The Celestial Hierarchy

Author(s): Dionysius
Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library
Description: Not much is known about the late 5th to early 6th century
author of Celestial Hierarchies apart from what scholars have
deduced from his works. In the style of Medieval mysticism
and with a strong streak of Neo-Platonism, Dionysus details
the authority structures, powers, and domains of the angels.
His account influenced St. Thomas Aquinas greatly, and one
can find a similar account in part one of his magnum opus,
Summa Theologica.
Kathleen O'Bannon
CCEL Staff

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Contents

Title Page 1
Chapter I. To My Fellow-Presbyter Timothy, Dionysius the Presbyter 2
Chapter II. That Divine and Celestial Matters are Fittingly Revealed Even Through 4
Unlike Symbols
Chapter III. What is Hierarchy, and What the Use of Hierarchy? 9
Chapter IV. The Meaning of the Name ‘Angels’. 11
Chapter V. Why All the Celestial Beings in Common are Called Angels. 14
Chapter VI. Which is the First Order of the Celestial Beings, Which the Middle, 15
and Which the Last?
Chapter VII. Of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones, and Their First Hierarchy. 17
Chapter VIII. Of the Dominions, Virtues and Powers, and Their Middle Hierarchy. 21
Chapter IX. Of the Principalities, Archangels and Angels, and Of Their Last 24
hierarchy.
Chapter X. Recapitulation and Summary of the Angelic Hierarchies. 27
Chapter XI. Why All the Celestial Hierarchies in Common are called Celestial 28
Powers.
Chapter XII. Why the Hierarchs Among Men are Called Angels. 29
Chapter XIII. The Reason Why the Prophet Isaiah is Said to Have Been Purified by 30
the Seraphim.
Chapter XIV. What the Traditional Number of the Angels Signifies. 34
Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic Powers? 35
Indexes 41
Index of Pages of the Print Edition 42

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 Title Page

The Celestial Hierarchy

Dionysius the Areopagite

THE CELESTIAL HIERARCHY

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 Chapter I. To My Fellow-Presbyter Timothy, Dionysius the Presbyter

CHAPTER I

To my fellow-presbyter Timothy, Dionysius the Presbyter

That every divine illumination, while going forth with love in various ways to the objects
of its forethought, remains one. Nor is this all: it also unifies the things illuminated.
‘Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above and comes down from the Father
of Lights.’ [James 1:17]
Moreover, every divine procession of radiance from the Father, while constantly
bounteously flowing to us, fills us anew as though with a unifying power, by recalling us to
things above, and leading us to the unity of the Shepherding Father and to the Divine One.
For from Him and into Him are all things, as is written in the holy Word.
Calling then upon Jesus, the Light of the Father, the Real and True, ‘Which lights every
man that comes into the world, by whom we have access to the Father,’ the Origin of Light,
let us raise our thought, according to our power, to the illumination of the most sacred
doctrines handed down by the Fathers, and also as far as we may let us contemplate the
Hierarchies of the Celestial Intelligences revealed to us by them in symbols for our upliftment:

A cherub, after an image ca. 400 A.D.

and admitting through the spiritual and unwavering eyes of the mind the original and
super-original gift of Light of the Father who is the Source of Divinity, which shows to us
images of the all-blessed Hierarchies of the Angels in figurative symbols, let us through

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 Chapter I. To My Fellow-Presbyter Timothy, Dionysius the Presbyter

them again strive upwards toward Its primal ray. For this Light can never be deprived of Its
own intrinsic unity, and although in goodness It becomes manyness and proceeds into
manifestation for the uplifting of those creatures governed by Its providence, yet It abides
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eternally within Itself in changeless sameness, firmly established in Its own unity, and elevates
to Itself, according to their capacity, those who turn towards It, uniting them in accordance
with Its own unity. For by that first divine ray we can be enlighted only insofar as It is hidden
by all-various holy veils for our upliftment, and fittingly tempered to our natures by the
Providence of the Father.
Wherefore that first institution of the sacred rites, judging it worthy of a supermundane
copy of the Celestial Hierarchies, gave us our most holy hierarchy, and described that spir-
itual Hierarchy in material terms and in various compositions of forms so that we might be
led, each according to his capacity, from the most holy imagery to formless, unific, elevative
principles and assimilations. For the mind can by no means be directed to the spiritual
presentation and contemplation of the Celestial Hierarchies unless it use the material
guidance suited to it, accounting those beauties which are seen to be images of the hidden
beauty, the sweet incense a symbol of spiritual dispensations, and the earthly lights a figure
of the immaterial enlightenment. Similarly the details of the sacred teaching correspond to
the feast of contemplation in the soul, while the ranks of order on earth reflect the Divine
Concord and the disposition of the Heavenly Orders. The receiving of the most holy
Eucharist symbolizes our participation of Jesus; and everything else delivered in a super-
mundane manner to Celestial Natures is given to us in symbols.
To further, then, the attainment of our due measure of deification, the loving Source
of all mysteries, in showing to us the Celestial Hierarchies, and consecrating our hierarchy
as fellowministers, according to our capacity, in the likeness of their divine ministry, depicted
those supercelestial Intelligences in material images in the inspired writings of the sacred
150
Word so that we might be guided through the sensible to the intelligible, and from sacred
symbols to the Primal Source of the Celestial Hierarchies.

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 Chapter II. That Divine and Celestial Matters are Fittingly Revealed Even…

CHAPTER II

That Divine and Celestial matters are fittingly revealed even through unlike symbols
I consider, then, that in the first place we must explain our conception of the purpose
of each Hierarchy and the good conferred by each upon its followers; secondly we must
celebrate the Celestial Hierarchies as they are revealed in the Scriptures; and finally we must
say under what holy figures the descriptions in the sacred writings portray those Celestial
Orders, and to what kind of purity we ought to be guided through those forms lest we, like
the many, should impiously suppose that those Celestial and Divine Intelligences are many-
footed or many-faced beings, or formed with the brutishness of oxen, or the savageness of
lions, or the curved beaks of eagles, or the feathers of birds, or should imagine that they are
some kind of fiery wheels above the heavens, or material thrones upon which the Supreme
Deity may recline, or many-coloured horses, or commanders of armies, or whatever else of
symbolic description has been given to us in the various sacred images of the Scriptures.
Theology, in its sacred utterances concerning the formless Intelligences, does indeed use
poetic symbolism, having regard to our intelligence, as has been said, and providing a means
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of ascent fitting and natural to it by framing the sacred Scriptures in a manner designed for
our upliftment.

