Chapter 3.

Breeding and
Genetics
 Terms Related to Breeding
Breed – animals with common origin and characteristics.
Strain- a group of animals within a particular breed
possessing common characteristics.
Lines – an individual or group of animals produced by
crossing two or more inbred parents.
Family – a group of related individuals within a population.
Half sibs – half-sisters or half-brothers as in paternal or
maternal sibs.
Breeding- is the act of mating animals
Animal breeding – is an art and science of that deals with the
application of genetic improvement of animals.
 Purposes of Breeding
To produce new species of animals
To increase the number of animals
To improve the quality of animals.
To retain the good traits of animals
 A practical recommendation for
timing of insemination
Cows showing estrus Should be inseminated Too late for good results
In morning Same day Next day
In afternoon Morning of next day or After 3 p.m.
early afternoon
• Animal biotechnology- refers to the technique
which lead to the advances in genetics and animal
breeding and improvement such as genetic
engineering and gene cloning.
• Genetic engineering/ or recombinant DNA
technology- techniques whose concern is to
construct new combinations of DNA molecules that
do not exist naturally.
• Biotechnology – any technology that uses an
organism or its parts to develop a new product or a
new trait in an organism. It refers to the
development of new technique in animal breeding.
Cloning - Splitting off a cell from an embryo
(twinning)

Dolly is a first cloned sheep. Gene the 2nd

cloned dairy calf.
 Recombinant DNA Technology
Yeast – a single cell fungus can be genetically
engineered to produce pharmaceutical drugs which
are beneficial to mankind, such as;
HGH – Human growth hormone – to heal wounds
Interferon –for treating cancer
Enzymes –for calming inflammation
Vaccine – against hepatitis B.
Interleukin- treatment of cancer and aids
Beta endorphins – as pain killers
Rennin- for milk coagulation to produce cheeses
 Biotechnological Products
1. Human insulin – against diabetes
2. Penicillin and cephalosporin as
antibiotics against infections.
3. Beta lactamase – enzymes produced by
disease causing bacteria that disrupts a
drug’s chemical structure. Genes to
produce beta lactamase inhibitors-produce
antibiotics.
 Related Terms
Estrus synchronization- the administration of hormone to
a group of mammalian females causing them to come
into heat at the same time.
Embryo transfer- a reproductive technology in which
embryos from donor females are collected and
transferred in fresh or frozen form to recipient females.
Superovulation – the administration of hormone causing a
female to develop and release more eggs than normal.
In-vitro fertilization- a technique by which eggs are
collected from donor females, then mature (in vitro
maturation) and fertilized in the laboratory.
Cloning- a reproductive technology for making
genetically identical individuals.
Clone- an individual member of clonal line.
Clonal line – a population of genetically identical
individuals.
DNA fingerprinting – a laboratory method for
graphically characterizing the individual’s DNA,
creating a unique DNA “fingerprint”.
Embryo splitting (bisection) - a reproductive
technology in which embryos are mechanically
cut in half to produce twin embryos.
• Genetics – the study of inherent similarities and
differences or variations among organisms.
• Variation – the tendency of animals to differ with each
other.
• Heredity – is the ability of an animal to transmit their
characteristics to its progeny. It is also known as
prepotency.
• Gene – is the carrier of hereditary traits. It is located in
chromosomes, these being found in the germplasm or
gamete. The germplasm of the male is called the
sperm and that of the female, the ovum.
 Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
Law Definition
Law of Segregation During gamete formation, the alleles for
each gene segregate from each other so
that each gamete carries only one allele
for each gene.
Law of Independent Assortment Genes for different traits can segregate
independently during the formation of
gametes.
Law of Dominance Some alleles are dominant while others
are recessive; an organism with at least
one dominant allele will display the effect
of the dominant allele.
• Recessive character-The character that is prevented
from expression or is hidden. A recessive character
shows up only in homozygous form. The small letter
distinguishes the recessive from the dominant character
which is represented by capital letter.
• Dominant character- The character that shows up.
• Phenotype – it determines the character of an individual.
• Genotype - it determines the dominant and recessive
character which is represented by Capital letter for
dominant character and small letter for recessive
character. It tells homozygous and heterozygous
character as well.
• Allele- characters exist in an animal in pairs,
either alike, or dissimilar and contradicting each
other.
• Mutation - Sudden variations caused by
modifications of the genes. Mutations or sports are
hereditary, that is they breed true the moment they
appear. When desirable and dominant mutations
are found, immediate steps should be taken to
retain and perpetuate them
• Freak – This form of variations arises from bodily
modification. It does not breed true. The
attachment of a leg on the neck of an ox is a case
of freak or teratology.
• Atavism, reversion or grandparentism –
The sudden appearance of a strange trait
or character in an animal is due to the
segregation of like characters in the
parents. The phenomenon is spoken of as
atavism or reversion, and because of the
presence of such character in some
distant parent it is also called
grandparentism.
• Pedegree- records of ancestry.
Average Incubation Period of Common
Poultry animals
Chicken Duck Ostrich Geese Pigeon Turkey Quail

