 3 when Adam and
.esus, \
• explain how sin affects Eve eat fruit from a tree that God had forbidden them to touch.
comet
the quality of life for the The Bible has harsh words to say about sin. It describes sin as the all sin c
individual, the society and the state and condition of humankind (Romans 5:12): relatior
environment o deat
• describe biblical examples that When Adam sinned, sln entered the entire human race. His sin 'fe (als
state the consequences of sin spread 'death throughout the world, so everything began to grow hree d
• explain the basic concept of old and die, for all sinned. more p
salvation Romans 5:12, see also Psalm 51 :5 -he Bib
• discuss the involvement of God's s
Committing a sin is moving away from God's plan for your life
God in the work of salvation shows
and shows rebellion against God (Genesis 3, Matthew 23:37-39,
through Jesus Christ
Romans 1: 18-32). The Bible also describes sin as a personal failure Salvat
• show that salvation is available to be responsible (Genesis 3, Luke 12:41-48) and also a joint failure,
for all through faith in Christ alongside others, to do the right thing (Luke 11 :39-52, 17:1-3). "he Bib
• explain essential factors in of race,
the process of salvation using How sin affectsthe quality of life :hat Jes
biblical illustrations. -:1-12,
Christians believe that committing sin moves people away from
the best plans that God has for each individual's life. It can affect Essent
individuals (Mark 7: 11-13, Luke 16:20-21) and can lead to further sin
-he Bib
(see Kofi's story on the following page). The Bible gives examples of
salvatiot
how sin can also affect society. In Genesis 6, there is so much sin in the
world following Adam and Eve's initial sin, that disobeying God's laws 1 Reper
had become a way of life and it angered God. So God decided to flood sorry
the earth, saving only one family who had strived to keep God's law.
2 Justifi
Sin can also affect the environment and, therefore, the quality of life for truly'.
Hosea was an Old Testament everyone in the world (Genesis 3:17-25; Romans 1 :24-25). The message the e
prophet whose life played of the Bible is that while small, individual sins may seem insignificant, Roma
out God's relationship with they can have knock-on effects that cause much bigger problems. 3 Recor
the nation of Israel. God told relatic
Hosea to marry a prostitute, The consequencesof sin (Luke
Gomer (who represented The Bible says that there are consequences to sin. If people sin they risk: Reger
Israel). Hosea loved Gomer
• alienation from God and others (Luke 15:11-32, Romans 1 :24-25) live li
deeply and cared for her, but
This i
Gomer was unfaithful (just • suffering and degeneration (Genesis 2-3, Luke 1 5: 11-19, Romans
1:18-32, 2:9) 3:12-
as Israel had been unfaithful
by worshipping other gods). • feelings of guilt and shame (Genesis 3: 1-10, Luke 15: 1-19) 5 Sanct
Gamer's children were given strivin
• death (Genesis 2-3, Joshua 7, Luke 19: 12-27, Romans 6:20-22).
names that reflected God's r ristian
feelings towards Israel at that Concept of salvation - again
time, for example Lo-Ruhamah :ontinue
Salvation is a spiritual term describing a way to restore your
meaning 'not loved'.
relationship with God through the forgiveness of sin. It can be :an cont
described as the deliverance,
CASE STUDY I Kofi's story
••
freedom and liberation from all of
the consequences of sin (Galatians Kofi is a classmate of Winston. He recently confided in Winston
4:1-7, 5:1, Romans 8:19-23). The about shoplifting.
Bible's teaching on sin is harsh, but
Some of Kofi's friends had stolen items from a clothes shop and
that salvation is easily available to all.
dared Kofi to steal a cap. Kofi did not want to seem weak and
God in salvation he wanted his friends to respect him, so he stole too.
When his parents asked him where he got the cap, Kofi lied and
Christians believe that the message
of the New Testament is all about said that one of his friends had given it to him. He felt horrible
salvation. It tells the life story of lying to his parents and his mood has been irritable and gloomy
ever since. To make things worse, the shopkeeper has now
Jesus, who was God in human form,
banned children from entering the shop due to too much theft.
come to earth to pay the price for
all sin and restore humankind's Kofi feels terrible about what he has done and the consequences
relationship with God. Jesus was put of his actions for his peers, as well as the tense atmosphere he
to death on a cross but came back to has created at home because of his moods. He is worried that if
life (also known as the resurrection) he tells his parents what he did they will never trust him again.
three days later, showing that God is But he does not feel he can live with the guilt. He has also felt
more powerful than death. very far away from God and he feels too ashamed to pray.

The Bible teaches that Jesus was

God's special gift to the world (John 3: 16) and, through Jesus, God ACTIVITY
shows His love for humankind (John 15: 12-17).
Imagine you are Winston. What
Salvation and faith advice would you give to Kofi
The Bible teaches that salvation is available for all people, regardless based on teaching in the Bible?
of race, age or gender. The only requirement is that a person believes
that Jesus was the son of God who died and was resurrected (Acts
4:1-12, John 3:6).

Essential factorsin the process of salvation

The Bible explains that there are factors or stages in the process of
salvation:
1 Repentance - in order to be forgiven for sin, a person must be
sorry for what they have done (Luke 7:35-50, 5:11-14, 19:1).
2 Justification by faith - having the knowledge that if people are
truly sorry and acknowledge what Jesus did for them by dying on
the cross they will be forgiven (Acts 16:30-32, Romans 3:21-26,
Romans 10:11-17, James 2:14-17, Romans 5:1-21).
3 Reconciliation or atonement - this is about renewing a person's
relationship with God, knowing that they are loved and forgiven
(Luke 15:11-24, 19:1-10, Ephesians2:11-22).
4 Regeneration or new birth - Christians believe that to be able to Christians believe that Jesus' death
live life in the way that God intends, a person must start anew. pays the price for human sin and that,
This is sometimes referred to as being born again (Colossians through believing in Jesus' death and
resurrection, people's relationship with
3: 12-17, Ephesians 4:23-24).
God can be restored
5 Sanctification - a daily growing in godliness as a consequence of
striving to live according to God's guidelines (Ephesians 2:1-10).
(:
Adam's one sin brought the
Christians do not believe that once they have salvation they wil never penalty of death to many, while
sin again. But they believe that they have been forgiven, that they can Christ freely takes away many sins
continue to say sorry to God for things they do wrong and that they and gives glorious life instead.
can continue to live a life pleasing to God. Romans 5: 16
 The r
Human life issues foll av
their
abou
powe

A Cl
Meaning and purpose of life
In Hinduism, life is about attaining moksha (liberation) by breaking Do
In this section you will learn to: lool
the cycle of rebirth (samsara). The path to moksha is to live a good
• discuss the meaning and life according to the requirements of Hindu dharma, thereby building doe
purpose of life as reflected in up good karma. Hindus believe that rebirth is determined by past and
the Bhagavad Gita current karma, created by how they live their current life. Therefore,
Ekala
• explain the concept of as well as having a moral obligation to live well, Hindus have a
'guruhood' and 'discipleship' personal reason to gain good karma in this life. In the
and its application to daily Ekaiav:
However, Hinduism is not just about improving your status in the
living arc hen
life to come. Hindu scriptures, such as the Bhagavad Gita, help to
rejects
• assess issues related to justice give meaning and purpose to life today. In the Gita, Krishna explains
Guru [
and peace and the value that it is Bhakti Yog (devotional service), Karma Yog (action). Raj Yog
by him
and dignity of human life as (meditation) and Jnana Yog (knowledge) that lead to enlightenment,
skilled
reflected in the Gita fulfilment and happiness in this life. Krishna teaches that although we
When
• illustrate how the Hindu are in this world, we should also look beyond it and connect with our
thumb
concept of love applies to immortal self or atman.
of learr
different areas of life and Hinduism teaches that followers should worship God, respect and rui
relationships others, help those in need, love their family and care for the =,ractisir
• discuss the roles and environment. As with all religions, belief in higher beings brings ;; own.
responsibilities of individuals perspective to life. Knowing that all of creation, including t e
or
in areas of family and people we share the earth with, are made by God encourage:
pc
relationships respect for others.
g
• describe the scriptural
teachings on the nature of iatrr
human beings
The purpose of life accordingto Gandhi
• describe the sanctity of life
God demands nothing less than complete self-surrender as -
from the Hindu perspective.
price for the only real freedom that is worth having. And
a man thus loses himself, he immediately finds himself in -r;;
service of all that lives. It becomes his delight and his recreatror :: :eacr
He is a new man, never weary of spending himself in the service ,; ions.
of God's creation. Gandhi
For an introduction to Hinduism,
Mahatma Gandhi occupat
see Section 1, Essentials of
inspired
religion, starting on page 2.
campa
governr
Concept of guruhood:the spiritual indeper
guide and the disciple
Gandhi
Traditionally, between the ages of eight and 12 years, a boy would
struqqh
leave his family and spend his adolescent years (until his manhood) as
emerge
the disciple of a guru. Today this rarely happens, but gurus are stil
was as
revered and sought out for spiritual teaching by Hindus. In modern
op press
times, both boys and girls in the Caribbean have gurus as personal
who p
spiritual guides.
African
 The t
Human life issues fol lo,
their
abou
POWE

ACi
Meaning and purpose of life
In Hinduism, life is about attaining moksha (liberation) by breaking
Do
In this section you will learn to: loc
the cycle of rebirth (samsara). The path to moksha is to live a good
do,
• discuss the meaning and life according to the requirements of Hindu dharma, thereby building
purpose of life as reflected in up good karma. Hindus believe that rebirth is determined by past and
the Bhagavad Gita current karma, created by how they live their current life. Therefore,
Ekalc
• explain the concept of as well as having a moral obligation to live well, Hindus have a
'guruhood' and 'discipleship' personal reason to gain good karma in this life. In the
and its application to daily Ekala-
However, Hinduism is not just about improving your status in the
living arche
life to come. Hindu scriptures, such as the Bhagavad Gita, help to
reject
• assess issues related to justice give meaning and purpose to life today. In the Gita, Krishna explains
Guru
and peace and the value that it is Bhakti Yog (devotional service), Karma Yog (action), Raj Yog
by hir
and dignity of human life as (meditation) and Jnana Yog (knowledge) that lead to enlightenment,
skillec
reflected in the Gita fulfilment and happiness in this life. Krishna teaches that although we
When
• illustrate how the Hindu are in this world, we should also look beyond it and connect with our
thuml
concept of love applies to immortal self or atman.
of lea
different areas of life and Hinduism teaches that followers should worship God, respect and n
relationships others, help those in need, love their family and care for the practi:
• discuss the roles and environment. As with all religions, belief in higher beings brings renew
responsibilities of individuals perspective to life. Knowing that all of creation, including the
This s1
in areas of family and people we share the earth with, are made by God encourages
the irr
relationships respect for others.
showi
• describe the scriptural
teachings on the nature of Maha
human beings
The purpose of life according to Gandhi Maha1
• describe the sanctity of life
God demands nothing less than complete self-surrender as the betwe
from the Hindu perspective.
price for the only real freedom that is worth having. And when His tee
a man thus loses himself, he immediately finds himself in the peace
service of all that lives. It becomes his delight and his recreation. just te
He is a new man, never weary of spending himself in the service action:
of God's creation. Gandr
For an introduction to Hinduism,
Mahatma Gandhi occup:
see Section 1, Essentials of
inspire
religion, starting on page 2.
cam pa
govern
Concept of guruhood:the spiritual indepe
guide and the disciple
Gandh
Traditionally, between the ages of eight and 12 years, a boy would
struggl
leave his family and spend his adolescent years (until his manhood) as
ernerq:
the disciple of a guru. Today this rarely happens, but gurus are stil
was as
revered and sought out for spiritual teaching by Hindus. In modern
op pres
times, both boys and girls in the Caribbean have gurus as personal
who pr
spiritual guides.
African
The role of a guru is to provide guidance and build wisdom in their
followers so that devotees can eventually recognise and respond to
their own divine nature. Ekalavya and Gandhi, whom you will read The word 'guru' comes
about on the next page, are both men from whom we can learn from the Sanskrit words 'gu'
powerful lessons. meaning darkness and 'ru'
meaning 'remover'. A guru,
therefore, brings their disciples
ACTIVITY
spiritual light or guidance.
Do you have any personal experience of having somebody you
look up to who can offer you spiritual and other advice? What
does this person mean to you?

Ekalavya in the Upanishads and the Mahabharata

In the Hindu epic the Mahabharata, the story is told of Ekalavya.
Ekalavya is a tribal prince of low caste, but he is determined to study
archery under the guidance of the great Guru Drona. When Drona
rejects him because of his caste, Ekalavya makes a clay statue of
Guru Drona, considering this to be his guru, and he studies archery
by himself in front of the statue. Eventually he becomes a highly
skilled archer - more skilled even than Arjuna, Drona's star pupil.
When Drona discovers this, he demands that Ekalavya give his right
thumb as Dakshina (a gift given by a student to the guru at the end
of learning) for learning from him. Ekalavya obeys, crippling himself
and ruining his archery skills in the process. However, he continues
practising his skills using four fingers, and eventually becomes
renowned for his archery skills.
This story highlights the determination of a young man to learn and
the importance.of respecting the knowledge of others, as well as
showing complete loyalty to a guru.

Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi (real name Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) lived
between 1869 and 1948. Gandhi was a great teacher and politician.
His teachings on the principles of love, self-sacrifice, acceptance and
peace demonstrate the universal values in Hinduism. Gandhi did not
Through his words and actions, Gandhi
just teach though, he lived out his beliefs and values through his
showed the importance of courage and peace
actions.
Gandhi spent his life peacefully protesting against the British
occupation of India. Thousands of people were motivated and
inspired by Gandhi's words and by his determined but peaceful
Every year Gandhi is honoured
campaigning. In 1931 Gandhi was invited to speak to the British
on 2 October, his birthday.
government about Indian independence and finally, in 1947, India's
Worldwide, the day has been
independence was granted.
declared International Day
Gandhi is known as the Father of the Indian nation, as he led the of Non-violence. In some
struggle for independence. This led to the partition of India and the parts of the Caribbean,
emergence of Pakistan. Not long after this, in January 1948, Gandhi the day is marked by ritual
was assassinated. Gandhi's model of non-violent protest inspired · observations about Gandhi's
oppressed people around the world, including Martin Luther King, life, contribution and the
who protested in the US against racism and discrimination towards importance of peaceful protest.
African-Americans.
 The fall and rise of man Pave
Brooding about sensuous The Bhagavad Gita teaches that focusing on and chasing after Hindi
objects worldly wealth brings spiritual death. The Hindu devotional text, discir:
makes attachment to them grow; Bhaja Govindam, encourages followers to rise above the pursuit of Of ths
from attachment desire arises, wealth in order to achieve spiritual freedom. Hindu disciples use greed
from desire anger is born. yoga, meditation and worship to focus on their spirituality and to teach
break their attachment to worldly things. happi
From anger comes confusion;
from confusion memory lapses;
from broken memory under- The company of the good weans one away from false
standing is lost; attachments;
from loss of understanding, he When attachment is lost, delusion ends;
is ruined. When delusion ends, the mind becomes unwavering and steady.
Bhagavad Gita 2:62-63 An unwavering and steady mind is merited for Jeevan Mukti
(liberation even in this life).
Bhaja Govindam, verse 9

Value and dignity of human life

Hinduism has a lot to say about the way people behave, deal with
difficult issues and relate to each other. A summary of Hindu teaching
on various life issues is outlined below.

Child abuse and abortion

Hinduism teaches that children are a blessing from God. Hinduism
Bhagavad Gita teaching
on the eternal soul
--
C: also teaches that all living things are sacred and should be treated
with respect and care. Abuse of children mentally, physically or
Hinduisrr
order to
Why do you worry without sexually is unacceptable to Hindus.
cause? Whom do you fear The Gita teaches that the soul carries life rather than the body. Hindu Prejud
without reason? Who can kill teachings do not approve of abortions or the illegitimate taking
you? The soul is neither born, of life. However, if a baby needs to be aborted in a life-and-death Hindu is
nor does it die. situation for the mother, most Hindus would support this. show p
beliefs c
Substance abuse Brahma
Most Hi
Hindus believe that the body should be respected and cared for
them.
as the carrier of the soul. Substance abuse damages the body and
Capital punishment in
mind, prevents a person from spiritual progress and brings pain and
the Bhagavad Gita Male a
suffering to family and friends. Therefore, Hindus are strongly against
Taking as equal pleasure and
any illicit drug taking. Traditior
pain, gain and loss, victory
roles to
and defeat, gird thyself for Capital punishment sons we
the battle; thus thou shalt not
Arguments, based on Hindu teachings, can both support and dispute prosperi
incur sin.
capital punishment. In the Gita, righteous punishment is promoted carried c
Bhagavad Gita, 2 :38 parents.
to maintain the moral and social order of the universe. However,
Hinduism also teaches ahimsa - the principle of non-violence, as married.
Gandhi famously demonstrated. One thing is true - that the Hindu and care
teaching of reincarnation means that, although death destroys the However
body, it cannot destroy the soul. woment
girls are
ACTIVITY opportur
longer pc
Based on what you have learnt, give an example of when a home an
Hindu may justify capital punishment.
Poverty and unemployment
Hinduism teaches that every Hindu should work hard, within the
discipline of their dharma, in order to accumulate wealth (this is one
of the four purushartas). However, this should not be done out of
greed but out of a desire to provide for the family. Hindu scriptures
teach that wealth that is not shared with those in need will not bring
happiness or good karma.

Hinduism teaches that people should work hard to provide for their family and in
order to give to those in need

Prejudice and discrimination

Hinduism is a very open religion and Hindus are taught not to
show prejudice against anyone, even other Hindus who have
beliefs different to their own. All people should be respected as
Brahman's creation. Hinduism also teaches respect for the elderly.
Most Hindus live with elderly relatives in their homes and care for
them.

Male and female roles and relationships

Traditionally, Hinduism teaches that males and females have different
roles to play in the family and society. In a traditional Hindu home,
sons were treated preferentially as they were thought to bring
prosperity and respect to the family through their wage. Sons also
carried out the important job of performing funeral rites for their
parents. Daughters were expensive, as dowries were paid when they
married. Also, daughters joined their husband's family after marriage
and cared for their parents-in-law.
However, these roles within Hinduism are changing. Many Hindu
women today are in employment and, in most modern Hindu homes,
girls are considered equal to boys and are given the same care and
opportunities. In modern times in the Caribbean, dowries are no
longer paid and, generally, a husband and wife will live in their own
home and care for each set of parents equally.
 Violence, vandalism and war •
An eye for an eye ends up Hinduism teaches peace and respect for all living things since
making the whole world blind. Brahman is in all. Despite this, the Bhagavad Gita does teach that
Mahatma Gandhi fighting in a righteous war is a Hindu duty. The pacifist Gandhi •
understood this to mean that all Hindus should fight the holy internal
war against evil, temptation and selfishness, and many Hindus share
this view. Of course, Hindus, like every other group of people, agree
that mindless violence and vandalism (attacking people or property
for no reason) is always wrong. • I
ACTIVITY
Treatment of the mentally and physically challenged
Compare and contrast different
views within Hinduism towards Hinduism explains disability as a result of negative karma. Disability • l
disability. Express both the can be avoided in the next life by following good dharma in this
positive and negative attitudes life. However, Hinduism teaches that every Hindu should minimise
that Hindus may have towards suffering where possible. Therefore, rather than judging, many Irr
disability. Hindus believe it is theirduty to show care and respect to those with re
disabilities.
Hir
up
Roles, responsibilities and rights she
in family life and work Hir

Hir
CASE STUDY I Getting on she
bra
Kamala and Ramesh live with their mother, father and on
grandfather. Their grandfather has lived with them ever since
their grandmother died. Even before this, their grandparents So«
lived close by. Every day, a member of the family would visit and
Hin
take them meals.
all,
Kamala and Ramesh enjoy having their grandfather living with be
them. He tells them stories of the Hindu deities, jokes and gives eve
them money for sweets. However, there have had to be changes syst
since their grandfather came. Ramesh now shares his bedroom on·
with his grandfather. Lately, their grandfather has been getting onl,
more forgetful and confused and more of their mother's time life
is spent looking after him. This means Kamala is helping more Soc
around the house. star
The children are glad that their family is fulfilling dharma
through caring for their grandfather. It seems strange to think
Ser
this, but they know that one day they will depend on their own
children for their needs too. In C
valu
Recently, they heard the story of Shravan Kumar from the
Kan
Ramayana. Shravan was the perfect son who was dedicated to
hurr
his parents. Kamala and Ramesh look to Shravan's example but
hope that they will not suffer his fate!
Sar
Other responsibilities of Hindus Hino
The Ramayana tells the story of Shravan
Ther
Kumar, the perfect son who was shot while
• Children, particularly sons and daughters-in-law who live with are c
carrying his blind parents on a pilgrimage their parents, are expected to honour and care for the parents in the
around the Hindu holy sites of India old age. distn
• Husbands should love and protect their wives; wives should love
and honour their husbands. Rama and Sita give a good example of
Hinduism and work
love, harmony and devotion within marriage.
Work done as a sacrifice for
• Parents should love their children and provide for them spiritually,
Vishnu has to be performed,
physically and emotionally. The Ramayana tells about the conflict
otherwise work causes bondage
between Dasharatha and his wife Kaikeyi over their son Rama being
in this material world. Therefore,
crowned king. Despite the tensions, the love that Rama's parents
O son of KuntT, perform
have for their sons is highlighted.
your prescribed duties for His
• Hindus should work hard, while not becoming attached to worldly satisfaction, and in that way
achievement or reward. Each person should follow their own path you will always remain free from
and not compare themselves to others. bondage.
• The Manusmriti teaches that mutual respect should be shown Bhagavad Gita 3:9
between employer and employee.

Implications of Hindu teaching of love in human

relationships
The Vedas speak of society
Hindus should integrate into society, earn money, enjoy life and build being classified according to
up spiritual merits. However, Hinduism teaches that worldly pleasures the skills and nature of human
should always come second to spiritual commitment, and that beings. This was called the
Hindus should not become distracted from spiritual devotion. varna system and was divided
Hindus view sex positively. However, Hindu practice is that sex into four levels:
should only be enjoyed within marriage. Also, young people in the 1 The Brahmins - the priestly
brahmacharya stage of life should abstain from sex in order to focus caste.
on their education and to be disciplined.
2 The Kshatriyas - the warrior
Social status caste.

Hinduism teaches that all people are created by Brahman. Therefore, 3 The Vaishyas - the merchants
all races and religions carry aspects of the Supreme Being and are to 4 The Shudras - servants or
be respected. Hinduism is a tolerant religion. Over the years, it has labourers.
even incorporated other beliefs and customs. However, the caste
system privileges one group of people above another based purely However, many Hindus use the
on the group they are born into. In the Caribbean the caste system varna system as an example of
only has ritual status. It is not generally acknowledged in day-to-day an ideal society where people
life and inter-caste marriage is not an issue, though it can be in India. are respected for their skills and
Social status in Caribbean Hindu families is represented by economic their nature and all can work
standing, political affiliations and family. together in harmony for the
greater good of society.

Scriptural teaching on the nature of human beings

In Chapter 15 of the Gita, Lord Krishna explains the purpose and
-----(-
value of knowing God and outlines how God can be found. The Bal Devoid of false ego and illusiori"
Kand of the Ramayana illustrates how everyday actions in the lives of free from degraded association,
human beings symbolise the eternal journey of our soul. perceptive of the eternal and
the transitory, disassociated
from lust, completely liberated
Sanctity of life from the dualities identified as
Hinduism teaches that Brahman is in all and that life is a gift of God. happiness and distress; the wise
Therefore, all life is sacred. Through our connection to Brahman, we reach the imperishable shelter
are also all connected to each other. Hinduism teaches respect for of the Supreme Lord.
the sacredness of every living thing. Hindus live so as to cause as little Bhagavad Gita 1 5:5
distress to any living being as possible.
 The Ramayana
and Bhagavad Gita Him
and
• Ho
as (
• Rig
How the Ramayana and Bhagavad Rar
Gita came into being in r
In this section you will learn to: act,
The epic Hindu poem of the Ramayana was originally written in
• describe how the Ramayana Sanskrit, sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century cE • Fait
and the Bhagavad Gita came by the poet Valmiki. In order for the message of the text to reach the sho

• into being
• describe the different literary
styles used in the Ramayana
mass population, it was translated into Avadhi, which is part of the
Hindi language group, in the 16th century cE by Tulsidas in India.