Angel With Moon, from 12th c. Greek ms.

But someone may prefer to regard the Divine Orders as pure and ineffable in their own
natures, and beyond our power of vision, and may consider that the imagery of the Celestial
Intelligences in the Scriptures does not really represent them, and is like a crude dramatization
of the celestial names: and he may say that the theologians, in depicting wholly incorporeal

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 Chapter II. That Divine and Celestial Matters are Fittingly Revealed Even…

natures under bodily forms should, as far as possible, make use of fitting and related images,
and represent them by the most exalted, incorporeal and spiritual substances amongst
ourselves, and should not endue the Celestial and Godlike Principles with a multitude of
low and earthly forms. For the one would contribute in a higher degree to our ascent by
dissociating incongruous images from the descriptions of Supermundane Natures, while
the other impiously outrages the Divine Powers, and leads our minds into error when we
dwell upon such unholy compositions. For we might even think that the supercelestial regions
are filled with herds of lions and horses, and re-echo with roaring songs of praise, and contain
flocks of birds and other creatures, and the lower forms of matter, and whatever other absurd,
spurious, passion-arousing and unlike forms the Scriptures use in describing their resemb-
lances.
Nevertheless, I think that the investigation of the truth shows the most holy wisdom of
the Scriptures in the representations of the Celestial Intelligences which makes the most
perfect provision in each case, so that neither is dishonour done to the Divine Powers (as
they may be called), nor are we bound more passionately to earth by the meanness and
baseness of the images. For it might be said that the reason for attributing shapes to that
which is above shape, and forms to that which is beyond form, is not only the feebleness of
our intellectual power which is unable to rise at once to spiritual contemplation, and which
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needs to be encouraged by the natural and suitable support and upliftment which offers us
forms perceptible to us of formless and supernatural contemplations, but it is also because
it is most fitting that the secret doctrines, through ineffable and holy enigmas, should veil
and render difficult of access for the multitude the sublime and profound truth of the super-
natural Intelligences. For, as the Scripture declares, not everyone is holy, nor have all men
knowledge.
Again, if anyone condemns these representations as incongruous, suggesting that it is
disgraceful to fashion such base images of the divine and most holy Orders, it is sufficient
to answer that the most holy Mysteries are set forth in two modes: one, by means of similar
and sacred representations akin to their nature, and the other through unlike forms designed
with every possible discordance and difference. For example, the mystical traditions of the
enlightening Word sometimes celebrate the Sublime Blessedness of the Superessential ONE
as Word, and Wisdom, and Essence; proclaiming the Intellect and Wisdom of God both
essentially, as the Source of being, and also as the true Cause of existence; and they make It
equivalent to Light, and call It Life.
Now although such sacred forms are more venerable, and seem in one sense to surpass
the material presentation, even so they fail to express truly the Divine Likeness which verily
transcends all essence and life, and which no light can fully represent; for an other word
and wisdom is incomparably below It. But at other times It is extolled in a supermundane
manner in the same writings, where It is named Invisible, Infinite and Unbounded, in such

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 Chapter II. That Divine and Celestial Matters are Fittingly Revealed Even…

terms as indicate not what It is, but what It is not: for this, in my judgment, is more in accord
with Its nature, since, as the Mysteries and the priestly tradition suggested, we are right in
saying that It is not in the likeness of any created thing, and we cannot comprehend Its su-
153
peressential, invisible and ineffable Infinity. If, therefore, the negations in the descriptions
of the Divine are true, and the affirmations are inconsistent with It, the exposition of the
hidden Mysteries by the use of unlike symbols accords more closely with That which is in-
effable.
Accordingly this mode of description in the holy writings honours, rather than dishon-
ours, the Holy and Celestial Orders by revealing them in unlike images, manifesting through
these their supernal excellence, far beyond all mundane things. Nor, I suppose, will any
reasonable man deny that discordant figures uplift the mind more than do the harmonious,
for in dwelling upon the nobler images, it is probable that we might fall into the error of
supposing that the Celestial Intelligences are some kind of golden beings, or shining men
flashing like lightning, fair to behold, or clad in glittering apparel, raying forth harmless
fire, or with such other similar forms as are assigned by theology to the Celestial Intelligences.
But lest this thing befall those whose mind has conceived nothing higher than the wonders
of visible beauty, the wisdom of the venerable theologists, which has power to lead us to the
heights, reverently descends to the level of the inharmonious dissimilitudes, not allowing
our irrational nature to remain attached to those unseemly images, but arousing the upward-
turning part of the soul, and stimulating it through the ugliness of the images; since it would
seem neither right nor true, even to those who cling to earthly things, that such low forms
could resemble those supercelestial and divine contemplations. Moreover, it must be borne
in mind that no single existing thing is entirely deprived of participation in the Beautiful,
for, as the true Word says, all things are very beautiful.
Holy contemplations can therefore be derived from all things, and the above-named
154
incongruous similitudes can be fashioned from material things to symbolize that which is
intelligible and intellectual, since the intellectual has in another manner what has been at-
tributed differently to the perceptible. For instance, passion in irrational creatures arises
from the impulse of appetency, and their passion is full of all irrationality; but it is otherwise
with intellectual beings in whom the energy of passion must be regarded as denoting their
masculine reason and unwavering steadfastness, established in the changeless heavenly
places. In the same manner, by desire in irrational creatures we mean the instinctual innate
tendency towards temporal materials things, or the uncontrolled inborn appetites of mutable
creatures, and the dominating irrational desires of the body which urge the whole creature
towards that for which the senses crave.

