Class X Science Sample Paper – Set 4

Max. Marks: 80 Time Allowed: 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections. Maximum Marks: 80

2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A
student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.

3. Section A consists of 20 objective-type questions carrying 1 mark each.

4. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these
questions should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.

5. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to
these questions should be in the range of 50 to 80 words.

6. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answers to
these questions should be in the range of 80 to 120 words.

7. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with

sub-parts.

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 Section A 20

Q. No. Questions Marks

1. Four test tubes containing solutions (I), (II), (III) and (IV) are shown 1
below along with their colours. Zinc sulphate is contained in

a) II

b) IV

c) I

d) III

2. Dominant alleles are expressed exclusively in a heterozygote, while 1

recessive traits are expressed only if the organism is ……………… for
the recessive allele.

(a) Homozygous

(b) Heterozygous

(c) Normal

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 (d) None of these

3. The compounds used to prepare NaHCO3 are: 1

a) Na2CO3 , CO2 , H 2O, O2

b) NaCl , NH 3 , CO2 , H 2O

c) NaCl , NaOH , CO2 , H 2O

d) NaCl , Ca(OH ) 2 , H 2O, CO2

4. Builders use Plaster of Paris to make the surface layer of the inner walls 1
of a building. Which property of Plaster of Paris powder makes it a
suitable building material?

(A) It is lightweight.

(B) It is white.

(C) It is found readily in nature.

(D) It gets hard when mixed with water.

5. A metal is heated with dil H 2 SO4 . The gas evolved is collected by the 1
method shown in the figure. Answer the following questions based on
it:

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 The gas _______ than air and it is ________ in water.

a) heavier, insoluble

b) lighter, soluble

c) heavier, soluble

d) lighter, insoluble

6. When you add a few drops of acetic acid to a test-tube containing 1

sodium bicarbonate powder, which one of the following is your
observation?

(A) No reaction takes place.

(B) Acolourless gas with a pungent smell is released with brisk

effervescence.

(C) A brown-colored gas is released with brisk effervescence.

(D) Formation of bubbles of a colorless and odorless gas.

7. Ethane - with the molecular formula C2 H 6 has 1

a) 9 covalent bonds

b) 8 covalent bonds

c) 7 covalent bonds

d) 6 covalent bond

8. Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in: 1

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 (a) Cytoplasm

(b) ribosome

(c) Golgi bodies

(d) genes

9. In an experiment with pea plants, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with 1
a pure short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plant to pure short plants in
F2 generation will be

a) 1 : 3

b) 3 : 1

c) 2 : 1

d) 1 : 1

10. A student while observing an embryo of a gram seed listed various 1

parts of the embryo as listed below: Testa, Micropyle, Cotyledon,
Tegmen, Plumule, Radicle.

On examining the list, the teacher commented that only three parts are
correct. Select these three correct parts:

(A) Cotyledon, Testa, Plumule

(B) Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle

(C) Cotyledon, Tegmen, Radicle

(D) Cotyledon, Micropyle, Plumule

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11. Alternative forms of a gene are called 1

a) Chromosomes

b) Multiples

c) Loci

d) Alleles

12. During pollination, plants ensure that the pollen grain from a species 1
germinates on the stigma of the same species. Which of the following
ensures this?

(A) Hydrotropism

(B) Chemotropism

(C) Phototropism

(D) Geotropism

13. The strength of an electromagnet after the limit cannot be increased by 1

increasing the current through the solenoid. What is the reason behind
this phenomenon?

a) Voltage through the solenoid gradually starts to decrease.

b) Electrons start to corrode the solenoid.

c) Resistance of the solenoid increases.

d) Current flowing through the solenoid is saturated

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14. A current flows in a wire, running between the S and N poles of a 1
magnet lying horizontally, as shown inithe figure below:

The force on the wire due to the magnet is directed.

(a) From N to S (c)

(b) From S to N (d)

(c) Vertically downwards

(d) Vertically upwards

15. Refer to the given pie chart regarding contribution of different 1

greenhouse gases and select the incorrect statement regarding it.

a) S is used in aerosol cans, jet fuel, air conditioners and refrigerators.

b) Q is also produced by incomplete decomposition mostly by

anaerobic methanogens.

c) R are synthetic gaseous compounds of carbon and halogen.

d) Excessive use of fossil fuel is adding more P to atmosphere.