19-21 28-35 48-50 28-35 17-18 28-35 16-17

days days days days days days days

 Terms and Timing of Reproductive Events in
Common Farm Animals
Event Cow Caracao Ewe Sow Doe Mare
Length of estrus 21 21 17 21 36 21
cycle (av. Days)

Duration of estrus 17 hr 18 hr 35 hr 5 days 17 to 24 hr 6

Parturition of 35 35 35 4 30 min – 1 11
estrus (av. Days) hr

Time of ovulation 12 hr 11 hr 17 hr 2nd day 12 to 36 hr 4th-5th

(av) day

Best time to Late Late estrus Mid-estrus 3rd day 12 – 48 hr 2nd & 4th
breed estrus day
Gestation length 283 316 148 114 150 145
(average days)
 Breeds of Common Farm Animals
Livestock is a general term applied to the raising of farm animals
including poultry, swine, goat, sheep, cattle, carabao, horses
and others.
Poultry is a term use to designate a group of domestic birds
raised for the purpose of obtaining profit; such as chicken,
duck, geese, turkey and others.
Selection – is the process of eliminating unnecessary traits of
animals. It is not the process of creating new ones but the
retention of good traits in animals and culling of undesirable
ones. The purpose is to improve the quality of animals to be
used for the next generation.
 Classes and Breeds of Chicken
1. Mediterranean Class – these are fowls that are
generally raised for egg production. Generally, the egg
type chickens originate from the areas around
Mediterranean Sea.
Examples of the breeds belonging to this class are the
Leghorns (black, red, white, and buff), Ancona, and
Minorca (Black and White).
2. Asiatic Class – these are the fowls that originated from
the Asian countries. Generally, the breeds in this class
belong to the meat type. Examples of the breeds
belonging to the Asiatic class are the Brahman, Cochin
and Langshan. Fancy type chickens are also found
among the Asiatic class especially those in Japan.
3. European Class – these are the Belgian, Dutch and
German fowls. Many breeds of the European class are of
the fancy type and general purpose type. Examples of the
breeds of the European class are: Silver Campine and
Hamburg (Golden Pencilled, Silver Pencilled and Silver
Spangled).
4. English Class – this class includes those breeds of
chickens from England. The sub-classes of this class are the
American and Australian. Generally, breeds of chickens in
this class belong to the meat type and general-purpose
type.
Examples of the breeds under this class are: English Dorking
(silver, gray, and white); Orpington (black, buff, white).
4. English Class – this class includes those
breeds of chickens from England. The
sub-classes of this class are the American and
Australian. Generally, breeds of chickens in
this class belong to the meat type and
general-purpose type.
Examples of the breeds under this class are:
English Dorking (silver, gray, and white);
Orpington (black, buff, white).
 Types of Chicken
1. Egg type – these are bird that convert their feeds most
efficiently to eggs. Examples of the breed under the egg
type are the leghorns (white, black, buff), Minorca and
Mikawa.
2. Meat type – these are the birds that convert their feeds
most efficiently to meat. Examples of the breeds under the
meat type are the Lancaster Cochin and Australorp.
3. Fancy type – these are the birds that are raised for
aesthetic value or for recreation. Examples of the breeds
under the fancy type are the silkie, Frizzles, Bantams.
4. General purpose type – the birds under this type are
raised both for meat and eggs. Breeds belonging to this
type are New Hampshires, Plymouth Rock and Rhode
Island Red.
 Breeds of Duck