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 Chapter II. That Divine and Celestial Matters are Fittingly Revealed Even…

But when, using unlike images, we speak of desire in connection with Intellectual Beings
we must understand by this a divine love of the Immaterial, above reason and mind, and
an enduring and unshakable superessential longing for pure and passionless contemplation,
and true, sempiternal, intelligible participation in the most sublime and purest Light, and
in the eternal and most perfect Beauty. And incontinence we must understand as that which
is intense and unswerving and irresistible because of its pure and steadfast love of the Divine
Beauty, and the undeviating urge towards That which most truly is to be desired.
In the case of the irrational or the insensitive things, such as brutes among living
creatures, or inanimate objects, we rightly say that these are deprived of reason, or of sense-
perception. But we fittingly proclaim the sovereignty, as Supermundane Beings, of the im-
material and intellectual Natures over our discursive and corporeal reasoning and sense-
perceptions, which are remote from those Divine Intelligences.
It is therefore lawful to portray Celestial Beings in forms drawn from even the lowest
of material things which are not discordant since they, too, having originated from That
which is truly beautiful, have throughout the whole of their bodily constitution some vestiges
of Intellectual Beauty, and through these we may be led to immaterial Archetypes; the
similitudes being taken, as has been said, dissimilarly, and the same things being defined,
not in the same way, but harmoniously and fittingly, in the case both of intellectual and
155
sensible natures.
We shall see that the theologians mystically employ symbolical explanations not only
in the case of the Celestial Orders, but even for the presentation of the Deific Principles
themselves. And sometimes they celebrate Deity Itself with lofty symbolism as the Sun of
justice, as the Morning Star rising mystically in the mind, or as Light shining forth unclouded
and intelligibly; and sometimes they use images of things on earth, such as fire flashing forth

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 Chapter II. That Divine and Celestial Matters are Fittingly Revealed Even…

with harmless flame, or water affording abundance of life symbolically flowing into a belly
and gushing out in perpetually overflowing rivers and streams.
The lowest images are also used, such as fragrant ointment, or the corner-stone, and
they even give It the forms of wild animals and liken It to the lion and panther, or name It
a leopard, or a raging bear bereaved of its young. I will add, furthermore, that which appears
most base and unseemly of all, namely that some renowned theologians have represented
It as assuming the form of a worm. Thus all those who are wise in divine matters, and are
interpreters of the mystical revelations, set apart in purity the Holy of Holies from the un-
initiated and unpurified, and prefer incongruous symbols for holy things, so that divine
things may not be easily accessible to the unworthy, nor may those who earnestly contemplate
the divine symbols dwell upon the forms themselves as the final truth. Therefore we may
celebrate the Divine Natures through the truest negations and also by the images of the
lowest things in contrast with their own Likeness. Hence there is no absurdity in portraying
the Celestial Natures, for the reasons mentioned, by discordant and diverse symbols: for
possibly we ourselves might not have begun to search into the Mysteries which lead us to
156
the Heights through the careful examinations of the holy Word, had not the ugliness of the
imagery of the Angels startled us, not suffering our mind to dwell upon the discordant figures,
but stimulating it to leave behind all material attachments, and training it by means of that
which is apparent to aspire devoutly to the supermundane ascent.
Let these things suffice touching the corporeal and inharmonious forms used for the
delineation of Angels in the sacred Scriptures. We must proceed to the definition of our
conception of the Hierarchy itself, and of the blessings which are enjoyed by those who
participate in it. But let our leader in the discourse be my Christ (if thus I dare name Him)
who inspires all hierarchical revelation. And do thou, my son, listen, according to the law
of our hierarchical tradition, with meet reverence to that which is reverently set forth, be-
coming through instruction inspired by the revelations; and, treasuring deep in the soul the
holy Mysteries, preserve them in their unity from the unpurified multitude: for, as the
Scriptures declare, it is not fitting to cast before swine that pure and beautifying and clear-
shining glory of the intelligible pearls.

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 Chapter III. What is Hierarchy, and What the Use of Hierarchy?

CHAPTER III

What is Hierarchy, and what the use of Hierarchy?

Hierarchy is, in my opinion, a holy order and knowledge and activity which, so far as
is attainable, participates in the Divine Likeness, and is lifted up to the illuminations given
it from God, and correspondingly towards the imitation of God.
Now the Beauty of God, being unific, good, and the Source of all perfection, is wholly
157
free from dissimilarity, and bestows its own Light upon each according to his merit;* and
in the most divine Mysteries perfects them in accordance with the unchangeable fashioning
of those who are being perfected harmoniously to Itself.
The aim of Hierarchy is the greatest possible assimilation to and union with God, and
by taking Him as leader in all holy wisdom, to become like Him, so far as is permitted, by
contemplating intently His most Divine Beauty. Also it moulds and perfects its participants
in the holy image of God like bright and spotless mirrors which receive the Ray of the Su-
preme Deity — which is the Source of Light; and being mystically filled with the Gift of
Light, it pours it forth again abundantly, according to the Divine Law, upon those below
itself. For it is not lawful for those who impart or participate in the holy Mysteries to overpass
the bounds of its sacred laws; nor must they deviate from them if they seek to behold, as far
as is allowed, that Deific Splendour and to be transformed into the likeness of those Divine
Intelligences.
Therefore he who speaks of Hierarchy implies a certain perfectly holy Order in the
likeness of the First Divine Beauty, ministering the sacred mystery of its own illuminations
in hierarchical order and wisdom, being in due measure conformed to its own Principle.1
For each of those who is allotted a place in the Divine Order finds his perfection in being
uplifted, according to his capacity , towards the Divine Likeness; and what is still more divine,
he becomes, as the Scriptures say, a fellow-worker with God, and shows forth the Divine
Activity revealed as far as possible ‘in himself. For the holy constitution of the Hierarchy
ordains that some are purified, others purify; some are enlightened, others enlighten; some
158
are perfected, others make perfect; for in this way the divine imitation will fit each one.
Inasmuch as the Divine Bliss (to speak in human terms) is exempt from all dissimilarity,
and is full of Eternal Light, perfect, in need of no perfection, purifying, illuminating, perfect-
ing being rather Himself the holy Purification, Illumination and Perfection, above purifica-

1 ‘A chain likewise extends from on high, as far as to the last of things, secondary natures always expressing
the powers of the natures prior to them, progression indeed diminishing the similitude, but all things at the
same time, and even such as most obscurely participate of existence, bearing a similitude to the first causes, and
being co-passive with each other and with their original causes.’—Proclus, Theology of Plato, VI.4
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 Chapter III. What is Hierarchy, and What the Use of Hierarchy?

tion, above light. supremely perfect, Himself the origin of perfection and the cause of every
Hierarchy, He transcends in excellence all holiness.2
I hold, therefore, that those who are being purified ought to be wholly perfected and
free from all taint of unlikeness; those who are illuminated should be filled full with Divine
Light, ascending, to the contemplative state and power with the most pure eyes of the mind;
those who are being initiated, holding themselves apart from all imperfection, should become
participators in the Divine Wisdom which they have contemplated.
Further it is meet that those who purify should bestow upon others from their abundance
of purity their own holiness: those who illuminate, as possessing more luminous intelligence,
duly receiving and again shedding forth the light, and joyously filled with holy brightness,
should impart their own overflowing light to those worthy of it; finally, those who make
perfect, being skilled in the mystical participations, should lead to that consummation those
who are perfected by the most holy initiation of the knowledge of holy things which they
have contemplated.
Thus each order in the hierarchical succession is guided to the divine co-operation, and
brings into manifestation, through the Grace and Power of God, that which is naturally and 159

supernaturally in the Godhead, and which is consummated by Him superessentially, but is

hierarchically manifested for man’s imitation as far as is attainable, of the God-loving Celes-
tial Intelligences.

