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PRACTICAL-REASEARCH-030824

The document outlines five major research designs: ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, and case studies. Each design has its own purpose, methods, advantages, and disadvantages, focusing on different aspects of qualitative research. The document provides a detailed overview of the methodologies and outcomes associated with each research approach.

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8 views

PRACTICAL-REASEARCH-030824

The document outlines five major research designs: ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, and case studies. Each design has its own purpose, methods, advantages, and disadvantages, focusing on different aspects of qualitative research. The document provides a detailed overview of the methodologies and outcomes associated with each research approach.

Uploaded by

marymikaella07
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRACTICAL REASEARCH

Five Major Research Designs

1. The ethnographic approach to qualitative research comes largely from


the field of anthrolopogy. The emphasis in an ethnography is on
studying an entire culture. Originally, the idea of a culture was tied to the
notion of ethnicity and geographic location (e.g. culture of Panay
Islands), but it has been broadened to include virtually any group or
organization.That is, we can study the "culture" of a business or defined
group (e.g.,a Rotary club) (Trochim, 2006)

ETHNOGRAPHY
Purpose- to describe a culture' characteristics

Method

 Identify culture, variables for study, and review literature


 Data collection-gain entrance to culture; immerse self in culture; acquire
informants; gather data through direct observation and interaction with
subjects

Key Stages of Ethnographic Research

 Stage One: Research Question


 Stage Two: Participant Observation
 Stage Three: Making Field Notes
 Stage Four: Reflection and the Writing Up of Field Notes
 Stage Five: Interviewing
 Stage Six: Interpretation of Interviews
 Stage Seven: Writing Up the Ethnographic Research
Advantages of Ethnographic Research

 Direct Observation
 Links with Theory
 Detailed Data
 Holistic
 Validity
 Contrast and Comparison
 Actor's Perceptions
 Self Awareness
 Ecological

Disadvantages of Ethnographic Research

 Time Recruitment
 Presentation of Results
 Reliability
 Interviewer Effect
 Inhibitions
 Safety
 Invasion of Privacy
 Scale
 Ethics
 Access
 Other Concerns
Analysis- describe characteristics of culture
Outcome-description of culture
2. Phenomenology comes from academic disciplines of philosophy and
psychology, and it is based upon the work of the 20th-century
philosopher Edmund Husserl, which was then later developed by
Heidegger. (Van Manen, 1990)

PHENOMENOLOGY

Purpose-to describe the experiences as they are lived

 examines the uniqueness of individual's lived situations


 each person has own reality, reality is subjective

Research Question Development

 What does the existence of feeling or experience indicate concerning


the phenomenon to be explored?
 What are necessary and sufficient constituents of feeling or
experience?
 What is the nature of the human being?
Method

 No clearly defined steps to avoid limiting creativity of researcher


 Sampling and data collection

-Seek persons who understand study and are willing to


express
inner feelings and experiences
-Describe experiences of phenomenon
-Direct observation
-Audio or videotape

 Methodology of Phenomenology

a. Bracketing process of identifying and holding in abeyance any


preconceived beliefs and opinions that one may have about
phenomenon that is being researched
b. Intuition occurs wen the researcher remains open to the
meaning attributed to the phenomenology those who have
experienced it.
c. Analysis-involves process such as coding (open, axial, and
selective), categorizing and making sense of the essential
meanings of the phenomenon

Advantages of Phenomenology
Phenomenology provides for:

 in depth understanding of individual phenomena


 rich data from the experiences of individuals. (Van Manen, 1990)
Disadvantages of Phenomenology

 The subjectivity of the data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and


validity of approaches and information.
 It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher induced bias.
 There can be difficulty in ensuring pure bracketing -this can lead to
Interference in the interpretation of the data.
 The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of results can make
them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners.
 Phenomenology does not produce generalizable data.
 Because of the samples are generally very small, can we ever say that the
experiences are typical?
 The original Husserlian/Heideggerian texts were written in German, and
translations of words could lose the special meaning that was assigned to
them by Husserl and Heidegger.
 On a particular note, it is important to consider the possible difficulties of
participants expressing themselves.
 Participants need to be interested and articulate-problems that can cause
difficulties in being able to express themselves include foreign language,
age, brain damage, and embarrassment. (Van Manen, 1990)

Data Analysis

 Classify and rank data


 sense of wholeness
 examine experiences beyond human awareness or cannot
be communicated

Outcomes

 Findings described from subject's point-of-view


 Researcher identifies themes
 Structural explanation findings is developed
3. Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that was originally
developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. The self-defined purpose
of grounded theory is to develop a theory about phenomena of interest.
But it is not just abstract theorizing they're talking about. Instead, the
theory needs to be grounded or rooted in observation-hence the term.
(Trochim, 2006)

Grounded Theory

Purpose-theory development

 Used in discovering what problems exist in a social science and how


persons handle them
 Involves formulation, testing and redevelopment of propositions until a
theory is developed

Stages of Grounded Theory

 Data collection
 Note taking
 Coding (open, axial, selective) into categories and properties
 Memoing
 Sorting/Integration
 Writing (Glasser & Strauss, 1967)

Advantages of Grounded Theory

 systematic and rigorous procedure


 rich data from the experiences of individuals (Glaser & Strauss, 1967)

Disadvantages of Grounded Theory

 The subjectivity of data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and


validity of approaches and information.
 It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher-induced bias.
 The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of the results
can
make them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by
practitioners.
& Strauss, 1967)

Method-steps occur simultaneously; a constant comparative process

 Data Collection-interview, observation, record review,


or combination

Analysis

 Concept formation
 Concept development-reduction; selective sampling of literature;
selective sampling of subjects; emergence of core concepts
 Concept modification and integration
Outcome-theory supported by examples from data

4. The historical approach "is employed by researchers who are


interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occurred in the past.
An attempt is made to establish facts in order to arrive at conclusions
concerning past events or predict future events." (Key, 1997)

Historical
Purpose-describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and
anticipate potential effects
Method

 Formulate idea-select topic after reading related literature


 Develop research questions
 Develop an inventory of sources-archives, private libraries, papers
 Clarify validity and reliability of data-primary sources, authenticity, biases
 Develop research outline to organize investigative process
 Collect data
Analysis-synthesis of all data, accept and reject data; reconcile conflicting evidence
Outcomes-select means of presentation-biography, chronology, issue paper

Examples of Historical Research

 A study of the factors leading to the historical development and growth of


cooperative learning
 A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the Philippine Supreme
Court on Philippine prisons
 A study of the evolution of print journalism in the Philippines through a
study of collections of newspapers (BCPS, 2010)

5. A case study is an intensive study of a specific individual or specific


context. For instance, Freud developed case studies of several
individuals as the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis and Piaget did
case studies of children to study developmental phases. (Trochim, 2006)

Case Study
Purpose-describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group,
community, or institution
Method

 Direct observation and interaction with subject


Analysis-synthesis of experience
Outcomes-in-depth description of the experience

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