Anatomy

and
Physiology

Prepared By:

RHEXEM GREG R. LLASOS, MEM, LPT, RN

 Module 2

The Respiratory and

Cardiovascular Systems

O0oO0oo0o0

At the end of this Module, you will be able to:

Submit an analysis and illustration of the human body being discussed through a
contextualized write-up on the significance of blood circulation in the physical
body.
Hello students! We are yet again exploring another chapter of this subject. Get ready to
explore and read the body parts involved in breathing and blood circulation.

The Respiratory System

Your respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. This
system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans
waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood. Common problems include allergies,
diseases or infections.

What does the respiratory system do?

The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in)
and exhale (breathe out), it:

 Allows you to talk and to smell.

 Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level
your body needs.
 Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
 Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
 Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you
breathe. Each group of parts has many separate components.

Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that
includes your:

 Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your
respiratory system.
 Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate
the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale.
 Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the
trachea (windpipe).
 Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
 Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into
each lung.
 Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your
blood.

From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your organs and other
tissues.

Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of your lungs. Some of
the bones and muscles in the respiratory system include your:

 Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
 Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.

When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste out of the
body. Other components that work with the lungs and blood vessels include:

 Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place.
 Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
 Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
 Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung and two in
the left lung.
  Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from
the chest wall.

Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:

 Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other
irritants out of your airways.
 Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you
swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway.
 Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds
when air moves in and out.

Physiology of Breathing

The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which function to take
in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe. The gas exchange process is
performed by the lungs and respiratory system. Air, a mix of oxygen and other
gases, is inhaled. In the throat, the trachea, or windpipe, filters the air. The
trachea branches into two bronchi, tubes that lead to the lungs. Once in the lungs,
oxygen is moved into the bloodstream. Blood carries the oxygen through the body
to where it is needed.
The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular system also known as the circulatory system is made up of

blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry
blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart.

The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and
removes waste products, like carbon dioxide. These roadways travel in one
direction only, to keep things going where they should.

The Blood

Before we continue further, we will discuss the organ that is fluid, movable and
sharable. I am talking about the blood. Yes, you got it. Blood is an organ. Blood is a
specialized body fluid. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting
oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent
excess blood loss.

Blood has four key components:

Plasma

 Fluid part of blood.

 Carries carbon dioxide, hormones and waste.

Red blood cells

  Contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen.
 Made in the bone marrow. The more you train the more red blood cells are made.

White blood cells

 An important part of the immune system, they produce antibodies and destroy
harmful microorganisms.
 Made in the bone marrow.

Platelets

 Clump together to form clots.

 Protect the body by stopping bleeding.

The Heart

The heart is the central part of the body which pumps blood enabling it to circulate
in the body. The heart has four chambers — two on top and two on bottom:

 The two bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump
blood out of the heart. A wall called the interventricular septum is between the
two ventricles.
 The two top chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. They receive the
blood entering the heart. A wall called the interatrial septum is between the atria.

The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves:

 The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
 The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Two valves also separate the ventricles from the large blood vessels that carry
blood leaving the heart:

 The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery, which carries blood to the lungs.
 The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which carries
blood to the body.

What Are the Parts of the Cardiovascular System?

Two pathways come from the heart:

 The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and
back again.
 The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts
of the body and back again.

In pulmonary circulation:

 The pulmonary artery is a big artery that comes from the heart. It splits into
two main branches, and brings blood from the heart to the lungs. At the
lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide. The blood
then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

In systemic circulation:

 Next, blood that returns to the heart has picked up lots of oxygen from the
lungs. So it can now go out to the body. The aorta is a big artery that leaves
the heart carrying this oxygenated blood. Branches off of the aorta send
blood to the muscles of the heart itself, as well as all other parts of the body.
Like a tree, the branches gets smaller and smaller as they get farther from
the aorta.

At each body part, a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries

connects the very small artery branches to very small veins. The capillaries
have very thin walls, and through them, nutrients and oxygen are delivered
to the cells. Waste products are brought into the capillaries.

Capillaries then lead into small veins. Small veins lead to larger and larger
veins as the blood approaches the heart. Valves in the veins keep blood
flowing in the correct direction. Two large veins that lead into the heart are
the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Remember the
anatomical regions and terms we discussed in Module 1? At this point of time,
you can recheck your notes in Module one to see how are this to vena cavas
are situated in the body.

To continue, once the blood is back in the heart, it needs to re-enter the
pulmonary circulation and go back to the lungs to drop off the carbon dioxide
and pick up more oxygen.