2 ‘For everything which is converted hastens to be conjoined with its cause and aspires after communion with
it’—Proposition XXXII. Proclus, Metaphysical Elements. ‘The soul ought first to examine its own nature, to
know whether it has the faculty of contemplating spiritual things, and whether it has indeed an eye wherewith
to see them, and if it ought to embark on the quest. If the spiritual is foreign to it, what is the use of trying? But
if there is a relationship between us and it, we both can and ought to find it.’ Plotinus, Ennead, V. 1–3.
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 Chapter IV. The Meaning of the Name ‘Angels’.

CHAPTER IV

The meaning of the name ‘Angels’.

Since, in my opinion, the nature of a hierarchy has been adequately defined, we must
proceed to render honour to the Angelic Hierarchy, intently gazing with supermundane
sight upon the holy imagery of it in the Scriptures, that we may be uplifted in the highest
degree to their divine purity through that mystical representation, and may praise the Origin
of all hierarchical knowledge with a veneration worthy of the things of God, and with devout
thanksgiving.
In the first place this truth must be declared, that the superessential Deity, having through
His Goodness established the essential subsistence of all, brought all things into being. For
‘it is the very nature of that God which is the Supreme Cause of all to call all things to parti-
cipation in Itself in proportion to the capacity and nature of each.
Wherefore all things share in that Providence which streams forth from the superessential
Deific Source of all; for they would not be unless they had come into existence through
participation in the Essential Principle of all things.
All inanimate things participate in It through their being; for the ‘to be’ of all things is
160
the Divinity above Being Itself, the true Life. Living things participate in Its life-giving Power
above all life; rational things participate in Its self-perfect and pre-eminently perfect Wisdom
above all reason and intellect.
It is manifest, therefore, that those Natures which are around the Godhead have parti-
cipated of It in manifold ways. On this account the holy ranks of the Celestial Beings are
present with and participate in the Divine Principle in a degree far surpassing all those things
which merely exist, and irrational living creatures, and rational human beings. For moulding
themselves intelligibly to the imitation of God, and looking in a supermundane way to the
Likeness of the Supreme Deity, and longing to form the intellectual appearance of It, they
naturally have more abundant communion with Him, and with unremitting activity they
tend eternally up the steep, as far as is permitted, through the ardour of their unwearying
divine love, and they receive the Primal Radiance in a pure and immaterial manner, adapting
themselves to this in a life wholly intellectual.
Such, therefore, are they who participate first, and in an all-various manner, in Deity,
and reveal first, and in many ways, the Divine Mysteries. Wherefore they, above all, are pre-
eminently worthy of the name Angel because they first receive the Divine Light, and through
them are transmitted to us the revelations which are above us.
It is thus that the Law (as it is written in the Scriptures) was given to us by Angels and,
both before and after the days of the Law, Angels guided our illustrious forefathers to God,
either by declaring to them what they should do and leading them from error and an evil
life to the straight path of truth, or by making known to them the Divine Law, or in the

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 Chapter IV. The Meaning of the Name ‘Angels’.

manner of interpreters, by showing to them holy Hierarchies, or secret visions of super-

mundane Mysteries, or certain divine prophecies.
Now, if anyone should say that God has shown Himself without intermediary to certain
holy men, let him know beyond doubt, from the most holy Scriptures, that no man has ever
seen, nor shall see, the hidden Being of God; but God has shown Himself, according to
revelations which are fitting to God, to His faithful servants in holy visions adapted to the
161
nature of the seer.
The divine theology, in the fullness of its wisdom, very rightly applies the name theo-
phany to that beholding of God which shows the Divine Likeness, figured in Itself as a
likeness in form of That which is formless, through the uplifting of those who contemplate
to the Divine; inasmuch as a Divine Light is shed upon the seers through it, and they are
initiated into some participation of divine things.
By such divine visions our venerable forefathers were instructed through the mediation
of the Celestial Powers. Is it not told in the holy Scriptures that the sacred Law was given to
Moses by God Himself in order to teach us that in it is mirrored the divine and holy Law?
Furthermore, theology wisely teaches that it was communicated to us by Angels, as though
the authority of the Divine Law decreed that the second should be guided to the Divine
Majesty by the first. For not solely in the case of higher and lower natures, but also for co-
ordinate natures, this Law has been established by its superessential original Author: that
within each Hierarchy there are first, middle and last ranks and powers, and that the higher
are initiators and guides of the lower to the divine approach and illumination and union.3
I see that the Angels, too, were first initiated into the divine Mystery, of Jesus in His
love for man, and through them the gift of that knowledge was bestowed upon us: for the
divine Gabriel announced to Zachariah the high-priest that the son who should to born to
him through Divine Grace, when he was bereft of hope, would be a prophet of that Jesus
who would manifest the union of the human and divine natures through the ordinance of
the Good Law for the salvation of the world; and he revealed to Mary how of her should be
162
born the Divine Mystery of the ineffable Incarnation of God.
Another Angel taught Joseph that the divine promise made to his forefather David
should be perfectly fulfilled. Another brought to the shepherds the glad tidings, as to those

3 ‘The progressions of beings, however, are completed through similitude. But the terminations of the higher
orders are united to the beginnings of second orders. And one series and indissoluble order extends from on
high through the surpassing goodness of the First Cause and His unified Power. For because indeed He is One
He is the supplier of union; but because He is the Good He constitutes things similar to Him prior to such as
are dissimilar. And thus all things are in continuity with each other. For if this continuity were broken there
would not be union.’—Proclus, Theology of Plato, VI.11.
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 Chapter IV. The Meaning of the Name ‘Angels’.