16. Which of these statements is incorrect about a balanced ecosystem? 1

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 (A) It is made up of interconnected food chains.

(B) It involves interdependence among living organisms and the

environment.

(C) Animals are dependent on plants but plants are not dependent on
animals.

(D) It involves communities made up of different populations of

organisms.

17. Assertion (A): Sodium metal is stored under Kerosene. 1

Reason (R): Metallic sodium melts when exposed to air.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true

18. Assertion (A): Amoeba takes in food using finger like extensions of 1
the cell surface.

Reason (R): In all unicellular organisms, the food is taken in by the

entire cell surface.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

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19. Assertion (A): A compass is kept near a wire carrying current gets 1
deflected.

Reason (R): Electric current is capable of producing a magnetic effect.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

20. Assertion(A): Hydrogen peroxide is kept in coloured bottles. 1

Reason(R): Hydrogen peroxide is a moderately reactive metal that can

react with light or heat slowly to produce water.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

Section B 12

21. Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment. 2

22. Answer the following questions: 2

(i) Define the power of a lens.

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 (ii) Name the lens that has:

(a) Negative power.

(b) Positive power.

23. i. What is double circulation? 2

ii. Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart
useful? How does it help birds and mammals?

24. A concave lens has a focal length of 10 cm. An object 2.5 cm high is 2
placed 30 cm from the lens. Determine the position and size of the
image.

25. Complete the below diagram by filling spaces marked as A, B, C and 2

D:

OR

Consider the following food chains

a. Plants → Mice → Snakes → Hawks

b. Plants → Mice → Hawks

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 If energy available at the producer level in both the food chains is 100J.
In which case will hawks get more energy and how much & Why?

26. What type of lens we wear if we are suffering from myopia ? 2

Section C 21

27. State three reasons for the following facts: 3

i. Sulphur is a non-metal.

ii. Magnesium is a metal. One of the reasons must be supported with a

chemical equation.

28. Obtain an expression for the magnification of an image formed by a 3

concave mirror.

29. i. Why is nutrition a necessity for an organism? State three reasons. 3

ii. What is likely to happen if green plants disappear from Earth?

30. Some modern insecticides have been introduced each having different 3
properties like accumulation in the bodies of predators, broken down
by soil bacteria, easily washed into lakes and rivers, and taken up by
plant roots. Among all these insecticides, which one will help in
reducing or keeping the level of environmental pollution to the lowest?

31. The refractive indices 1.0003, 1.31 1.5 respectively of Air, Ice and 3
Benzine in which of these does the light travels fastest?

32. (a) What is the heating effect of electric current? 3

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 (b) Write an expression for the amount of heat produced in a resistor
when an electric current is passed through it stating the meanings of
the symbols used.

(c) Name two appliances based on the heating effect of electric current,

33. A household uses the following electric appliances: 3

i. The refrigerator of rating 400 W for 10 h each day and Two electric
fans of rating 80 W each for 6 h daily.

ii. Six electric tubes of rating 18 W each for 6 h daily. Calculate the
electricity bill for the household for the month of June, if the cost of
electrical energy is Rs 3 per unit.

Section D 15

34. Analyse the following observation table showing the variation of 5

image distance (v) with object distance (u) in the case of a convex lens
and answer the questions that follow without doing any calculations:

S. No Object-Distance u(cm) Image-Distance v(cm)

1 -100 +25

2 -60 +30

3 -40 +40

4 -30 +60

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 5 -25 +100

6 -15 +120

(a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give a reason to justify
your answer.

(b) Write the serial number of the observation, which is not correct. On
what basis have you arrived at this conclusion?

(c) Select an appropriate scale and draw a ray diagram for the
observation at S.No. 2. Also find the approximate value of
magnification.

OR

(a) A security mirror used in a big showroom has a radius of curvature

5 m. If the customer is standing at a distance of 20 m from the cash
counter, find the position, nature and size of the image formed in the
security mirror.

(b) Neha visited a dentist in his clinic. She observed that the dentist
was holding an instrument fitted with a mirror. State the nature of this
mirror and the reason for its use in the instrument used by dentist.