White Pekin Duck Muscovy Duck

Mallard Duck
Mallard duck is the ancestor of most all domestic
ducks except for the Muscovy and American Black
duck. The mother Mallard raises one or two
broods per year often in the same spot year after
year, with 8-13 eggs per nest which are incubated
27 days.
White Pekin Duck is a dual-purpose breed, with
adults weighing 8-11 pounds, and females
laying 140-200 eggs per year. The body type is
large with pure white feathers. Their average
lifespan is 9 to 12 years.
Pekin ducks don’t always choose to sit on their
nests, so eggs should be incubated, or hens
can be used to sit on their nests. Eggs hatch
after 28 days.
Muscovy Duck is sometimes crossed with mallards in
captivity to produce hybrids, known as mulard ducks (“mule
duck”) because they are sterile.This is a dual purpose
breed, desirable for both meat and egg-laying. These are
very good egg layers, hatching 15-20 eggs up to three
times a year. They lay eggs in tree holes or nesting boxes
and incubate them for 35 days. The young stay with their
mothers for 10-12 weeks and can fly in 5-8 weeks
 Breeds of Turkey

Bourbon Red White Holland

Royal Palm
Bourbon Red is a breed of domestic
turkey named for its unique reddish plumage
and for Bourbon County, Kentucky. The breed
standard indicates mature Bourbon Red toms
(males) weigh 15 kilograms (33 pounds), and
mature hens (females) weigh 8.2 kilograms (18
pounds).
White Holland is an old variety of domestic
turkey known for its white plumage. The breed
originated from crosses of white European and
North American turkeys and crossed with native
birds. Standard weights are today 36 pounds for
a tom and 20 for a hen.
Royal Palm tom is a breed of domestic turkey.
The breed is best known as an ornamental bird
with a unique appearance, largely white with
bands of metallic black. Primarily kept as an
exhibition bird, or on small farms, it lacks the
size for large scale commercial use. Toms
usually weigh 16 to 22 lbs. and the hens 10 to 12
lbs. The toms are noted for being
non-aggressive, and the hens are particularly
good mothers.
Breed of Goose

Embden
Embden Goose is a breed of domestic goose. The origins of
this breed are Netherlands and Germany. The breed is
pure white with a short, light orange bill, and orange feet
and shanks. They are fast growing birds and will quickly
reach about 9 kg (20 lbs.) for the Goose, and 14 kg
(30 lbs.) for the Gander. They are herbivores and prefer
living near some water. Wings can be used as a weapon.
Being domesticated they can fly but don't migrate. It
matures in about 2–3 years. The adult bird lays 30 to
40 eggs per clutch.
 Breeds of Swine

Berkshire Landrace Spotted

Berkshire
The third-most recorded breed of swine in the United States,
Berkshires are known for fast and efficient growth, reproductive
efficiency, cleanness and meat flavor and value. The first U.S.
meeting of Berkshire breeders and importers was held in 1875, with
the American Berkshire Association formed shortly after – making it
the oldest swine registry in the world.
Chester White
Chester Whites originated in Chester County, Pa., from which
their name was formed. These white hogs with droopy,
medium-sized ears are known for their mothering ability,
durability and soundness. Packers also tout their muscle quality.
Duroc
The second-most recorded breed of swine in the United States, the
red pigs with the drooping ears are valued for their product quality,
carcass yield, fast growth and lean-gain efficiency. They also add
value through their prolificacy and longevity in the female line. Much
of the U.S. breed improvement has occurred in Ohio, Kentucky,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Nebraska.
Hampshire
The hogs with “the belt,” Hampshires are the fourth-most recorded
breed in the United States. Most popular in the Corn Belt, Hampshires
are known for producing lean muscle, high carcass quality, minimal
backfat and large loin eyes. Females also are known for their
mothering ability, with longevity in the sow herd.
Landrace
White hogs with droopy ears, Landrace are the fifth-most recorded
breed of swine in the United States. Known as “America’s Sowherd,”
Landrace females are heavy milkers and often farrow large pigs.
Crossing well with other breeds, Landrace often possess length of
body, a high percentage of carcass weight in the ham and loin and the
ideal amount of finish.
Poland China
In the early 1800s, Poland China hogs originated in Ohio.
Today, Poland China hogs are known for their large frame,
length of body, leanness and muscle. They also are excellent
feeders, gaining well under good care and management. They
also are quiet in their disposition.
Spotted
The Spotted swine breed is characterized by large, black-and-white
spots. Many breeders in central Indiana specialized in breeding
Spotted hogs through the years. Today, Spots are known for their feed
efficiency, rate of gain and carcass quality. In addition, commercial
producers appreciate Spotted females for their productivity, docility
and durability.
Yorkshire
The most-recorded breed of swine in North America, Yorkshires are
white with erect ears. They are found in almost every state, with the
highest populations being in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska and
Ohio. Yorkshires are known for their muscle, with a high proportion
of lean meat and low backfat. Soundness and durability are
additional strengths
 Breeds of Buffaloes