The Bhagavad Gita, also known as 'The Song of the Lord', forms two
the
WOI
up
and Gita old,
chapters of the Mahabharata, the world's longest and oldest poem. It
• explain the relevance of records the avatar Krishna's words to Arjuna as they sit in his chariot • Fon
scriptural teaching as it preparing for battle. It is thought that the Gita was written around fore
relates to daily life the 4th-3rd century BCE by Vyasa, although other writers and thinkers fore
may have added to his words. karr
• relate the scriptural teachings to
I personal and social experiences. • Mer
pro
Differenttypes of writing in Hindu scripture
mer
I Two types of writing are used in Hindu scriptures: prose and poetry. sho
• Faitl
Prose thrc
Prose is the ordinary form of written or spoken language. It is simple • Just
communication without rhythm applied to it. Prose is often the his I
technique used in written instructions, conversations and teaching. mis1
Many of the Hindu scriptures are written in prose, including many of is dr
the Vedas. that
• LOVE
Poetry sho:
Poetry is written or spoken language organised into a rhythm or him
pattern and often rhyming. Poetry often conveys feelings and God
emotion. Couplet poetry is commonly used in Hindu writings. tryir
Couplets are a pair of lines that have the same rhythm (or metre) dev:
and often rhyme. Other forms of Indian poetry include doha, sortha, • Deal
choupai, shloka and chhanda. The most famous poems in Hinduism wea
are the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. amc
The Bhagavad Gita records the words of the Choupai is used particularly in medieval Hindi poetry. It uses a rhythm a pa
avatar Krishna to Arjuna as he prepares for the I
battle. It is thought to have been written
of four syllables. Chhanda poetry is used particularly in northern India
and Pakistan, where it is recited at weddings. Shlokas are vedic chants hist
around the 4th-3rd century BCE.
used during worship. These chants bring enlightenment and knowledge • Prat,
~~~~~~~~~ and encourage good actions in both the speaker and the listener. the c
life v
The Supreme Law
pres,
This is the summit of the Scriptural teaching as it relates to daily life be ir
dharma (duty); Do naught to
The Hindu scriptures teach that promoting the welfare of all living his jc
others which, if done to thee,
beings, particularly humanity, is one of Hinduism's highest duties. brav,
could cause thee pain.
Needlessly causing harm or distress to another person is considered a whe1
Mahabharata 5: 1 517
great sin (or paap) in Hinduism.
Hindu teachings applied to personal ACTIVITY
and social experiences
Write out the Supreme Law of
• Honesty - in Chapter 16: 1-3 of the Gita, Krishna describes honesty
Hinduism in your own words.
as one of the virtues of a divine nature.
• Righteousness - the Ramayana describes Bharat, the brother of Which Hindu teaching appeals
Rama, as being righteous. Knowing that his appointment as king to you the most and why?
in place of his brother was wrong, he refused the throne and
acted only as Rama's representative until Rama returned to rule.
• Faith - the story of Shabari in the Ramayana tells of a woman who
showed great faith. On the instruction of her guru, Shabari cleaned Prayerfu I ness
the ashram and collected fruit every day in the hope that Rama Hiranyakasipu ordered that
would pass by. Although it took many years, Shabari never gave rocks be tied to Prahlada so that
up believing that Rama would come. Finally, when the woman was he and the rocks would sink
old, her faith was rewarded with Rama's arrival. to the bottom of the ocean.
Prahlada started praying: 'Glory
• Forgiveness - the Ramayana tells the story of Jayant seeking
to thee, 0 Supreme Being.
forgiveness from Lord Rama. Lord Rama shows mercy and
You as Brahma created this
forgiveness through not killing Jayant, but, as a consequence of
world; as Vishnu, You preserve
karma, he destroys one of his eyes instead.
this world; and as Rudra, You
• Mercy and love for your enemy - Shri Rama is known as the destroy it. Thou art everything,
protector of the Hindu devotees. The Ramayana tells of the great all things are only Your forms.
mercy he showed to his enemy Rawana. Hindus are encouraged to Thou art everywhere, here at
show similar mercy. the bottom of the ocean as
• Faithfulness - Lakshman and Bharat show faithfulness to Rama also in the sky high above. I am
through their support for him while he is in exile. everlasting, imperishable and
• Justice - the story is told in the Ramayana of Bali who tries to kill unchangeable because I am one
his brother, Sugriva, and expel him from the kingdom after Sugriva with Thee.' Thus meditating,
mistakenly traps Bali in a cave. The story goes on to tell how justice Prahlada was lost in prayer and
is done through Rama's killing of Bali. The message of the story is became one with the object of
that justice will prevail. his meditations. At once, the
bonds which bound him were
• Love for God and prayerfulness - Prahlada, the king's son,
burst asunder, the piles of rock
showed utter devotion to the god Vishnu. When his father asked
crumbled into sand and he
him who was greater - the king or God - Prahlada answered
came up floating on the waves.
God, even though this resulted in his father and then his aunt
Bhagavata Purana
trying to kill him. The story shows the importance of love and
devotion to God.
• Dealing with material wealth - Hinduism teaches that material
wealth is secondary to spiritual riches and, though a certain
amount of money is necessary, chasing money and possessions is
a path to destruction. Bharata gave up his status as king and all of
the material wealth that would accompany that in order to support
his brother Rama as the rightful king.
• Protection in danger and courage in fear - Hinduism shows how
the deities can protect us in times of danger. When Lakshman's
life was threatened, Hanuman (the monkey deity) protected and
preserved it by finding the plant that could heal him. We can also
be inspired by Hanuman to show courage in difficult times. During The Ramayana tells the story of Shabari, a
woman who showed great faith. Shabari
his journey to rescue Sita from Sri Lanka, Hanuman nobly and
cleaned the ashram and replaced the fruit
bravely carried out his duty, showing courage and quick thinking in it each day in faith that, one day, Rama
when obstacles were put in his path. would visit.
 The Absolute and
avatars Ge
The
Bra I
Goe
attr
Roles of God fore
but
Hinduism teaches that the Supreme Being, Brahman, encompasses IS CC
In this section you will learn to:
all of life. Brahman can be all things to Hindus. He can fil the role of conr
• explain the statement mother, father, companion and friend. In the words of the Twameva all Ii
'Twameva Maataa Cha Pitaa Maataa mantra, Brahman provides a Hindu with all that they need. und:
Twameva'
Ther
• explain the significance of
Saqi.
the names of God Twameva Maataa prayer
This
• describe God as Nirgun Twameva Maataa, Cha Pitaa Twameva.
attri t
Brahma and Sagun Brahma Twameva Bandhu, Cha Sakha Twameva.
con tr
(unmanifest and manifest) TwamevaVidya, Dravinum Twameva.
by m.
Twameva Sarvam Mama Deva Deva.
• discuss the importance form,
of the attitudes and O God, choo:
qualities of Sagun Brahma You are my mother, you are my father, you are my brother, you such,
(manifestations) in human are my friend, and v,
relationships. You are my wisdom, you are my wealth. able t
Oh! God you are all in all for me. from
of Go,

Significance of the names of God

The Hindu God Brahman has manifested himself as many different ~
Nirg
deities-The most significant of these are the three gods that make up
This
The Twameva Maataa prayer the Brahman Trinity. These avatars or incarnations of God are:
is usually said to end a prayer
session or meditation time or
• Vishnu - the all-prevailing one who sustains and protects life on earth L
to close a religious function. • Brahma - the creator god who made the world
• Mahesh or Shiva - the destroyer or transformer who brings The F
destruction to the earth in order to make way for a new cycle of
The Pa
creation. This is not negative, as rebirth and new beginnings come
lives w
out of destruction.
truth.
and rn.
throug
remove
will dis
fulfilrn.
equal it
on the

The Brahman Trinity is made up of Vishnu, Brahma and Mahesh (Shiva)

God as Nirgun and Sagun Brahma
These are two ways of viewing God in Hinduism. Nirgun
Qualities or attitudes are called
Brahma (literally meaning 'the Absolute without qualities') is
gunas in Sanskrit.
God unmanifest - that is, God devoid of any form, qualities or
attributes. Nirgun Brahma is seen as an impersonal, indescribable
force. He is absolute, all-encompassing, all-powerful and eternal,
but without any physical or tangible qualities. Nirgun Brahma
is considered the Absolute Truth and Hindus constantly seek to
connect with this infinite, indescribable force that lives within
all living things. However, it was felt that Hindus also needed to
understand God on a personal level.
Therefore, the Upanishads put forward the view of God as
Sagun Brahma (literally meaning 'the Absolute with qualities').
This describes Brahman as a personal god made manifest, with
attributes and form. Sagun Brahma is the creator, sustainer. and
controller of the universe. In male form, Saqun Brahma is known
by many names, including lshvara and Parameshvara. In its female
form, Sagun Brahma is known as Durga or Kali. Most Hindus
choose to worship Brahman in physical form as one of the avatars,
such as Krishna or Rama. This is because it is easier to connect with
and worship a personal and physical being than a concept. Being
able to know God in physical form enables Hindus to learn lessons
from the attitudes, actions and teachings of these manifestations
of God.

Nirgun Brahma in the Gita

This whole world is pervaded by me in My Unmanifest form.
Bhagavad Gita 9:4

The Parmatma
The Parmatma is believed by Hindus to be the super soul that
lives within the souls of all living beings and directs them to the
truth. While the soul of a person can become distracted by wealth The Rig Veda il ustrates the roles of atman
and material desires, the Parmatma simply observes. If the soul, (the individual self or soul) and Parmatma
through meditation, can focus away from worldly pleasures and (the super soul) by describing two birds
remove itself from the strains and pressures of daily life, a person on the tree of life. One bird looks on and
is detached (this il ustrates the role of the
will discover that the super soul residing within them can bring
Parmatma) while the other bird eats the
fulfilment and peace. Connecting with the Parmatma brings fruit (this illustrates the role of atman). The
equality as everyone has a super soul and, in this sense, everyone is Parmatma is the ruler, atman is the ruled and
on the same level. they are friends.
 Concept of sin and
liberation In the
reper,
seeks
the ric
again.

Howe,
Sin
sins w
The concept of sin refers to carrying out actions that hinder the soul's destro.
In this section you will learn to:
progress towards moksha. Such actions are called paap or adharma. Adhyaz
• explain the basic concept comes
Dharma, the divine law, stems from Brahman and governs the natural
of sin who h2
and supernatural world. All people move away from this divine law
• discuss how sin affects at times, since humans are imperfect and life is a spiritual struggle. particu,
the quality of life for the This moving away from dharma is called adharma. However, there This de
individual, the society and is no mortal sin that destroys a soul forever and condemns it to hell. shows
the environment Hindus can find atonement (forgiveness) from their sins through nfluenc
• describe how sin affects tapasya. · and d
survival in the present-day ieless
situation Tapasya active c
• explain the concept of Tapasya, also spelled tapas, is the Sanskrit word for heat and refers to :irid des
liberation a person adopting strict morals and undergoing spiritual suffering in
• explain how the freedom of order to achieve a goal. Tapasya often involves a person fasting and Conse
choice and liberation is the denying themselves worldly pleasures. While undergoing tapasya, a
On the
birth right of all person wil seek to connect with Brahman through meditation and
• explain the way out of yoga. Through tapasya a person can 'burn off' negative karma that On an i
bondage through liberation, they have accumulated and eventually move closer to moksha. Dependi
for example Valmiki. reject th
the per
How sin affects the individual,society and
has rep
the environment
peace e

CASE STUDY Paying the price

Ramesh has been comforting his friend, Ranjit. Ranjit's older

What
brother, Su nil, is in trouble with the police for a small-scale robbery.
the c
He got involved with the wrong crowd and allowed himself to be
isolate
I influenced by them. He is very sorry and regrets what he has done.
Nevertheless, he and his family now have to face the consequences
teach

of his actions.
On the
Sunil feels lonely. He feels his paap has separated him from God as
well as affecting his relationship with his family. Sunil is also scared When i
about what may happen to him now. Since it is his first offence, his become
family hope that his punishment will be lenient. accepta
Sunil's mother is very upset. She is ashamed to go out and be seen framewo
in the community because of the shame that her son has brought people
on the family. Su nil's father is angry and disappointed, and the of how
atmosphere at home is very tense. Ranjit and his sister feel that follows./.
they cannot relax at home and that the happiness and fun there of others
once was in their family is gone, at least for now. groups
such pr
Not only is Su nil suffering but, because of his paap, the whole
when p
Paap or adharma can bring distress for the family is paying the price.
person who has committed the sin as well as guidance
their friends and family
In the case study, Sunil is sorry for what he has done. The
repercussions of his actions are affecting the whole family, but if Su nil
seeks forgiveness through tapasya and meditation, and if he follows
the right path in the future, he can lead a fulfilling and full life once
again. Sunil needs to connect his soul (atman) back with God.
However, the Ramayana describes how an individual who continually
sins without repentance may eventually have their humanity
destroyed. This is highlighted in the Bal Kand section of the
Adhyatma Ramayana, in which Rama takes on human form and
comes to earth in order to deal with the many asuras (demons)
who have sprung up as a result of adharma on the earth. Ravana in
particular shows asuric (demon-like) qualities as a result of his sin.
This degeneration spreads to the whole of society. The Lanka Kand
shows how the whole society in which Ravana lives has become
influenced and polluted by his sinful actions. Finally, the Ayodhya
Kand describes how even an environment can become depressed and
lifeless as a result of sin. The account is given of the once vibrant and
active community of Ayodhya and the royal palace becoming grey
and despondent as a result of Rama's unjust exile into the forest.

Consequences of sin
On the individual
On an individual level, sin brings alienation from God and man.
Depending on the seriousness of the sin, friends and family may
reject the person who has committed it or, even if they try to support
the person, the relationship may become strained. Until the person
has repented and sought liberation from their sin, they cannot enjoy
peace either within themselves or with God.

ACTIVITY

What advice would you give to someone, such as Sun ii in

the case study, who had sinned and felt lonely, regretful and
isolated from God and other people? What advice, from Hindu
teachings, could you give to this person?

On the community
When individual sin spreads, and sin within a family or community
becomes commonplace, that community suffers. Boundaries of
acceptable and unacceptable behaviour become blurred and the
framework on which a society is built begins to collapse. When
people no longer have a moral or religious code to follow in terms
of how to treat other people and the environment, suffering soon
follows. A healthy society depends on people thinking of the needs
of others. Social programmes such as youth clubs and family support
groups depend on volunteers. When people think only of themselves
such programmes cannot run and all of society suffers. Also,
when people no longer nurture their spirit, spiritual fulfilment and
guidance is lost.
On society Bone
Sinfulness can also lead to an unhealthy environment as people no • Bon
longer abide by or care about laws that protect the environment, birtt
such as not dropping litter and controlling pollution levels. When frorr
sinfulness takes hold of a society, people think only about that day
• Bon,
rather than protecting the environment for future generations. When
thin
a society degenerates and an environment suffers, disease increases.
Pollution, lack of respect for the environment, dirty living conditions
lirni
earn
and disrespect for the well-being of others all contribute to the
wit!
spread of disease.
the
a chi
to fc
• Libe
min<
you
stror
cont
This
achis
callee
cons,
that.
medi
• Free
how·
the cc
feel a
Dropping one piece of litter may not seem like a sin, but it can become a problem if
• Throu
everybody does it
with
choler
Concept of liberation (moksha)
bond,
The concept of ultimate liberation in Hinduism is known as moksha. of Va
The Indian Hindu leader Swami Vivekenanda has said that in Valmil
Hinduism, the greatest error is to let sin defeat you. In order to be transf
liberated from the sin that holds a person back, the individual must robbei
find oneness with God in all that they think, feel, say and do. They of tho
must fulfil their duties and connect with God's spirit. This connection literal\·
is achieved through meditation. This oneness with God brings mean
liberation from earthly restraints, temptations and influences that can
bind the spirit.

-----------.( The I
The Vedanta recognises no sin it only recognises error. And the-
and
greatest error, says the Vedanta is to say that you are weak, that
your
you are a sinner, a miserable creature, and that you have no
'no I
power and you cannot do this and that.
Swami Vivekenanda, Indian Hindu leader, 1863-1902
Bondage and liberation
• Bondage is being tied to the cycle of
birth and death. Liberation is escape
I'll never pass.
from this cycle through moksha.
• Bondage is viewed as the type of
I don't know where
thinking that causes a person to put to start.
limits on themselves. They think that they
cannot accomplish something or cope
with a situation. Therefore, because of
the negativity of their mind, they do not
achieve their goals or have the strength
to face difficult times.
• Liberation begins with retuning the
mind to think differently, to believe that
you can achieve a goal, that you are
strong and that you do not have to be .
controlled by sin or negative thinking.
This kind of attitude enables a person to
I'm not sure
achieve. There is a state of consciousness
called Sat-Chit-Aanand-Svaroop (blissful if I know the whole
consciousness that cannot be destroyed) answer to that question ~ut
that all Hindus try to achieve through
meditation. This is union with God. I can answer part of it.
• Free wil - every person has a choice over I'll write what I know.
how they live and every person must face
the consequences of what they think,
feel and do.
• Through aligning one's mind and spirit
with God, a person will make the right
choices and achieve liberation from
bondage. This is il ustrated in the story Hinduism teaches that the power of the mind can lead to bondage or
of Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana. liberation. If you think negatively this wil affect your performance, but if you
Valmiki, originally called Valya Koli, use meditation and positive thought you are far more likely to achieve your
transformed himself from a highway goals. This kind of positive thinking can help performance in exams.

robber into a saint through the power

of thought and meditation. He meditated for so long that anthills
literally grew around him, earning him the name Valmiki, which
means 'anthill'.

The word for meditation in Hindi is dhyana. 'Dhya' means 'focus'

and 'na' means 'no'. The aim of meditation is therefore to free
your mind of any focus and be free of any thought. This is called a
'no mind state'.
 tested
Human life issues tree. H1
the tres
He pro,
would (
worshir
The lsla1
LEARNING OUTCOMES The meaning and purpose of life points i,
Islam teaches that knowing (worshipping) God and attaining closeness • Adam
In this section you will learn to:
to Him is the highest purpose of life. Muslims also believe that, on earth.
• discuss the Islamic teaching the earth, they have a duty to represent Allah to others. They are the althou
of the meaning and purpose means by which Allah can carry out His will and show His love. Muslims
• All hui
of life believe that humankind is also appointed by God to care for the world.
to a s]
• discuss the concept of The Qur'an records the angels objecting to God's decision to make men
colour
khilaafah (vicegerency) and and women His representatives on earth due to their failings. However,
49:13
its application to daily life Allah reassures the angels that He knows what they do not.
create
• examine issues related to Muslims believe that Allah has trusted life to them. This does not that m
justice, peace and human mean that people will not make mistakes and get things wrong.
dignity as represented in However, Muslims have a duty to live their life well and in line with
Islam Allah's commands. When mistakes are made, the Qur'an teaches that
Issues
• discuss the responsibilities Allah is merciful. The Qur':
and rights of individuals in conduct·
areas of family life and work
as reflected in Islam Allah the Almighty has said: 'Whosoever shows enmity to a Justice
friend of Mine, I shall be at war with him. My servant does
• describe the concept of Qur'an 4
not draw near to Me with anything more loved by Me than
lbaadah (worship) and its this meai
the religious duties I have imposed upon him, and My servant
impact on daily life done wrc
continues to draw near to Me with supererogatory works so
• analyse the Islamic response that I shall love him. When I love him I am his hearing with the impo
to the social ills and which he hears, his seeing with which he sees, his hand with and desir
inadequacies of society which he strikes, and his foot with which he walks. Were he to
• assess the Islamic answer to ask [something] of Me, I would surely give it to him and were The hea
the socio-economic problems he to ask Me for refuge, I would surely grant him it'. The Our':
of society. Hadith 38 as well as
balance c
actions.
ACTIVITY
For an introduction to Islam, The valu
List three ways the Muslim faith helps to give purpose and
see Section 1, Essentials of meaning to life. On th
religion, starting on page 2. any or
mischi
Vicegerency of man and if
of the
Islam teaches that people are God's representatives (or vicegerents)
The purpose of life on the earth. Muslims are responsible for carrying out God's wil on Messe
And I have not created jinns contim
the earth and showing His rule, love and mercy to others. The Islamic
and mean, except that they term for this is khilaafah. Allah's first vicegerents on the earth. were
should serve (worship) Me. Adam and Eve.
Qur'an 51 :56 This verse
death of c
Adam and Eve in the Qur'an
Allah created Adam and Eve and gave them knowledge so that
they could act as His vicegerents on the earth. Adam and Eve were
tested by Allah through being told not to approach a particular
tree. However, Adam and Eve were persuaded by Satan to approach
the tree. When Adam and Eve repented, Allah forgave them.
He promised that He would guide Adam and Eve and that they
would enjoy His blessing. Their responsibility was to obey and
worship Him.
The Islamic understanding of Adam and Eve presents two important ('-
Behold your Lord said to the ·-
points in Islam:
angels: 'I wil create a vicegerent
• Adam and Eve are equal vicegerents (representatives) of Allah on on earth.' They said: 'Wil You
earth. Therefore, both men and women are equally important, place therein one who will
although they have different roles to play in society. make mischief therein and shed
• All humankind is descended from Adam and Eve. This should lead blood? - while we do celebrate
to a shared humanity and respect for each other, regardless of Your praises and glorify Your
colour of skin, language or ethnicity. This point is emphasised in holy (name)?' He said: 'I know
49: 13 of the Qur'an, which declares that different nations were what you do not know.'
created to know each other and that it is a person's righteousness Qur'an 2:30
that matters to God.

Issuesrelated to value and dignity of human life

The Qur'an contains much teaching on how a Muslim should
conduct themselves. Some of these teachings are considered below.

Justice
Qur'an 4:135 teaches the importance of upholding justice- even if
this means speaking out against family members or friends who have
done wrong, or admitting your own faults. The Qur'an also stresses
the importance of following divine law rather than your own feelings
and desires.

The heavenly and earthly balance

The Qur'an speaks of God's creation of the heavens and the earth,
as well as his control over it. Qur'an 55:7-9 and 57:4 describe the
balance of justice that God has set and his observance of people's
actions.

The value of human life

On that account: We ordained for the Children of Israel that if
any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading
mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people:
and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life
of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our
Messengers with Clear Signs, yet, even after that, many of them
continued to commit excesses in the land.
Qur'an 5:32

This verse highlights the value of a human life through comparing the
death of one person to the death of a whole nation.
 The goals of Shariah
Muslims believe that Shariah law provides all that a person needs in
Peace is integral to Islam and
order to live a righteous life. The goals of Shariah are the preservation
c
references to it can be found
of: human life, dignity, intellect, property, religion and progeny t
throughout the religion.
(offspring). The importance and role of Shariah is outlined in Qur'an le
A name of Allah is As-Salaam-
45: 18 and 57:25. tc
Peace. The Muslim greeting
As Salaamu Alaikum means VI
The concept of peace
'peace be upon you' and A
one of the names of paradise Do no mischief on the earth, after it has been set in order, but call hi
means 'the Abode of Peace'. on Him with fear and longing (in your hearts): for the mercy of 01
However, most importantly, God is (always) near to those who do good. oi
the word 'Islam' means 'peace lo
Qur'an 7:56
and submission' and the word th
'Muslim' means 'one who is Nobility and brotherhoodof man en
peaceful and submissive'. fai
At many points the Qur'an reminds readers that they are all created rel
from a single source and that all people share the same nobility and IS•
rights (see Qur'an 4:1).
Sc
Mercy to the young fo
en
The Qur'an demands that a Muslim show mercy to the young, in th,
particular orphans, who should be cared for until they reach an age A2
where they can care for themselves. Commands regarding children fo:
and orphans can be found in Qur'an 4:6 and 6:151-152. re~
or
Aa
toe

Care for the aged

Your Lord has decreed that
you worship none but Him, and
that you be kind to parents.
Whether one or both of them
attain old age with thee, say not
to them a word of contempt, The Qur'an teaches that Muslims should show mercy to orphans. These orphans are
nor repel them, but address being cared for at an Islamic orphanage.
them in terms of honour. And,
out of kindness, lower to them Care for the sick
the wing of humility and say: Charity is an important concept in Islam and, through the Hadith, Role
'My Lord! Bestow on them Your Muhammad teaches that everyone is able to give something, fami
mercy even as they cherished regardless of their wealth or position in life: visiting the sick is charity, Fa mil
me in childhood.' worshipping Allah is charity, caring for those in need is charity,
Family
Qur'an 17:23-24 speaking out against wrongdoing is charity. In these ways, every
told Ac
Muslim can carry out charitable work.
having
Care for animals and the environment

CASE STUDY Looking to the future