35. The labelled diagram of a flower is shown below: 5

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 Using the above diagram, answer the following questions:

i. Where is the egg cell present in a flower?

ii. Which part of the flower produces pollen grains?

iii. What is the difference between a uni-sexual and a bisexual flower?

iv. What happens when a pollen grain falls on the stigma of the carpel?

v. How a zygote is formed in a flower?

OR

i. List three points of difference between nervous and hormonal

mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.

ii. How are auxins related with the bending of plant shoot towards
unidirectional light? Explain.

36. (i) “A convex lens can form a magnified erect as well as magnified 5
inverted image of an object placed in front of it.” Draw a ray diagram
to justify this statement stating the position of the object concerning the
lens in each case.

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 (ii) An object of height 4 cm is placed at 20 cm from a concave lens of
focal length 10 cm. Use lens formula to determine the position of the
image formed.

OR

(i) To construct a ray diagram, we use two rays which are so chosen
that it is easy to know their directions after reflection from the mirror.
List two such rays and state the path of these rays after reflection in
case of concave mirrors. Use these two rays and draw a ray diagram to
locate the image of an object placed between the pole and the focus of
a concave mirror.

(ii) A concave mirror produces three times magnified image on a

screen. If the object is placed 20 cm in front of the mirror, how far is
the screen from the object? (b) Which hormone is present in the areas
of rapid cell division in a plant and which hormone inhibits the growth?

Section E 12

37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Copper sulphate 4
crystal contains water of crystallisation when the crystal is heated the
water is removed and salt turns white. The crystal can be moistened
again with water. The water of crystallisation is the fixed number of
water molecules present in 1 formula unit of copper sulphate. On
heating gypsum at 373K, it loses water molecules and became calcium
sulphate hemihydrate.

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 (a) If the crystal is moistened with water, then which colour of the
crystal reappears?
(b) What is the commercial name of calcium sulphate hemihydrate?

OR

How many water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper
sulphate?

38. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Fill a conical flask 4
with water. Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh. keep two or
three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh. Take a cardboard
box which is open from one side. Keep the flask a wire mesh. Kin the
box in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming
from a window as shown in the given figure. After two or three days,
you will notice that the shoots bend towards light and roots away from
light. Now turn the flask so that the shoots are away from light and the
roots towards the light. Leave it undisturbed in this condition for a few
days. Plants show tropism in response to other stimuli as well. The
roots of a plant always grow downwards while the shoots usually grow
upwards and away from the earth. This upward and downward growth
of shoots and roots, respectively, in response to the pull of earth or
gravity, is obviously, geotropism.

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 (a) What has represented by the given activities?

(b) Do old parts of the shoot and root change direction? Is there any
difference in the direction of the new growth?

(c) What can we conclude from this activity?

39. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: 4

An insulated copper wire wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube such

that its length is greater than its diameter is called a solenoid. When an
electric current is passed through the solenoid, it produces a magnetic
field around it. The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying
solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The
field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines.
The strong magnetic field produced inside a current-carrying solenoid
can be used to magnetize a piece of a magnetic material like soft iron
when placed inside the solenoid. The strength of the magnetic field
produced by a current-carrying solenoid is directly proportional to the
number of turns and strength of the current in the solenoid.

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a) What would be the strength of the magnetic field inside a long
current-carrying straight solenoid?

b) Which end is north and which end is south pole when current flows
through a solenoid?

c) A long solenoid carrying a current produces a magnetic field B along

its axis. If the current is double and of the number of turns per cm is
halved, then what will be the new value of the magnetic field?

OR

A soft iron bar is enclosed by a coil of insulated copper wire as shown

in the figure. When the plug of the key is closed, then where would the
face B of the iron bar be marked?

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 Answer Key

Section A

1. (b) IV

2. (a) Homozygous

3. a) Na2CO3 , CO2 , H 2O, O2

4. (D) It gets hard when mixed with water.

5. d) lighter, insoluble

6. (D) Formation of bubbles of a colorless and odorless gas.

7. (c) 7 covalent bonds

8. (d) Genes

9. d) 1 : 1

10. (B) Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle

11. (d) Alleles

12. (B) Chemotropism

13. d) Current flowing through the solenoid is saturated.

14. (d) Vertically upwards

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15. (a) S is used in aerosol cans, jet fuel, air conditioners and refrigerators.

16. (C) Animals are dependent on plants but plants are not dependent on animals.

17. (c) A is true but R is false.