purified by quiet withdrawal from the many, and with him a multitude of the heavenly host
gave forth to all the dwellers upon earth our often-sung hymn of adoring praise.
Let us now mount upward to that most sublime of all Lights celebrated in the Scriptures:
for I perceive that Jesus Himself who is the superessential Head of the supercelestial Beings
above Nature, when taking our nature while still keeping His own immutable Divinity, did
not turn away from the human order which He arranged and chose, but rather submitted
Himself obediently to the commands given by God the Father through Angels, by whose
ministrations the Father’s decree touching the flight of His Son into Egypt and the return
from Egypt into Judaea. was announced to Joseph. Moreover, through Angels we see Him
subjecting Himself to the Father’s will; for I will not recall to one who knows our sacred
tradition the Angel who fortified Jesus, or even that Jesus Himself, because He came for the
good work of our salvation to fulfil the law in its spiritual application, was called Angel of
Good Counsel. For He Himself says, in the manner of a herald, that whatsoever He heard
from the Father He announced unto us.

163

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 Chapter V. Why All the Celestial Beings in Common are Called Angels.

CHAPTER V

Why all the Celestial Beings in common are called Angels.

This, so far as we understand it, is the reason for the name Angel in the Scriptures. Now
I think we should investigate the reason why theologians give the general name Angels to
all the Celestial Beings, but when explaining the characteristics of the supermundane Orders
they specifically give the name Angel to those who complete and conclude the Divine Celes-
tial Hierarchies. Above these they place the choirs of Archangels, Principalities, Powers,
Virtues, and those other beings who are acknowledged by the traditional scriptural teachings
to be of higher rank.
Now we maintain that in these Hierarchies the higher Orders possess the illuminations
and powers of the lower ranks, but the lower do not participate equally with those above
them. Hence the theologians call the higher of these spiritual Orders Angels because they,
too, show forth the Divine Radiance; but we can find no reason for calling the lowest choirs
of the Celestial Intelligences Principalities or Thrones or Seraphim, for they do not manifest
in the same degree that supremely excellent power; but just as they guide our inspired
hierarchs to the Divine Brightness known to them, so do those most holy Powers which are
above them lead to the Divine Majesty those ranks which complete the Angelic Hierarchies.4
And this also may be added, that all can rightly be called Angels in respect of their par-
ticipation in the Divine Likeness and Illumination both in the higher and lower ranks.
But now let us proceed further into detail, and with singleness of mind examine the
particular sacred characteristics of each of the Celestial Orders which are set forth for us in
the Scriptures.
164

4 ‘Everything which proceeds in the divine orders is not naturally adapted to receive all the powers of its pro-
ducing cause. Not in short, are secondary natures able to receive all the powers of the natures prior to themselves,
but the latter have certain powers exempt from things in in inferior order, and incomprehensible by the beings
posterior to themselves.’—Proposition CL. Proclus, Metaphysical Elements.
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 Chapter VI. Which is the First Order of the Celestial Beings, Which the…

CHAPTER VI

Which is the first Order of the Celestial Beings, which the middle, and which the last?
I hold that none but the Divine Creator by whom they were ordained is able to know
fully the number and the nature of the supermundane Beings and the regulation of their
sacred Hierarchies; and furthermore, that they know their own powers and illuminations
and their own holy supermundane ordination. For we could not have known the mystery
of these supercelestial Intelligences and all the holiness of their perfection had it not been
taught to us by God through His Ministers who truly know their own natures.
Therefore we will say nothing as from ourselves, but being instructed will set forth, ac-
cording to our ability, those angelic visions which the venerable theologians have beheld.
Theology has given to the Celestial Beings nine interpretative names, and among these
our divine initiator distinguishes three threefold Orders.5 In the first rank of all he places

5 ‘There are nine Orders of Angels, figures of the nine Archetypes in God; and each one obtains a name cor-
responding to the property in God which it exhibits.’ Further, the Cherubim are those ‘who may be called loving
Wisdoms, as those first may be called wise Loves. For there is in each both love and wisdom. But in the first,
inasmuch as they are nearer to God, the very Sun of Truth, this exists in a far greater degree. . . . Such then is
the difference between these Orders: namely, that in the latter is knowledge proceeding from love; in the former
is love proceeding from knowledge.’ ‘In the third rank are those who, from their unity, simplicity, constancy
and firmness, are sometimes called Thrones, sometimes Seats; who’ themselves also are wise and loving. But
from their simplicity, they have the attributes of unity, power, strength, fortitude, steadfastness. Which very at-
tributes the Cherubim and Seraphim also possess. . . . Steadfastness comes from simplicity, simplicity from
purification. For when each object is purified back to its own simple nature, then, being uncompounded, it remains
indissoluble through its unity. Whence it is clear that purification is assigned to the Thrones. Moreover, when
a thing is purified, it is illumined, and after it is illumined, it is perfected. This last office is given to the Seraphs,
the other to the Cherubs. Among them all, in every threefold manner, there is a striving with all their might to
imitate God; who is Purification Itself, the Parent of unities; who is the very Illumination of those unities; who
is lastly the very Perfection of the illuminated. Power cleanses, clear truth makes serene, finished love makes
perfect.’ ‘Thus does God beam forth with firmness, wisdom and love in the Thrones, Cherubs and Seraphs,
which threefold system of the Divine Ray goes forth, and causes that in the Powers, Virtues and Dominions
there should be reflected His divine and firm Power, His wise Virtue and the most loving Dominion; and that
the Trinity of God, coequal in Itself, should shine with softened lustre, filling now the second place under that
first one.’ ‘Among all the Angels, from the higher ones even down to us, there is a mutual and alternate announce-
ment proceeding from above; as they receive and deliver in turn what they announce in a marvellous and most
beautiful order. Since among the Angels themselves there is an order of all ordinances after the pattern of the
Order of all. . . . But every announcement is a receiving, informing, purifying, enlightening, perfecting and
representing of the Divine Truth; the Light of which as it goes forth in order and shines upon all, so distinguishes
and marks each object in a wonderful manner, that everything shines forth in it in its own proper quality, and