Aadam, aged 14, is involved in a school project to clean up the

local area. He and his classmates have been split into groups
to carry out tasks such as clearing litter, planting shrubs and
vegetables, and setting up water butts to collect rainwater.
Aadam knows that caring for the environment is something that
his faith requires. Allah has appointed humans as his vicegerents
on the earth to care for the environment, plants and animals. One
of the Hadith declares that 'Whoever plants a tree and diligently
looks after it until it matures and bears fruit is rewarded.' And
the Qur'an commands Muslims not to damage or alter Allah's
creation (Qur'an 30:30). Aadam is proud of the importance his
faith places on caring for the environment. But he knows that all
religions teach that caring for the environment is important. This
is one way that different faiths can work together.
Some of Aadam's classmates have put together a presentation
for the local community about the importance of caring for the
environment. The class have invited parents and leaders from
the local community to come along. During the presentation,
Aadam's classmates will give examples of how everyone can care
for the environment and they will explain that it is everyone's
responsibility to protect the earth, whatever religion they follow,
or even if they follow no religion at all.
Aadam and his classmates know that if the world is not looked after
today, then future generations will suffer.

------·.'(':
Care for animals ~
The Prophet was asked if acts
of charity even to the animals
were rewarded by the Almighty.
He replied: 'Yes, there is a
reward for acts of charity to
every beast alive.'
Aadam and his classmates are acting on the Islamic teaching to care
for the environment Hadith

Roles, responsibilities and rights in

family life and work
Family
Family is central to Islamic teaching. When the human race began, Allah
told Adam to procreate (produce children) and Muslims still regard
having children as an important responsibility in order to continue the
 human race and grow the Islam faith. In Islam, each member of the Iba
family has a role to play. It is important for everyone to fulfil their role in
Some people feel that Islam order for the family to function peacefully. Respect of and care for the Per"
suppresses women. However, vulnerable - including children and the elderly- is required by Islam. The1
the Qur'an teaches that 'Women hum
shall have rights over men similar Husband and wife
influ1
to those for men over women' Islam teaches that husbands should protect and support their wives
(Qur'an 2:228). Although and that women should obey their husbands. The Qur'an contains Soci,
the Qur'an does permit light guidelines for disciplining women for wrong behaviour. However, this
correction of women (interpreted
Islam
should always be done kindly and in the best interests of the woman.
by some as a light tap on the
respe
The first action should always be to speak to the woman about her
shoulder), it also commands each
behaviour and give her a chance to change her ways before any other
that women be treated with
partic
discipline is used (4:34).
respect and kindness. • gos
Parents and children
• be'.
The Qur'an teaches that children should respect and honour • be'.
Guidelines for husbands their parent? and care for them in their old age. Islamic teaching
• spy
and wives recognises the important role that parents play in their children's
development and advises that this care is repaid by children when • crit
Men are the protectors and
their parents need them (17:23-25). The C
maintainers of women, because
God has given the one more same
Extended family, relatives and neighbours
(strength) than the other, and
because they support them The Qur'an teaches that Muslims should be kind with their wealth Soi
from their means. Therefore the and their time. A Muslim's first responsibility is to provide for their It i~
righteous women are devoutly parents and family. In addition though, Muslims should care for
We
obedient, and guard in (the others in need such as orphans, travellers and widows, particularly if
Da)
husband's) absence what God these people are fellow Muslims.
spe
would have them guard. As to Employers and employees orp
those women on whose part for
you fear disloyalty and ill- Islam promotes hard work and employment and teaches that all people req
conduct, admonish them (first), should be treated with respect. Employers should respect the rights of tot
(next) refuse to share their beds, their employees and employees should work hard for their employers. thrc
(and last) beat them (lightly); At all times, contractual agreements should be met. AI-Tirmidhi Hadith tho
but if they return to obedience, 2987 says: 'Give the hireling his wages before his sweat dries'.
do not seek against them means
The dignity of labour
(of annoyance): for God is Most
High, Great (above you all). Muhammad is recorded as saying: 'It is better for any of you to take your A Cl
Qur'an 4:34 rope and bring a bundle of wood and sell it (in which case Allah will
guard your honour), than to beg of people, who may give Him or reject Wri
Him'. In other words, a Muslim should always aim to work for their living. teac

ACTIVITY
Salah
Find out more about what
The Q
Islam teaches about the
regula
different roles of family
is not
members. As well as 17:23-25,
rightec
look up 4:34, 2:215 and 66:6.
What do you think the fire Zikr (c
is that 66:6 speaks of? And
in what ways do you think a One o
father could keep his family rem em
safe from this? The Qur'an teaches that Muslims should work hard in honest employment to earn and w
their living practic.
lbaadah and its impact on daily life
Pervasivenessof worship
The Qur'an teaches that the single most important purpose of
humankind is to worship Allah. Serving and worshipping Allah should
influence everything that a Muslim does.

Social ethics and interaction

Islam teaches that people should get along with each other,
respecting one another as fellow human beings and treating
each other in the way in which they would wish to be treated. In
particular, the Qur'an teaches that people should not:
• gossip about each other
• be sarcastic to one another
• be suspicious of each other
• spy or eavesdrop on each other
• criticise one another or put each other down.
The Qur'an often reminds readers that all humankind comes from the
same single source and has equal rights.
(
Social responsibilities
It is not righteousness that you turn your faces toward East or
West; but it is righteousness - to believe in God and the Last Moral behaviour and
Day, and the Angels, and the Book, and the Messengers; to decency
spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for God commands justice, the
orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for those who ask, and doing of good, and liberality to
for the ransom of slaves; to be steadfast in prayer, and practice kith and kin, and He forbids all
regular charity; to fulfil the contracts which you have made; and shameful deeds, and injustice
to be firm and patient, in pain (or suffering) and adversity and and rebellion: He instructs
throughout all periods of panic. Such are the people of truth, you, that you may receive
those who fear God. admonition.
Qur'an 2:177 Qur'an 16:90

ACTIVITY

Write out this verse in your own words, to explain what it

teaches about moral behaviour and decency.

Salah and its relationshipwith human activities

The Qur'an outlines the importance of being humble and of praying
regularly. However, the Qur'an also teaches that prayer on its own
is not enough. Prayer must be accompanied by moral living and
righteous actions in order for Muslims to gain favour with Allah.

Zikr (constantremembrance of God)

One of the teachings of Islam is that Muslims should constantly
remember God and 'celebrate His praises' wherever they may be
and whatever they may be doing. Praying five times each day is one
practical way that Muslims follow this teaching.
 Response to social ills and inadequacies Vio
Child abuse Isla,
a pl
Islam forbids any abuse of power and it has particular guidance on
liker
how parents should treat their children. The Qur'an forbids parents
from killing their children. This may seem extreme but, in the time
pers
in which the Qur'an was written, human sacrifice did occur. This The
teaching also applies to the forbidding of abortion. The Qur'an fod
teaches that parents should provide for their children, love them and agai
treat them fairly. repe
mere
Substance abuse and gambling
The Qur'an makes it clear that Muslims should not drink alcohol or Isla
gamble. Such things are considered to be created by Satan to distract
Muslims from the worship of God and to cause disharmony. Isl an
Som
Poverty
Zak
The Qur'an contains much teaching
on the responsibility of Muslims to Zak2
give generously to those in need. In The
2:268 Allah reminds his followers outli
that, although Satan threatens teac
poverty and tries to convince people m ne
not to show generosity, Allah then
promises his followers forgiveness how
and bounties (rewards). This verse puril
reminds Muslims that God cares for just
them so they can care for others, the
trusting Allah to provide for their time
needs.
Cha
Prejudice and discrimination
Qur'.
• These Muslim volunteers are working through the charity Islamic A Muslim should not speak
Relief to prepare food th err
for families in need badly of others, gossip, defame recei
(attack somebody's reputation), thos
be suspicious towards each other or speak sarcastically to another. othe
Instead, the Qur'an encourages Muslims to deal fairly with one
another and to practise justice. Muslims are warned not to let hatred lnte
of others lead them to sin.
The
beinc
Spousal abuse
Muslims are forbidden to force women to marry, or to treat their Exp
wives harshly. The Qur'an instructs men to treat their wives fairly
Musi
and with kindness. It is rare in the Caribbean for a Muslim to take a
happ
second wife, but for Muslims that do, they should not take anything
can
away from the first wife. Wives are expected to respect and obey
oppc
their husbands. Lewdness or disobedience is a form of spousal
thing
abuse.
allow
Violence and crime
Islam teaches that violence and killing is not acceptable unless this is Islamic teaching on
a punishment for murder or another serious criminal act. The Qur'an alcohol and gambling
likens killing one person to killing all of humanity, and saving one O you who believe! Intoxicants
person to saving all of humanity. and gambling, (dedication
The Qur'an promotes decent, lawful conduct and Shariah law allows of) stones, and (divination by)
for harsh punishments for those who commit crime and wage war arrows, are an abomination - of
against Islam. However, the Qur'an also points out that if a person Satan's handiwork: eschew such
repents, Muslims should remember that God is forgiving and (abomination), that you may
merciful, and they should show these same qualities. prosper. Satan's plan is (but)
to excite enmity and hatred
between you, with intoxicants
Islamic answers to socio-economic problems and gambling, and hinder you
from the remembrance of God,
Islam holds important lessons to enable society to function effectively.
and from prayer: will you not
Some of these are described below.
then abstain?
Qur'an 5:90-91
Zakah
Zakah (compulsory charity) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
The importance of Muslims giving to charity has already been
outlined in Topic 6.3, Major teachings of Islam. The Qur'an
teaches that Muslims should give alms to those
in need as well as being willing to accept alms
themselves if they are in need. Qur'an 9: 103 describes
how taking alms, even from sinful people, can help to
purify and sanctify the giver. Charitable giving does not
just have to involve money. The Qur'an also outlines
the importance of praying for others, and of giving
time and energy to build a good society.

Charity and supportfor the destitute

Qur'an 2:261 describes how those who give of
themselves (through wealth, time and energy) wil
receive back from Allah. This concept of God blessing
those who are willing to give is also present in many Islam teaches that a Muslim should show charity to those
other religions, including Christianity. in need

Interest-free banking
The Qur'an forbids the lending or borrowing of money with interest
being charged. Islam promotes trade but not usury.

Exploitationof labour
Muslims believe that Allah knows all things and decrees what
happens to us in our life on earth. This means that no one
can boast about what they have achieved or despair over
opportunities they have missed as it is God who controls all
things. Muslims should work hard but not exploit others or
allow themselves to be exploited - achievement lies in God's hands.
 The Holy Qur'an
Muf
alth,
peo:
(Kha
to b1
revel
The Qur'an was revealed to Muhammad by the Angel Jibril. It was
·-:'!.'.EARNING OUTCOMES Kha I
revealed in stages over 23 years of Muhammad's life. The Qur'an is
distr
In this section you will learn to: the ultimate authority for Muslims on Islamic doctrine (belief) and law.
beca
• explain the preservation, auth
transmission and compilation
Preservation, transmission and compilation
of the Qur'an
of the Qur'an Narr
t • discuss the importance Muhammad received his first revelation in the cave of Hira outside The<
Makkah while meditating. During this revelation, the Angel Jibril deso
•l of the Arabic language in
understanding the message
of the Qur'an
instructed Muhammad to read. In 96: 1-5 the Qur'an echoes this
command where it instructs people to read and credits Allah with
• the
giving man knowledge, including the knowledge to write. The words • the
• discuss the miraculous nature
of the Qur'an revealed to
that were revealed from Allah to Muhammad through the Angel Jibril • ah
began to be memorised, recorded and compiled during the lifetime
~ Prophet Muhammad Al the
of Muhammad by his companions. The students of Muhammad's
I • discuss the main tenets companions then memorised the Qur'an from the companions. In
appe
presented in the Qur'an this way, the Qur'an was transmitted and preserved. Care was taken The C
• explain the role of to ensure that the words memorised and recorded were the exact (cal le,

l the Hadith as the second

source of guidance along
with the Qur'an
• discuss the teachings of
words of Allah, as received from Muhammad.

Preservation of the Qur'an

It is vitally important to Muslims that the Qur'an is preserved and
or tee

The t
Musli1
the Qur'an and Hadith on protected. Muha
daily life. from
• Many Muslims read the entire Qur'an each month in order to
memorise its words. The Q
I • Usually from around the age of six Muslim children begin learning with c
ACTIVITY the Qur'an. consid
• Some Muslim children have memorised the Qur'an by age seven. Qur'ar
Memorisation is not just a makes
Muslim practice. Jews and • The Qur'an is memorised in Arabic since this is the original
manus
I Christians often memorise
favourite or significant parts of
language it was transmitted in.
• Oral transmission is the most important mode of transmission
their scriptures too. Have a go and preservation of the Qur'an. The Qur'an in written form is
The<
yourself. Try memorising some reve
I of the verses from the Qur'an
an additional means of preservation and comes second to oral
transmission. Muslir
that are given in this guide - it proph
I may be useful to quote these in
• Memorisation means that, even if the printed Qur'an disappears,
the words of the Qur'an can never be lost. Putting the words of the who v
your exam.
I Qur'an into practice is another way of preserving its teachings. Muha
Can you think of some benefits • Ultimately, whatever human efforts are made, Allah gives assurance The Q
of having the Qur'an written that He Himself will preserve and protect the Qur'an. For this (the P
down as well as it being reason, Muslims believe its words are indestructible. one a

'
transmitted and preserved fact tr
orally? Transmission and compilation of the Qur'an discre]
I During Muhammad's life the Prophet recited new sections of the so met
it to b
Qur'an as they were revealed to him. His followers then learnt these
revelations and wrote them down. Records show that 29 scribes tea chi
wrote down Muhammad's revelations throughout his life. By the time they V
Muhammad died (632cE) the entire Qur'an had been written down,
although not collated together. As time passed, and many of the
people who had memorised the Qur'an died, Muhammad's successor
(Khalifah), Abu Bakr, decided that the teachings of the Qur'an needed
to be preserved. The Khalifah ordered that all of Muhammad's
revelations be compiled into one complete work. Years later, the third
Khalifah, Uthman, ordered that copies be made of the Qur'an and
distributed around the Muslim world. This official copy of the Qur'an
became known as the Uthmani manuscript. This is considered the
authentic reference point for all future copies. The Qur'an was originally written in Arabic.
Muslims believe that all other language
Names, attributesand structureof the Qur'an versions reveal only the Qur'an's meaning
rather than being the Qur'an itself.
The Qur'an is described in many different ways, which help to
describe its attributes (qualities) including:
• the Criterion (a principle or standard that something is judged by) And we have indeed made th)~
• the Message Qur'an easy to understand and
remember: then is there any
• a healing or a mercy.
that will receive admonition?
Although not a name or attribute of the Qur'an, the initials ALM Qur'an 54:40
appear frequently in the Qur'an. Their meaning is known only to Allah.
The Qur'an is organised into chapters (called surahs) and verses
(called ayahs). This enables people to easily refer to particular sections
or teachings in the Qur'an. The true and well-formulated --
c
message of your Lord has now
The Arabic language as the language of the Qur'an been completed, and none is
Muslims believe that the Qur'an remains exactly as it was revealed to able to change it.
Muhammad. It is forbidden to add to, change or take away anything Qur'an 6: 115
from the recorded revelation of Allah that forms the Qur'an.
The Qur'an has been translated into many different languages, often
with commentaries to help explain its meaning. These versions are
considered to be interpretations of the Qur'an rather than being the
Qur'an itself. In 43:2-3 the Qur'an describes itself as a 'book that
makes things clear - written in Arabic.' For Muslims, only the Arabic
manuscript is the Holy Qur'an itself.
There are different types of
Arabic writing in the Qur'an
The Qur'an as the Permanent Miracle including:
revealed to Muhammad
• Faseeha and Fusha - pure
Muslims believe that Allah has performed miracles through all of the Arabic language. Fusha is
prophets (e.g. parting the Red Sea through Moses and healing those the classical (purer) form of
who were ill through Jesus), but the Qur'an, revealed to Prophet Arabic language and Faseeha
Muhammad, is considered by Muslims to be the greatest miracle. is the modern standard
The Qur'an responds to those who doubt that it is kalaamullah Arabic language (used in
(the Perfect Words of Allah) by challenging them to compose even newspapers etc.). The Qur'an
one ayah (verse) to compare to the Qur'an's words. It highlights the is written in Fusha Arabic.
fact that the Qur'an is perfectly composed and does not contain • Balaga - rhetoric or poetic
discrepancies as proof that its words come from God. The Qur'an is expression in the Arabic
sometimes referred to as the Permanent Miracle as Muslims believe language.
it to be Allah's final revelation. Muslims claim that its profound Uloomul Qur'an is a science of
teachings and guidance remain as relevant today as they were when the Qur'an itself.
they were first revealed and will still be in the future.
 Writingsrecorded in the Qur'an •w
Scientific (creation) The revelations recorded in the Qur'an contain direct teaching, for • th
writing in the Qur'an example 4: 163-165, as well as historical accounts of conversations -th
And We have set on the earth and incidents. An example is the conversation between Moses Ql
mountains standing firm, lest and Pharaoh recorded in Qur'an 26. Archaeological and historical • to
it should shake with them, and discoveries are also recorded in the Qur'an:
• to
We have made therein broad • In the first verses of Qur'an 30 the defeat of the Roman Empire is
highways (between mountains) recorded - a prediction that later came true.
for them to pass through: that The
• In Qur'an 10 the account is given of Pharaoh's life being saved as a
they may receive guidance. And The
sign of Allah's power.
We have made the Heavens as

• a canopy well guarded: yet do

they turn away from the Signs
• Qur'an 11 records Noah and the flood.
Finally, the Qur'an contains scientific writing and facts that point to
The I
Muh
lslarr

'
which these things (point to)! Allah's creation, power and control of the universe. Examples include:
ofth
Qur'an 21:31-32 • an accurate description of.the foetus in a time when there was no from
scientific knowledqe of this influ:
• wind being used as a means of pollination. cant
Muh,
The Qur'an points out that animals and plants are made by God and
shou
provide humankind with food and drink. The Qur'an also il ustrates
Allah's rule by pointing out the details of creation.
The I
Alone
Main tenets of the Qur'an
In Qu
The Qur'an contains some tenets or principles on which its teachings assigr
stand, which are outlined below. you'.
teachi
Views of Allah encou
The Qur'an depicts Allah as the one eternal God - all-knowing and disput
all-powerful - who guards and directs his creation, particularly
humankind. Qur'an 2:255 describes Allah: The c1

God! There is no god but He, the Living, the Self-subsisting, The ac
Eternal. No slumber can seize Him, nor sleep. His are all things in went 1
from 1
the heavens and on earth.
result:
Qur'an 2:255 collec

Views of man In ord

The Qur'an states that mankind's origins come from God, who • The
..
-----c-- created man from a clot of blood and created a mate for him so as
to populate the earth. Muslims believe that all human beings are
• The
Instructions to Muslims • The
on fair dealing descendants of Adam. The purpose of humankind is to worship God
The a,

,
so that all nations and people will live in peace and harmony (Qur'an
Woe to those that deal in chain
fraud -
49: 13). The creation of different races, different-coloured skin and
narrat
different languages is seen as a sign of Allah's power and creativity.
Those who, when they have to then t
Finally, and arguably the tenet that all of the Islamic faith is based on,
receive by measure from men,
is that humankind is made to worship God. All of
exact full measure.
that n
I But when they have to give by
measure or weight to men, give
Views of life make
less than due The Qur'an contains teachings and laws for all aspects of life, to of the
Qur'an 83:1-3 enable people to live peacefully with God and with each other. Some of Mu
of the areas that the Qur'an contains clear instructions on are: accorc
• what a Muslim can and cannot eat (Qur'an 5:3)
• that a person should follow the religion of Islam (Qur'an 3: 19, 85)
• that humankind should follow the regulations and teachings of the
Qur'an and not their own vain desires (Qur'an 5:47-49)
• to abstain from using drugs or alcohol (Qur'an 5:90-91)
• to deal fairly in trade and business (Qur'an 83:1-3).

The Hadith: the second source of guidance

The relationship between the Qur'an and the Hadith
The Hadith is a record of the sayings, actions and approvals of
Muhammad. It is the second most important reference point for
Islamic doctrine and guidance after the Qur'an. Although the words
of the Hadith are not viewed as part of Muhammad's revelation
from Allah, the Qur'an states that all of Muhammad's words are
influenced by God. Therefore, whatever Muhammad says or does
can be used for instruction and guidance. Qur'an 4:64 states that
Muhammad is God's messenger and that both God and Muhammad
should be obeyed.
The Qur'an contains clear instructions about
what Muslims may and may not eat. Many
The Hadith as a source of Islamic law Caribbean islands contain halal shops selling
food permitted for Muslims to eat.
Along with the Qur'an, the Hadith is used as a source of Islamic law.
In Qur'an 59:7 Muslims are instructed to 'take what the Messenger
assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from
you'. In other words, Muslims are expected to look to Muhammad's
teachings and example as their guide in life. Qur'an 4:58-59
encourages Muslims to look to Muhammad's teaching to solve
disputes and for guidance on matters of justice.
Many people have compiled
The collection and classification of the Hadith Hadith, but An-Nawawi's 40
Hadith is the most well known.
The actions and teachings of Muhammad chosen to form the Hadith It is a selection of 42 Hadith
went through a selection procedure to discern genuine recordings that the scholar An-Nawawi
from those that were false. Two genuine collections of Hadith chose, considering them
resulted. These are known as the Bukhari collection and the Muslim the most important Hadith
collection. in Islam. He believed that,
In order to be genuine, a Hadith was required to meet three criteria: together, these Hadith give
guidance on a broad spectrum
• The narrators must have met each other. of important issues in life.
• The narrators must not be known to be liars or evil doers.
• The narrators must be known to have strong memories.
The authenticity of the Hadith is decided by looking mainly at its
chain of narrators (sanad). Once it can be ascertained that what the
narrators are reporting is truthful, without any breakage in the chain,
then that Hadith is considered genuine.

All of Muhammad's words, practices, habits and approvals

that regulate Islamic belief and practice can be considered to
make up the Sunnah. The Sunnah contains the Hadith (narrations
of the sayings and actions of Muhammad) as well as an account
of Muhammad's way of life. The Hadith are graded by scholars
according to their reliability into the following classifications:
 • Sahih - sound So
• Hasan - good Re:
• Da'if - weak or infirm ha:
dis
ACTIVITY to'.
How do you think the Hadith were recorded and kept alive? alsc
(49
ant
Teachingsof the Qur'an and the Hadith • a
for daily life
• m
Daily conduct • st
The Hadith have a lot to say about good conduct and righteous
()1 living. Hadith 20 instructs that our conscience play a part in
Pun
Good will wipe out bad · "\ bef
Fear Allah wherever you are, and controlling our deeds. Hadith 24 goes on to say that we can all
Mu
follow up a bad deed with a show acts of charity through the things we say and do and the way
in r
good one and it will wipe it out, we treat others. Hadith 34 contains specific instructions for how a
Muslim should respond to evil and wrongdoing. The
and behave well towards people.
ord
Hadith 18
Prayer and worship abo
exa
Islam, like all other religions, requires its followers to have faith in
what cannot be seen. The Qur'an teaches that those who exercise
such faith through prayer are rewarded and that Allah hears all
prayers uttered. The Hadith contain teaching on how a Muslim
should pray, and the Qur'an explains how to prepare for prayer in
unusual circumstances, such as when travelling (4:43). The overall
message on prayer and worship, from the Qur'an and Hadith, is that
Muslims should constantly remember God (zikr), pray often (salah)
and come to Allah with their needs (dua).

CASE STUDY Broken promises ,;.. I ,

Day
Maryam has been mean to her best friend Sarah. Now Sarah will
The
not speak to her and both girls are feeling sad.
such
Marya m's mother reminded Maryam of the lesson that Hadith 18
teaches - that wrong deeds should always be followed up by good • Q
deeds. Maryam also remembers the verses she read in the Qur'an H
last week about speaking well (17:53). Maryam is sorry that she m
was mean to Sarah, but she is grateful for the guidance of the m
Qur'an. She is doing what she can to put things right. • M
Maryam has written Sarah a letter to apologise and has invited her th
over for dinner. Maryam has also used some of the money she has •Th
been saving to buy Sarah a friendship bracelet. All Maryam can do tim
now is wait - and hope that Sarah will remember the Qur'an and be
Hadith teachings on forgiveness! un
• Th
• Th
24
Had
Hadith 18 teaches that a wrong deed is an
should be followed up by a good deed shou
Social responsibility
ACTIVITY
Respecting and taking seriously your social responsibility creates
Using some of the references
