This is to certify that Mr.

Rohan Patel
student of XII science Roll no
worked on project titled-
“Logic Gates” held in Bhagwati International
Public School during the academic year
2016-2017.
He worked sincerely under the guidance of
faculties and prepared this dissertation.

External Teacher Subject Teacher

Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project had become possible due to my efforts, and the support and help of many
individuals. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics teacher \, for their
valuable guidance which has promoted my efforts in all the stages of this project work. My
gratitude goes to the institution also, for providing me with necessary facilities.
I would also like to thank my parents, my friends, and the staff for
teaching me lessons- even ones which aren’t given in the book. Thank you.

Date;
 Index

 Introduction
 Principle
 Basic Gates
 The OR Gate
 The AND Gate
 The NOT Gate
 The NOR Gate
 The NAND Gate
 The EX-OR Gate
 The EX-NOR Gate
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction.
GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which
follows some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows
a signal to pass through or stop it.
 The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another according to
some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than
one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship
between the possible values of input and output voltages
are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
 Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all
the inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic
gates.
Boolean Algebra: - The algebra which is based on
binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical
statement which are followed by logical gates.
Principle.
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with
the input and output, which represents the statement of
Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be
complex, they may all be constructed from three basic
devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and a N-P-
N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they are
the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.

LOGICAL STATEMENTS.
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No
Basic Gates.
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+),
is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A with B

to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more
inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean
algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
̅=𝒀
The Boolean expression: 𝑨
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.
The OR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE OR gATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2.

Hear the negative terminal of the battery is

grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level
1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to
earth.
The following conclusion can be drawn from the
above circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open
(A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
The AND Gate.
Aim:
TO DESING AND STIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
 Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)
 A resistance R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The
resistance R is connected to the positive terminal
of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is

grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the
level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with
respect to earth.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from
the working of this circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0), then bulb does not glow., hence Y=0.
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0.
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
The NOT Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes.
However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be
realized by making use a n-p-n transistor.

The base of the transistor is connected to the input

A through a resistance Rb and the emitter is
earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery.
The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
The following inference can be easily drawn from
the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open(A=0) then bulb
glows, hence Y=1
(ii) If the switchce Y=0
(iii) A is kept closed(A=1) thenbulb does
not glow, then

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0
The NOR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Component:
 Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
 An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input
of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR
gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to
earth.
In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed
as:
(𝑦 = ̅𝐴̅𝐵
̅)
+
And is being read as “A or B negated”.

Th following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows,
hence Y=0.
(iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
The NAND Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
 Two ideal p-n junction diode(D1 and D2)
 A resistance R
 An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the
input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the
NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed
as:
(𝑦 = ̅.𝐴̅𝐵̅)
And is being read as ‘A and B negated’.

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
The XOR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGNA AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
 Two AND gates
 An OR gate
 Two NOT gate

Theory and Construction:

The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity
in the value of the two signals A and B. It means
if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and
if both are identical, then output Y=0. This
operation is also called exclusive OR gate,
designated EX-OR.
 In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gate is
expressed as:
(𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵̅+ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵)

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow,
hence Y=1
(iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1,
B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence Y=0

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
The XNOR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
 Two AND gates
 And OR gate
 Three NOT gates

Theory and Components:

The operation EX-NOR checks for the exclusively
in the value of the two signals A and B. it means
if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and
if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This
operation is also called exclusive NOR gate,
designated EX-NOR.
 In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is
expressed as
̅ + 𝐴̅ ⋅ 𝐵 = ̅⊕
(𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 ̅𝐵̅)
𝐴

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(v) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0
(vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1,
B=1) then bulb will glow, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Conclusion
In this project, we explored the fundamental principles of logic gates and their application in
digital electronics. Through the construction and experimentation with basic logic gates—
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR—we observed how combinations of these
gates can be used to perform complex logical operations.

The experiments provided practical understanding of how binary inputs are processed and
translated into desired outputs, forming the backbone of modern computing and digital
systems. By utilizing breadboards and electronic components such as transistors and resistors,
we were able to create circuits that mimic the logical behavior of these gates, reinforcing our
theoretical knowledge with hands-on experience.

This project not only demonstrated the importance of logic gates in computational devices but
also illustrated their role in designing more advanced systems, such as microprocessors and
memory units. The simplicity and versatility of logic gates in forming the foundation for more
complex operations was clearly evident.

Overall, the project highlighted the significance of logic gates in both theoretical and practical
applications, laying the groundwork for understanding how digital computers and circuits
function at the most basic level. The knowledge gained through this experiment is vital for
anyone pursuing further studies in electronics, computer science, or related fields
 Bibliography.
Wikipedia.org
Icbse.co.in
Google