18. (b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.

19. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

20. (c) A is true but R is false.

Section B

21. Methanol ( CH 3OH ) is oxidised to methanal (HCHO) in the liver.

2CH 3OH + O2 →2HCHO+2 H 2O

Methanal (HCHO) reacts rapidly with the components of body cells. It causes the protoplasm
of the cells to coagulate. It also affects the optic nerve and causes blindness. Therefore, intake
of small quantity of methanol can be lethal.

22. (i) The ability of a lens to converge the rays of light falling on it is called the power of the
lens,

(ii) (a) The focal length of a concave lens is negative, so its power is negative.

(b) The focal length of a convex lens is positive, so its power is positive.

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23. i. A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice through the heart in one complete
cycle is known as double circulation. It is commonly seen in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals.

ii. The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This type of separation allows a highly efficient supply
of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and
mammals, which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. In animals that do
not use energy there body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment.
Animals, like amphibians and reptiles have three-chambered hearts, and tolerate some mixing
of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams.

OR

Anaerobic respiration occurs in man when there is deficiency of oxygen during cellular
respiration. In such situation, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by the lactate
dehydrogenase. In yeast also, anaerobic respiration occurs in the condition of absence of
oxygen.

24. To determine the position and size of the image formed by a concave lens, we use the lens
formula and magnification formula:

Lens Formula:

1 1 1
= −
f v u

Where:

• f=−10 cm (focal length of the concave lens; negative for concave lenses)

• u = −30cm (object distance; negative as the object is on the same side as the incoming
light)

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 • v=? (image distance; to be determined)

Rearranging the lens formula to find v:

1 1 1
= +
v f u

Substitute f=−10 cm and u=−30 cm:

1 1 1
= +
v −10 −30

1 1 1
=− −
v 10 30

1 3 1 4
=− − =−
v 30 30 30

1 2
=−
v 15

v = −7.5cm

The image is located 7.5 cm on the same side as the object (since v is negative).

25. A - Phytoplankton; C - Small fish D - Secondary carnivores; B - Herbivores

OR

Hawk gets more energy in food chain having three trophic levels.

Plants → Mice → Hawks

100j 10j 1j

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Plants → Mice → Snakes → Hawks

100j → 10j→ 1j

Energy available to hawk is 1J in the food chain with three trophic levels, but it is 0.1 J in the
food chain with four trophic levels. This is due to 10% energy law which states that only 10%
energy is available at the next trophic level from the previous level.

26.

• Myopia causes difficulty in seeing distant objects clearly because the image is focused
in front of the retina rather than directly on it.

• Concave lenses help diverge the light rays entering the eye, so the image is formed
correctly on the retina, allowing clear vision of distant objects.

These lenses have a negative focal length and are thinner at the center and thicker at the edges.

Section C

27. i. Sulphur is a non-metal because of the following reason:

a. It is a poor conductor of electricity.

b. Sulphur is neither malleable nor ductile.

c. Sulphur forms acidic oxide.

S + O2 ⟶ S O2

S O2 + H 2O ⟶ H 2 SO4

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ii. Magnesium is metal because of the following reason.

a. It is a good conductor of electricity.

b. Magnesium is malleable nor ductile.

c. It forms basic oxides

2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO

28.

Consider the formation of the image A’B’ of an object AB by a concave mirror. As shown in
given

A′B′AB=PB′PB

As per sign convention followed, PB = – u, PB’ = – υ, AB = size of the object = + h and A’B’

= size of the image – h’.

Hence, we have −h′h=−v−u

or h′h=−vu

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Thus, by definition of magnification of the image, we have Magnification, m = h′h=−vu.

29. i. Nutrition is necessary because a. it helps in the growth of new cells, survival and
maintenance of cells. b. it is needed to develop resistance against diseases. c. it provides energy
by the oxidation of food for metabolic processes.

ii. The disappearance of green plants from Earth would mean a total disaster for the
ecosystem.It will cause a decrease in concentration of oxygen to such a low level that it would
not be sufficient for all the living organism for breathing. Green plants are the source of energy
for all organisms. All other organisms directly or indirectly depend on them for food. So, if
they disappear from the Earth, all the herbivores will die due to starvation and so will the
carnivore. It would result in the extinction of life from the Earth.