harmony in society. Where people do not practise social responsibility,
from the Qu'ran and Hadith
disharmony and chaos can quickly build. The Qur'an has much
in this topic, write up a brief
to say about how to act with social responsibility (17:22-37). It
also contains guidance for how to respond to wrong behaviour instruction sheet for humanity
(49:6-13). Hadith 14 teaches that there are three instances of based on Islamic teaching.
antisocial behaviour where a Muslim can be punished. These are:
• adultery
• murder
• stealing.
Punishment helps a person to take their sin seriously and think twice
before committing the act again. It also acts as a deterrent to others.
Muslims are required to follow the law of the land in which they live
in relation to forms of punishments.
The Qur'an speaks much more about what Muslims should do in
order to live a righteous life and create a harmonious society, than
about how the unrighteous should be punished. Below are two
examples of Hadith on social responsibility.

Righteousness is good morality, and wrongdoing is that which

wavers in your soul and which you dislike people finding out
about.
Hadith 26

None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what
he wishes for himself.
Hadith 13

Day-to-day life
The Qur'an and Hadith contain much guidance on day-to-day issues
such as diet, dress, sexuality, homes, art and entertainment:
• Qur'an 5:3-5 instructs Muslims on what they are permitted to eat.
Hunted animals may be eaten, but they must still be halal. Pork,
meat that contains blood, or animals slaughtered by non-halal
means are not permitted.
• Muslims are only permitted to marry other Muslims or 'People of
Teaching on responding
the Book' (Jews and Christians).
to evil
• The Qur'an requires modest dress and commands that at certain
Whosoever of you sees an
times of day members of a household should seek permission
evil action, let him change it
before approaching their elders (as they may be in a state of
with his hand; and if
undress).
he is not able to do so, then
• The Qur'an encourages dining in each other's homes.
with his tongue; and if he is not
• The Qur'an states that there is no shame in disability (Qur'an able to do so,
24:61 ).
then with his heart; and that is
Hadith 6 summarises the law for Muslims by stating that, if there the weakest of faith.
is any doubt about whether something is lawful or not, a Muslim Hadith 34
should avoid it.
 The concept of Allah
(God) Jaco
guid
scrip
folio
warr
(Qur
, LEARNINGOUTCOMES Concept of Tawhid
The
The concept of Tawhid in Islam is the belief that there is just one God.
In this section you will learn to:
This God (Allah) that Muslims worship is the same God that appeared Our',
• discuss the concept of Tawhid before Abraham and is also the God of the Jews and the Christians othe,
• explain belief in the angels (Qur'an 2: 133). The Qur'an teaches that those Muslims who practice Mus,
worship, prayer and righteousness wil be honoured by God and as Ex
• explain belief in the divine
inherit paradise after this life. rmpo
scripture
the fi
• discuss the concept of The following are the three aspects to Tawhid.
from
prophethood writir
Tawhid al Rububiyyah (Unityof Lordship}
• explain belief in the hereafter befor
• explain belief in AI-Qadr Say, He is God, the One and Only; revels
(divine decree) God, the Eternal, Absolute;
He begets not, nor is He begotten; The c
• examine the relationship
And there is none like unto Him.
between Allah and His Islam
servants. Qur'an 112:1-4 and J
and I:
Tawhid al Ulluhiyyah(Unity of worship} New·
Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him, and that 6:82-
you be kind to parents. Zech;
and c
Qur'an 17:23

Tawhid al Asma wa al Sifaat (Unity of His names and Anc

attributes) offs
God! There is no god but He! To Him belong the Most Beautiful are
Names.
ACTIVITY
Qur'an 20:8
Look up Qur'an 23:1-9 and
Attri
70:22-34. What are some Belief in the angels
of the specific actions and • The
Islam teaches that angels were created by light. It was an angel (Jibril)
attitudes of Tawhid that God slep
who brought the message of the Qur'an to Muhammad. The Qur'an
will honour and reward? • Pro]
describes the angels as constantly worshipping Allah and having
wings. In 4:97 the Qur'an describes how angels completely follow ther

-------t"--o
But verily over you (are
Allah's commands, including overseeing punishment of those who do
not follow Allah's commands. It is also the duty of angels to take the
souls of those who die (Qur'an 4:97) and to record the words and
• Pro
for<
repe
appointed angels) to protect actions of humans. The Qur'an describes two angels watching over •Apr
you - Kind and honourable - every person and writing down everything that person says or does
writing down (your deeds): (Qur'an 50:17-18). The r
They know (and understand) all
Allah
that you do. Belief in divinescripture
to the
Qur'an 82:10-12 The conceptof revelation prophi
The Qur'an repeatedly speaks of how Allah has given revelation before
(wahi) to God's messengers and prophets, including Nuh, Ibrahim, and ju
Jacob, Solomon and Isa (Qur'an 4:163). These revelations are to
guide Muslims and to confirm previous revelations. Since these
scriptures are believed to be divine, it is important for Muslims to
follow and obey the instructions contained in them. The Qur'an
warns what will happen to anyone who fakes revelation from Allah
(Qur'an 6:93).

The previous books and the Qur'an as the final revelation

Qur'an 6 describes how Allah gave messages and guidance to people
other than Muhammad - prophets such as Ibrahim, Isaac, Nuh,
Musa and Dawud. Muslims also believe that previous 'books', such
as Exodus (containing the Ten Commandments) and the Psalms, are
important and sacred. However, Muslims believe that the Qur'an is
the final revelation and the only scripture that has not been altered
from the original revelation. In 92:6, the Qur'an declares that its
writings are a confirmation of all the revelations that have come
before. The Qur'an describes itself as the final and 'most accurate'
revelation from God (17:9).

The concept of prophethood ACTIVITY

Islam believes in the same Old Testament prophets that Christianity
Which divine scriptures do
and Judaism recognise. Muslims also believe that John the Baptist
Christianity, Judaism and Islam
and Isa (Jesus), whose words and actions are recorded in the biblical
share? Make a table comparing
New Testament, were prophets appointed by Allah. In Qur'an
them.
6:82-90, prophets including Dawud, Solomon, Nuh, Ibrahim,
Zechariah, John and Isa are recognised as having been given favour
and guidance by Allah.

Q)i
And indeed, We sent Nuh and Ibrahim, and placed in their ·~
offspring prophethood and Scripture. And among them there
are some who are guided; but many of them are rebellious.
Qur'an 57:26 (Tafsir lbn Kathir translation)

Attributesand qualitiesof prophets

• The prophets were normal people who walked, talked, ate and
slept like anyone else (Qur'an 25:20).
• Prophets give glory and praise to Allah rather than seeking it for
themselves (Qur'an 3:79-80).
• Prophets' words should be obeyed. Prophets have the right to ask
for God's forgiveness on behalf of those who come to them in
repentance (Qur'an 4:64).
• A prophet is always trustworthy (Qur'an 3: 161 ).

The role of prophets

Allah called His prophets to bring both glad tidings and warnings
to the nations of earth. The Qur'an also states that Allah gave the
prophets revelation, which is the Qur'an and the Books that came This is the cave in the mountains near Makkah
where Muhammad is believed to have
before it, to reveal the truth and by which disputes could be settled
received his first revelation
and judgements made.
 Prophet Muhammad th
w
Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final and most important
The abbreviation PBUH,
prophet. He came to complete the revelation from God that
that Muslims write after
had begun with the prophets before him. The Qur'an describes The C
Muhammad's name, stands for
Muhammad's message as universal (Qur'an 34:28) and describes everyt
Peace Be upon Him, and shows
Muhammad as the Messenger of God and Seal of all the Prophets
recognition of Muhammad as a
(Qur'an 33:40), a sanctifier and instructor (Qur'an 62:2), as having
prophet.
God and the angels' blessings (Qur'an 33:56) and as an example to
follow (Qur'an 33:21). By studying Muhammad's life (known as his
seerah or 'journey') Muslims believe that Muhammad's prophethood
(divine role and purpose) is revealed.

Belief in the hereafter

Death and immortality of the soul
The Qur'an states that every human body and soul wil die but be
resurrected on the Day of Judgement. The Qur'an points out that a
person only dies when God wills it (3:145). On the Day of Judgement,
a person will be judged according to their actions. Through the mercy
and compassion of Allah, those who have worshipped God and lived
their life well will enter the garden of paradise. It is the purpose of
a Muslim's life on earth to love God and fulfil the requirements to
enter heaven. Those that have served God in their life on earth wil be
Muslims
rewarded in the life to come.
the wor]
Qur'an 102 warns of the dangers of being distracted by the riches
and pleasures of this world, which lead to death. In 23: 100, the Rewar
Qur'an makes it clear that no one will be permitted to revisit the The Qu
earth after their death to put right any wrongs they have committed. for sinn
After death, a person remains in the grave until the time comes for how pn
them to be judged. This time is called the barzakh. Islam teaches people
that everyone wil have to give an account of their actions in the God an,
hereafter - no one can escape the judgement of Allah. be puni
who ha
The Last Days
entering
There are a number of Hadith that describe what will happen on
reclin
earth before the Last Day comes:
the s
• Increased fighting: 'The world wil not come to an end until a da, the (C
would come to the people on which there wil be general massac-e there
------'b,..- and bloodshed.' (Muslim collection)
The Last Days on earth • Destruction: 'Great cities will be ruined and it will be as if they
When the sky is cleft asunder; had not existed the day before.' (AI-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Al-Burhan fi Belief
When the stars are scattered; Alamat al-Mahdi Akhir al-Zaman)
Muslims
When the oceans are suffered • Earthquakes: 'The hour (Last Day) will not be established until ... in the S
to burst forth; earthquakes wil be very frequent.' (Bukhari collection) without
And when the graves are turned
There are also more specific signs of the last days, such as the coming record
upside down;
of the antichrist (Masih-ad-dajjaal), the du khan (smoke) and the rising not kno
(Then) shall each soul know
I what it has sent forward and
(what it has) kept back
of the sun in the west. The verses opposite describe what will happen
on earth in the Last Day. The Qur'an though also gives assurance that,
Howevs
about v
Qur'an 82:1-5
although the world will seem in turmoil, Allah will remain in control: Allah h
speaks
 the whole of the earth will be but His handful, and the heavens
will be rolled up in His Right Hand
Qur'an 39:67

The Qur'an then goes on to describe two trumpet blasts when

everything in heaven and on earth will swoon (faint) before God.

Muslims believe that more frequent natural disasters, along with increasedfighting in
the world over the last century, are signs that the Last Days are not far away
ACTIVITY
Reward and punishment
Muslims believe that divine
The Qur'an warns that, on the Day of Judgement, it wil be too late
decree is not an excuse to
for sinners to repent and plead for mercy. Qur'an 39:69-75 tells
commit wrong and blame
how prophets and witnesses will be allowed to make intercession for
God's will, since no one knows
people to enable them to enter Paradise. Those who have rejected
in advance what is ordained. A
God and have ignored the signs and messages that He has sent wil
person simply chooses to take
be punished for eternity in hell - a place of fierce fire (77:31 ). Those
an action or not. However, the
who have feared God and accepted His messages wil be rewarded by
tension between predestination
entering the Gardens of heaven where they wil
and divine or free will is
recline in the (Garden) on raised thrones, they wil see neither something that many people
the sun's (excessive heat) nor excessive cold. And the shades of struggle with.
the (Garden) will come low over them, and the bunches of (fruit)
To help you explore these
there will hang low in humility.
tensions, draw up a table.
Qur'an 76:13-14 On one side write all of the
arguments you can think of
Belief in AI-Qadr (Divine Decree) to support an Islamic view of
Muslims believe that Allah knows and wil s all things - on the earth, free will (e.g. if it was not for
in the sea and in the heavens no creature, plant or even grain exists free wil , surely Allah would
without Allah's knowledge. The Qur'an speaks of God keeping a make everyone Muslim) and
record of all things (22:70) and of no event occurring that God did on the other side write all of
not know about in advance (57:22). the reasons you can think of
. to support predestination (e.g.
However, God's involvement does not stop with Him simply knowing what is the point of Allah's
about what will happen on the earth. The Qur'an describes how power if he cannot control
Allah has a Divine Will that is played out on earth. Qur'an 2:253 anything?).
speaks of God's plan being fulfilled through generations fighting over
 their differing beliefs. The Qur'an declares that if God had so willed, Sa,
He could have stopped the fighting. In 82:29 we learn that a person
Altf
There are four levels of AI-Qadr: only has free will to make their own decisions because God gives that
for
will. We are all ultimately subject to God's will over whether we live
1 Allah's knowledge of all ill O
or die, whether the earth continues or ends, even our choice to do
things the,
something or not, comes from God.
it al
2 Allah's irresistible will The Qur'an describes how God alone made the earth, without help the,
3 Allah writing everything from a partner or a begotten son (as is believed in Christianity). Not drin
down only did God create all things, including human beings, but He also perr
sustains all things - choosing when life should come to an end. All is not
4 Allah's command over all
under God's divine decree. fort
things
Relationship between Allah and His servants
c
lbaadah(worship)
N1
As outlined at various points in this guide, Muslims believe that their
H,
purpose in life is to worship God - that is why they were made. This
ar
point is repeatedly made in the Qur'an. But the Qur'an is specific
about the type of worship that people should bring to God. Muslims H,
should be sincere in their devotion to God and should pray regularly. pi
But it is not enough simply to show devotion to Allah through w,
their words. Muslims should worship through their actions: giving he
This is the Book; in it is Fi1
regularly to charity and showing kindness to others.
guidance sure, without doubt,
In
to those who fear Allah.
Sa/ah (prayers) WI
Who believe in the Unseen, are loc
steadfast in prayer, and spend The Qur'an outlines the importance of regular prayer in maintaining a
th,
out of what We have provided sure and strong faith. Frequently the Qur'an uses the word 'steadfast'
when it speaks of prayer - encouraging people to pray patiently and at
for them.
with perseverance. M1
Qur'an 2:2-3
co
The Qur'an also gives practical guidance for how to approach prayer:
th,
• A person's mind should be clear. he
------0 • A person's body should be pure (having undergone wudu). In

How and when to pray • If a person is travelling or il or has come from a place of impurity
Celebrate (constantly) the and is unable to find water, clean sand or earth can be rubbed on
praises of your Lord, before the the face and hands to cleanse the person before prayer.
rising of the sun, and before its
As well as telling a person that they should pray and giving guidance
setting; yes, celebrate them for
on how to pray, the Qur'an describes the benefits of prayer:
part of the hours of the night,
and at the sides of the day: that
for prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds; and
you may have (spiritual) joy.
remembrance of God is the greatest (thing in life) without doubt.
Qur'an 20:130 And God knows the (deeds) that you do.
Qur'an 29:45

~ Zakah (charity)
And be steadfast in prayer
and regular in charity: and Just as the Qur'an requires Muslims to practice regular prayer, so it
whatever good you send forth also instructs followers to practice regular charity. The Qur'an goes on
for your souls before you, you to promise that God sees all and that we wil be rewarded for what
shall find it with Allah, for Allah we do for others (2: 11 O). Muslims should not be choosy about who
sees well all that you do. they show charity to. The Qur'an states that a person should show
Qur'an 2:110 charity not just to their family and friends but to 'those who ask' During
(2:177) - in other words, anyone! forgiver
Sawm (fasting)

Although fasting during Ramadan is a requirement of the Qur'an Fasting helps to teach self-
for Muslims, it is not meant to cause undue suffering. If anyone is
restraint. Many people also
ill or travelling, pregnant or too young or old to complete the fast, find that it helps them to focus
they are excused. They may make up the fast at a later date or miss
on spiritual matters if they are
it altogether and feed a poor Muslim for every day of the fast that
free from attending to bodily
they miss instead. During Ramadan Muslims are permitted to eat and
needs and desires. It is not just
drink between nightfall and daybreak. Husbands and wives are also
Muslims that fast, fasting is
permitted to partake in sexual relations during this time, although
a common practice in many
not if they are taking part in retreats (l'tikaaf) in mosques, which last
religions.
for the final 10 days of Ramadan (Qur'an 2: 183-185, 187).

CASE STUDY I Trip of a lifetime

Next year, Muhammad will be celebrating Eid ul Adha during

Hajj with his dad. Muhammad is already busy planning the trip
and he is getting very excited!
Hajj is an opportunity to be part of a group of millions of
pilgrims from all around the world who have come together to
worship Allah and obey the Prophet's command. It is also an
honour for Muhammad to know that he will have completed the
Fifth Pillar of Islam.
In line with the Qur'an's instructions, Muhammad and his father
will sacrifice a goat during Hajj. Muhammad is particularly
looking forward to praying at the base of Mount Arafat (where
the Prophet gave his farewell sermon) and to camping overnight
at Muzdalifa.
Muhammad will use the time during Hajj to renew his
commitment to Allah, to ask for forgiveness for his sins and to
thank Allah for the privileges he enjoys. Muhammad knows that
he is lucky. Not everyone will have the money or the opportunity
in their lifetime to carry out Hajj.

During the Day of Arafat, Muslims spend all day at Mount Arafat seeking God's
forgiveness and devoting themselves to Islam
 Concept of sin,
punishmentand reward • be,
• she
Actio
these

-~[EARNING OUTCOMES Concept of sin The

The Qur'an describes human beings as the best of Allah's creation. On ti
In this section you wil learn to:
Although the Qur'an points out man's foolishness and injustice, man
• explain the concept of sin has been entrusted with God's blessing and with knowledge. Qur'an Musli
• discuss the effects of sin on 33:72 describes how God's trust was offered first to the earth and escap
the mountains, but they did not take it. Trust was then offered to earth
the individual, society and
man, who took it. deqrz
the environment
again
• describe the impact of Muslims believe that human beings are born in a state of fitrah desol,
taqwah (piety) and ihsan (natural purity), untainted by sin. follov
(excellence)
This is upheld by verses such as 7:29 in the Qur'an that states:
• analyse the progression On sc
of spirituality in attaining Say: 'My Lord has commanded justice; and that you set your
whole selves (to Him) at every time and place of prayer, and call Islam
closeness to Allah.
upon Him, making your devotion sincere as in His sight: such as indivi:
He created you in the beginning, so shall you return' functi
poor,
Qur'an 7:29
Convs
However, this sinless state is blemished by the sinful world that troub
humans are born into, by learned behaviour from family and friends, struct
and through the selfishness and spiritual darkness in society. to the
painfL
The two types of sin turn a
The purpose of human beings, along with the rest of creation, is to
submit to the creator, Allah. The word 'Islam' comes from the Arabic
word 'aslarna'. which means 'submission to God'. However, the
()i Qur'an gives account of how humans have deviated (turned away
The Day of Judgement ·~ from) the divine purpose that Allah has given them. The Qur'an
and personal responsibility teaches that each person must answer for their own sin on the Day of
Every man's fate We have Judgement. The Qur'an describes two types of sin:
fastened on his own neck: On • An omission - what a person has failed to do or has done without
the Day of Judgement We shall thinking. Sins of omission include speaking without knowledge
bring out for him a scroll, which about holy matters, losing your temper, failing to keep the Five
he will see spread open. (It wil Pillars (e.g. daily prayers, fasting during Ramadan) and gossiping
be said to him:) 'Read your about people.
(own) record: sufficient is your
• A commission - a planned sin, something wrong that a person has
soul this day to make out an
planned and purposefully done. Sins of commission include actions
account against you.'
such as murder, stealing or adultery. Islam te,
Who receives guidance, receives disconte
it for his own benefit: who goes Major and minor sins
astray does so to his own loss: On th,
~ no bearer of burdens can bear The Qur'an recognises that there are major and minor sins, and
Islam t
the burden of another: nor punishment is given out accordingly. Qur'an 53:32 declares that
that hi
'Those who avoid great sins and shameful deeds, only (falling into)
I would We visit with Our Wrath
until We had sent a Messenger small faults -verily your Lord is ample in forgiveness'. Qur'an 17:23-38
the ea,
and ca
(to give warning). outlines various practices that Muslims should follow, including:
When
Qur'an 17:13-15 • being kind to parents living c
• showing humility
• being responsible with money
• showing fairness and justice in business dealings.
Actions such as adultery, murder and stealing are considered major sins -
these things are described as 'hateful in the sight of your Lord' (17:38).

The effects of sin

On the individual
Muslims are instructed to avoid sin, not only to please Allah and
escape punishment in the afterlife, but also to benefit their lives on
earth. Islam teaches that sin leads to moral, spiritual and physical
degradation. The Qur'an describes how 'Those who invent a lie
against God wil never prosper' (10:69) and describes the spiritual
desolation, meaninglessness and lack of reward for those who do not
follow Allah's signs and commands (6: 125, 7: 146-147).

On society
Islam teaches that the effects of sin go beyond affecting the
individual. The moral code laid out in the Qur'an enables society to
function effectively. When people respect each other, care for the
poor, work hard, do not steal and act fairly, all of society benefits.
Conversely, when many people sin and ignore Allah's commands,
trouble filters through the whole of society, affecting its values and
structure. In 30:41 the Qur'an describes the mischief that sin brings
to the world, but describes how God uses this turmoil to show the
painful results of sin. The hope is that this wil encourage people to
turn away from sinful acts.

Earth Day is on 22 April - a

UN-designated day when
people of all different races and
Islam teaches that sin brings pain and trouble to the whole of society - breeding religions, including Muslims,
discontent, wrong behaviour and intolerance come together around the
world to take action and raise
On the environment awareness on environmental
Islam teaches that Allah made the world and everything in it and issues. In the Cayman Islands
that humankind are his vicegerents (his appointed representatives on both tourists and locals are
the earth). Therefore, humans have a responsibility to show respect encouraged to take part in
and care for the earth, its plants and animals, and for each other. beach and underwater clean-
When this does not happen, the environment suffers - for those up projects.
living on the earth now and for future generations. God stresses the
 importance of creation in 40:57 of the Qur'an, which says, 'Assuredly,
the creation of the Heavens and the Earth is a greater (matter) than
Th
the creation of men: yet most men do not understand.'
Isle
Ha
The consequences of sin an
The Qur'an warns about the removal of Allah's mercy, guidance and
protection for those people who are intent on doing wrong and who
. /
I
ignore the signs and instructions given in the Qur'an. In 2:257 the h
Qur'an describes how God will lead those with faith from darkness n
into light, but those who reject the faith will be led into darkness. • f
Even if they see Allah's signs, they will not recognise or accept them a
but instead will follow the wrong path. They will follow their base,
I
immoral passions and desires and will have little regard for the values
and opinions of others (22:72).
• A
S

Disease of the qalb Is

A
For those people who reject the teachings of Islam, the Qur'an speaks
of a disease of the heart (qalb). The belief is that when a person In
sins their heart is affected, until eventually the heart becomes so as
laden down with sin that it weakens and dies. Thus a person's body tha
becomes the grave of a dead heart - they are spiritually dead. The
Qur'an describes these people's hearts as harder than rocks (2:74). Th
Such people may feel that they believe in God and the Last Days but,
In
according to the Qur'an, they deceive themselves since they believe in
self
false religions. These people, the Qur'an says, actually cause trouble
ma
on earth while thinking they are doing good. Only when they face
kno
their eternal punishment of 'blazing fire' will these unbelievers regret
exc
their actions (8:50-51 ).
in I
Wh
suit
Disease of the soul
decl
But those in whose hearts is a disease - it will add doubt to their (2:3
doubt, and they will die in a state of unbelief. man
Qur'an 9:125 love
from
than
The concept of taqwah (God consciousness
)
Taqwah is the Islamic term for God-consciousness and fear of God - At
the permanent presence of God in a person's thoughts and actions.
The
Without taqwah, the Qur'an describes the crumbling nature of life
(9:109). But:

He provides for him from (sources) he never could imagine. And if

The Hadith says that for every anyone puts his trust in God, sufficient is (God) for him.
sin that a person commits
a black spot appears on the Qur'an 65:3a
heart. For every good deed a Th
Muslims believe that part of taqwah is being aware of one's moral
person commits, a white spot responsibility as a vicegerent of God on the earth. In 30:30 of the
appears on their heart. If the Qur'an, Muslims are instructed to establish God's handiwork on the
black spots overtake the white, earth and not to cause any changes to God's design. The Qur'an
the heart will eventually die. describes those who have faith and do righteous deeds as the 'best
of creatures' in 98:7.
Muslim, Mu'min and Muhsin
There are three levels or ranks of followers in
Islam. These are outlined by Muhammad in
Hadith 2, in which he describes Islam, Eman
and Ehsan.
• A Muslim (Islam) follows the Five Pillars but
is neglectful in other areas, such as showing
humility and kindness. This is the minimum
requirement to follow Islam.
• A Mu'min (Eman) has gone a step further
and tries to follow all of the teachings of
Islam for fear of Allah's judgement.
• A Muhsin (Ehsan) acts out of belief that Allah
sees constantly. This person is dedicated to
Islam purely out of love and devotion to
Allah.
In 49:15 the Qur'an also cites a lack of doubt
as being an important part of the level of faith
that a person has.

The conceptof ihsan

In a world damaged by hatred, ignorance,
selfishness and sin, it is easy to lose faith in
man's inherent goodness. However, Allah
knows that man has the potential to achieve
excellence and goodness - described as ihsan