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 Chapter VI. Which is the First Order of the Celestial Beings, Which the…

those who, as we are told, dwell eternally in the constant presence of God, and cleave to
Him, and above all others are immediately united to Him. And he says that the teachings
of the holy Word testify that the most holy Thrones and many-eyed and many-winged ones,
named in the Hebrew tongue Cherubim and Seraphim, are established immediately about
God and nearest to Him above all others. Our venerable hierarch describes this threefold
Order as a co-equal unity, and truly the most exalted of the Hierarchies, the most fully
165
Godlike, and the most closely and immediately united to the First Light of the Godhead.
The second, he says, contains the Powers, Virtues and Dominions, and the last and
lowest choirs of the Celestial Intelligences are called Angels, Archangels and Principalities.

stands out and appears in its own nature, with its individual powers and office, exhibiting in its own degree
some perfection in God, in whom all perfection is in its highest; nay, rather, who is Himself the proper Perfection
of every one, perfecting all things, in whom there is nothing perfect but Himself.’ John Colet, Works, J.H. Lupton,
ed., (London: G. Bell, 1869).
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 Chapter VII. Of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones, and Their First Hie…

CHAPTER VII

Of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones, and their first Hierarchy.

In accepting this order of the holy Hierarchies we affirm that the names of each of the
Celestial Choirs expresses its own Godlike characteristic. We are told by Hebrew scholars
that the holy name Seraphim means ‘those who kindle or make hot’, and Cherubim denotes
abundance of knowledge or an outflowing of wisdom.* Reasonably, therefore, is this first
Celestial Hierarchy administered by the most transcendent Natures, since it occupies a more
exalted place than all the others, being immediately present with God; and because of its
nearness, to it are brought the first revelations and perfections of God before the rest.
Therefore they are named ‘The Glowing Ones’, ‘Streams of Wisdom’, ‘Thrones’, in illustration
of their Divine Nature.
The name Seraphim clearly indicates their ceaseless and eternal revolution about Divine
Principles, their heat and keenness, the exuberance of their intense, perpetual, tireless
activity, and their elevative and energetic assimilation of those below, kindling them and
firing them to their own heat, and wholly purifying them by a burning and all-consuming
166
flame; and by the unhidden, unquenchable, changeless, radiant and enlightening power,
dispelling and destroying the shadows of darkness. The name Cherubim denotes their power
of knowing and beholding God, their receptivity to the highest Gift of Light, their contem-
plation of the Beauty of the Godhead in Its First Manifestation, and that they are filled by
participation in Divine Wisdom, and bounteously outpour to those below them from their
own fount of wisdom.
The name of the most glorious and exalted Thrones denotes that which is exempt from
and untainted by any base and earthly thing, and the supermundane ascent up the steep.
For these have no part in that which is lowest, but dwell in fullest power, immovably and
perfectly established in the Most High, and receive the Divine Immanence above all passion
and matter, and manifest God, being attentively open to divine participations.
This, then, is the meaning of their names, so far as we understand it: but now we must
set forth our conception of the nature of this Hierarchy, for the object of every Hierarchy,
as I think we have already sufficiently shown, is a steadfast devotion to the divine assimilation
in the Likeness of God; and the whole work of a Hierarchy is in the participation and the
imparting of a most holy Purification, Divine Light and perfecting Knowledge.
And now I pray that I may speak worthily of those most exalted Intelligences, and as
their Hierarchy is revealed in the Scriptures. It is clear that the Hierarchy is similar in its
nature and has close affinity with those First Beings who are established after the Godhead,
which is the Source of their Being, as though within Its Portals, transcending all created
167
powers, both visible and invisible. Therefore we must recognize that they are pure, not as
having been cleansed from stains and defilements, nor as not admitting material images,

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 Chapter VII. Of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones, and Their First Hie…

but as far higher than all baseness, and surpassing all that is holy. As befits the highest purity,
they are established above the most Godlike Powers and eternally keep their own self-motive
and self-same order through the Eternal Love of God, never weakening in power, abiding
most purely in their own Godlike identity, ever unshaken and unchanging. Again, they are
contemplative, not as beholding intellectual or sensible symbols, nor as being uplifted to
the Divine by the all-various contemplations set forth in the Scriptures, but as filled with
Light higher than all immaterial knowledge, and rapt, as is meet, in the contemplation of
that Beauty which is the superessential triune Origin and Creator of all beauty. In like
manner they are thought worthy of fellowship with Jesus, not through sacred images which
shadow forth the Divine Likeness, but as truly being close to Him in that first participation
of the knowledge of His Deifying Illuminations. Moreover, the imitation of God is granted
to them in a preeminent degree, and as far as their nature permits they share the divine and
human virtues in primary power.
In the same manner they are perfect, not as though enlightened by an analytical know-
ledge of holy variety, but because they are wholly perfected through the highest and most
perfect deification, possessing the highest knowledge that Angels can have of the works of
God; being Hierarchs not through other holy beings, but from God Himself, and since they
are uplifted to God directly by their pre-eminent power and rank, they are both established
immovably beside the All-Holy, and are borne up, as far as is allowable, to the contemplation
of His Intelligible and Spiritual Beauty. Being placed nearest to God, they are instructed in
168
the true understanding of the divine works, and receive their hierarchical order in the highest
degree from Deity Itself, the First Principle of Perfection.
The theologians therefore clearly show that the lower ranks of the Celestial Beings receive
the understanding of the divine works from those above them in a fitting manner, and that
the highest are correspondingly enlightened in the Divine Mysteries by the Most High God
Himself.6 For some of them are shown to us as enlightened in holy matters by those above
them, and we learn that He who in human form ascended to heaven is Lord of the Celestial
Powers and King of Glory. And Angels are represented as questioning Him and desiring
knowledge of His divine redemptive work for us, and Jesus Himself is depicted as teaching
them and revealing directly to them His great goodness towards mankind. ‘For I, He says,
‘speak righteousness and the judgment of salvation.’ Moreover, I am astonished that even
the first rank of Celestial Beings, so far surpassing all the others, should reverently desire to
receive the divine enlightenment in an intermediate manner. For they do not ask directly,

6 ‘For all things concur with each other through similitude, and communicate the powers which they possess.
And first natures, indeed, impart by illumination the gift of themselves to secondary natures, in unenvying
abundance. But effects are established in their causes. An indissoluble connection, likewise, and comnmunion
of wholes, and a colligation of agents and patients, are surveyed in the world.’—Proclus, Theology of Plato, VI.4.
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 Chapter VII. Of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones, and Their First Hie…