Philippine Carabao Bulgarian Murrah

Indian Murrah
• Philippine Carabao – Light gray with two stripes
on the ventral side of the neck, one near the
brisket and the other near the jaw. It produces
1.45-2.64 kg of milk.
• Indian Murrah – Jet black in color with white
switch on the tail, soft and fine skin texture horn is
tightly and spirally curled. It produces 5-7 kg of
milk
• Indian Surti – Black or brown; black or reddish
skin; two streaks of white markings are evident
around the jaw. It produces 5-6 kg of milk.
• Pakistan Nilli-Ravi – Usually black with white
markings on the forehead, muzzle, face, and
legs; white switch and wall eyes. Horns are
small and lightly coiled. It produces 6-7.5 kg of
milk.
• Bulgarian Murrah - Develop by upgrading
Bulgarian Mediterranean Buffalo with Indian
Murrah. It produces 5-8 kg of milk.
 Bhadwari
Origin: Bhadwari is an improved water
buffalo breed from Uttar Pradesh, India, that
is kept for milk production mainly in the Agra
and Etawah districts, and in the Bhind and
Morena districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Characteristics: The Bhadawari buffaloes
are medium-sized, copper-colored and
grayish black animals, with two white lines at
the lower side of the neck, which is a distinct
feature of these buffaloes. The horns are
curled slightly outwards, parallel to the neck
with the tips curled upwards.
Origin: It is originally from Rohtak, Hisar and
Jind of Haryana and Nabha and Patiala Murrah
districts of Punjab states of India and Punjab
province of Pakistan, but has been used to
improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in
other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria and
Egypt.
Characteristics: Murrah breed of buffaloes
have a massive body, neck and head
comparatively long, horns short and tightly
curved, udder well developed, hips broad and
fore and hind quarters drooping. The tail is
long reaching up to the fetlocks.
Murrah
Origin: The Nagpuri buffalo is a very good breed of
water buffalo from India. It is actually from
Maharashtra, and it stands better amongst the buffalo
breeds which combine the milk and drought qualities
in a better proportion in adverse climatic conditions.It
is a River type buffalo breed..
Characteristics: The Nagpuri buffalo has smaller and
lighter body compared to other buffalo breeds found in
north India. Their body color is generally black, but
they have white patches on their face, legs and tail
tips. They have long horns which are flat and curved
and bending backward on each side of the neck
nearly up to the shoulders with tips pointed mostly in
upward direction.
Origin: The Nili-Ravi buffalo is a milk type of buffalo breed. It
is similar to the Murrah breed of buffalo, and is reared mainly
for dairy use.
Characteristics: The Nili-Ravi buffalo is a milk type of
buffalo breed. Their color is black and their average weight at
maturity is 800 kg for the male and 525 kg for the female.
They have a wedge shape, massive frame, small curly horns,
and wall eyes. They often have white markings on the
forehead, face, muzzle and legs and white switch of tail
(buffaloes with such markings highly desired and popularly
called "Panj Kalian"). They have a large, strong udder and are
generally docile. Average age at maturity is 30 months in
males and 36 months in females. Longevity of production is
good. White markings extending above hock and knee and
over the neck and body, constitute a serious disqualification.
Origin: The Surti buffalo is a breed of water buffalo
which is found in the Charottar tract of Gujarat,
India. It is a very good milk productive breed and
popular in it’s native area.
Characteristics: The Surti buffalo is of medium
size and docile temperament. The breed has got a
fairly broad and long head with a convex shape at
the top in between horns. Horns are sickle-shaped
and flat which grow in a downward & backward
direction and then upwards at the tip forming a
hook. The skin is black or brown.
 Breeds of Cattle