in Islam, which literally means 'perfection'.
When faced with arguments against man's The Qur'an promises beautiful gardens, flowing rivers and mansions for
suitability as vicegerents from the angels, Allah eternity for those who love Allah and follow the laws of Islam
declared, 'I know what you do not know'
(2:30). And in 95:4, the Qur'an declares: 'We have indeed created
man in the best of molds'. Hadith 38 describes how, when a person
loves and obeys Allah, what they see, hear and do comes directly
from Him. There can be no higher level of goodness or excellence
than this.

Attaining closenessto Allah

The Qur'an's descriptionof closenessto Allah

For, Believers are those who, when God is mentioned, feel a

tremor in their hearts, and when they hear His Signs rehearsed,
find their faith strengthened, and put (all) their trust in their Lord.
Qur'an 8:2

The Qur'an's descriptionof the rewards of Allah

He will forgive you your sins, and admit you to Gardens beneath
which rivers flow, and to beautiful mansions in Gardens of
Eternity: that is indeed the supreme achievement.
Qur'an61:12
 Human life issues lo
re
ca

H1
Je1
Meaning and purpose of human life
th
Created in the image of God Jev
In this section you will learn to:
One of the main beliefs of Judaism is that humans are created 'in the an
• discuss the meaning and image of God' (in Hebrew 'tzelem Elohim'). Since humans reflect the Jev
purpose of human life as wh
characteristics of God, they share the same dignity and value. This is
reflected in the Tenakh
the case whether a person is Jewish or not. Jews respect other people
• explain the concept Th
because of this shared human dignity and value, and they recognise
of stewardship and its the potential in everyone to do good in the world. ThE
application to daily living rels
Tzelem Elohim brings with it responsibilities as well as rights. Humans
• explain the concept of moral
have a role as God's representatives to carry out God's wil on the
G0
living and its application to tho
earth. Jews b'elieve that human beings should use their power,
daily living anc
consciousness and free will to be wise stewards of creation.
• assess issues relating to add
justice, peace and the value Created male and female fellc
and dignity of human life as Go
The Tenakh states that both men and women were made in God's bei
reflected in the Tenakh
image. Therefore, both male and female characteristics equally reflect
• discuss the roles, God's nature and are equally important and valid. Jewish people find
responsibilities and rights of meaning and purpose within their lives through the fact that they
individuals in areas of family have been created male or female and have different but equally
life and work as reflected in important roles to play. After creating Adam God says: 'It is not good
the Tenakh for man to be alone; I will make him a helper' (Genesis 2: 18). Men
• describe the concept of the and women were made to help and complement each other.
reign of God as displayed in
the Tenakh Endowed with intelligence and free will
• discuss the teachings of Jews believe that Yahweh created humans as free beings because He Ca
Judaism on specific health wants people to love and follow Him out of choice rather than force.
and medical issues. Th
Everyone has free will and intelligence. Jews believe that each person
it t
is therefore responsible for their own actions. Human intelligence is
and
a tiny reflection of the knowledge and intelligence that God has. Part
'Do
of human beings' responsibility is to use their intelligence to 'rule
de
over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air ... over all the earth'
Humans made in God's (Genesis 1 :26).
image M
So God created mankind in His God is the source of life and human value
Go
own image, in the image of Genesis 2:7 states that 'The Lord God ... breathed into his nostrils
God He created them; male and the breath of life, and the man became a living being'. Jews believe Jud
female He created them. that it is God who gives us life and, through our intelligence, free will con
Genesis 1 :27 and conscience, He also gives us value. In Genesis 1 :31, 'God saw all bei
that He had made, and it was very good.' ora
Co
mo
Concept of stewardship und
Co-workers with God
Hu
Judaism teaches that God controls and sustains the earth, but that
the responsibility of a Jew (as one of God's chosen people) is to Wit
goo
look after and nurture His creation. This is part of their covenantal
relationship with God. God's side of this covenant agreement is to
care for Israel (the Jews) as His chosen people.

Human responsibilityto care for creation

Jews believe that God created the world and everything in it. All living
things have an in-built value given from God. Genesis 2:15 instructs
Jews to be good stewards of the earth: 'The Lord God took the man
and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it'. Teaching for Jews on
Jews therefore see it as their duty to protect and care for the earth, caring for the less fortunate
which belongs to God and which human beings are the stewards of. When you reap the harvest
of your land, do not reap to
Thanksgiving offerings the very edges of your field or
The concept of giving thanks is very important within a Jew's gather the gleanings of your
relationship with God. One way in which a Jew gives thanks to harvest. Do not go over your
God is through tithing (giving a percentage of their money to vineyard a second time or pick
those in need). The Torah instructs Jews to tithe in Leviticus 25:35 up the grapes that have fallen.
and Deuteronomy 15:7-8. In addition to tithing, many Jews make Leave them for the poor and
additional offerings. This shows gratitude to God and care for their the foreigner. I am the Lord
fellow man, as well as recognising that all of their wealth comes from your God.
God. Through these acts of thanksgiving and generosity, Jews are Leviticus 19:9-10

being good stewards and taking care of God's creation.

ACTIVITY

What are your views on tithing? Do you think 10 per cent is

a reasonable amount of a person's income to expect them to
give away? Do you think it is right that there are laws for how
much a person should give to charity, or should it be up to the
individual to decide?

Care for the foreignerand lessfortunate

The Torah is seen as God's guide to man for a good, moral life and
it teaches the Jewish people to show respect and kindness for man
and animals, particularly those who struggle. Leviticus 19: 14 says:
'Do not curse the deaf or put a stumbling block in front of the blind',
demonstrating how Jews are to respect and care for everyone.

Moral living in daily life

God is moral and the source of moral values
Judaism teaches that God is holy and moral and that the human
conscience comes from the morality that God has placed in human
beings. However, humans sometimes need guidance to recognise
or apply these morals on the earth. Jews believe that the Ten
Commandments were given directly by God so that people can live
moral lives. It is considered a mitzvah (commandment) to study and
understand the law.

Human responsibility to imitate God in moral rectitude

the Jewish practice of leaving gleanings
Within Judaism, some of the attributes of God include truth, justice, (scraps of corn) for the poor during
goodness, purity and holiness. Since Jews believe that they were harvesting, in obedience of God's teaching
 made in God's image, they have a responsibility to be like God by Cap
showing these same qualities.
Jude
During the 1st century BCE a
stric
rabbi named Hillel was asked Human responsibility to love and serve God
and
to sum up Judaism. He replied:
Abram and his descendants made a covenant (promise) that they with
'Certainly! What is hateful
would always love and worship the one true God. The Jews therefore is all
to you, do not do to your
have a responsibility to keep this promise, although God wants the (a Ith
neighbour. That is the Torah.
Jews to love Him out of desire rather than duty. In Deuteronomy 6:5
The rest is commentary, now
it states: 'you shall love Yahweh your God with all your heart, and Pov1
go and study.' (Talmud Shabbat
with all your soul, and with all your might'. And the first of the Ten
31 A) Th is suggests that the Tzed
Commandments is: 'Do not worship any other gods'.
main focus of Judaism is the it is;
dignity and well-being of food
Sexual issues
humanity. valu:
Within the Jewish faith, sex outside of marriage is not allowed, but helpi
sex between a husband and wife is a mitzvah. Traditional Judaism
views adultery, incest and homosexuality as sinful and immoral. Une
Juda
In the Torah, the word used for Race relationships
weal
sex between a husband and
In Old Testament times, Jews and Gentiles (non-Jews) rarely mixed. Talm
wife comes from the Hebrew
However, in the modern world it is essential and expected that Jews woul
'Dalet-Ayin-Tav', meaning 'to
mix with people of other faiths and those with no faith. Today, people also·
know', which shows that Jewish
of different racial backgrounds live in the same areas, attend the bu sir
sexuality involves the heart and
same schools, work together and relax in the same places. Regardless
mind as well as the body.
of their differences, the Torah teaches that Jews are to act morally Prejr
and care for other races (Leviticus 19:9-10).
Judai
every
Social status
discri
In the past, the Jewish community has been discriminated against,
never more so than during the Second World War (1939-45), during ViolE
Jamaica's third prime minister, which time six mil ion Jews were killed. Today, there has been a
Judai
Hugh Lawson Shearer, had breaking down of barriers between Jews and the outside world. Jews
and ,
Jewish family roots. The have intermarried and Jewish people are found throughout all levels
fighti
Guyana president Janet Jagan of society and classes.
War,
also had Jewish roots.
A Jew would say that working hard is a moral act, but to serve God is peao
t always more important than achieving social status. peaCE

l Issuesrelated to value and dignity of human life

Child abuse
Treat
Jews
wom
Judaism teaches that all life comes from God and is sacred and of thi
valuable. In particular, children are considered to be special and a physi,
gift from God. It is the role of adults to respect, nurture and care treats
for children. To abuse any child mentally, physically or sexually is to
damage God's creation and to abuse the trust placed in you by God. lndr
and
Substance abuse
Marr
Although there is no Jewish law saying that drug-taking is wrong,
rabbis teach abstinence (restraint). The belief of Jews that God, rather In Jue
than a person, owns their body, is a further deterrent. Jews should by Ge
not deliberately harm the body that God has given them. to ha,
shout
religic
Capital punishment
Judaism teaches that human life is sacred and the Tenakh contains
strict instructions for anyone committing sins, such as murder
and adultery (Genesis 9:6). Although Jewish law does not agree If he doesn't care about hims~i(
with capital punishment in all cases, it says that the death penalty then you're not required to care
is allowed in extreme cases, provided it is not illegal in the land
about him either.
(although not every Jew agrees with this).
Baba Metzia 32b

Poverty
Tzedakah (righteousness) is not only about helping people financially,
it is also about making people feel valued. A Jew believes that if
food is given to a hungry person resentfully then the act loses its When an alien lives with you in--
value. However, the Talmud also recognises the importance of people your land, do not il -treat him.
helping themselves. The alien living with you must
be treated as one of your native-
Unemployment born. Love him as yourself, for
Judaism teaches that everyone should work hard in order to receive you were aliens in Egypt. I am
the Lord your God.
wealth, but this should be done in an ethical way. The Torah and
Leviticus 19:33-34
Talmud encourage loans, but only interest-free loans as interest
would take advantage of someone else (Ezekiel 18:8a). The Torah
also gives instructions for fair trading. Jews are known for excelling in
business - this is in part due to their strong work ethic.

Prejudice and discrimination

Judaism teaches that everyone is equal in the eyes of God and that
everyone should be treated well. Jews therefore see prejudice and
discrimination as wrong.

Violence, vandalism and war

Judaism teaches the value of life. Unnecessary violence, vandalism
and war are always considered wrong. However, some feel that
fighting evil is sometimes necessary, such as during the Second World
War when Jews were being persecuted. A Jew must first try to make
peace, but as stated in Deuteronomy 20: 12, 'If they refuse to make
peace and prepare to fight, you must attack the town.'
In the Second World War, many Jews were
Treatment of the mentally and physically challenged killed at concentration camps such as Dachau

Jews believe that all human beings are descended from one man and
woman (Adam and Eve) created in the image of God, and because
of this, each person (regardless of whether they are mentally or
physically challenged) has a God-given right to live and should be
treated as equal to everybody else.

Individuals'roles, responsibilities
and rights in family life
Marriage and divorce
In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded
by God. A Jewish marriage is expected to fulfil the commandment
to have children. Halakha (Jewish law) allows for divorce, but this In Judaism, as in other religions, marriage
should be a last resort. If it is required, Orthodox Jews often have a is regarded as a lifetime contractual bond,
religious ceremony for divorce to be recognised. made before God
 Family life
The family unit is at the heart of the Jewish community. A secure
and loving home built on moral and ethical values is viewed as the
building block of society. Each family has a responsibility to the
community to act as good Jewish role models and each member of
the family has a distinct role to fill.

Parenthood
The Tenakh describes children as a blessing from God. This blessing
also carries responsibilities. The main role of the parent is to nurture
children and teach them to love and fear God. Jewish mothers in
particular are very influential in their children's lives - even into
adulthood.

Children
The family unit is very important in Jewish Jewish children should obey the fifth commandment: 'Honour thy
culture, with the mother forming the Akeret
father and ·mother'. They must respect their parents and abide by
Habayit or backbone of the home, on which
everything else is built
their rules. When they reach adulthood, children should care for their
parents as their parents have cared for them.

Gender roles and responsibilities

Status of women
The role of the Jewish woman is very important since she is the
Jewish mothers have a
Akeret Habayit. The woman is the foundation of the home and
reputation for being loving,
largely determines the character and atmosphere of the household.
strict and very involved in their J
The Tenakh teaches that women should be respected and cherished
children's lives. They are also
by their husbands.
thought to have a strong urge
to feed their children well. It d
Responsibilitiesof the husband
does not sound too different A
to many mothers in the A married Jewish man is required to work to provide food, clothing
Caribbean! and shelter for his family. Throughout the first year of marriage, the c
husband must stay close to his wife and not let any obstacles keep him
from her. It is the husband's responsibility to protect and take care of
his wife. He must also support his wife financially should they divorce.

Obligationsof genders to the commandments

The law was designed to liberate women of obligations that they
would find difficult. For instance, a woman is not required to
pray in the morning because she may need to attend to children.
Nevertheless women are required to recite the prayer over the wine
on Shabbat as all Jews must 'remember the Sabbath Day' (Exodus
20:8). Jewish tradition requires that men study the Torah in order to
become holier and closer to God.

Concept of the reign of God in the Tenakh

Israel as God's special care
The Tenakh tells of how God chose Abram and the Jews to be His
chosen people. He promised to make Abram's descendants (the Jews)
into a great nation. This nation is Israel and the Tenakh speaks of
God's special care for this nation.
The whole world belongs to God
Although Israel is God's chosen nation and is under God's special The earth is God's and
care, Judaism teaches that the whole world belongs to God, Israel is His treasured
including everyone in it. God cares for and loves all of His creation. possession
This is reflected in Genesis 12, which speaks of how all people on Now if you obey me fully and
earth will be blessed through the Jews. keep my covenant, then out
of all nations you wil be my
treasured possession. Although
Medical and health issues the whole earth is mine.
Autopsies Exodus 19:5

Jewish law requires that the dead be buried as close to the time of death
as possible. The practice of routine autopsiesis against Jewish law,
since autopsies are viewed as a desecration of the body and wil delay
burial. In cases where the law requires an autopsy, it should be carried
out under the supervision of a rabbi who is familiar with the procedures.

Abortion
Judaism does not forbid abortion, but it is only allowed in serious
circumstances, as all human life is considered precious. Every case
should be considered separately and a decision should be made after
consulting with a rabbi. Strict Jews only allow abortion to take place
in cases where continuing the pregnancy would put the mother's life
in serious danger.

Euthanasia (termination of life) and life support

Judaism teaches that all life comes from God and that there is a
destined time for everything (Ecclesiastes 3). Putting control of If there is anything which
life and death into human hands is something that most religions causes a hindrance to the
disagree with. For this reason, it is seen as wrong to terminate life. departure of the soul then it is
Although Judaism is opposed to euthanasia, some Jews and rabbis permissible to remove it.
believe that a person should not be kept alive artificially if there is no Rabbi Moses lsserles (1520-72)

chance of recovery.

CASE STUDY The greatest gift?

Benjamin and Jacob's father has just returned from donating

blood. Saving the life of another person is considered to be the
greatest act a Jew can perform. Benjamin wonders if this means
that Jews should donate their organs to others when they die.
Benjamin's dad explains that although in theory a Jewish person
could donate their organs, Jewish law makes this difficult.
Desecrating a body is only allowed if it will save another human
life - but there is no way to be sure that this will happen since
some organs are used for research. Also, as most organs need to
be removed while the heart is still beating, this presents a problem
for Jews. Jews believe that a person is still alive as long as their heart The Talmud teaches that a
beats and, therefore, removing an organ would constitute murder. body should be buried whole.
In medicine, a person is considered dead when their brain stops However, since life is sacred
functioning, even if their heart is still beating. Choosing to and saving it is a sacred
donate your organs is not a straightforward decision. Jacob and act, donating an organ to
Benjamin's dad explains that it is for each Jewish person to make save a life after death takes
this decision for themselves. precedence over this teaching.
 The Tenakh
n
Th
Th,
pe
Ge
Transmission of the Tenakh rec
The Dead Sea Scrolls His
In this section you will learn to: pa
The Dead Sea Scrolls are a collection of around 972 ancient texts from Te
• describe how the Tenakh
the Hebrew Bible and other biblical documents. They were discovered thE
(Torah, Nev'im, Ketuvim) was
Qumran between 1947 and 1956 in caves along the north-west shore of
transmitted
the Dead Sea. These texts are of great religious and historical importance
• identify the different types of as they include the oldest-known surviving copies of biblical documents.
writings in the Tenakh They are written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek on parchment and
• explain how passages papyrus. Most of the manuscripts date from between 150scE and 70cE.
from the Tenakh are used
as instruction for Jewish The oral tradition
teaching and practices Th
The Jewish oral tradition is the teachings passed down by Jews
• relate teachings of the through the ages. This includes laws that were transmitted orally Pro
Tenakh to personal and social from Mount Sinai by Moses but which were not written in the Torah. said
experiences. Instead, they were passed on orally from generation to generation. The 1 a
oral tradition was eventually recorded in the Talmud and the Midrash. pro
Another term for the oral tradition is the oral Torah or oral law. or
lives
Today, as in the past, Jews also use oral tradition to pass on stories,
Jewish folklore and wisdom to their children and grandchildren.

CASESTUDY Just for fun

Benjamin and Jacob enjoy evenings spent with their grandfather

listening to the stories he tells of Jews throughout history and
Jewish folklore. Some of these stories are from the Tenakh and
Talmud and have great meaning and wisdom. Others are stories
told just for fun, like the humorous stories of the Jews who lived
, I Th
in Chelm. Many popular stories are told about the foolish things
One of the caves in Qumran where the Dead
these Jews did. Jacob's favourite story is of a Jewish resident in W
Sea Scrolls were found
Chelm who bought a live fish to cook for Shabbat. He stored the gui
fish underneath his coat, from where the fish slapped his face Ne
with his tail. The Jew took the fish to Chelm court and the court lite
sentenced the fish to death by drowning! (se
There is a type of folktale called Jew
'noodleheads' about kindly Names of the books in the Torah, Nev'im and the Ketuvim of
but foolish people. In Yiddish Together, the Torah (T), Nev'im (N) and Ketuvim (K) make up the
tradition, many such stories are TeNaKh (the letters T, N and Kare used to form the word 'Tenakh'). ln
based in the city of Chelm. This Christians refer to the Tenakh as the Old Testament. The Torah,
is a real city in Eastern Poland, Be
Nev'im and Ketuvim are made up of different types of writing:
but in Jewish folklore it is a Jud
• Torah - the law books: made up of Genesis (Beresheet),
mythological village of fools. of
Exodus (Shemot), Leviticus (Vayikra), Numbers (Bamidbar) and
'Tevye the Milkman' is a well- gro
I known folktale based in Chelm
Deuteronomy (Devarim).
• Nev'im - the prophets: includes Isaiah, 1 and 2 Samuel, Hosea and
the
that was made into the famous hu
film and musical called Fiddler Daniel. mo
on the Roof. • Ketuvim - the poetic writings: includes Psalms, Proverbs and an
Ecclesiastes.
The books of teaching
The Torah
The Five Books of Moses that make up the Torah were given to the Jewish
people at Mount Sinai approximately 3,500 years ago. They include
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These books
record the beginning of God's relationship with the Jews, including
His covenant with Abram, Isaac and Jacob. They also record the laws
passed down by God to Moses at Mount Sinai, most significantly, the
Ten Commandments. God gave these to Moses on Mount Sinai when
the Jews were escaping the slavery of Egypt (the Exodus).

ACTIVITY

How many of the Ten Commandments can you remember? Look

them up in Exodus 20 and make sure you know them all.

The Nev'im
Prophets (Nev'im) are direct prophecies or recordings of what God
said to the prophets. The books of the prophets are 1 and 2 Samuel;
1 and 2 Kings; Joel, Isaiah and Jeremiah. The text tells of direct
prophecies given by God to the prophets that Jews believe have been
or will be fulfilled (come true). These books also record events in the
lives of the prophets.

The well-known story of Daniel in the lion's

den is recorded in the Book of Daniel, which
Prophecies mean different things to different people. Most
forms part of the Ketuvim in the Tenakh
Jews are still waiting for prophecies in the Tenakh to come true.
Christians believe that Old Testament (or Tenakh) prophecies
were fulfilled through Jesus. Some Jews, called Messianic Jews,
believe that the Messiah has come; most are still waiting.

The Ketuvim
Writings (Ketuvim) are books written by the prophets with the
Because the books included
guidance of God. They are the books of Psalms, Esther, Proverbs,
in the Tenakh were mainly
Nehemiah and Daniel. These writings, also known as the Hebrew
written in Hebrew and form
literary books, are divided into three major parts - Literature, Megillot
the Old Testament books of the
(scrolls) and Histories. The Psalms in particular form a great deal of
Bible, the Tenakh is sometimes
Jewish prayers. Many people, not just Jews, find comfort in the words
referred to as the Hebrew Bible.
of the Jewish Writings.

Instruction on Jewish teachings and practices

Beliefs about human nature The breath of life
Then the Lord God formed
Judaism teaches that humans were made from the earth and the breath
a man from the dust of the
of God. The Hebrew for man (adam) may be related to the Hebrew for
ground and breathed into his
ground (adamah), emphasising the point that we were formed from
nostrils the breath of life, and
the dust of the ground. Since God made us in His likeness, parts of our
the man became a living being.
human nature reflect God's nature - qualities such as love, kindness and
Genesis 2:7
morality. However, aspects of human nature, such as selfishness, greed
and violence stem from our sinfulness, which is a result of the Fall.
 Belief in Yahweh {God) The·
die.
Deuteronomy 6:4 says: 'Hear, 0 Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord texts
There is more on the pilgrim
is one'. This verse, known as the Shema, states that there is one tea cl
festivals in Festivals and
God and reminds Jews that they are God's chosen people (elected). cann
observances, starting on page
This verse is said twice a day and emphasises that Judaism is a notJ
160.
monotheistic faith. life ir
The observance of the Sabbath
The eighth commandment tells the Jewish people to 'Remember the
Sabbath day by keeping it holy.' Sabbath is kept from sundown on
Fridays to sundown on Saturdays and during this time no work can
be done. This command is based upon the fact that God made all of
creation in six days and rested on the seventh day (Exodus 20:8).

Observancesof the three pilgrim festivals Belie

Leviticus 23:24-36 outlines the three pilgrim festivals that Jewish Arou
people celebrate. The three pilgrimage festivals are outlined below. for a
desce
• Pesach celebrates the Jewish people being freed from slavery in knoVI
Egypt (the Exodus). At home, on the eve of the seven- or eight-day The J
festival, the service of Seder is held. Traditional symbolic foods are win t
prepared and, after dinner, the youngest child asks four traditional belie,
questions to which the oldest man present replies with the story of decis
Israel's escape from Egypt. altho
• Shavuot takes place exactly seven weeks after Pesach and it is a a per
celebration of the giving of the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai. Jew is
• Sukkoth is when the journey of the Jews through the desert to the (HOSE
Promised Land is remembered. A hut is erected in the synagogue
and in private gardens to remember God's provision. The hut is
decorated with fruit and flowers and the family gathers in it to Jews,
eat meals. At the synagogue, palm, myrtle, wil ow and citron Men,
are waved to symbolise God's presence and in keeping with the in son
requirements outlined in Leviticus 23:40. heads
and rE
face Ji
cornrr
During the First World War in Poland, people made use of sweet cornrr
tea (instead of the traditional four cups of wine) in the Seder
meal. This was because during wartime it was very difficult to Belie
find kosher wine, so the rabbinical authorities in those areas
gave this special decree. Based
that t
the rE
Beliefs about the Jewish afterlife will b
their
An early common theme within Judaism is that death means being resun
reunited with your ancestors. Abram, Isaac, Jacob, Moses and other
patriarchs a re 'gathered to their people' after death ( Genesis 2 5: 1 7, Belie
35:29, 49:33). Other imagery emphasises how final death is: the
dead are like dust returning to dust (Genesis; Ecclesiastes 3:19-20) or Jews
During Sukkoth (the Feast of Tabernacles) Him i