‘Wherefore are Thy garments red?’ but first eagerly question one another, showing that they
seek and long for the knowledge of His divine words, without expectation of the enlighten-
ment divinely granted them.
The first Hierarchy of the Celestial Intelligences, therefore, is purified and enlightened;
being ordained by that First Perfecting Cause, uplifted directly to Himself, and filled, ana-
logously, with the most holy purification of the boundless Light of the Supreme Perfection,
untouched by any inferiority, full of Primal Light, and perfected by its union with the first-
given Understanding and Knowledge.
169
But to sum up, I may say, not unreasonably, that the participation in Divine Knowledge
is a purification, an illumination and a perfection. For it purifies from ignorance by the
knowledge of the perfect Mysteries granted in due measure; it illuminates through the Divine
Knowledge Itself by which it purifies the mind which formerly did not behold that which
is now shown to it by the higher illumination; and it perfects by the self-same light through
the abiding knowledge of the most luminous initiations.
This, so far as I know, is the first Order of Celestial Beings which are established about
God, immediately encircling Him: and in perpetual purity they encompass His eternal
Knowledge in that most high and eternal angelic dance, rapt in the bliss of manifold blessed
contemplations, and irradiated with pure and primal splendours.
The are filled with divine food which is manifold, through the first-given outpouring,
yet one through the unvaried and unific oneness of the divine banquet; and they are deemed
worthy of communion and co-operation with God by reason of their assimilation to Him,
as far as is possible for them, in the excellence of their natures and energies. For they know
pre-eminently many divine matters, and they participate as far as they may in Divine Un-
derstanding and Knowledge.
Wherefore theology has given those on earth its hymns or praise in which is divinely
shown forth the great excellence of its sublime illumination. For some of that choir (to use
material terms) cry out as with a voice like the sound of many waters, ‘Blessed is the Glory
of the Lord from His Place’; others cry aloud that most renowned and sacred hymn of highest
praise to God, ‘Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth, the whole earth is full of Thy Glory!’
170
Now we have already expounded to the best of our ability in the treatise on Divine
Hymns these most sublime hymns of the supercelestial Intelligences, and have sufficiently
dealt with them there. For the present purpose it is enough to recall that this first Order,
having been duly enlightened by the Divine Goodness in the knowledge of theology, gave
to those below it, as befits angelic goodness, this teaching (to state it briefly) that it is meet
that the most august Deity, above praise, and all-praised, worthy of the highest praise, should
be known and proclaimed, as far as is attainable, by the God-filled Intelligences (for, as the
Scriptures say, being in the Likeness of God, they are divine habitations of the Divine Still-
ness); and again, the teaching that He is a monad and tri-subsistent unity, providentially

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 Chapter VII. Of the Seraphim, Cherubim and Thrones, and Their First Hie…

pervading all things through His Goodness, from the supercelestial Natures down to the
lowest things of the earth; for He is the super-original Principle and Cause of every essence,
and holds the whole universe superessentially in His irresistible embrace.

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 Chapter VIII. Of the Dominions, Virtues and Powers, and Their Middle Hi…

CHAPTER VIII

Of the Dominions, Virtues and Powers, and their middle Hierarchy.

Now we must pass on to the middle Order of the Celestial Intelligences, contemplating
with supermundane sight, as far as we may, the Dominions and the truly majestic splendour
of the Divine Virtues and Powers. For the names of these supernal Beings denote the divine
characteristics of their likeness to God.
171
The name given to the holy Dominions signifies, I think, a certain unbounded elevation
to that which is above, freedom from all that is of the earth, and from all inward inclination
to the bondage of discord, a liberal superiority to harsh tyranny, an exemptness from degrad-
ing servility and from all that is low: for they are untouched by any inconsistency. They are
true Lords, perpetually aspiring to true lordship, and to the Source of lordship, and they
providentially fashion themselves and those below them, as far as possible, into the likeness
of true lordship. They do not turn towards vain shadows, but wholly give themselves to that
true Authority, forever one with the Godlike Source of lordship.
The name of the holy Virtues signifies a certain powerful and unshakable virility welling
forth into all their Godlike energies; not being weak and feeble for any reception of the divine
Illuminations granted to it; mounting upwards in fullness of power to an assimilation with
God; never falling away from the Divine Life through its own weakness, but ascending un-
waveringly to the superessential Virtue which is the Source of virtue: fashioning itself, as
far as it may, in virtue; perfectly turned towards the Source of virtue, and flowing forth
providentially to those below it, abundantly filling them with virtue.
The name of the holy Powers, co-equal with the Divine Dominions and Virtues, signifies
an orderly and unconfined order in the divine receptions, and the regulation of intellectual
and supermundane power which never debases its authority by tyrannical force, but is irres-
istibly urged onward in due order to the Divine. It beneficently leads those below it, as far
as possible, to the Supreme Power which is the Source of Power, which it manifests after
the manner of Angels in the wellordered ranks of its own authoritative power. This middle
172
rank of the Celestial Intelligences, having these Godlike characteristics, is purified, illuminated
and perfected in the manner already described, by the divine Illuminations bestowed upon
it in a secondary manner through the first hierarchical Order, and shown forth in a secondary
manifestation by the middle choir.
The knowledge which is said to be imparted by one Angel to another may be interpreted
as a symbol of that perfecting which is effected from afar and made obscure because of its
passage to the second rank. For, as those say who are wise in the sacred Mysteries, the direct
revelations of the Divine Light impart a greater perfection than those bestowed through an
intermediary; and in the same way I consider that the Order of Angels which is established