Ayrshire Holstein

Angus
Angus - Angus are solid black cattle, although
white may appear on the udder. They are
resistant to harsh weather, mature extremely
early and have a high carcass yield with nicely
marbled meat is their dominant characteristic.
► Origin of HOLSTEIN FREISIAN; The
Holstein Friesians are a breed of dairy
cattle that originated in the Dutch HOLSTEIN FREISIAN
provinces of North Holland and Friesland,
and Schleswig-Holstein in Northern
Germany. They are known as the world's
highest-producing dairy animals.
► Characteristics; of diary cattle; They are
good-natured, are easy to handle and can
be stabled without any problems. They are
also resistant to stress, exhibit a herd
mentality and are not solitary animals.
Holsteins are more than just a dairy breed.
 Origin of JERSEY CATTLE; The Jersey is a
British breed of small dairy cattle from Jersey, JERSEY CATTLE
in the British Channel Islands. It is one of three
Channel Island cattle breeds, the others being
the Alderney – now extinct – and the
Guernsey.
Characteristics of jersey cattle; Jersey cattle
are a smaller dairy cattle breed than other dairy
cattle breeds. Their bodies are typically slightly
reddish, dark brown, or mixed in colour. They
have a comparatively large head and generally
do not have a hunchback. Jersey cattle have a
black tail and a large udder, which is typical of
a dairy breed
Brown Swiss
Origin; Brown Swiss is recognized are one of
the oldest cattle breeds in the world. The Brown
Swiss Cattle breed originated in the mountain
tops of northeast Switzerland before historic
records began, around 4000 B.C., according to
some historians.
Characteristics; Brown Swiss are robust, a
prolific breeder, long-lived, strong, adaptable,
and very well-balanced in build with good hooves
and limbs. This breed has a double utility as they
are used for dairy and beef purposes providing
good milk and meat output.
Ayrshire
Origin; The Ayrshire breed originated in the
County of Ayr in Scotland, prior to 1800 and
was regarded as an established breed by
1812. During its development, it was referred
to first as the Dunlop, then the Cunningham,
and finally, the Ayrshire.
Characteristics; This breed is considered a
medium-bodied dairy animal, reaching up to
1,200 pounds at maturity. Ayrshire cattle are
highly adaptable to numerous different
management systems, have excellent udder
conformation and are generally free from most
foot and leg problems
Origin; Guernsey cattle are another breed
that originated in the United Kingdom. In fact,
Guernseys are a neighbor to the Jerseys,
Guernsey
having been developed on the Island of
Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
Characteristics; The colour of the Guernsey
varies from yellow to reddish-brown with white
patches. They have a finely tuned
temperament, not nervous or irritable.
Physically the breed has good dairy
conformation and presents the visual
impression of a plain animal bred for utility
rather than good looks.
Sahiwal
Origin; The Sahiwal originated in the dry Punjab
region which lies along the Indian-Pakistani
border. They were once kept in large herd by
professional herdsmen called "Junglies".
Characteristics; They are generally docile
and lethargic, making them more useful for slow
work. The Sahiwal is the heaviest milker of all
Zebu breeds and display a well developed udder.
Sahiwals demonstrate the ability to sire small,
fast-growing calves and are noted for their
hardiness under unfavorable climatic conditions.
Brahman - Brahman are easily identified by the
hump on their back and long floppy ears. The
most common colors are solid gray or solid
red. The Brahman breed originated from Bos
indicus cattle originally brought from India. B
Hereford – is medium framed cattle with
distinctive red body color with the head and
front of the neck, the brisket, underside, and
switch is white. They have well developed
for-quarters, a deep brisket, broad head and
stocky legs.
 Breeds of Goat

Alpine Saanen
 ANGLO NUBIAN
Characteristics Tall and leggy
Long, wide, and pendulous ears
Convex roman nose
Less tolerant to cold climate condition but do well in hot climates.

Color and markings Black, gray, cream, white shades of tan, brown and rich, reddish brown; lighter ears, facial strips,
muzzle, crown and/or undertrim; overall light or dark colored spots or patches of any size.

