PROJECT SUBMITIED BY

S.NO NAME OF STUDENT PIN

NUMBER

1. Vadrevu Charishm 21010-EE-119

2. Satyanarayana 21010-EE-080

3. T. Ram Sai krishna 21010-EE-115

4. A.M.S.Sai Varma 21010-EE-127

5. S Dheeraj 21010-EE-104

6. V. Sai Bharagav 21010-EE-131

7. S Venkata Ramana 21010-EE-099

8. V. Kishore 21010-EE-118

9. P.Tejeswara rao 21010-EE-085

10. D.Nani 21010-EE-403

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROJECT CONCEPT

3. COMPONTIONS OF COMPONENTS

4. CIRCUIT DIGRAM

5. CONSTRUCTION

6. WORKING

7. CONCLUSION
 PROJECT CONCEPT

The main idea of the project to improve the safety

In chemical industry , gas plants etc . This
instrument improves of Gas Leakage Detection.
Gas leakage detection is the process of identifying
and alerting people to the presence of potentially
hazardous gases in an environment. This concept
is crucial for both residential and industrial
settings to prevent accidents, fires, and health
hazards related to gas leaks.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. TRANSFORMER

2. RECTIFIER

3. CAPACITOR [100UF,35V]
4. LM7805 IC

5. MG 6 GAS SENSOR

6. IC MICRO CONTROLLER

7. IC L293D MOTOR DRIVE

8. IC LM 324

9. BUZZER

10. STEPPER MOTOR

11. LCD 16*2 DISPLAY

TRANSFORMER

The transformer, in a simple way, can be described as a

device that steps up or steps down voltage. In a step-up
transformer, the output voltage is increased, and in a
step-down transformer, the output voltage is
decreased. The step-up transformer will decrease the
output current, and the step-down transformer will
increase the output current to keep the input and
output power of the system equal.
 RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

Many electronic circuits use DC voltage for operation.

We can easily convert AC voltage or current into DC
voltage or current by using a device known as a p-n
junction diode. A p-n junction diode allows electric
current to flow in forward bias condition and blocks
the current in reverse bias condition. Simply, a diode
allows electric current to flow in one direction only.
This unique property of diode allows it to act as a
rectifier. Let us learn more about rectifiers in this
article.
 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is an electronic device that stores electrical

energy in an electric field by accumulating electric charges on
two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each
other. It is a passive electronic component with
two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
 LM7805 IC

The 7805 Voltage Regulator IC is a commonly used voltage

regulator that finds its application in most of the electronics projects.
It provides a constant +5V output voltage for a variable input voltage
supply.
7805 Regulator Features

• 5V Positive Voltage Regulator

• Minimum Input Voltage is 7V
• Maximum Input Voltage is 25V
• Operating current(IQ) is 5mA
• Internal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is
available.
 • MG 6 GAS SENSOR

The MQ-6 Gas sensor can detect or measure gases like

LPG and butane. The MQ-6 sensor module comes
with a Digital Pin which makes this sensor to operate
even without a microcontroller and that comes in
handy when you are only trying to detect one
particular gas. When it comes to measuring the gas in
ppm the analog pin has to be used, the analog pin also
TTL driven and works on 5V and hence can be used
with most common microcontrollers.

Features of MQ6 Gas sensor

• Operating Voltage is +5V

• Can be used to detect LPG or Butane gas
• Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
• Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
• Preheat duration 20 seconds
• The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer
 IC L293D MOTOR DRIVE

L293d IC is known as a
motodriver. It is a low voltage operating device like other ICs. The
other ICs could have the same functions like L293d but
they cannot provide the high voltage to the motor. L293d provides the
continuous bidirectional Direct Current to the Motor. The Polarity
of current can change at any time without affecting the whole or any other
device in the circuit. L293d has an internalbridge installed
FEATURES
• L293d could be used to control the two motors at the same
time.
• It has the ability to control the speed by using the enable pin.
• The direction is also easy to change.
• Voltage supply range is higher than other IC. Voltage range
between 4.5-36 volts can easily handle by the IC to the motor.
 • The motor has a maximum continuous range of current
close to 600mA but the maximum peak current range is
1.2A
• It has an automatic shutdown system on thermal
condition.
• Its working range is from 0 – 70 degree which is much
higher for any small-sized IC.
• It has an internal back emp protection for IC and the
controlling device.
two motors.

LM 324

The LM324 series are low−cost, quad operational amplifiers

with true differential inputs. They have several distinct
advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single
supply applications. The quad amplifier can operate at supply
voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with quiescent
currents about one−fifth of those associated with the MC1741
(on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range
includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the
necessity for external biasing components in many
applications. The output voltage range also includes the
negative power supply voltage.

