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8.2 Adding and subtracting fractions

8 Nailah’s class voted for where to go on the school outing.

3
of the class voted for the theme park.
4
2
of the class voted for the zoo.
9
The rest of the class voted for a river trip.
What fraction of the class voted for the river trip?
9 Jo plants potatoes, carrots and onions in her vegetable garden.
2
She plants potatoes in of her garden. potatoes carrots
3
1
1 4
She plants carrots in of her garden. 2
4 3 Not to
What fraction of her garden does scale
she plant with onions? onions

Look back over the questions in this exercise.

What can you do to improve your work?

Think like a mathematician

Copy and complete the table.

1 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 1 10
+ = + = + = + =
5 2 10 5 3 15 5 4 20 5 5 25

1 1 9 1 1 10 1 1
+ = + = + =?
7 2 14 7 3 21 7 4

1 1 11 1 1 1 1
+ = + =? + =?
9 2 18 9 3 9 4

Can you find a rule for your patterns? You can write your rule in words or in symbols.

You will show you are generalising when you find a rule for your patterns.

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8 Addition and subtraction (2)

Look what I can do!

I can add and subtract two fractions with different denominators.

Check your progress

13 7
1 Find the value of + .
4 3
2 a What is the total of 4.79 and 5.306?
b What is the difference between 4.79 and 7.428?
5 9
c What is the difference between and ?
3 8

3 Parveen creates a spice mixture using ginger, garlic and chilli.

2
of the mixture is ginger.
5
1
of the mixture is garlic.
6
What fraction of the mixture is chilli?
4 Find the missing digits to make this calculation correct.

9 9

– 6 9

3 6 1 2

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9 Probability
Getting started
1 Choose the best position for each of these events on the likelihood scale.
Write the reason for each choice.

impossible unlikely even likely certain

chance

A You will have a bath this week.

B You will be dressed by 8am tomorrow.
C You will live to be 200 years old.
D You will go to the Moon next year.
E You will listen to the radio today.
F You will blink your eyes in the next 5 minutes.
2 Look at these cards.

1 3 4 4 1

Imagine taking a card without looking. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for each
of these statements.
a I am equally likely to take a 1 or a 4.
b I have an even chance of taking a 4.
c I am more likely to take a 3 than a 5.
d I am less likely to take a 1 than a 3.
3 Gabriela is conducting a chance experiment by flipping a coin
and recording whether it lands head up or tails up.
Gabriela says: ‘I have flipped a head. My next flip must be a tail
because there is an equal chance of flipping a head or a tail
and I have already flipped a head.’
Is Gabriela correct? Explain your answer.

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9 Probability

Probability tells us how likely something is to happen.

This machine works by a player trying to control the claw to
pick up a toy. If the player picks up a toy then they win it.

How likely do you think it is for a player to win a toy? How

likely do you think it is for a player to win the football toy?
If you knew the likelihood of winning a toy how could that
help you decide whether to play the game?

9.1 Describing and predicting

likelihood
We are going to …
• describe the chance of outcomes using fractions and percentages
• learn about events that are mutually exclusive
• use likelihood to predict outcomes
• conduct chance experiments and describe the results.

If we can understand and describe the likelihood

of different events occurring then we can predict equally likely outcomes   event
how likely they are to occur in the future. mutually exclusive events  
outcome  probability  
probability experiment

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9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood

We can use fractions and percentages to describe likelihood more precisely

than words. What do you think the percentages on this weather forecast mean?

0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

13° 14° 15° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 21°

13% 15% 16% 15% 14% 16% 18% 20% 23%

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

21° 21° 20° 20° 19° 17° 16° 15° 14°

26% 29% 31% 32% 32% 30% 26% 21% 16%

Is it likely or unlikely to rain? When is it most likely to rain?

When is it least likely to rain?

Exercise 9.1
1 Characterise by copying and completing the sentences
about the balls in the bag.
a The probability of a red ball being pulled from the

bag is .
4

b The probability of a yellow ball being pulled from

the bag is .
4

c The probability of a green ball being pulled from

the bag is or .
4 2

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9 Probability

2 Write the probability of each of these events occurring as a fraction

and as a percentage.

1 2 4 7 9 1 4 6 7 8

a taking a red card b taking a 2

c taking a card with a value higher d taking a card that is not a 3.
than 4
3 Draw sets of cards that match the descriptions.
a There is a 25% chance of taking an 8.
5
b The probability of taking a card with a value less than 5 is .
6
c The chance of taking a 3 is greater than the chance of taking a 1.
d There is a 70% chance of taking a card with a value greater than 4.
e There is a 2 out of 5 chance of taking a 3.
4 Keran hears that the chance of a coin landing heads up is equally likely
as the chance of it landing tails up. She does an experiment to see
whether she will get the same number of heads up as tails up when
she flips a coin multiple times.