Approximate mature 60-75 kg

Wt.
Average milk 1.5 L/day
production
Ave. lactation (days) 165

Its name fits the goat's origin. Anglo= England or of English origin,
Nubian= An ancient nation from Northeast Africa in what is now known as southern Egypt and Sudan.
 TOGGENBURG
Characteristics Sturdy, vigorous and long life
Ears are erect and afe carried forward
Color and markings Light fawn to dark chocolate with distinct white markings;
white ears with dark spot in the middle; two white strips
down the muzzle and hind legs from hock to hooves; forelegs
white from knees downward; a white triangle on either side of
the tail; white spot in the area of the wattles;

Approximate mature Wt. 60-80 kg

Average milk production 220

Ave. lactation (days) 1.5-1.75 L/day

 ALPINE
Characteristics Alert breed from medium to large size with upright ears.
Face is straight.

Color and markings Varies from black fawn to white but the preferred color is
black; clear pure white markings at each side of the belly; white
legs below the knees.
Hair is medium to short.
Approximate mature Wt. 60 kg

Average milk production 1.5 L/day

Ave. lactation (days) 200

 BOER
Characteristics With half-drooping ears.
Has distinct Roman nose and a prominent forehead
A meat-type breed.
Thrives in a well-drained hilly to rolling areas.
Color and markings Head, neck and the tip of the tail are brown to reddish brown; rest
of the coat is white.
Approximate mature 70-90 kg
Wt.
Average milk 1. 1.5 L/day
production
Ave. lactation (days) 200
La Mancha
• “earless” goat which was
developed from several
goats from Spain;

• a dairy goat which can

thrive under harsh
conditions
 SAANEN
Characteristics Well-built milky head and neck.
Known to have the longest milking period.
Straight nose and erect ears.
Known as “Queen of the Dairy Goat”.
Color and markings Cream to white.
Approximate mature Wt. 60-75 kg
Average milk production 1. L/day
Ave. lactation (days) 280
 PHILIPPINE NATIVE GOAT
Characteristics Small, stocky, and low set.
Found throughout the country.
Thrives in all Agro Economical Zone
(AEZ).
Color and markings Coat color is red, white or black or a
combination of three colors.

Approximate mature 18-20 kg

Wt.
Average milk 0.4 kf/day
production
Ave. lactation (days) 187
 Breeds of Sheep

Merino - where first developed in Spain, they

are sheep of medium in stature, with a white
face. The rams have horns. Merinos are sheep
which have finewool; the fleece grows from
2.5 to 4 inches long each year of growth.
 Barbados Blackbelly
Origin: Barbados Island with African
ancestry
Characteristics:
• Adapted to a wide range of
environment
• High reproductive efficiency (2
lambs/litter)
• Sweet mutton
• Black color covers under part
completely and extend up to the
neck and the insides of the legs
• Type: Hair type
 Shropshire

• Origin: England
• Characteristics:
Believed to be one of the
ancestors of the Philippine
sheep

• Type: Wool-type
Suffolk - A sturdy muscular sheep with a
distinctive all-black head and legs that are free
of wool, they thrive in wet conditions having
immunity to foot diseases.
Cheviot - The Cheviot is a handsome sturdy
looking animal and has fine white hair on their
faces, legs and head. The fleece is white and
firm with no colored wool and is dense and
thick.
 Priangan
• Origin: Indonesia
• Characteristic:
o Primary for ram fighting
o Used for meat production
o Thin-tailed
o Often lacks external ears
Philippine Sheep
• Origin: Originated from the
Merino breed which was
imported during the
Spanish era
• Characteristics:
o Male is generally horned and
Roman-nosed
o Female is either straight or
Roman-nosed, polled and
thin-tailed
 Breeds of Horse

Appaloosa - The Appaloosa's heritage is as

colorful and unique as its coat pattern. Usually
noticed and recognized because of its spots
and splashes of color, the abilities and beauty
of this breed are more than skin deep.
Pintabian - (pin-tay-bee-an) is a horse with over
99% Arabian blood and tobiano markings. The
head is usually colored with the white
markings (such as star, strip, blaze, snip, etc.)
common to those of non-spotted horses. All
four legs are generally white.
Miniature - is a "height" breed; they must measure no
more than 34 inches in height at maturity. This
measurement is the vertical distance from the last
hairs at the base of the mane to the ground. These tiny
equine are replicas of their larger breed cousins and
will look like Quarter Horses, Arabs, Thoroughbreds,
and Draft Horses.