Unit 1: Introduction to PROLOG

Short Questions:

1. What is PROLOG and why is it used?

2. List three key features of PROLOG.

3. What are facts and rules in PROLOG?

4. How can PROLOG be installed in Linux?

5. Mention two advantages and two disadvantages of PROLOG.

6. Define variables in PROLOG.

7. What is the role of control structures in PROLOG?

8. What is the significance of backtracking in PROLOG?

9. Define recursion in PROLOG.

10. What are dynamic databases in PROLOG?

Essay Questions:

1. Explain the need for PROLOG in AI applications.

2. Describe the key features of PROLOG with examples.

3. Discuss how backtracking works in PROLOG.

4. Explain the concept of recursion in PROLOG with an example.

5. Illustrate the usage of arithmetic operators in PROLOG.

6. Discuss the importance of matching in PROLOG.

7. Explain the different types of input/output operations in PROLOG.

8. Describe how PROLOG handles lists and provide examples.

9. What are cuts in PROLOG? Explain their types.

10. Discuss the goals and terminology of PROLOG.

Unit 2: Problems and Search Methods in AI

Short Questions:

1. Define artificial intelligence.

2. List three common AI problems.

3. What are AI techniques?

4. What is a production system in AI?

5. Define a state-space search problem.

7. What is BFS (Breadth-First Search)?

8. Define DFS (Depth-First Search).

9. What is hill climbing in AI?

10. Explain constraint satisfaction search.

Essay Questions:

1. Explain the different types of AI search problems.

2. Describe the features of production systems.

3. Discuss BFS and DFS with their advantages and disadvantages.

4. Explain the concept of greedy search with an example.

5. Compare brute-force search and informed search strategies.

6. Discuss the characteristics of AI problem-solving methods.

7. What is the branch-and-bound method? Explain its working.

8. How do heuristic methods improve search efficiency in AI?

9. Compare and contrast hill climbing and constraint satisfaction search.

10. Explain different AI techniques used for problem-solving.

Unit 3: Knowledge Representation

Short Questions:

1. Define knowledge representation.

2. What are the types of knowledge representation?

3. List three key issues in knowledge representation.

4. What is the role of mappings in knowledge representation?

5. Define predicate logic.

6. Give an example of a simple fact in logic.

7. What are computable functions and predicates?

8. Differentiate between procedural and declarative knowledge.

9. What is forward reasoning?

10. What is backward reasoning?

Essay Questions:

1. Explain the need for knowledge representation in AI.

3. Discuss key issues in knowledge representation.

4. Explain how mappings are used in knowledge representation.

5. Describe predicate logic with examples.

6. Explain the difference between procedural and declarative knowledge.

7. What are computable functions and predicates? Explain with examples.

8. Discuss the concept of forward reasoning and backward reasoning.

9. Compare and contrast logic programming and traditional programming.

10. What are ISA relationships? Explain with an example.

Unit 4: Game Theory

Short Questions:

1. What is game theory in AI?

2. Define games as search problems.

3. What are the components of a search problem?

4. What is the Minimax algorithm?

5. Define pruning in game trees.

6. Explain the concept of Alpha-Beta pruning.

7. What is the purpose of a chance node?

8. Define expected value in game theory.

9. What is the importance of additional refinements in search?

10. Name two games that include an element of chance.

Essay Questions:

1. Explain the significance of game theory in AI.

2. Describe the Minimax search procedure with an example.

3. Discuss the role of pruning in game trees and its advantages.

4. Explain how Alpha-Beta pruning improves Minimax search.

5. Describe the components of a search problem in AI.

6. What is the purpose of chance nodes in game trees? Explain with an example.

7. Discuss the concept of expected value in game decision-making.

8. How does game theory help in strategic decision-making?

10. Explain additional refinements used in game theory to optimize search.

Unit 5: Fuzzy Logic

Short Questions:

1. Define fuzzy logic.

2. What are fuzzy sets?

3. Explain the importance of crisp sets.

4. Define fuzzy inference.

5. What is the significance of fuzzy logic control?

6. What are fuzzy hedges?

7. Explain the importance of Alpha cut threshold.

8. How does fuzzy logic differ from Boolean logic?

9. List two real-world applications of fuzzy logic.

10. What is a membership function in fuzzy logic?

Essay Questions:

1. Explain the basic concepts of fuzzy logic and its applications.

2. Discuss the differences between crisp and fuzzy sets with examples.

3. Describe fuzzy logic control and its importance.

4. Explain how fuzzy inference is used in decision-making.

5. Discuss the importance of fuzzy hedges in fuzzy logic systems.

6. Compare traditional logic and fuzzy logic in AI systems.

7. Explain the working of the Alpha cut threshold in fuzzy logic.

8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fuzzy logic in AI.

9. How does fuzzy logic help in real-world applications like temperature control?

10. Explain the role of fuzzy inference rules in expert systems.