30. Decomposition reaction: A reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to form two or
more products is known as a decomposition reaction.

(a) When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating then it is known as a thermal
decomposition reaction.

CaCO3 (s) ⎯⎯⎯

Heat
→CaO(s) + CO2 ( g )

(b) A decomposition reaction in which energy is supplied in the form of light, is known as
photochemical decomposition reaction.

2AgCl (s) ⎯⎯⎯→

Sunlight
2Ag (s) + Cl2 ( g )

(c) A decomposition reaction in which energy is supplied in the form of electricity is known
as an electrolytic decomposition reaction.

2H2O (l) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Electrical current
→ 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

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 OR

(a) When SO2 is passed through water, sulphurous acid is formed. Due to the formation of
acid, the blue litmus is turned red.

SO 2 ( g ) + H 2 O(l ) H 2SO3 ( aq)

(b) When SO2 is passed through lime water, calcium sulphite (white ppt.) is formed, which
reacts with excess SO2 to form calcium hydrogen sulphite. The chemical equation for the
reactions is

Ca (OH ) 2 + SO 2 → CaSO3 + H 2O

CaSO3 + H 2 O + SO 2 → Ca(HSO3 ) 2 .

31. Refractive indices of Air, Ice and Benzene are 1.003, 1.31 and 1.5 respectively. Velocity
of light in a medium is inversely proportional to refractive index of the medium. Light will
travel fastest in air (having least refractive index i.e. 1.0003) and slowest in Benzene (having
maximum refractive index i.e. 1.5)

32. (a) When electricity is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the energy of electric
current gets dissipated entirely in the form of heat. As a result, the resistor gets heated. The
heating of a resistor because of the dissipation of electrical energy is known as the heating
effect of electric current.

(b) When an electric current I passes through the conductor, the amount of heat produced in
time t is:

H = Vlt

Since, V = IR

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So, H = l2Rt

(c) Two appliances based on the heating effect of electric current are electric iron and electric
geyser.

33. i. Energy consumed per day by refrigerator

400
= 0.4kW × 10h [ ∴ power of refrigerator = 400 W kW = 0.4kW]
1000

= 4 kWh

Energy consumed per day by fans

80
= 2 × 0.08kW 6h [ ∴ power of each fan = = 0.08 kW]
1000

= 0.96 kWh

ii. Energy consumed per day by electric tubes

18
= 6 × 0.018 kWh 6h [ ∴ power of each electric tube = = 0.018kW]
1000

Total energy consumed per day = 4 + 0.96 + 0.648 = 5.608 kWh

Energy consumed in 30 days = 30 × 5.608 kWh

Cost of 168.24 kWh Cost of 168.24 units @ ₹ 3.00 = 168.24 × 3 = ₹ 504.72

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Section D

34. (a) The focal length of the convex lens can be calculated from S.No. 3 as when an object
is placed at a distance from the convex lens, its image is formed on the other side of the lens
at the same distance from the lens. So, the focal length is + 20 cm.

(b) S.No. 6 is incorrect as the object distance is between the focus and pole and here the real
image is formed as the image distance is positive. But in such situation, virtual image should
form.

(c) Approximate value of magnification for object distance – 60 cm and image distance +30
cm is -0.5.
u = -60 cm; v = + 30 cm,/ = – 20 cm m = v/u = 30/-60= 1/2 = -0.5

OR

(a) It is a convex mirror. So focal length should be positive.

Radius of curvature R = + 5 m

∴ Focal length f = 5/2 + 2.5 m

Object distance u =- 20 m

1 1 1
Mirror formula: + =
v u f

1 1 1
+ =
v −20 2.5

1 1 10
= +
v 20 25

1 5 + 40 45
= =
v 100 100

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 100 20
v= = = +2.2m
45 9

• Nature of image = virtual and erect image1

• Size of image: diminished image

(b) Concave Mirror – Reason: to obtain an erect and enlarged image of teeth.

35. i. The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell.

ii. Stamen produces pollen grains that are yellowish in the colour.

iii. The unisexual flower contains either stamens or carpels whereas the bisexual flower
contains both stamens and carpels.

iv. When a pollen grain falls on the stigma of the carpel, it bursts open and grows into a pollen
tube downwards through the style towards the female gamete in the ovary.

v. The tip of the pollen tube bursts open and the male gamete comes out of the pollen tube that
combines with the nucleus of the female gamete present in the ovule to form a fertilized egg
called a zygote.