Jewish families remember God's provision
water poured out on the ground (2 Samuel 14: 14). However, most
Jews believe that these verses refer only to the body, while the soul in ret
by spending time in tabernacles (or tents) as
their ancestors did in the wilderness lives on. made
The Torah is surprisingly silent on what happens to people after they
die. Many think this is to distinguish the Torah from Egyptian religious
texts that were obsessed with the afterlife. Since there is no definitive
teaching about the afterlife in the Torah, some Jews argue that it
cannot be known whether there is life after death or not. Whether or
not Jews believe in an afterlife, the Torah stresses that living a good
life in Olam Ha Ze (this world) is what is important.

ACTIVITY

Using the examples above, create a drawing that evokes the

Jewish afterlife.

Beliefs about the Messiah

Around the time that Jesus came to earth, the Jews were waiting
for a Messiah that they believed would be a great political leader
descended from King David (Jeremiah 23:5). They believed he would
know Jewish law and observe its commandments (Isaiah 11 :2-5).
The Jews hoped that he would be a great military leader who would
win battles for Israel and free them from Roman rule. They also
believed he would be a great judge who would make righteous
decisions (Jeremiah 33: 15). Jews today still wait for their Messiah,
although some believe that this will be an age (period) rather than
a person. During this age, Jews believe the world will be at peace,
Jewish law will rule (Jeremiah 33:15) and Jerusalem will be restored
(Hosea 3:4-5).

Belief in worshipand prayer

Jews worship in synagogues and attend services there every Sabbath.
Men and women traditionally sit separately, although this is changing
in some progressive synagogues. Men are required to cover their
heads. In most cases worship takes place in Hebrew. Hymns, prayers
and readings from the Tenakh take place. When praying, Jews turn to
face Jerusalem, their ancient religious centre. Jews believe that God
commands His people to worship Him and that prayer is a means of
communicating with God.

Belief in the Resurrection of the Dead and the Judgement The dead wil come up through
Based on Rabbi Hiyya ben Joseph's teachings, many Jews believe the ground and rise up in
that the righteous dead will be brought back to life one day during Jerusalem ... and the righteous
the reign of the Messiah or the Messianic age. These righteous dead will rise up fully clothed.
will be given the opportunity to experience a perfect world that Rabbi Hiyya ben Joseph in Babylonian

their righteousness helped to create. The wicked dead wil not be Talmud, tractate Ketubot 111 b

resurrected.

Beliefs about Jews

Jews believe that they are the 'elect', God's chosen people elected by
Him for a special purpose. The Jewish people are faithful to God and
in return God looks after them as a sign of the covenant (promise)
made between God and the Jewish race.
 Teachings of the Tenakh applied to personal Di,
ACTIVITY
and social experiences Jev
Judaism teaches that families ch,
Relationshipwith family and peers
and peers should support
pi~
each other. An example could Although the Tenakh was written thousands of years ago, its
be
be peers supporting and teachings are still relevant for life today. Genesis 4:7 (the story of Cain
and Abel) teaches Jews to do what is right and not to be tempted to
YOL
encouraging each other during
no·
a contest or performance, or a sin. Cain kills his brother Abel and, because of this, God punishes him
dai
brother or sister helping their harshly. This encourages Jewish people to have good relationships
se~
sibling with their homework. with their family and to resolve conflicts peacefully since the family is
Write up your own scenario at the centre of the Jewish community.
il ustrating how members of a
family could support each other Guidelines for living
at a specific time or how peers Exodus 20: 1-17 outlines the Ten Commandments that Jews must follow.
could encourage one another. These are essential guidelines for living. Many of these commands
form the basis of laws put in place by governments throughout the
world. For example, 'Do not murder' (the sixth commandment).

Comfort in times of sorrowand suffering

Many Jews find comfort in the teachings of the Tenakh. One verse
that offers comfort and strength in times of sorrow and suffering is
Proverbs 4:20-22:

My child, pay attention to what I say. Listen carefully to my words.

Don't lose sight of them. Let them penetrate deep into your heart,
for they bring life to those who find them and healing to their
whole body.
Thes
Proverbs 4:20-22

Protection in times of danger Mo

Verses like these from the book of Psalms demonstrate how God's In J1
people are protected in times of danger: inte
war
But let all who take refuge in you be glad; let them ever sing for 5: 11
joy. Spread your protection over them, that those who love your hea
name may rejoice in you. to t
hesf
Psalm 5:11
the,
The Lord is my rock, my fortress and my deliverer; my God is my Dea
rock, in whom I take refuge. He is my shield and the horn of my
salvation, my stronghold. In JL
thro
Psalm 18:2
has
Businessand professional behaviours belie
war
Psalm 15 encourages Jewish people to be 'blameless and to do what mot
Businessmen Chris Blackwell is righteous'. Jews believe that trusting in the Lord and obeying His ha-r
(founder of Island Records) commands will help them to do what is right, both at home and at
and Joshua Haim and Jacob work. Proverbs 3: 1-12 commands Jews to 'Honour the Lord with
Raphael DeCordova (founders your wealth, with the first fruits of all your crops; then your barns will
of the Jamaican newspaper The be filled to overflowing, and your vats will brim over with new wine.'
Gleaner) are all Jewish. In other words, be generous with the money that you earn and God
will reward you.
Dietary regulations and health issues
Jews may only eat meat from animals that have a cloven hoof and
chew the cud (grass) - they may not eat meat that has come from a
pig. All meat must be kosher (meet Jewish dietary requirements) and
be removed of all blood, since Deuteronomy 12:23 states: 'be sure
you do not eat the blood, because the blood is the life, and you must
not eat the life with the meat.' Orthodox Jews will not mix meat and
dairy products (such as milk or cheese) at the same meal, and will use
separate plates and sinks to wash and serve the two types of food.

ACTIVITY

Research kosher meat and

answer the questions that follow.

1 What animals are Jews

permitted to eat?

2 How is the animal slaughtered

and the meat prepared?
3 Are there Jewish laws
concerning eating fish and
seafood?

These days many well-known restaurants around the world offer kosher food

Morals and ethics

In Judaism, morality includes a person's inner thoughts, emotions,
intentions, attitudes and motives as well as their actions. The Torah
warns against being jealous of others (Exodus 20: 14; Deuteronomy
5: 18), against hating others (Leviticus 19: 17), and against hardness of
heart (Deuteronomy 15:9-10 commands Jews to show compassion
to those who are poor). Mishpat (justice), tzedakah (righteousness),
hesed (kindness) and rahamim (compassion) are all encouraged, as
they are characteristics of a moral and ethical person.

Death and mourning

In Judaism death is not a tragedy, even when it occurs early in life or
through unfortunate circumstances. Death is a natural process and
has meaning because it is part of God's plan. Most Jews have a firm
belief in an afterlife, a world to come, where those who have lived a
worthy life will be rewarded. Jewish practices relating to death and
mourning have two purposes: to show respect for the dead (kavod
ha-met) and to comfort the living (nihum avelim).
 God

r';TEARNING OUTCOMES The nature of God

God is limitless
In this section you will learn to:
Can you probe the limits of the Almighty? They are higher than
• describe the nature of God
the heavens - what can you do? They are deeper than the depths
• discuss the understanding of of the grave - what can you know? Their measure is longer than
the name and the significance the earth and wider than the sea.
of the titles for God
Job 11 :7-9
• explain the significance of the
idea of God as a covenant These verses highlight how God's power is limitless and exceeds
maker anything on the earth. Jews draw comfort and confidence from this fact.
• explain the attributes of God. Man,
God is one talk c
palm
Jews believe in one God. Unlike Christians, they do not believe that
He is one part of a trinity. The Shema, which Jews recite every day,
reminds Jews of this fact: The
Hear, 0 Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. Jude
Deuteronomy 6:4 allov
writi
God is creator migf
who
Genesis 1: 1 says: 'In the beginning, God created the heavens and the
com
earth.' Genesis also tells of how, before God's creation, the earth was
Deu1
formless and empty. This shows how God is the creator of everyone
whe
and everything. Jews, like followers of most religions, believe that
thine
creativity comes from God.
desti
Jews
God is moral
the r
As a God of justice, His actions and decisions are true, right, kind
God
and moral (Job 34: 12). As Lord and Judge, God brings justice to
nations (Psalm 67:4) and acts on behalf of the poor, the oppressed, • Yal
and victims of injustice (Psalm 103:6, 146:6-9). Morality and justice ga·
is part of God's nature. Frequently in the Tenakh, God's people are • Ha
commanded to show this same justice and morality. SpE
'th,
God is personal
• El.
Jews believe that God is not a distant God but rather that He cares strs
about and interacts with His creation. Psalm 139 demonstrates this
• Ad<
point, since it explains that God knows each person intricately - He 'ad
knew a person in their mother's womb and knows the number of
• Eliy
hairs on their head. He also knows what the future holds for each
Mo
person. Isaiah 46:4 encourages Jews by reminding them of God's
trar
personal care for them:
cor
Even to your old age and gray hairs I am He, I am He who will • Zet
sustain you. I have made you and I will carry you; I will sustain you
and I wil rescue you. EverJ
sorm
Isaiah 46:4
 ............ --

Many verses in the Tenakh talk about God's personal care for individuals. Some verses
talk about God carrying His people, others state that their names are engraved on the
palm of His hand. This imagery brings people comfort and strength.

The name of God and titles for God

Judaism does not prohibit writing the name of God, but it does not
allow for erasing or defacing the name of God. Many Jews avoid
writing any name of God because of the risk that the written name
might later be defaced or destroyed accidentally by somebody
who does not know better. Jews often write G-d instead. The
commandment not to erase or deface the name of God comes from
Deuteronomy 12:3. In that passage, the people are commanded that
when they take over the Promised Land, they should destroy all
things related to the idolatrous religions of that region and should
destroy the names of the local gods. Immediately afterwards, the
Jews were commanded not to do the same to their God. From this,
the rabbis commanded Jews not to erase or deface the name of God.
God is known by many names. These include:
• Yahweh. Roughly translated as 'I am', this is the answer that God
gave to Moses when Moses asked for his name.
• Ha 'Shem. In conversation, many Jewish people, even when not
speaking Hebrew, wil call God 'Ha 'Shem', which is Hebrew for
'the Name'.
• El. The word 'El' comes from a root word meaning 'might,
strength, and power'.
• Adonai. Jews also call God Adonai, Hebrew for 'my lords', from
'adon', which means 'lord, owner'.
• Eliyah sh' Eliyah. This was the first of three responses given to
Moses when he asked for God's name (Exodus 3: 14). It is roughly
translated as 'I am that I am' and means that God cannot be ACTIVITY
compared to anything else. He is above all things.
Find out whether there are any
• Zebaot. This means 'the Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel'. other names that Jews use for
Every name that the Jewish people use to refer to God says God and what they mean.
something about His character as the divine, perfect and holy God.
 God and covenant JE
As examined in Section 2 of this guide, a covenant is an Li
agreement between God and His people. It is a solemn promise
with responsibilities on both sides. The Old Testament contains many Tr
covenants between God and people such as Noah, Abram, Isaac and th
Moses. Although these covenants are between God and individuals, th
they form essential promises for all Jews to come and they are one of pr
the central themes of the Jewish faith. th
th
God's covenant with Noah •
God's promise to Noah was that He would never again destroy the
world by flood (Genesis 9). God made an everlasting covenant with •
Noah and his descendants and sent the rainbow as the sign of His
promise (Genesis 9: 1-17). Th
ea

Je·
Or
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of
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E
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A rainbow was a sign of God's covenant with Noah that He would never again destroy
II God's promise to Abram
the earth with a flood
•c
I will make you into a great
~ God's covenant with Abram e
nation
And I will bless you; In making a covenant with Abram (Abraham), God promised that • L
I wil make your name great, Abram would be the father of a great nation, although it seemed le
And you wil be a blessing. impossible for him and his wife Sarah to have children since Sarah Ji
I wil bless those who bless you, was past childbearing age. God also promised to bless Abram's • Jl
And whoever curses you I will descendants and make them His own special people. In return, (
curse; Abram was to remain faithful to God and keep his laws, including the h
And all peoples on earth law of circumcision. Abram also had to follow God to a 'promised JL
will be blessed through you. land' that would be shown to him (Genesis. 12: 1-4). This took a • H
Genesis 12:2-3 great deal of faith on the part of Abram. te
Tl
G
• R
d,
The Hebrew word for covenant is 'ber'it', meaning promise or
JE
pledge.
• rv
h1
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Jews as God's special people
Life within the covenant
The covenant that God gave to Moses at Mount Sinai reinforced
the covenant that God had given to Abram, and told the Jews what
they would have to do to keep their side of the covenant. God again
promised to stay with the Jews and never to abandon them, because
they were His chosen people. God told the Jewish people, that for
their part, they must:
• dedicate themselves to serving God forever
• make it known to the world that they were God's people
• make the world a better and holier place by obeying God's laws.

The covenant is made with the Jewish people as a whole, not with
each individual Jew.

Jewish identity as God's special people

One of the most important beliefs of Jews is the idea of there being
one God and Jews being God's special people - something reflected
in Jewish culture and Jewish identity. People find their identity in lots
of ways, including through their history and nationality as well as
their family, hobbies, religion and ancestry. A Jew's ancestry, as part
of the Jewish race, goes all the way back to Abram. Jewish identity,
as a race and a culture, is something that is common to all Jews,
whether or not they follow the Jewish religion.

Attribut
es of God
• Eternal. Jews believe that God has always existed and will always
exist. He is outside time and, in that sense, can be everywhere and
in the past and future, as well as the present, simultaneously. God
has no beginning and no end.
• Omniscient. God knows all things - past, present, and future. His
'omniscience' means that he is all-knowing.
• Omnipresent. God is all-present. In other words, He is present in
every place.
• Loving. Jews believe that it is God's nature to love. Attributes of
love include patience, kindness, protection, trust and perseverance.
Jews believe that they are especially loved by God.
• Just. In Micah 6:8, the prophet Micah tells the Jewish people what
God wants from them: 'to be fair and just and merciful and to walk
humbly with your God.' This shows the importance of fairness and
justice to God.
• Holy. In Exodus 3:5 when Moses comes into the presence of God, God
tells him: 'Take off your shoes for you are standing on holy ground.'
This illustrates the Jewish belief that God cannot come near to sin.
God's presence is something that sinful humans cannot draw close to.
• Righteous. God is righteous (moral and justified) in everything He
does. God's faithfulness to His covenant, despite the failure of the
Jews to uphold their part of the agreement, shows His righteousness.
• Merciful. Jews believe that God shows His mercy by not giving
humanity the punishment they deserve, which is abandonment.
Mercy can be translated as loyal and undeserved love.
 Festivals and observances
R
Re
tr
2
o1

The Sabbath (Shabbos) It

p<
Exodus 20: 1-14 commands that the Jewish people keep the Sabbath
In this section you will learn to: d<
holy by not doing any work on this day. Sabbath lasts from sunset
s~
• identify the festivals and holy on Friday to sunset on Saturday. On the Friday, the mother lights the
days of Judaism Sabbath candles and the father blesses the loaves of plaited bread
ar
YE

'
• discuss the purpose and and the wine at the family meal. On the Saturday, the family attends
ceremonial observance of the a synagogue service in the morning and spends the rest of the day
P1
festivals and holy days quietly at home or visiting friends and relatives.
Re

i
• explain the modern Purpose and observance er
significance of each festival
The Sabbath runs from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday
tr
• identify the months of
every week of the year. It is a weekly day of rest for the Jewish
celebration for each festival. H.
people. The purpose of observing this day is to keep the covenant
o1
between the Jewish people and God, as outlined in Exodus 20: 1-14.
irr
Observance of the Sabbath also helps the Jews to keep a healthy
balance of work and rest and ensures that time is spent together as
M
a family.
n
Modern significance pc
In
The Sabbath is a day dedicated to serious prayer and reading of the
Torah. It is a chance for Jews to rest, remember their faith and make
time to focus on their spirituality. It is also an opportunity for Jews to -«
spend time with family. The strength and building up of the family
Al
unit is very important in Judaism. Je
9
Cc
n
bE
ar
m

The Sabbath is a time for Jews to rest from work, to focus on God and to spend time
with their families
Rosh Hashanah
Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year festival and commemorates
the creation of the world. It lasts for two days starting on 1 Tishri or
2 Tishri for Jews in diaspora (September/October, the seventh month
of the Jewish calendar).
It is also a time of judgement when Jews believe that God balances a
person's good deeds over the last year against their bad deeds, and
decides what the next year wil be like for them. A ram's horn, or
shofar, is blown at the synagogue service to call Jews to prayer, and
apples dripped in honey are eaten to symbolise the hope for a good
year ahead.

Purpose and observance

The rabbi blows the shofar to call Jews to
Rosh Hashanah is the beginning of the 10 Pentecostal days, which prayer
end on Yorn Kippur. The ceremonial observance of this festival is seen
through the blowing of the shofar 100 times by the rabbi, reminding
each Jew to attend the synagogue and repent of their sins. Rosh
Hashanah is a time of reflection and personal sacrifice. The story
of the sacrifice of Isaac is retold and each Jew is reminded of the
importance of personal sacrifice within their 'modern' lives.

Modern significance
The modern significance of Rosh Hashanah is to start the year in a
positive way. During Rosh Hashanah, Jews make a personal sacrifice
in repentance for past sins.

Yam Kippur ACTIVITY

Also known as the Day of Atonement, this is the holiest day in the 1 What do you think is the
Jewish year and it is a day of atonement and fasting. It takes place on significance of fasting during
9 and 10 Tishri (September/October, the seventh month of the Jewish Yorn Kippur?
calendar), 10 days after Rosh Hashanah.
2 What effect might it have on
The family eats before the sun sets, and then a fast lasting 25 hours a person to go without food
begins. Jews attend the synagogue and ask God to forgive them for for a whole day?
any sins they may have committed during the past year, whether they
3 How might this help a
meant to sin or not.
person's relationship with
God?

Instructions for the Day of Atonement

On the tenth day of this seventh month hold a sacred assembly.
·G-1
'-

You must deny yourselves and do no work. Present as an aroma

pleasing to the Lord a burnt offering of one young bull, one
ram and seven male lambs a year old, all without defect. With
the bull offer a grain offering of three-tenths of an ephah of the
finest flour mixed with oil; with the ram, two-tenths; and with
each of the seven lambs, one-tenth. Include one male goat as
a sin offering, in addition to the sin offering for atonement and
the regular burnt offering with its grain offering, and their drink
offerings.
Numbers 29:7-11
 Purpose and observance c
Yorn Kippur is a solemn day of complete fasting and prayer. This G
follows the teaching in Leviticus 16: 1-34, which describes how the Lie
Jews are to atone for their sins. Verses 29 and 30 state: of
(ei
This is to be a lasting ordinance for you: On the tenth day of the m
seventh month you must deny yourselves and not do any work, it
because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse
you. Then, before the Lord, you will be clean from all your sins. Cr
In Israel it is considered rude to drive a M
vehicle on Yorn Kippur Leviticus 16:29-30
ac
Verse 34 then says: 'This is to be a lasting ordinance for you: 1
Atonement is to be made once a year for all the sins of the Israelites.' nc
This teaching is still followed by the Jews through the observance of so
Yorn Kippur each year.
In Israel Yorn Kippur is a state PL
holiday. Airports and public Modern siqnificance At
transport are shut down,
The modern significance of Yorn Kippur is to concentrate on the th,
there are no television or radio
spirit. Numbers 29: 1-11 tells Jews to hold a spiritual assembly and do of
broadcasts and all businesses
no regular work during Yorn Kippur, allowing them to focus fully on lar
are closed.
their spirituality. it 1
rer
Je,
Sukkoth (Tabernacle)
Sukkoth is the Jewish harvest festival, which takes place on 1 5 Tishri M
(September/October), five days after Yorn Kippur. At this festival, Cr
Jews remember the time when the Israelites had to live in tabernacles of
(during their journey through the desert). Jews remember and thank th
God for His provision for them. th

It
Instructionsfor Sukkoth th
The Lord said to Moses, 'Say to the Israelites: "On the sh
fifteenth day of the seventh month the Lord's Festival of
Tabernacles begins, and it lasts for seven days."' P1
Leviticus 16:29-30
PL
(FE
The word 'canon' refers to Purpose and observance
At
writings that are viewed as Sukkoth reminds Jews of the temporary and fragile nature of their fa
genuine scripture and used in lives on earth and reminds them that life and provision is a gift
worship. Writings that were
Pe
from God. Jews are reminded that they should use each day for the fa
not selected to be included in glory of God. Jews also take part in blessings for the gift of food to
Jewish scriptures but were still
PL
eat. Thanking God for His love and care is an important part of the Je·
considered important, such as Jewish faith. ar
1 and 2 Maccabees, are known
as deuterocanonical writings Modern significance P
(which means 'belonging to
the second canon'). These Sukkoth allows for a Jew to change their behaviour and act in a more Tr
books are sometimes included positive way. In this world, there is always someone who is in need, fa
in Jewish scriptures in their own as shown within Leviticus 19:9-10. Succoth provides Jewish people al
section called the Apocrypha. with an opportunity to help others. PE
bE
tz
Chanukah
Chanukah, the Feast of Dedication (also known as the Festival of
Lights), occurs on 25 Kislev (November/December, the ninth month
of the Jewish calendar) and lasts for eight days. At home, a menorah
(eight-branched candle) is lit so that on the eighth night the whole
menorah is alight. Presents are often exchanged at this time because
it is a happy festival.
Chanukah recalls the rededication of the Temple by Judas
Maccabeus after he had seized it from the Syrians in 164cE. An
account of Maccabeus' defeat of the Syrians is found in the book of
1 Maccabees, which is a deuterocanonical book (meaning it does
not form part of the Tenakh, the first and most important scriptural
source, but is an additional text).

Purpose and observance

At the festival of Chanukah, Jews give thanks for the preservation of
the Jewish faith and of the temple. Lighting the menorah on each
of the seven nights of the festival reminds Jews of the miracle of the
lamp burning for eight days in the temple when the Jews reclaimed
it from Antiochus Epiphanes. Jews thank God for his protection and
remember the sacrifice of others in order to preserve and protect the
Jewish faith.

Modern significance
Chanukah shows the victory of the 'few' over the 'many', as in the case
of the Jews fighting the Syrians. If the Jewish faith was not preserved
then the modern life of each Jew would not exist. Therefore, observing
this festival is significant and relevant to the lives of Jews now.
It also gives encouragement to all minorities. In a modern situation,
these minorities take comfort and strength from Chanukah because it
shows that what is right will win eventually over what is evil.

Purim
Purim, also known as the Festival of Lots, takes place on 14 Adar
(February/March, the twelfth month of the Jewish calendar).
At Purim, the story of Esther is read to remember and celebrate the
fact that the Jews were saved by her from death at the hands of the
Persians. Jews fast the day before Purim in honour of Esther, who
fasted before approaching the king to ask him to save her people. On
Purim, many Jews dress up to commemorate Esther concealing her
Jewish identity. Presents are exchanged, people enjoy sweet treats, On Purim, Jews eat sweet treats. They also
and everyone rejoices. use noisemakers and boo and hiss when
the vil ain Haman is mentioned during the
retelling of the Purim story of Esther.
Purpose and observance
The festival of Purim reminds Jews of the persecution they have
faced, but also, in the case of Purim, their deliverance. The festival
also remembers the courage and dedication of Esther in saving her
people and the importance of taking action to make the world a
better place. During Purim it is traditional for Jews to carry out acts of
tzedakah or charity.
 Modern significance 5
Purim teaches that those who spread hatred destroy themselves, and
Purim is so-called because
that salvation is the reward for the Jew who clings to their faith. This
Haman cast lots (called purim)
is demonstrated in the story of Esther who declared: 'If I die, I die', 6
to decide on which day to
when facing the King to ask for the release of the Jews. Esther had
destroy the Jews.
complete faith in God and, as a result, the Jewish race was delivered
from evil and destruction. Pl
Th
Pesach (Passover) th,
Su
This is the festival during which the Jews remember their deliverance by
fo
God from slavery in Egypt (see Exodus 12: 14-51 ). It takes place from
5 to 22 Nissan (March/April, the first month of the Jewish calendar).
bk
en
For Jews in diaspora the festival takes place from 15 to 23 Nissan.
During Pesach, a family meal, called Seder, is shared. Four glasses of M
wine are poured. Each glass represents one of the promises God made
to Moses to save the people of Israel and form them into a nation. A
Pe
me
glass of wine is also poured for Elijah, to remember that this prophet
pr
will return to earth to announce the coming of the Messiah. During
Jev
the meal, while the family listen to the story of the Exodus, they dip
parsley in salt water and bitter herbs in haroset (a paste made of
chopped apples, nuts, cinnamon and red wine) to signify the sorrow St
and bitterness that their ancestors experienced in Egypt. Jews also use
Sh
the festival of Pesach to pray for people trapped in slavery today.