Features
• Short Circuited Protected Outputs
• True Differential Input Stage
• Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V
• Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A)
• Four Amplifiers Per Package
• Internally Compensated
• Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
• Industry Standard Pinouts
• ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting
Device Operation
• NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring
Unique Site and Control Change Requirements; AEC−Q100 Qualified
and PPAP Capable
• These Devices are Pb−Free, Halogen Free/BFR Free and are RoHS
Complier
 BUZZER

An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be

electromechanical or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The
main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to
sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used
in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc.
Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds
like alarm, music, bell & siren.
The pin configuration of the
buzzer is shown below. It includes two pins namely positive
and negative. The positive terminal of this is represented with
the ‘+’ symbol or a longer terminal. This terminal is powered
through 6Volts whereas the negative terminal is represented
with the ‘-‘symbol or short terminal and it is connected to the
GND terminal.
 STEPPER MOTOR

A stepper motor, also known as step motor or stepping

motor,[1] is an electrical motor that rotates in a series of small
angular steps, instead of continuously.[2] Stepper motors are a
type of digital actuators. Stepper motors are an
eletromagnetic actuator; it converts electromagnetic energy
into mechanical energy to perform mechanical work.[1]
A stepper motor is a brushless DC electric motor that divides
a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's
position can be commanded to move and hold at one of these
steps without any position sensor for feedback (an open-loop
controller), as long as the motor is correctly sized to the
application in respect to torque and speed.
Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors
with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-
loop commutated.
 LCD 16*2 DISPLAY

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one

kind of electronic display module used in an extensive
range of applications like various circuits & devices
like mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets,
etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-
segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The
main benefits of using this module are inexpensive;
simply programmable, animations, and there are no
limitations for displaying custom characters, special
and even animations, etc.

LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram

• Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to

connect the GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power
source.
• Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display,
used to connect the supply pin of the power source.
• Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the
display, used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
• Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command
or data register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and
obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).
• Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among
the read or writes operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller
unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read
Operation).
• Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute
Read/Write process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit
& constantly held high.
• Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display.
These pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-
wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the
microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are
connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
• Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
• Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.
 Resistor

0K

Resistor*: This indicates the resistance value

of the resistor. "10K" stands for 10,000 ohms
(Ω). Resistor values are typically expressed in
ohms and this particular resistor has a
resistance of 10,000
2. *Half-Watt Power Rating*: The "half-watt"
specification tells you how much power (in
watts) the resistor can safely dissipate
without overheating. In this case, it can
handle up to 0.5 watts (1/2 watt) of power.
ohms.
So, a 10K resistor with a half-watt power
rating can be used in circuits where you need
a 10,000-ohm resistance, and it can safely
handle up to 0.5 watts of power dissipation
without being damaged. This is a standard
rating for resistors and is widely available for
various electronic applications.

Resistor is used for Diving Voltage

Dividing the voltage works when some
components need to work in a much lesser
voltage than the supplied input voltage.
Connecting the resistors in a series will help
to drop the voltage across each resistor
equally, thus, assisting the appliances
smoothly which works in those conditions.
 Ac to Dc Adapter

Converting AC (Alternating Current) to DC

(Direct Current) in a gas leakage detection
system typically involves using a power supply
or adapter to provide the appropriate voltage
and current for the sensors and associated
electronics. Gas leakage detection systems
often use DC power for their components, such
as sensors, microcontrollers, and alarms. Here's
how you can use an AC to DC socket adapter
in a gas leakage detection system:
1. *Select the Appropriate Adapter:*
Choose an AC to DC adapter that provides
the required output voltage and current for
your gas detection system. The specific voltage
and current requirements will depend on the
sensors and other components you're using.
Make sure to check the manufacturer's
specifications for these requirements.

2. *Safety Precautions:*
Ensure that the adapter you select is
compatible with the local electrical standards
and that it's safe for the environment in which
you plan to use it. Safety should be a top
priority when working with electrical
components.

3. *Connect the Adapter:*

Plug the AC side of the adapter into a
standard wall outlet. Make sure the voltage
and frequency of the outlet match the adapter's
input requirements. Then, connect the DC side
of the adapter to the gas leakage detection
system's power input.

4. *Voltage Regulation:*
It's essential to ensure that the DC voltage
output from the adapter is stable and
regulated. Many gas sensors and electronic
components are sensitive to voltage
fluctuations. You may need to include a voltage
regulator or voltage stabilization circuit if the
adapter's output voltage isn't well-regulated.

5. *Polarity:*
Pay attention to the polarity of the DC
output. Some devices may require a specific
polarity (e.g., center-positive or center-
negative). Ensure that the adapter's polarity
matches the requirements of your gas
detection system.
6. *Testing:*
After connecting the adapter, test the gas
leakage detection system to ensure it's
receiving the correct power supply. Check that
all sensors, microcontrollers, and alarms are
functioning as expected.

7. *Protection:*
Consider using surge protectors or voltage
protection devices to safeguard your system
against power surges and spikes that may
damage sensitive electronic components.

8. *Battery Backup:*
Depending on the critical nature of your gas
detection system, you may also want to
incorporate a battery backup or
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to ensure
continuous operation in case of power outages.
Always consult the manufacturer's guidelines
and specifications for your gas leakage
detection system and the AC to DC adapter to
ensure proper integration. Additionally, follow
safety guidelines and local electrical
regulations when working with electrical
components.