OR

i.

Nervous mechanism Hormonal mechanism

Transmits information through electrical Transmits information through blood cells.

impulses.

Affects only a particular part of the body Affect different organs of the body

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 Signal transmission is fast Signal transmission is slow

ii. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shaded side of
the shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the
shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards the light.

36. (i) Case I: Image formed is magnified and erect when the object is placed between the
optical centre and focus on a convex lens.

Case II: Image formed is magnified and inverted when the object is placed between F and 2F
of a convex lens.

(ii) Given: u = – 20 cm, f = – 10 cm.

Using lens formula,

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1f=1υ−1u

⇒ 1υ=1f+1u

⇒ 1υ=−110−120

⇒ 1υ=−2−120=−320

⇒ υ = −203 cm

OR

(i) The following rays of light are usually used to locate the images formed by a spherical
mirror: The incident ray passing through the centre of curvature: In this case, light after
reflecting from the spherical mirror moves back along the same path.

The ray incident obliquely to the principal axis: In this case, the incident ray will be reflected
back by the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror obliquely, making equal angles with the
principal axis.

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When the object is placed between the pole and the focus of the concave mirror, an image is
formed behind the mirror and is virtual, erect and magnified.

(ii) Given, Magnification, m = – 3 (As the image is real), Object distance, u = – 20 cm

We have, m = –υu

⇒ – 3 = – (υ−20)

⇒ υ = – 60 cm

The image is located at 60 cm in front of the mirror.

Thus, the screen is 40 cm from the object.

Section E

37. Copper sulphate crystal contains water of crystallisation when the crystal is heated the
water is removed and salt turns white. The crystal can be moistened again with water. The
water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in 1 formula unit of
copper sulphate. On heating gypsum at 373K, it loses water molecules and became calcium
sulphate hemihydrate.

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(i) If the crystal is moistened with water, then the blue colour of the crystal reappears.

(ii) The commercial name of calcium sulphate hemihydrate is Plaster of Paris.

OR

Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.

38. Fill a conical flask with water. Cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh. keep two or
three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh. Take a cardboard box which is open
from one side. Keep the flask a wire mesh. Kin the box in such a manner that the open side of
the box faces light coming from a window as shown in the given figure. After two or three
days, you will notice that the shoots bend towards light and roots away from light. Now turn
the flask so that the shoots are away from light and the roots towards the light. Leave it
undisturbed in this condition for a few days. Plants show tropism in response to other stimuli
as well. The roots of a plant always grow downwards while the shoots usually grow upwards
and away from the earth. This upward and downward growth of shoots and roots, respectively,
in response to the pull of earth or gravity, is obviously, geotropism.

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(i) These activities show tropic movements in plants due to their growth.

(ii) Yes, old parts of the shoot and root change direction and there is a difference in the direction
of new growth.

(iii) Movement is related to stimulus i.e. plant organs either move towards the source of
stimulus or away from it. Stimuli that cause movements in plants are gravity, light, touch,
water, and chemical substances.

OR

Movements in the organs of a plant due to gravity are known as geotropism. This causes the
roots to bend down towards the soil.

39. An insulated copper wire wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube such that its length is
greater than its diameter is called a solenoid. When an electric current is passed through the
solenoid, it produces a magnetic field around it. The magnetic field produced by a current-
carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The field lines
inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. The strong magnetic field produced
inside a current-carrying solenoid can be used to magnetize a piece of a magnetic material like
soft iron when placed inside the solenoid. The strength of the magnetic field produced by a
current-carrying solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns and strength of the
current in the solenoid.

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(i) Magnetic field inside the infinite solenoid is uniform. Hence it is the same at all points.

(ii) The end of the current carrying solenoid at which the current flows anti-clockwise behaves
as a north pole while that end at which the direction of current clockwise behaves as a south
pole and this is according to clock wise.

(iii) For a long solenoid, magnetic field B ∝ In; where I is the flowing current and n is number
of turns per unit length in the solenoid. Therefore, in the given case magnetic field will remain
unchanged.

OR

For a solenoid, if we imagine gripping the solenoid with your right hand so that your curl
fingers follow the direction of the current then your thumb will point towards the north end of
the electromagnet

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