1p

These are her results:

Tally Total

Heads up IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII 24

Tails up IIII IIII IIII I 16

a How many trials did Keran carry out?

b Does Keran’s experiment show that the coin is more likely to land
heads up or tails up?
c What does Keran’s experiment show is the experimental
probability of the coin landing tails up?

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9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood

d Continue Keran’s experiment. Record your outcomes in a table.

e How many trials have you and Keran completed in total?
f Including all the trials, what is the experimental probability
of the pin landing point down?
g Ask your partner how they chose how many more trials to
carry out in the experiment. Do they understand that larger
numbers of trials are better for demonstrating the likelihood of an event
than smaller numbers of trials?

Worked example 1

Which two of these events are mutually exclusive?

5 2
• Spin a 5.
3 4
• Spin a number greater than 2.
1
• Spin a number less than 4.

Mutually exclusive means that the events

cannot happen at the same time.
• Spin a 5. These events are not mutually exclusive.
• Spin a number greater than 2.
I could spin a 5, which would be both a 5
and greater than 2.

• Spin a number greater than 2. These events are not mutually exclusive.
• Spin a number less than 4.
I could spin a 3, which would be both
greater than 2 and less than 4.
• Spin a 5. These events are mutually exclusive.
• Spin a number less than 4.
I cannot spin a number that is both
a 5 and less than 4.

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9 Probability

5 Some children play a game with tickets numbered from 1 to 30.

They take a ticket without looking. If their number is odd they win a
small prize. If their number is a multiple of 10 they win a medium prize.
If their number is both odd and a multiple of 10 then they win a big prize.

t ticket
ticke ticket

20 2 17

Copy and complete this Venn diagram with the numbers 1 to 30.

odd multiples
numbers of 10

a Shade red the section of the diagram with the numbers that
would not win a prize.
b Shade blue the section of the diagram with the numbers that
would win a small prize.
c Shade yellow the section of the diagram with the numbers that
would win a medium prize.
d What is the chance of winning a big prize? Why?
e Are the events ‘taking an odd number’ and ‘taking a multiple
of 10’ mutually exclusive?

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9.1 Describing and predicting likelihood

6 Look at the shapes in this bag.

Write ‘mutually exclusive’ or ‘not mutually exclusive’
for these pairs of events for when one shape is taken
out of the bag.
a Taking a shape that is red and taking a shape that
is blue.
b Taking shape that is red and taking a shape that
is a cone.
c Taking a shape with more than 5 faces and taking
a shape that is blue.

How confident do you feel about using the phrase

‘mutually exclusive’? Could you write it in a sentence?
Could you use it in a conversation? Could you explain
what it means to someone who does not know?

7 You have two six-sided dice, numbered 1 to 6. One is red

and one is blue.
Imagine you are going to investigate these events:
Event A: You roll a double.
Event B: The sum of the two scores is even.
Event C: The score on the blue dice is greater than the score on the red dice.
Event D: You get a 6 on the red dice.
a Which events can happen at the same time?
i A and B? ii A and C? iii A and D?
iv B and C? v B and D? vi C and D?
b Which pairs of events are mutually exclusive?
c Write two events of your own about the dice that not mutually exclusive.
d Write two events of your own about the dice that are mutually exclusive.

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9 Probability

8 Look at this spinner.

Asubi uses his knowledge of likelihood and fractions to
predict that after 8 spins the spinner is most likely to land on:
• red 4 times
• blue 3 times
• yellow 1 time.
Predict how times each colour will be landed on for these
numbers of spins.
a 16 spins b 40 spins c 200 spins
Discuss with your partner how you predicted the number of times
the spinner would land on each colour.
9 Take a total of 10 red and blue objects. For example, counters,
cubes or beads.
a How many blue objects?
b How many red objects?
Hide the objects, for example in a bag or under a cloth of
piece of paper.
You are going to carry out an experiment to see if you can predict
how many of each colour you will take. You are going to take,
record and replace an object 20 times.
c How many red objects would you expect to take? Why?
d How many blue objects would you expect to take? Why?
e Conduct the experiment. Record the colour of the counters you
get in a tally chart.
f Describe your results. Do your results match your prediction?
If your prediction is different from your results, can you explain why?

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