*Micro Switches:*

Micro switches, also known as

snap-action switches or limit switches, are
small electromechanical devices that are used
to control the electrical circuit by a very small
movement. These switches consist of a small
actuator (typically a lever or button), a
housing, and a set of electrical contacts. When
the actuator is moved or pressed, the switch
rapidly changes its state from open to closed
or vice versa. Micro switches are commonly
used in various applications due to their
precision and reliability. Here are some
common uses:

1. *Appliances:* Micro switches are used in

appliances like microwave ovens,
refrigerators, and washing machines for
functions such as detecting the closing of
doors or ensuring that a button is pressed.

2. *Industrial Equipment:* They are used in

industrial equipment for tasks like end-of-
travel limit detection, position sensing, and
safety interlocks.

3. *Automotive:* Micro switches can be found

in vehicles for purposes like activating brake
lights, cruise control, and seat belt detection.
4. *Aerospace:* In aircraft and spacecraft,
micro switches play a role in various control
and safety systems.

5. *Consumer Electronics:* They are used in

consumer electronics devices, such as
computer mice and remote controls, to detect
button presses.

Micro switches are appreciated for their

durability and precise switching action,
making them ideal for applications that
require reliability and accuracy.
CIRCUIT DIGRAM
CONSTRUCTION OF PROJECT
*Working of Gas Leakage Detection
1. *Gas Sensors:* Gas leakage detectors typically use
specialized gas sensors or detectors to sense the presence of
specific gases. These sensors work based on various
principles, including:
- *Chemical Sensors:* These sensors react with specific
gases, causing a change in electrical resistance, voltage, or
other measurable properties.
- *Infrared (IR) Sensors:* Infrared sensors can detect gases
by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation at specific
wavelengths.

- *Catalytic Sensors:* These sensors monitor changes in the

rate of a catalytic reaction when a combustible gas is present.

2. *Data Processing:* The sensor output is processed by a

microcontroller or electronic circuitry to convert the sensor's
response into a readable and interpretable signal.

3. *Alarm System:* When the gas concentration surpasses a

predefined threshold, the gas leakage detection system
triggers an alarm. This alarm can take the form of visual
indicators (such as LEDs), audible alarms (sirens or buzzers),
and even remote notifications via email, SMS, or other
communication methods.

4. *Shut-off Mechanism:* In some applications, such as gas

pipelines or industrial systems, the detection system can be
connected to shut-off valves to stop the gas supply
automatically in case of a leak.
*Applications of Gas Leakage Detection:*

1. *Residential Use:* Gas leakage detectors are commonly

used in homes to detect leaks of natural gas (methane) or
propane. They help prevent accidents due to gas leaks from
stoves, water heaters, and furnaces.

2. *Industrial Safety:* Gas detectors are essential in

industrial environments where various gases are used. They
can monitor for the presence of toxic gases, combustible
gases, and oxygen levels. Common industries include
chemical plants, refineries, and manufacturing facilities.

3. *Environmental Monitoring:* Gas detection is used to

monitor air quality and emissions in the environment. It helps
detect pollutants and hazardous gases released into the air by
industries or natural events.

4. *Laboratories:* Laboratories dealing with potentially

hazardous gases, such as hydrogen, helium, or toxic gases, use
gas detectors to ensure the safety of personnel and
experiments.

5. *Underground Mines:* In mining operations, where the

risk of methane and other toxic gases is high, gas detectors
are used to safeguard the lives of miners.
6. *Oil and Gas Industry:* Gas leak detection is crucial in
the oil and gas sector to prevent explosions and protect
workers from exposure to hazardous gases.

7. *Agriculture:* In farming, gas detectors are used to

monitor the concentration of gases in confined spaces like
silos or animal housing facilities to protect against the
buildup of toxic gases.

8. *Transportation:* Gas detectors are used in vehicles that

run on compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas
(LNG) to ensure the safety of the fuel storage and delivery
systems.

9. *Wastewater Treatment:* Gas detectors are employed to

monitor the release of toxic or flammable gases in wastewater
treatment plants.

10. *Hazardous Material Handling:* Industries handling

hazardous materials, such as chlorine or ammonia, use gas
detectors to ensure safe storage and transportation.
In summary, gas leakage detection plays a critical role in
ensuring safety in various settings, from residential homes to
industrial facilities and environmental monitoring. These
systems help prevent accidents, protect lives, and mitigate the
environmental impact of gas leaks.
CONCLUSION

Gas Leakage Detection System detects gas leakage by

signalling an early warning to prevent accidents that
take place due to gas leakages and minimize damage
that enhance the house and industrial safety.By usage of
gas leakage detection systems,many lives can be saved
and prevent the destruction of the environment.Here
are some of the measures that should be taken during
gas leakages,If a person has inhaled the gas and
experiencing difficulty breathing, immediately get them
outside the house so that they can breathe fresh air and
ensure they are lying in a comfortable position and
make the victim to breathe comfortably.If the skin has
come in contact with the gas or any burns have been
experienced, remove the area covered by cloth and rinse
it with cold water.Get the injured person to a hospital
immediately.

Once again we are saying that my team member

Are thanking to those who give their esteemed
Guidance and help us.

THANK YOU