Jut
Pe·
Co
De

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01:
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Seder plate na

1 A roasted egg reminds Jews of the animal sacrifices made at the

temple in Jerusalem during Pesach.

2 Haroset symbolises the mortar Jews used to construct Egyptian

buildings while in slavery.

3 Bitter herbs are a reminder of how bitter life was for Jews during
slavery in Egypt. There are two types: maror, which is often
horseradish, and chazeret, usually the romaine lettuce.
4 Green vegetables (usually parsley) remind Jews that Pesach is a
spring festival.
5 A roasted lamb bone represents the lamb's blood that was used
to mark Jewish houses so that the plague in Egypt would pass
over them. The months in a Jewish
calendar, like the Muslim
6 Salt water represents the tears of the Jews during their time in calendar, are determined by the
slavery.
appearance of the moon. This
is known as a lunar calendar.
Purpose and observance
Since there are more months
The observation of Pesach acts as a remembrance of the Exodus of in a lunar year than there are
the Jews from Egypt. The main observance is in the form of the Seder on a Gregorian (or Western)
Supper with its special meal and the reading of the Hagadah (Hebrew calendar, the dates of Jewish
for 'telling') which retells the story of the Exodus and contains observances on Western
blessings, rituals and songs to be performed during Pesach. This calendars change each year.
ensures that the Jewish people never forget their past.

Modern significance
Pesach celebrates the delivery of the Jews from Egypt, one of the
most important acts in Jewish history. It allowed Jews to be free to
practise their religion and culture. This thankfulness for the actions of
Jews in the past gives Pesach relevance and significance today.

Shavuot
Shavuot, also know as the Feast of Weeks, occurs on 6 Sivan (May/
It is traditional on the eve
June, the third month of the Jewish calendar), seven weeks after
of Shavuot to stay awake all
Pesach. It celebrates the Jewish people receiving the Torah/Ten
night reading the Torah. This
Commandments from God at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19: 1-20; 23;
stems from the account in
Deuteronomy 16:9-12).
the Mid rash of the Israelites
almost missing the Torah being
Purpose and observance
given to Moses because they
Observing the festival of Shavuot reminds the Jewish people that overslept.
idolatry (such as that displayed by the Israelites worshipping the
golden calf in Exodus 32) is a sin. It also commemorates the receipt
of the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai by Moses - these laws
underpin Jewish belief.

Modern significance
The modern significance of Shavuot comes through the
acknowledgement that the Ten Commandments are stil relevant for
life today and will always stand as basic requirements for good and
godly living. The Ten Commandments underpin lawful society in most
nations of the world.

ACTIVITY

For a personal perspective, why not try to speak to a Jewish

person about how they celebrate Jewish festivals in the
Caribbean. Do they do anything differently to Jews celebrating
the festivals in other parts of the world? Maybe there is a Jewish
person at your school, or enquire at your local synagogue.
 Exam and revision tips •c
g
Very few people in the world like exams. But they are a fact of life, n
and by following some basic revision techniques and tips for how n
to get the best out of yourself during an exam, you can make them • T
work in your favour.
c
0
Revision a
Ii

,
l • Trying to force yourself to concentrate on anything for hours on
end wil not work. The human brain can only concentrate fully for
around 30 minutes at a time. Try revising in 30-minute chunks,
•u
u

p
giving yourself 5-10-minute breaks in-between. However, make

I
a
sure that you concentrate fully during your 30 minutes of revision.
• To help your concentration, make sure you have everything nearby
that you might need - drinks, snack, pen, paper, computer, books. Ex
This wil stop you wandering around the house and getting
• It
distracted. T
• Do not revise in front of the TV or while listening to the radio, and \/
make sure your mobile phone is turned off so that you are not rv
tempted to start texting or calling friends. le
•A
y
• R
Genesis y
31:3
y
IS
ti
•A
0
Psalm Genesis
22:8-14
r
90:2
'the Lord will • F
'Jam'
provide' a
• R
a
r p
'spiritual 'the God who
John
food'
w
heals' Exodus
6:32-35 a
15:26
y
'someone f
who appeals S
on our behalf' g
I Matthew 6:26,
1 John 2:1
Judges
6:24
s
• 1/
il
Matthew John • If
16:13-16 1:41
y
Mind maps can help you to organise and remember important information and how it links up c
• Do not look at everything you have got to revise/remember in one
go - you will end up feeling overwhelmed. Work through your
notes, revision guide and/or textbook bit by bit. Break it down into
manageable chunks.
• Try to summarise what you need to know into bullet points.
Or make a mind map. To do this, write the topic in the middle
of a sheet of paper and draw lines coming from this topic with
any associated information. This information may, in turn, have a
line coming from it with secondary information. This can be a
useful way of organising facts that you need to know.
• Use old exam papers, or set yourself questions on topics and
practise answering them without your notes and within a set
amount of time.

Exams
• It is tempting to dive in and frantically start answering questions.
Take a few minutes to read through the whole paper first and
work out roughly how long you have to spend on each section.
Make sure you leave enough time for questions that wil take
longer.
• Answer a question that you are comfortable with first. It wil boost
your self-confidence.
• Read through questions carefully before answering, and make sure
you do what you are asked. If you are asked to discuss, make sure
you present different points of view, and give your opinion only if it
is required. If a question asks you just to state facts, do not waste
time discussing.
• Always aim to have a go at every question - it is better to gather
one or two marks from a question by having a go than to gain no
marks by leaving the answer blank.
• For multiple-choice questions, if you do not know the answer, have
a guess. You might get lucky!
• Roughly plan out essay questions (or questions requiring longer
answers) before answering. Use a sentence or two to identify the
points you want to make and list these points in order. Also outline
what your introduction and conclusion will be. Finally, note down
any scriptural references or quotes that you want to use. Once
you have a plan for your essay, then start writing, making sure you
follow your plan. This way, if you run out of time, the examiner will
see, from your planning, that you knew the main points. Having a
guide to work from when writing your essay wil also help you to
stay calm.
• Where possible use references from scripture to back up and
il ustrate your points.
• If there is time, read through your answers before submitting
your paper - this gives you a chance to make any final tweaks and
correct any errors.
 -··-- . ~ ... --
r ·-·
· Exam tips

And finally ...

Prepare as well as you possibly can, and during the exam give
everything you have got. Stay calm and have confidence in yourself.
Make sure you can know, at the end of the exam, that you have done
your best. And remember - there is life after exams!
Three final points to leave you with:

• Make sure you have eaten a nutritional meal before your exam.

tt A rumbling tummy will be a big distraction. You are going to need

all the brain energy you can get.
• Take more than one pen.
• It has been said before, but it is so important that we are saying it

r
again - stay calm and do your best. Then, whatever the result, you
can be proud of yourself.

Good luck!

3
I

I,.
4

I
5
SECTION 1: Multiple-choice questions

1 Which of the following is the most accurate 6 At what times of year do many religions hold
definition of the term 'denomination'? festivals?
a A term that describes the various beliefs a Birthdays
and practices in different religions b Harvest
b A term that describes the various beliefs
c The start of summer
and practices in different branches of the
same religion d At the start of a new year
c A term that describes the different clothes 7 How can religion help to contribute to a
and markings people use to identify sense of personal identity?
themselves within a religion a It provides a reason for why we are on the
d A term that describes a recently created earth and gives beliefs to live by
new religion, often with a charismatic and b It explains why bad things happen
radical leader
c It can help us to forgive
2 Which of the following options matches the
d It encourages moral living
religion with its correct place of worship,
written in English and Sanskrit/Arabic? 8 Why is religion good for the environment?
a Hinduism - temple/masjid, Islam - a God created the world
mosque/mandir b Religious people must give to
b Hinduism - temple/mandir, Islam - environmental charities
mosque/masjid c Religion teaches that people should
c Hinduism - river/mandir, Islam - shrine/masjid respect and protect the earth
d Hinduism - mosque/masjid, Islam - d Religious people limit their car use
temple/mandir
9 Which of the following are examples of rites
3 Which of the following are examples of rituals?
of passage?
a Offering fruit or flowers to gods
a Sacred Thread ceremonies
b Taking part in a christening service
b Bar and bat mitzvah
c Praying
d Studying scripture c The Aqueeqah
4 Which of the following statements about d All of the above
symbols are correct? 10 Which of the following are examples of
a Christians, Muslims and Hindus use religious moral codes?
symbols to remind themselves of what a The Ten Commandments, karma and the
they believe Sermon on the Mount
b Christians, Muslims and Hindus use b The Ten Commandments, mantra and the
symbols during worship Sermon on the Mount
c Christians and Jews use symbols to c The Ten Commandments, karma and wudu
represent their religion and remind
d The Ten Commandments, wudu and the
themselves of key beliefs
Parable of the Sower
d Islam does not use symbolism
5 What is the purpose of sacred writings?
a To help people to understand God and His Further practice questions
purposes for humankind and examples can be found
b To give guidance about how we should live on the accompanying CD.
c To receive inspiration
d All of the above
SECTION 2: Multiple-choice questions

1 Which of the following religions believe in a 6 What term describes belief in the Oneness
single God? of God in Islam?
a Christianity, Islam and Hinduism a Tawhid
b Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism b Shahadah
c Christianity, Islam and Judaism c Salah
d All of the above d Assalamu alaikum
2 Which of the following is the term used to 7 What does the word 'Islam' mean?
describe belief in a single God? a Respect for all
a Monogamy b Submission to Muhammad
b Polytheism c Submission to Allah
c Polygamy d There is no God but Allah, and
d Monotheism Muhammad is His messenger

3 What is the Trinity in Christianity? 8 Which word describes the belief that Jews are
God's chosen people?
a Three different Christian gods
a Shema
b Three different aspects/forms of one
God b Covenant
c A type of prayer c Election
d Another name for the Holy Spirit d Incorporeal
9 What is a covenant?
4 Which three central Hindu gods make up
the Brahman Trinity? a An agreement between God and a person
or people
a Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
b A promise from God to provide protection
b Brahma, Vishnu and Shakti
c A percentage of money given to God
c Brahma, Shiva and Shakti
d An offering made to God
d Brahma, Lakshmi and Shiva
10 What are orishas?
5 Why do many Hindu students worship
the goddess Saraswati during a Smaller gods or spirits connected to one
examinations? supreme God

a Saraswati is the goddess of good b Statues of gods

fortune c Qualities attributed to gods
b Worshipping Saraswati brings relief from d Short prayers uttered to gods
stress
c Worshipping Saraswati is thought to aid
concentration
d Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge
SECTION 3: Multiple-choice questions

1 Choose from the words below to fill the gaps 6 What is the purpose of the minbar in a
in the following sentences: masjid?
chapels church tabernacle cathedral a It allows worshippers to see and hear the
imam
a A bishop is based at a _
b It shows the direction of Makkah
b A is a building set aside for
the worship of God c It provides a dividing line between the
imam and the worshippers
c Hospitals, airports and funeral homes
often contain _ d It elevates the imam to show his authority
and status
d The ark of the covenant was carried in a
_____ as it was thought to be too 7 What is the significance of the Ner Tamid (the
holy to touch perpetual light) in a synagogue?
2 Why might the Pope name a building a basilica? a It represents the light in the original Temple
in Jerusalem, which burned continually
a It is a pilgrimage site
b It provides light to read the Torah by
b It is in Italy
c It represents Judaism as being the true light
c It is a beautiful building
d It symbolises light always shining in darkness
d It contains certain features such as a nave
and a dome 8 What is contained inside the Ark in a synagogue?
3 Which Hindu tree is thought to have received a The Tenakh
a drop of heavenly nectar? b Instructions for worship
a The banyan tree c Jewish holy garments
b The neem tree d The scroll of the Torah
c The tulsi tree 9 Which Caribbean indigenous religions use
d The lotus tree poles to attract the spirits?

4 Why is the cow considered sacred in Hinduism? a Vodun and Orisha

a Because its dung is useful for a variety of b Vodun and spiritual Baptists
purposes c Vodun and Rastafari
b Because the Hindu god Vishnu came to d Rastafari and Spiritual Baptists
earth as a cow
10 What is a Casa de Santo?
c Because of its sacrifice in providing milk to
a A small Vodun temple
drink and to make ghee for worship
b The home of a senior Santeria priest in
d Because of its provision of meat
which followers meet
5 In Islam, what is the name of the masjid that c A type of food eaten in Vodun worship
contains the Kaaba? ceremonies
a Masjidul Aqsa d A castle used for Santeria ceremonies
b Masjidun Nabi
c Masjid al-Haram
d Jama masjid
Further practice questions
and examples can be found
on the accompanying CD.
 SECTION 4: Multiple-choice questions

1 What was the cause of people converting 6 In which of the following geographical
from Roman Catholic Christianity to regions is Islam mainly concentrated?
Protestant Christianity in the Caribbean during a Middle East, North Africa and South-East
the 17th century? Asia
a They were disillusioned with Roman b Middle East, South Africa and South-East
Catholicism Asia
b The British invasion banned Roman c Middle East, Europe and South-East Asia
Catholicism
d Middle East only
c They were attracted to Protestant
Christianity because it allowed them to 7 Which countries of the world have the largest

I
also practise their traditional religions Jewish population?

d Protestant Christianity allowed them to a The UK and Israel

divorce b The UK and France
2 When did Christian missionaries arrive in the c The UK and Jamaica
Caribbean? d Israel and North America
a Beginning of the 1700s 8 What was the most common reason for Jews
b Middle of the 1700s immigrating to the Caribbean during the 15th
c End of the 1700s and 17th centuries?

d Beginning of the 1800s a To take advantage of business

opportunities
3 Why did Indian Hindus travel to the
b For better education opportunities
Caribbean?
c To flee persecution
a To work as indentured labourers
d To enjoy a warmer climate
b To spread their religion
c To work as slaves 9 Where did Rastafari begin?
d To see the world and enjoy new a Trinidad
opportunities b Jamaica
4 In which Caribbean countries is Hinduism c Barbados
mainly concentrated? d Haiti
a Trinidad and Tobago and Anguilla 10 In which Caribbean country is Vodun
b Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, and Jamaica concentrated?
c Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and a Dominican Republic
Guyana b Haiti
d Trinidad and Tobago and Cuba c Trinidad and Tobago
5 What happened to many Muslim slaves when d Grenada
they arrived in the Caribbean?
a They converted to Christianity and other
religions
b They converted local people to Islam
c They were imprisoned
d They built masjids
SECTION 5: Multiple-choice questions

1 What are the names of the two parts of the 6 What is the English translation of the Arabic
Bible? word 'Sunnah'?
a The Old and Modern Testaments a The teachings
b The Ancient and Modern Testaments b The revelations
c The Old and New Testaments c The practical example
d Revealed and Hidden Testaments d The sayings
2 Along with the Bible, what are the other main 7 Together, what do the Torah, the Nev'im and
sources of authority for Christians? the Ketuvim form?
a The Holy Spirit and Christian leaders/teachers a The Talmud
b The Holy Spirit and the Holy Piby b The Apocrypha
c The Holy Spirit and the self/conscience c The Tenakh
d Christian leaders and the self/conscience d The Bible
3 Which category of Hindu scriptures is believed 8 What is the most important source of
to have been communicated directly from authority for Jews?
Brahman? a The Torah
a Smriti b The Nev'im
b Shruti c The Talmud
c Swati d The rabbi
d Shastras
9 Which Caribbean indigenous religion does
4 Which holy Hindu story illustrates that, not use the Bible as a source of authority?
although adharma threatens order and a Santeria
happiness, dharma prevails?
b Vodun
a Ramayana
c Orisha
b Puranas
d Spiritual Baptists
c Mahabharata
10 Why is spirit possession important to some
d All of the above
followers of Caribbean indigenous religions?
5 What is Shariah in Islam? a The spirits give guidance and revelation
a The laws that govern how a Muslim should about the future
behave and worship b The spirits provide a connection with past
b A Muslim holy text lives
c Advice given by a Muslim leader c Spirit possession gives a deeper
d Food that Muslims are permitted to eat understanding of life and death
d All of the above

Further practice questions

and examples can be found
on the accompanying CD.
SECTION 6: Multiple-choice questions

1 Which of the following are gifts of the Holy 7 According to Jewish belief, what are the three
Spirit? parts of a human soul?
a Speaking in tongues and patience a The I, the other and the Holy Spirit
b Preaching and compassion b The animating spirit, the you and the Holy
c Speaking in tongues and prophesying Spirit
d Self-control and faithfulness c The animating spirit, the still spirit and the
Holy Spirit
2 What is the term used to describe the
d The animating spirit, the reflective spirit
Christian belief that Jesus Christ will return
and the restored spirit
to earth?
a The Rapture 8 Which Jewish sects follow halakhah
(Jewish law) either strictly or liberally?
b The Resurrection
c The Second Coming a Orthodox, Reconstructionist, Conservative
and Flexidox
d The Ascension
b Orthodox, Reform, Humanist and Flexidox
3 What is dharma in Hinduism? c Orthodox, Reform, Reconstructionist and
a Religion, duty and law Humanist
b The collective deeds of a person d Orthodox, Messianic and Reconstructionist
throughout their life
9 Which Caribbean indigenous religion teaches
c The soul
that the universe is occupied by three groups
d A blockage to spiritual enlightenment of spirits?
4 What are the four goals in life for a Hindu? a Vodun
a Kama, artha, dharma and samsara b Orisha
b Kama, artha, dharma and grihastha c Revivalism
c Kama, Maayaa, dharma and moksha d Rastafari
d Karma, artha, dharma and moksha 10 Which Caribbean indigenous religion carries
5 What is the role of angels in Islam? out degradation ceremonies?

a To announce the end of the world

a Rastafari
b To attend to the needs of Allah b Spiritual Baptists
c To provide protection and blessing to c Vodun
Muslims and to carry out specific tasks d Santeria
d They have no role
6 What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
a Declaration of faith, reproduction (having
children), prayer, pilgrimage and fasting
b Declaration of faith, prayer, charitable
giving, fasting and pilgrimage
c Baptism, prayer, charitable giving, fasting
Further practice questions
and pilgrimage
and examples can be found
d Declaration of faith, prayer, charitable on the accompanying CD.
giving, study of the Qur'an and pilgrimage
SECTION 7: Multiple-choice questions

1 Why is the day that Christians remember Jesus 6 Which of these Muslim festivals
dying called Good Friday? commemorates the birthday of the Prophet
a Jesus was good Muhammad?
b It is the duty of all Christians to be good a Miladunnabi
c It is the start of the Sabbath b Lailatul Miraj
d Christians believe that Jesus' death was c Lailatul Qadr
good because it paid the price of sin d Lailatul Bara'at
and allows human beings to have their
7 What happens on the tenth day of Rosh
relationship with God restored
Hashanah?
2 What does the Day of Pentecost a Jews commit the coming year to God
com memo rate?
b God judges each Jewish person to decide
a Jesus teaching that the Christian life wil whether they should remain in the Book
be costly of Life
b The coming of the Holy Spirit c Jews share in a feast to celebrate the
c The start of Jesus' teachings being written onset of a new year
down d Jews make a sacrifice to God
d Jesus' ascension into heaven
8 What does the name Passover refer to?
3 Why do many Hindus stay awake all night on a The passing over of one year into the next
the night of Maha Sivaraatri?
b The Jews passing over the Red Sea during
a To carry out all-night prayer vigils their Exodus from Egypt
b To benefit from the high level of divine c God's presence passing over creation
energy on this night
d The angel passing over Jewish homes
c To practise self-denial when he brought death to Egyptian
d To extend celebrations for as long as firstborn sons
possible
9 What event do Rastafari commemorate on
4 Why do Hindus throw colourful dye at each 2 November each year?
other during the festival of Phagwa/Holi? a Ethiopian Orthodox Christmas
a To celebrate colour and diversity b The coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie
b To cover up past wrongdoing c Haile Selassie's visit to Jamaica
c To disguise themselves d Haile Selassie's birthday
d To celebrate the god Krishna's playful side
10 Which god is honoured during the Orisha
5 How are the poor provided for during the rain festival?
Muslim festivals of Eid ul Fitr and Eid ul Adha? a Olokun, the god of the ocean
a Through donating a room of your house b Shango, the god of thunder
to a homeless person
c Osun, the river goddess
b Through giving a percentage of your
d Yemaya, goddess of the ocean
wealth to charity and sharing your food
with the poor
c Through praying for the poor
d Through creating employment for the
poor
SECTION 8: Multiple-choice questions

1 What do the bread and wine symbolise in b The simplicity of death

Holy Communion? c That all Muslims are equal in death
a Jesus' words and actions while on earth d That we take nothing out of this world
b Jesus' body and blood
7 Where in a Jewish home is the mezuzah
c God's provision
placed?
d Jesus' holiness
a In hallways
2 What earlier ritual is confirmation linked to? b In the kitchen
a Baptism/christening c At the entrance
b Naming ceremony d In doorways
c Holy Communion
8 What do the words 'bar mitzvah' mean?
d Marriage
a Son of the Commandment
3 What happens three days after a Hindu b Son of the Covenant
cremation?
c Son of the Law
a The ashes of the body are gathered and
d Son of the Lord
ceremonies are performed to help the soul
to find its new resting place 9 What is the purpose of a mourning
b A service of remembrance is held ceremony?

c Mourners perform grieving ceremonies a To mourn a dead relative or friend

d The ashes of the body are planted in the b To repent sins and seek forgiveness
ground for them
c To focus on your spiritual rather than your
4 What is sapta-padi in a Hindu marriage?
physical state
a Special food to signify the sweetness of
d To mark the end of a particular stage
the marriage
of life
b The patterns a Hindu has drawn on their
hands with henna 10 Which of the following lists the four
Santeria initiation ceremonies in the correct
c The seven steps that a couple take around a
order?
fire while declaring promises to each other
a Receive eleke, create an eleqqua. receive
d The headdress that the woman wears
warrior implements, the Asiento
5 What is the first thing to happen to a Muslim b Create an eleqqua. receive eleke, receive
baby when they are born? warrior implements, the Asiento
a The Shahadah is whispered into their ear c The Asiento, receive eleke, create an
b The adhan is whispered into their ear eleggua, receive warrior implements
c Their head is shaved d Receive warrior implements, the Asiento,
d A small piece of date is inserted into their create an eleqqua, receive eleke
mouth
6 After death a Muslim is wrapped in three
plain sheets. What do the three plain sheets
symbolise?
a That the person is purified through faith
in Allah
 - -

SECTION 9: Multiple-choice questions

1 Which religions believe in monotheism? 6 In which major religions do worshippers sit

a Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari, on the floor?
Revivalism a Islam and Judaism
b Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Rastafari, b Islam and Hinduism
Revivalism, Spiritual Baptist c Hinduism and Judaism
c Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Rastafari, d Christianity and Judaism
Revivalism, Orisha
7 Which of the following teachings do all
d Christianity, Judaism, Vodun, Hinduism,
religions accept?
Orisha
a Life after death
2 Which religions are founded on the teaching
b Communication with spirits
of prophets?
c Sin and salvation
a Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Rastafari
d Reincarnation
b Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari
c Islam, Judaism, Hinduism 8 What is the Hindu doctrine of sin and
salvation?
d Christianity, Vodun, Hinduism, Islam
a The concept of sin does not exist in
3 Which religionswere introduced to the Hinduism
Caribbean through the slave trade or
b That paap (moving away from dharma)
indentured workers?
is sin, and moksha is salvation
a Islam, Hinduism, Caribbean indigenous
c That karma determines your spiritual
religions
progress on to moksha
b Christianity, Islam, Caribbean indigenous
d There is no salvation in Hinduism
religions
c Judaism, Islam, Caribbean indigenous 9 Which religions do not use symbols in
religions worship?

d Judaism, Hinduism, Caribbean indigenous a Christianity and Rastafari

religions b Christianity and Judaism

4 Which religion does not follow Old Testament c Islam and Judaism
teaching? d Hinduism and Islam
a Hinduism 10 Which religiondoes not have rules about
b Islam which foods can and cannot be eaten?
c Revivalism a Christianity
d Judaism b Rastafari
5 Which religions use shrines (areas containing c Judaism
a holy statue, altar, offerings, etc.) in their d Hinduism
worship?
a All of them
b None of them Further practice questions
c Islam, Christianity, Judaism and Santeria and examples can be found
d Christianity, Hinduism and Spiritual Baptist on the accompanying CD.
Option A: Short-answer questions

1 Using examples, outline what the different names of God can

tell us about what God is like.
2 Explain what stewardship means and how this influences
Christians' views on child abuse and discrimination.
3 Explain what the Dead Sea Scrolls are and outline their
relevance to the Bible today.
4 Describe what sin is and the effects it can have on quality of
life. According to the Bible, what are the consequences of sin?

Option B: Short-answer questions

1 Outline the roles, responsibilities and rights that Hindus have

in the following relationships, giving examples from Hindu
scriptures where possible:
a Children to parents
b Parents to children
c Husbands and wives
2 Explain how Shabari's story illustrates faith.
3 Describe Brahman as both Nirgun and Sagun Brahma,
outlining the characteristics of these two views of God.
4 Outline the relationship between bondage and liberation in
Hinduism.
 _..,. ---

Option C: Short-answer questions

1 Using examples and references from the Qur'an and Hadith,

describe how a person can be a good vicegerent of God on
the earth in the following circumstances:
a Care for the environment
b Attitude to fellow human beings
