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Calculus 2

The document covers the basics of trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, including definitions, formulas, and examples. It explains the six trigonometric functions, their relationships, and provides methods for solving for missing parts of triangles. Additionally, it details the properties and rules of exponential and logarithmic functions, emphasizing their significance in mathematics.

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5 views

Calculus 2

The document covers the basics of trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, including definitions, formulas, and examples. It explains the six trigonometric functions, their relationships, and provides methods for solving for missing parts of triangles. Additionally, it details the properties and rules of exponential and logarithmic functions, emphasizing their significance in mathematics.

Uploaded by

chsrrypieee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

COMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION


Region V (Bicol)
Province of Albay
LIBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Libon, Albay

TOPICS: Simple Trigonometric Functions, Exponential Functions, and Logarithmic Functions


DISCUSSANT: Sario, Cherry Joy B.
COURSE NAME/CODE: MC MATH 10 Calculus 2
INSTRUCTOR: Ms. Mara Abila, MaEd

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

➢ Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions can be simply defined as
the functions of an angle of a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles
and sides of a triangle are given by these trig functions. The basic trigonometric functions
are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant.
SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The angles of sine, cosine, and tangent are the primary classification of functions of
trigonometry. And the three functions which are cotangent, secant and cosecant can be derived
from the primary functions.
Basically, the other three functions are often used as
compared to the primary trigonometric functions. Consider the
following diagram as a reference for an explanation of these three
primary functions. This diagram can be referred to as the sin-cos-
tan triangle. We usually define trigonometry with the help of the
right-angled triangle.
Sine Function
Sin a =Opposite/Hypotenuse = CB/CA SOH-CAH-TOA
Cosine Function
Cos a = Adjacent/Hypotenuse = AB/CA
Tangent Function
Tan a = Opposite/Adjacent = CB/BA
Also, in terms of sine and cos, tan can be represented as:
Tan a = sin a/cos a
Secant, Cosecant and Cotangent Functions
• Sec a = 1/(cos a) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent = CA/AB
• Cosec a = 1/(sin a) = Hypotenuse/Opposite = CA/CB
• Cot a = 1/(tan a) = Adjacent/Opposite = BA/CB

EXAMPLES:
1 Determine the equation or formula to find a missing part of the triangle.
s
T P

P t=12

S
A. Solve for s in the figure above.
Solution: Angle P is an acute angle, t is the hypotenuse, s is the side adjacent to angle P. Use
CAH, that is
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cos P = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑠
cos P = 𝑡
𝑠
cos 53° = 𝑡
s = 12 cos 53°
B. Solve for p in the figure above.
Solution: Angle P is an acute angle, t is the hypotenuse, and p is the opposite side of angle P.
Use SOH, that is
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin P = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑝
sin P = 𝑡
𝑝
sin 53° = 12
p = 12 sin 53°
A. Solve for a in figure 2.
B Solution: Angle B is an acute angle, b is the opposite side, and a is
the side adjacent to angle B. Use TOA that is
67° 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
c tan B =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
a 𝑏
tan B = 𝑎
10.6
tan B = 𝑎
10.6
tan 67° = 𝑎
C A
b = 10.6 a tan 67° = 10.6
10.6
01010 10 a = tan67°

B.Solve for c in figure 2.


Solution: Angle B is an acute angle, b is the opposite side and c is the hypotenuse of the given
acute angle. Use SOH that is
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin c = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑏
sin B = 𝑐
10.6
sin 67° = 𝑐

c sin 67° = 10.6


10.6
c = 𝑠𝑖𝑛67°

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
➢ An exponential function is a Mathematical function in the form f (x) = ax, where “x” is a
variable and “a” is a constant which is called the base of the function and it should be
greater than 0. The most commonly used exponential function base is the transcendental
number e, which is approximately equal to 2.71828.

Exponential Function Formula


➢ An exponential function is defined by the formula f(x) = ax, where the input variable x
occurs as an exponent. The exponential curve depends on the exponential function and it
depends on the value of the x.
The exponential function is an important mathematical function which is of the form
f(x) = ax
Where a>0 and a is not equal to 1.
x is any real number.
If the variable is negative, the function is undefined for -1 < x < 1.
Here,
“x” is a variable
“a” is a constant, which is the base of the function.
Exponential Function Rules
Some important exponential rules are given below:
If a>0, and b>0, the following hold true for all the real numbers x and y:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 = a x+y
ax/ay = ax-y
(ax)y = axy
ax bx=(ab)x
(a/b)x= ax/bx
a⁰=1
a-x= 1/ ax

EXAMPLES:
1. a²a⁶ = a2+6 = a⁸
𝑥5
2. 𝑥 3= x5-3 = x²
3. (3²)² = 3⁴ = 81
4. y ³ p³ = (yp)³
2 2 22 4
5. (3) = 32 = 9
6. 100⁰= 1
7. y^-3 = 1/y³
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
➢ In mathematics, the logarithmic function is an inverse function to exponentiation. The
logarithmic function is defined as For x > 0, a > 0, and a ≠1, y= loga x if and only if x =
ay Then the function is given by f(x) = loga x The base of the logarithm is a. This can be
read it as log base a of x. The most 2 common bases used in logarithmic functions are base
10 and base e.

Common Logarithmic Function


➢ The logarithmic function with base 10 is called the common logarithmic function and it is
denoted by log 10 or simply log.
f(x) = log10 x

Natural Logarithmic Function


➢ The logarithmic function to the base e is called the natural logarithmic function and it is
denoted by loge
f(x) = loge x

Logarithmic Functions Properties


➢ Logarithmic Functions have some of the properties that allow you to simplify the
➢ when the input is in the form of product, quotient or the value taken to the power. Some
of the properties are listed below.

Product Rule

Multiply two numbers with the same base, then add the exponents.

Quotient Rule

Divide two numbers with the same base, subtract the exponents.

Power Rule

Raise an exponential expression to power and multiply the exponents.

Zero Exponent Rule

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