Physiology of the Heart – How Does it Beat?

The heart gets messages from the body that tell it when to pump more or less blood
depending on a person's needs. For example, when you're sleeping, it pumps just
enough to provide for the lower amounts of oxygen needed by your body at rest.
But when you're exercising, the heart pumps faster so that your muscles get more
oxygen and can work harder.

How the heart beats is controlled by a system of electrical signals in the heart. The
sinus (or sinoatrial) node is a small area of tissue in the wall of the right atrium. It
sends out an electrical signal to start the contracting (pumping) of the heart muscle.
This node is called the pacemaker of the heart because it sets the rate of the
heartbeat and causes the rest of the heart to contract in its rhythm.

These electrical impulses make the atria contract first. Then the impulses travel
down to the atrioventricular (or AV) node, which acts as a kind of relay station.
From here, the electrical signal travels through the right and left ventricles, making
them contract.

One complete heartbeat is made up of two phases:

1. The first phase is called systole (pronounced: SISS-tuh-lee). This is when the
ventricles contract and pump blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
During systole, the atrioventricular valves close, creating the first sound (the
lub) of a heartbeat. When the atrioventricular valves close, it keeps the blood
from going back up into the atria. During this time, the aortic and pulmonary
 valves are open to allow blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. When the
ventricles finish contracting, the aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent
blood from flowing back into the ventricles. These valves closing is what
creates the second sound (the dub) of a heartbeat.

2. The second phase is called diastole (pronounced: die-AS-tuh-lee). This is

when the atrioventricular valves open and the ventricles relax. This allows
the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria, and get ready for the next
heartbeat.

Now, we are done discussing the important topics about respiratory and
cardiovascular system. Now, we will try to link respiration and circulation in
exercise.

Respiratory Response to Exercise

To further learn about what happens to the body respiratory system while doing
exercise, please click the link below to watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STZWk8_4-IQ

The function of blood in exercise

When exercising, blood does the following things:

 transports nutrients and waste

 delivers oxygen to the working muscles
 removes heat (temperature regulation)
 dilutes/carries away lactic acid (acidic balance)

Blood pressure increases when you exercise, but is lower at rest when you are fit. It
is also affected by age, smoking, stress, diet and weight.
Learning Zone

Case Analysis:
Research and analyze the following cases and explore the impact of the following
situation in Physical Education.

Leader Instructions: Assign 1-3 items to each member of the group with equal
distribution. Strictly instruct all members to read the entire module first before
doing the analysis. Make your own format.

Case No.1: Tetralogy of Fallot

You are a teacher in a kindergarten class, you conducted a dance class in the PE time
of your classroom. You have noticed one student fainted. The parents were present during
the situation and tells you their child has Tetralogy of Fallot. In this situation, establish an
analysis of this case guided by the lecture you have learned in the module:

a. What is Tetralogy of Fallot? What is its effect in a child? What organs and organ processes
are affected on this condition?

b. How does TOF hinder physical activity in day-to-day basis?

c. If a child has TOF, will he/she be safe to exercise? Why?

d. As a physical educator what will be your plan of action to a child with TOF under your
class? What are your alternative activities so the child can have physical development even
while having a condition?

Case No. 2: Status Asthmaticus

Your co-trainer in swimming was rushed in the school clinic due to unresolved
difficulty of breathing even she already puffed her medicine, there is still no improvement.
You saw her gasping of air. Her lips and fingers started to turn blue. You hear the clinic
doctor told the nurse to call for an ambulance as your co-trainer had Status Asthmaticus. In
this situation, establish an analysis of this case guided by the lecture you have learned in
the module:

a. What is Status Asthmaticus? What happens to the body when you have this condition?
What body parts and body processes are involved in this type of asthma attack?

b. What causes the lips and fingers of your co-trainer turn blue? What is the term for this
symptom?

c. Was training for Sports activities a possible trigger in having an onset of her condition?

d. What is the best advise you will give to your co-trainer in sports to prevent it from
happening again while working in a sports facility?

Sketch District:
1. Submit an individual photographed hand-sketched illustration of the
anatomy of the heart with full circulation cycle. Leaders will be compiling
the sketches and will be submitting as one group.
Additional Web-based References for this Module:

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/circulatory-
system#bhc-content

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z4tfr82/revision/3

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system
https://www.livescience.com/26825-human-body-system-respiration-
infographic.html
https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-the-circulatory-system-works-1763963
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/heart.html
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948510-overview