c Role in the family
2 Outline some of the teachings of the main tenets (principles)
in the Qur'an concerning Allah, man and Islamic law.
3 Discuss the role of one of the following in Islam:
a Angels
b Prophets
c The hereafter (afterlife).
4 Define sin from an Islamic perspective and describe two
possible consequences of sin as described in the Qur'an.

Option D: Short-answer questions

1 How does being made in the image of God bring meaning

and purpose to life according to Jewish teaching?
2 Describe the three types of Hebrew writings that make up
the Tenakh. State the name of at least one of the 'books' that
appears in each type of writing.
3 Give translations for the following names for God:
a Yahweh
b Ha 'Shem
c El
4 Choose one of the Jewish festivals discussed in this section
and describe how and when it is celebrated, what its meaning
is and what its modern significance is to Jews.

Fu rt her practice questions

and examples can be found
on the accompanying CD.
 ...... ----....... ,JA - ....

d
Adhan the Islamic call to prayer.
a person's body. This can cause
a physical reaction - the person
might shake, cry, laugh or speak
body after death does not really
matter as the soul (the core of a
person) is no longer present.
E
y,
(1
Adharma the opposite of dharma, in tongues. People also testify to a
Crucifix a cross with the figure of
it means 'that which is not in feeling of peace and joy.
Jesus Christ on it. ~
accord with the law' - referring Baptism by water also called F
to both the human written law
and the divinely given law of
nature. It includes concepts such as
baptism by immersion. This is the
process of being submerged in
water to symbolise the old, sinful
d
Degradation a Vodun ceremony
SC
0
ye
wrongness, evil and immorality. self dying and then rising to a new to remove abilities and pass them
al
l Admonition advice or correction.
It is a term that comes up
frequently in the Qur'an.
spiritual life. This mirrors the actions
of Christ dying and rising again.
on to a successor.
Dharma a Sanskrit word meaning
o
e,
Brahman the Ultimate Reality or 'that which supports'. It refers to
F
Advent the period that starts on Truth in Hinduism. It is considered the duties, responsibilities, values
a1
and guiding principles that help

J
the fourth Sunday before Christmas to be the spirit that effects creation
Day and ends on Christmas Day. and creates and sustains all Hindus to achieve moksha (the F1
During Advent, Christians remember life. Hindus see Brahman as the connection of one's soul with tc
Christ's promise that he wil come 'Ultimate Reality' to have union Brahman), while also maintaining d
with - the lifeblood and core of a order, peace and harmony on the
to earth again to judge humanity. F
person, creature or plant. earth. There are different types of
UI
Akeret Habayit Hebrew for dharma for different purposes.
Brahmanas sacred writings added tr
'mainstay', meaning the backbone or
to the Samhitas or Vedas that Diaspora Jews living outside Israel. tr
building block on which everything
detail the performance of rituals in fu
else is built. In the home, the mother Disciple the follower of a particular
domestic life. Of
is seen as the Akeret Habayit. She
fil s the central role and is responsible
for the family and the home.
d religion, movement or school of
thought. Disciples live their lives
according to the teachings and
In
P\
w
Caste also caste system. This principles of their religion.
Al Qadr one of the six pillars of Fl
faith for Muslims. It is the belief in derives from the Portuguese Divination the act of discerning of
I divine decree - that everything that word 'casta' meaning pure. It is a or discovering future or unknown tr

•
happens is the will of Allah and that Western term used to describe the events through supernatural
He sees every person's life before socio-economic grouping system powers - usually spirit possession or
they live it. in Hinduism. As a Hindu, the social communication.
group or class that you form part of

'
G1
Aranyakas Hindu sacred writings
that focus on a category of rituals
relevant to one who has renounced
is dependent on conduct, spiritual
knowledge and profession. In the
Caribbean the caste system only
d
Eid Mubarak this means
G
s~
the world. 'blessed Eid'. Just like Christians th
has ritual status; it is not generally
acknowledged in day-to-day life. at Christmas, as Eid Mubarak T
Atheism disbelief in the existence (a
of a god or gods. approaches Muslims send each
Circumcision the removal of the (p
other cards to wish each other a
Atman the divine self. foreskin (the tight skin covering the of
happy festival time.
end of the penis). at
Autopsy examination of a body to Elected chosen by God for a of
determine the cause of death. This Commentary a piece of writing
special purpose. pa
procedure often involves examining that interprets and explains a
w
internal organs. usually well-known text. There are Epiphany the holy day
pe
many different commentaries on commemorating the manifestation
Avatar the concept of God taking most religious texts, including the of Christ to the Gentiles. It also G
a human form. Tenakh, the Bible, the Qur'an and marks the end of the 12 days of C
the Vedas. Christmas.
d
Baptism by the Holy Spirit the
Cremation the act of burning
a body after death. Christianity
Euthanasia the painless killing of
someone in an irreversible coma or
d H
moment that the Holy Spirit enters teaches that what happens to the suffering from an incurable disease. sil
Evangelise to tell others about written down by his followers. They five years. Although workers were
your religion with the objective of are part of a body of writings called promised good conditions, in
converting them. the Sunnah. reality, many workers were treated
little better than slaves.
Halakha Jewish law and
jurisprudence, based on the Inquisitio n (or Spanish Inquisition)
Fasting going without food (and writings in the Talmud. an institution set up by the Roman
sometimes drink) in order to focus Catholic Church in 1480. Its
Halal meat that has been
on your spiritual state rather than purpose was to protect Roman
slaughtered in line with the
your physical needs. Many people Catholicism in Catholic countries
instructions outlined in Islam. Only
also fast to share in the suffering and remove other religions. The
meat that is halal can be eaten by
of a religious figure, or to show the Inquisition spread from Spain
Muslims.
earnestness of their prayers. to Spanish islands, Portugal and
Holy Communion participating in countries in South America. During
Fiqh methods of interpreting and
the Eucharist, the service at which the time of the Inquisition, anyone
applying Islamic law.
bread and wine are consecrated unwilling to convert to Roman
Free will the freedom and ability (made sacred). Catholicism was expelled from the
to make one's own decisions and country or killed.
Home altar/shrine a specially
choose between right and wrong.
demarcated space where one
Funeral pyre a structure made worships (individually or with the
up of layers of wood. The body of family) and keeps sacred objects.
Jah the living God, believed by
the deceased is laid on this and
Rastafari to be Ras Tafari.
the wood is set alight. Burning of
funeral pyres still takes place in the Jurisprudenc e the theory and
open air in India and the Caribbean. I and the plural 1-N-I the term philosophy of law. There are
In other parts of the world, funeral Rastafari use instead of 'me' - this different branches of jurisprudence
pyres are assembled inside buildings reflects the individuality and respect in society including medical
with an open roof. of each person. Using I and I jurisprudence and political
(shortened to I-N-1) reflects that each jurisprudence. Islamic jurisprudence
Fusion the joining together
Rastafari is an individual but that is called Fiqh, which literally means
of different beliefs, practices or
they are also all united under Jah. 'understanding', and relates to the
traditions to create a new identity.
laws and duties of Islam.
lhsan perfection. The highest state
or level that a Muslim seeks to
achieve.
Gentiles people who are not Jewish.
Incarnations gods or spirits Kalaamullah the Perfect Words of
Gifts of the Holy Allah.
becoming flesh (living beings) on
Spirit supernatural abilities that
earth. This is often as a human,
the Holy Spirit gives to people. Karma the concept of a human
although in Hinduism many of the being's actions causing that person
These include speaking in tongues
gods and goddesses have non- to be bound to the cycle of birth
(a heavenly language), prophesy
human features, such as Hanuman and death.
(predicting a future event) and words
the monkey god and the many
of knowledge (an understanding
Hindu gods and goddesses that
about a person or situation). Fruits
have multiple arms.
of the Spirit are attributes such as
patience, kindness and self-control, lndentureship a way for Last Days the time leading up to
which can be strengthened in a plantation landowners to obtain the end of the world.
person by the Holy Spirit. cheap labour once slavery was Lent the 40 days before Easter,
abolished. Workers (normally when Christians traditionally show
Grand Maitre the Great Master/
shipped in from other countries) penitence and practise fasting and
Creator. It is the Vodun name for God.
were paid a small amount of money . self-restraint to commemorate
to work on the land. Workers had Christ's fasting in the wilderness.
to sign a contract to say that they
Hadith the sayings, actions and would work for the landowner for Liturgy written prayers that
silent approvals of Muhammad, a set period of time - normally congregations read together.
d Manifest that which is clear
or acceptable to people of any
Christian denomination.
Promised Land Canaan, the
land promised to Abram and his
Ri
hi
ar
descendants.
and seen. The Sanskrit word for Nyabhingi an orthodox tr
manifest is vyakta. celebration of Rastafari involving Prophecy the prediction of future ar
music and drumming. events. Christians believe that the m
Missionaries people sent on a
Old Testament prophesies about ht
religious assignment.
Mitzvah a commandment in
d
Old Testament one of the
Jesus coming to earth. There
are also prophecies in the New
m
H,
Judaism. Testament that relate to the end of er
two parts of the Bible. The Old
the world. Sil
Moksha the spiritual connection Testament records the time before
of one's soul (atman) with Brahman Jesus came to earth. It contains Purushartas four goals of human w
(the Ultimate Reality). Achieving
moksha frees a person's soul from
the continual cycle of death and
rebirth on earth.
Monogamous being married to
or having a relationship with only
the story of creation and gives the
history of the Jewish people and
God's relationship with them. It
also contains lots of prophecies
about the future.
Oral transmission passing on
living in Hinduism designed to
foster successful living on earth
leading to moksha.

d
Qalb the Islamic word for the
•
Sc
ac
st
PE
one person at a time. information through speech. heart. He
th
Monotheism belief in a single Orishas gods or spirits smaller Qur'an the sacred book of Islam.
god. than the main god or gods in a S

Moral a good human behaviour.

If someone has good morals they
religion. It is thought that it is often
an orisha that possesses people
d
Ramayana the epic poem first
tr,
W
during spirit possession. Orishas Sz
have a good sense of what is right. penned by Valmiki and rewritten by
feature particularly in Caribbean bE
Many people believe that human others, including Tulsidas. It tells the
indigenous religions. cy
beings are born with a God-given story of the great Lord Rama and
conscience that helps them to
discern between right and wrong. d
Pacifist a person who believes that
his epic war with Rawan to regain
his wife who was kidnapped, and
to restore moral and social order to
re
Sa
of
d New Testament one of the
war and violence are wrong and
refuses to fight.
society.
Reasoning the practice of
Se
re
• two parts of the Bible. The New Pan-Africanism the concept of a Rastafari discussing an issue or
Testament begins with the coming socially and politically united Africa. a passage from the Bible. It is St
of Jesus to the earth. It records Jesus' This single African community important that everyone has a de
teaching and actions while he was would include all native Africans chance to give their view during tin
on the earth and records the history and those of African descent. It reasoning and the time must end A
and teaching of the early church. is a goal of Rastafari to return to with everyone reaching an agreed m
Africa, which is thought of as the understanding.
Night Journey when the Prophet Sh
motherland.
Muhammad travelled from Makkah Redemption to recover possession on
to Jerusalem in a single night. Parmatma the super soul in of something by paying a price. th
From Jerusalem, Muhammad was Hinduism that lives within the souls Christians believe that Jesus paid S
taken up to heaven by Allah. of all living beings. the ultimate price to recover God's be
'possession' of us. The Bible teaches Lo
Nisab the amount Muslims must Patriarchal a society ruled by men.
that Jesus died to pay for our sin.
have saved (after meeting basic S
Penitence regret for sins With sin removed, God could restore
requirements) for a year before re
committed. His relationship with humans forever.
paying zakah. Once a Muslim has by
saved this amount of money or Persecution sustained aggression Religion a system of beliefs and hu
more for a year, they pay zakah and ill-treatment of a person or practices. Ve
(2.5 per cent) on it. group. SO
Repentance feeling or showing
Non-denominational Pilgrimage a journey to a sacred true regret or remorse for a sin ar
churches churches that are open place. committed. th
 - ,.._.. r

Righteous to act according to Sin a wrong thought or action The Fall Adam and Eve's
high moral values. God cannot be that rebels against God and His disobedience in the Garden
anything but righteous since He is perfect standards. Christians believe of Eden, which resulted in
the source of all goodness, fairness that sin entered the world through humankind's descent into a state
and justice. God's righteousness Adam and Eve's disobedience. of sin.
means that He should judge Ever since then, sin has been part
Torah the law books of Jewish
humans according to His strict of our world. All humans sin, but
faith. It is made up of the first
morals and cast them aside. Christians believe that Jesus' death
five books of the Old Testament
However, Jews believe that God has means humans can be forgiven
(Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,
chosen to show mercy and allow and have a relationship with God
Numbers and Deuteronomy).
sinful people to have a relationship despite their wrongdoing.
with Him. Trinity the three different persons
Smriti sacred texts written by
of God: God the Father, who
enlightened human beings to
presides in heaven and rules over
analyse and communicate the
all; God the Son, who came to
Sacrament an outward religious teachings of Shruti to the masses.
earth in human form as Jesus
act that shows an inward spiritual
Sovereign supreme ruler over all. Christ; and God the Holy Spirit, who
state or decision and which gives
is God in spirit form, which enables
peace and grace to the soul. Stewardship 1. in the religious
Him to be with His people and to
However, not all Christians believe in sense, the practice of being
speak to, comfort and guide them.
the sacrament. appointed by God to care for and
nurture his world, including caring
Samhitas mantras of the Vedas -
for the creatures, plants and people
traditionally synonymous with the
in it. Many people describe this Unmanifest that which is hidden
word Veda.
responsibility as humans being - it cannot be clearly seen or
Samsara the concept of human God's 'hands and feet' in the understood. The Sanskrit word for
beings being bound to repeated world; 2. the role of taking personal unmanifest is avyakta.
cycles of birth and death or responsibility for caring for one's
reincarnation based on their karma. own or another person's resources. Upanishads sacred writings
that give deep philosophical
Sanskrit an ancient ritual language Sunnah writings made up of explanations of Vedic teachings.
of Hinduism. the Hadith.and the biography of
Muhammad. Usury a professional and formal
Second Coming the prophesied term used to describe the action of
return of Jesus Christ to earth. lending money with interest attached
Shahadah the Muslim (paying back more than you
declaration of faith, said several Taqwah derived from the word borrowed). This is the established
times a day. 'There is no god but 'waqaa', it means 'to shield'. One practice of Western banks.
Allah, and Muhammad is His must shield against the punishment
messenger.' of Allah by carrying out his
commandments and abstaining
Shariah the laws of Islam, based from any prohibited actions. Vicegerents trustees or
on the teachings of the Qur'an and representatives. Vicegerent
the Prophet Muhammad. Tawhid the Islamic belief that (vicegerency) is a word that is not
there is just one God. used very often in everyday life,
Shema the statement of Jewish
Teertha a sacred pilgrimage that but it is used frequently in Islam
belief that begins: 'Hear, Israel, the
Lord is our God, the Lord is One.' many Hindus make (either internally to describe the responsibility that
or externally) for spiritual merit; for humankind has on the earth as the
Shruti this means 'what is heard or meeting holy persons; to perform representatives of Allah.
revealed'. It is knowledge revealed specific rites; and for a general

"
by God to spiritually evolved spiritual experience.
humans called rishis. These are the
Vedas and they are the primary Tenakh the Jewish Holy Scriptures. Yoruba the language and belief
source of religious authority. They They are grouped into three system that originated in the West
are traditionally passed on through sections: the Torah, the Nev'im and African countries of Nigeria, Benin
the oral tradition. the Ketuvim. and Togo.
A c diaspora 161, 164
Abakua dance of the lreme 73 calendars 13, 165 disciples 106
abortion 108, 149 camps, Rastafari 26 discrimination 94, 109, 126, 147
Abram (Abraham) 15, 158 capital punishment 94, 108, 147 dismissal, ceremony of 87
Absolute, the 114 Casa de Santos 27 Divali (Deepavali) 62
Adam and Eve 120-1 castes and caste system 48, 111 divination 45, 57
adhan 80 cathedrals 19 Durga 11
adharma 10, 116 Chanukah 69, 163
admonition 125 chapelles 27 E
Advent 58 chapels 19 Earth festiva I 7 3
agape love 97 charity 50, 122, 127, 138 Easter 59-60
Akeret Habayit 148 child abuse 93, 108, 126, 146 Eid Mubarak 64
Al Akhirah 51 children 96, 110, 122, 124, 148 Eid ul Adha 65
Al Qadr 51, 137-8 see also birth Eid ul Fitr 64
Allah 12-13, 134-9, 143 christenings 74 Ekalavya 1 07
angels 51, 134
animals 21, 123
Christianity
the Bible 36-7, 97, 98-101
elected people 14, 153, 1 59
Epiphany 58-9 •~
apocalyptic writing 100 in the Caribbean 29, 30 Euchari~ 18, 59, 76 I-
Apocrypha 43 festivals 58-61 euthanasia 149 r
Aranyakas 38 and God 8-9,46-7, 92, 97, 102-3 evangelise 19 .
Ark of the Covenant 18, 24, 84 human life issues 92-7 t
Ascension Day 60 locations in world 28 F I-
Ash Wednesday 59 places of worship 18-19 Fall, the 151 f-
Ashura 66 practices and rites 74-7 family life 96, 110-11, 123-4, f-
assembly halls 19 sin and salvation 47, 104-5 147-8, 153-4 f-
atheism 7 Christmas 58 fasting 50, 64, 139
atman (atma) 48, 115 churches 18, 26, 27 Feast of Weeks 71, 152, 165
authority, sources of 89 circumcision 80, 82 female roles 95, 109, 124, 126, 148
Caribbean indigenous commentary43 festivals 5, 90
religions 44-5 confirmation 77 Caribbean indigenous
Christianity 36-7 Conservative Jews 54 religions 72-3
Hinduism 38-9 Corpus Christi 61 Christian 58-61
Islam 40-1 covenants 1 5, 158, 159 Hindu 62-3
Judaism 42-3 creator 8, 12 Islamic 64-7
see also sacred writings cremation 75, 79 Jewish 68-71, 152, 160-5
autopsies 149 crucifix 77 fiqh 41
avatars 112, 114 cults 3 fish symbol 77
Five Pillars of Islam 50 I
B D Flexidox Jews 54 I
baptism 77, 90
by the Holy Spirit 57
David, King 1 5
Day of Atonement 68, 161-2
food 65, 85, 90, 154-5
forgiveness 47, 52
.
I
by water 45, 56, 87 Dead Sea Scrolls 98-9, 1 50 freewill 92, 119, 144 I
bar mitzvah 84 death funeral pyre 79 1
basilicas 19 Caribbean indigenous religions fusion of religions 34, 35 h
bat mitzvahan and bat chayil 85 and 86, 87 h
belief systems 4 Christianity and 75 G 1
see also teachings and beliefs Hinduism and 79 gambling 126 h
Bembe feasts 73 Islam and 51, 80-1, 136 Ganesh 11
Bhagavad Gita 1 06, 108, 112 Judaism and 83, 152, 155 Ganges, River 20-1
Bible 36-7, 44, 45, 97, 98-101 degradation 57, 86 Garvey, Marcus 34
birth 75, 78, 80, 82 deities 5 Gemara 43
Blackman's Bible 44 see alsoGod gender roles 95, 109, 124, 126, 148
Brahma 1 0, 114 denominations 2 Gentiles 58 h
Brahman 10, 114-15 dharma 10, 48, 116 Ghandi, Mahatma 1 06, 1 07 I
Brahmanas 38 Dharma Shastras 38-9 gifts of the Holy Spirit 47 I
I

God 5, 88 I L
Allah in Islam 12-13, 134-9, 143 I and 1-N-I 44 Lailatul Bara'at 67
Caribbean indigenous religions ibaadah (worship) 125, 138 Lailatul Miraj 66-7
and 16-17 ihsan 143 Lailatul Qadr 67
Christianity and 8-9, 46-7, 92, 97, incarnations9, 48, 63 Lakshmi 11
102-3 indentureship 30, 31, 32 Last Days 47, 53, 136-7
Hindu manifestations of 10-11, initiation ceremonies 90 law, Islamic 40, 41, 121, 131
114-15 Christian 77 Lent 59
Judaism and 14-15, 52, 148-9, Hindu 79 liberation (moksha) 48, 106, 116,
156-9 Jewish 84-5 118-19
Good Friday 59-60 Santeria 87 life see human life
Grand Maitre 17 inquisition33 liturgy 3, 76
Guiro 73 Islam loas (lwas) 1 7
guru hood 106-8 and Allah 12-13, 134 love, for others 97, 111
in the Caribbean 32
H festivals 64-7 M
Hadith 13, 40, 131-3 human life issues 120-7 Maayaa (Maya) 49
Haile Selassie, Emperor 16, 34 locations in the world 28 Maha Sivaraatri 63
hajj 22, 50, 81 places of worship 22-3 Mahabharata 39, 107
Halakha 147 practices and rites 80-1 Mahesh (Shiva) 10, 114
halal meat 65 sacred writings 40, 128-31, male roles 95, 109, 124, 126,
Hanafi 41 135 148
Hanbali 41 sin, punishment and reward 140-3 Maliki 41
Hanuman 11 sources of authority 40-1 mandirs 20
Hinduism teachings and beliefs 50-1, 132-3, manifest, God 11 5
in the Caribbean 31 134-9 marriage
festivals 62-3 Christianity and 75, 96
holy scriptures 38-9, 107, 112-13, Hinduism and 78-9
J Islam and 80
117
Jah 16 Judaism and 82, 147, 148
human life issues 1 06-11
Jesus Christ 9, 46, 47, 103
locations in the world 28 masjids (mosques) 22-3
Jonah 69
major beliefs 48-9 Maundy Thursday 59
Judaism
manifestations of God 10-11, menorah 83
in the Caribbean 33
114-15 mentally and physically challenged,
festivals 68-71, 152, 160-5
practices and rites 78-9 the 95, 110, 147
and God 14-15, 52, 144, 148-9,
sacred places 20-1 Messiah 53, 153
156-9 Messianic Jews 54
sin and liberation 116-19
human life issues 144-9
HIV/AIDS 95 mezuzah 83
locations in the world 28
Holi 62 Midrash 42
places of worship 24-5
Holy Communion 18, 59, 76 Mihrab arch 23
practices and rites 82-5
Holy Piby 44 Miladunnabi 66
sacred writings 42-3, 1 50-1
Holy Spirit 9, 46-7, 61, 103 minarets 23
sources of authority 42-3
Holy Week 59-60 minbar 23
teachings and beliefs 52-5,
home altar/shrine20 miracles 100
151-5 Mishnah 43
hounfours 26
judgement 47, 52, 153 Mishneh Torah 43
Howell, L.P. 34
jurisprudence, Islamic 41 mission houses 26
human life
meaning and purpose of 92, 1 06, missionaries 30
120-1, 144 K mitzvah 145
sanctity of 111 Kaaba 22 moksha 48, 106, 116, 118-19
value and dignity of 93-5, 108-10, kalaamullah 129 monogamous marriage 96
121-2, 126-7, 146-7 karma 48, 106 monotheism8, 46
human relationships 13, 97, 111 Ketuvim 42, 150, 151 morals 145-6, 155
Humanistic Jews 54 kosher food 85, 154-5 Moses 15
Hussein, Imam 66 Krishna Janam Ashtmi 63 mosques (masjids) 22-3
 -

mourning ceremony 86 Islamic 22-3 festivals 72

Muhammad 22, 40, 66-7, 128, 131, Jewish 24-5 places of worship 26
136 plants and trees, sacred 21 practices and rites 87
Myalism 34 poverty 94, 109, 126, 147 sources of authority 44
prayer 3-4 spread of 29
N Christianity 76 reward 47, 52, 137
nation dance 86 Islam 23, 50, 125, 132, 138 righteous,God is 1 59
Nava Raatri 63 Judaism 24, 153 rites of passage 5
Nev'im 42, 150, 151 prejudice 94, 109, 126, 147 Caribbean indigenous
New Testament 36-7, 97, 99 Promised Land 157 religions 86-7
Night Journey 22 prophecy and prophets 42, 51, Christian 74-5
Nirgun Brahma 115 100, 135, 151 Hindu 77-8
nisab 50 Pukumina Revivalism 16, 44 Islamic 80-1
Noah 158 punishment 47, 52, 133, 137 Jewish 82-3
non-denominationalchurches 61 puranas 39 rituals 4
Nyabhingi 72 Purim 70, 163-4 Christian 76
purushartas (goals of life) 49, 109 Hindu 79
0 Islamic 81
Odu lfa 44-5 Q Jewish 85
Old Testament 36, 97, 99 qalb 142 rivers, holy 20-1
Olodumare 17 Qibla wall 23 Rosh Hashanah 68, 161
oral transmission 128, 150 Qur'an 40, 128-31, 132-3, 135
Oris ha s
beliefs 57 R Sabbath 54-5, 152, 160
concept of God 1 7 race relations 13, 146 sacrament 76
development of 35 Rain festival 73 sacred writings 5
festivals 72-3 Rama Naumi (Rama Navami) 63 Caribbean indigenous
places of worship 26-7 Ramadan 50,6~ 139 religions 44-5
sources of authority 44-5 Ramayana 39, 112-13, 117 Christian 36-7, 98-101
spread of 29 Rastafari Hindu 38-9, 107, 112-13, 117
orishas 17 beliefs 56 Islamic 40, 128-33, 135
Orthodox Jews 53 concept of God 1 6 · Jewish 42-3, 150-1
Oshun (Osun) festival 72 development of 34 Sagun Brahma 115
festivals 72 salah (prayers) 50, 125, 138
p places of worship 26 salvation 52, 104-5
pacifists 95 sources of authority 44 Samhitas 38
palais 26 spread of 29 samsara 48
Palm Sunday 59 reasoning, worship through 26 samskaras 78-9
pan-Africanism 56 Reconstructionist Jews 54 Sanskrit 38
parables 36, 100 redemption 47 Santeria
Parmatma 115 Reform Jews 53, 54 beliefs 57
Paschaltide 60 reincarnation 48 concept of God 17
patriarchalsocieties 95 religion 2 development of 35
peace, Islam and 122 comparing religions 88-9 festivals 73
penitence 68 reasons for following a 6 places of worship 27
Pentecost 61 throughout the world 28-9 practices and rites 87
persecution 33, 163 renunciation, ceremony of 86 sources of authority 45
Pesach (Passover) 70, 152, 164-5 repentance 105, 161 spread of 29
Phagwa/Holi 62 resurrection 60, 1 53 Saraswati 11
pilgrimage 19, 22, 50 Revealed Books 51 sawm (saum) 50, 139
places of worship 4, 90 revelation 1 34-5 scriptures see sacred writings
Caribbean indigenous Revivalism Second Coming 47, 53
religions 26-7 beliefs 56 sects 2-3
Christian 18-19 concept of God 1 6 Sephardic Jews 33
Hindu sacred places 20-1 development of 34 sexual issues 96, 146
Shafei 41 symbols 4-5, 90 v
Shahadah 50 Christian 77 Vedas 38
Shakti 10, 63 Hindu 79 vicegerents 120-1, 141, 142
Shariah 40, 122 Islamic 81 violence and vandalism 95, 110, 127,
Shavuot 71, 1 52, 165 Jewish 83-4 147
Shema 14 synagogues 24-5 Vishnu 10, 114
Shiva (Mahesh) 10, 114 Vodun
shrines 20 T beliefs 57
Shruti 38 tabernacles 18, 26 concept of God 1 7
Simchath Torah 69 Table, the 26, 72 development of 34-5
sin Talmud 43 festivals 72
Christianity and 47, 104 tapasya (tapas) 116 places of worship 26
Hinduism and 112, 116-18 taqwah 142-3 practices and rites 86-7
Islam and 140-2 Tawhid 12, 50, 134 sources of authority 44
Judaism and 52 teachings and beliefs 91 spread of 29
slavery 30, 32 Caribbean indigenous
Smriti 38-9 religions 56-7 w
social responsibility, Islam and 125, Christianity 46-7 war 95, 110, 127, 147
127, 133 Hinduism 48-9 Whitsuntide 61
social status 111, 146 Islam 50-1, 134-9 women 95, 109, 124, 126, 148
souls 48, 52, 11 5, 136 Judaism 52-5, 151-5 work 94, 96-7, 109, 124, 147
sovereign ruler 102 teerthas 20 worship 4
spirit possession 44, 45 temples 18, 20, 24, 26 Christianity 36
Spiritual Baptists Ten Commandments 1 5, 42, 154, Islam 13, 125, 132, 138
beliefs 57 165 Judaism 153
concept of God 17 Tenakh 42, 53, 148-9, 150, 153-5 see also places of worship
development of 35 tents 19
thanksgiving offerings 145
y
festivals 73
Torah 15, 25, 42, 69, 150, 151 Yahweh 14-15, 52, 148-9, 156-9
places of worship 27
transmission, ceremony of 86 Yorn Kippur 68, 161-2
practices and rites 86
Trinity 9, 46-7, 103 Yoruba 35, 57
sources of authority 45
Trinity Sunday 61 yugas, the four 49
spread of 29
Star of David 84
u z
stewardship 92-3, 144-5 zakah (charity) 50, 127, 138
unmanifest, God 11 5
substance abuse 94, 108, 126, 146 zikr 125
Upanishads 38
Sukkoth 69, 152, 162 Zion Revivalism 16, 44
usury 127
Sunnah 40
Surya 11
 I SBN 978-1-4085-1634-8

Nelson Thornes
Caribbean 9
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