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 Chapter VIII. Of the Dominions, Virtues and Powers, and Their Middle Hi…

nearest to the Godhead participates directly in a more resplendent light than is imparted to
those who are perfected through others.
For this reason the First Intelligences are called in our priestly tradition perfective, illu-
minative and purificatory powers in regard to the lower Orders which are uplifted by them
to the superessential Principle of all, and as far as is right for them are made partakers of
the mystical purifications, illuminations and perfections. For this universal ordinance is
divinely established, that the Divine Light is imparted to secondary natures through primary
natures.
You will find this variously set forth by theologians, for when the Divine and Fatherly
Love for man reproved the Israelites and chastened them for their salvation by delivering
them for their correction into the hands of cruel and barbaric nations, and with providential
guidance led them back by many paths to a better condition, and mercifully recalled them
from captivity to freedom and their former happy state, one of the theologians, named
173
Zachariah, sees one of those Angels which, as I believe are first and nearest to God (for the
name Angel, as I have said, is common to all), receiving from God Himself the words of
comfort, as they are called, and another Angel of lower rank going to meet the first as if to
receive and partake of the light, and then receiving from him, as from a hierarch, the divine
purpose, being directed to reveal to the theologian that Jerusalem should be inhabited by a
great and fruitful nation.
Another theologian, Ezekiel, says that the most sacred edict came forth from the su-
premely glorious Godhead Itself, exalted above the Cherubim. For after the Father, as has
been said, had in His mercy led the Children of Israel through disciplines to a better condition
He decreed in His divine justice that the guilty should be separated from the innocent. This
is first revealed to one below the Cherubim, who was girt about the loins with a sapphire,
and was robed in a garment reaching to the feet, the symbol of an hierarch. But the Divine
Law ordained that the other Angels armed with battle-axes should be instructed by the
former respecting the divine judgment in this matter. For He directed the one to go through
the midst of Jerusalem and to set a mark upon the foreheads of the innocent; but to the
other Angels He said, ‘Go into the city, following him, and strike, and turn not aside your
eyes; but draw not near unto those upon whom is the mark’.
What could be said concerning the Angel who said to Daniel, ‘The Word has gone
forth’? or concerning that highest one who took the fire from the midst of the Cherubim?
Or what could establish more clearly the distinction between the angelic ranks than this,
that the Cherub cast the fire into the hands of him who was clothed with the sacred vestment?
Or that He who called the most divine Gabriel to Himself said, ‘Make this man understand
174
the vision’? And many other similar things are related by the venerable theologians regarding
the Divine Order of the Celestial Hierarchies.

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 Chapter VIII. Of the Dominions, Virtues and Powers, and Their Middle Hi…

By moulding itself after their likeness our own hierarchy will, as far as possible, be as-
similated to it and will, in very deed, show forth, as in images, the angelic beauty; receiving
its form from them, and being uplifted by them to the superessential Source of every Hier-
archy.

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 Chapter IX. Of the Principalities, Archangels and Angels, and Of Their Last…

CHAPTER IX

Of the Principalities, Archangels and Angels, and of their last Hierarchy.

There remains for us the reverent contemplation of that sacred Order which completes
the Angelic Hierarchies, and is composed of the Divine Principalities, Archangels and Angels.
And first, I think, I ought to explain to the best of my ability the meanings of their holy
names.
The name of the Celestial Principalities signifies their Godlike princeliness and author-
itativeness in an Order which is holy and most fitting to the princely Powers, and that they
are wholly turned towards the Prince of Princes, and lead others in princely fashion, and
that they are formed, as far as possible, in the likeness of the Source of Principality, and reveal
Its superessential order by the

An Image of an Angel by Perrugino

good Order of the princely Powers.
The choir of the holy Archangels is placed in the same threefold Order as the Celestial 175

Principalities; for, as has been said, there is one Hierarchy and Order which includes these
and the Angels. But since each Hierarchy has first, middle and last ranks, the holy Order of
Archangels, through its middle position, participates in the two extremes, being joined with
the most .holy Principalities and with the holy Angels.
It is joined with the Princedoms because it is turned in a princely way to the superessen-
tial Principality and, as far as it can attain, moulds itself in His likeness, and it is seen to be
the cause of the union of the Angels with its own orderly and invisible leadership. It is joined

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 Chapter IX. Of the Principalities, Archangels and Angels, and Of Their Last…

with the Angels because it belongs to the interpreting Order, receiving in its turn the illu-
minations from the First Powers, and beneficently announcing these revelations to the
Angels; and by means of the Angels it shows them forth to us in the measure of the mystical
receptivity of each one who is inspired by the divine Illumination. For the Angels, as we
have said, fill up and complete the lowest choir of all the Hierarchies of the Celestial Intelli-
gences since they are the last of the Celestial Beings possessing the angelic nature. And they,
indeed, are more properly named Angels by us than are those of a higher rank because their
choir is more directly in contact With manifested and mundane things.
The highest Order, as we have said, being in the foremost place near the Hidden One,
must be regarded as hierarchically ordering in a bidden manner the second Order; and the
second Order of Dominions, Virtues and Powers, leads the Principalities, Archangels and
Angels more manifestly, indeed, than the first Hierarchy, but in a more hidden manner
than the Order below it; and the revealing Order of the Principalities, Archangels and Angels
presides one through the other over the human hierarchies so that their elevation and
turning to God and their communion and union with Him may be in order; and moreover,
176
that the procession from God, beneficently granted to all the Hierarchies, and visiting them
all in common, may be with the most holy order.
Accordingly the Word of God has given our hierarchy into the care of Angels, for Michael
is called Lord of the people of Judah, and other Angels are assigned to other peoples. For
the Most High established the boundaries of the nations according to the number of the
Angels of God.
If someone should ask why the Hebrews alone were guided to the divine Illuminations,
we should answer that the turning away of the nations to false gods ought not to be attributed
to the direct guidance of Angels, but to their own refusal of the true path which leads to
God, and the falling away through selflove and perversity, and similarly, the worship of
things which they regarded as divine.
Even the Hebrews are said to have acted thus, for he says, ‘Thou hast cast away the
knowledge of God and hast gone after thine own heart’. For our life is not ruled by necessity,
nor are the divine irradiations of Providential Light obscured because of the freewill of those
under Its care; but it is the dissimilarity of the mental eyes which causes the Light streaming
forth resplendently from the Goodness of the Father to be either totally unshared and unac-
cepted through their resistance to It, or causes an unequal participation, small or great, dark
or bright, of that Fontal Ray which nevertheless is one and unmixed, eternally changeless,
and for ever abundantly shed forth. For even if certain Gods not alien to them presided over
the other nations (from which we ourselves have come forth into that illimitable and
abundant sea of Divine Light which is outspread freely for all to share), yet there is one Ruler
177
of all, and to Him the Angels who minister to each nation lead their followers.

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 Chapter IX. Of the Principalities, Archangels and Angels, and Of Their Last…

Let us consider Melchisadek, the hierarch most beloved of God — not of vain gods, but
a priest of the truly highest of Gods — for those wise in the things of God did not simply
call Melchisadek the friend of God, but also priest, in order to show clearly to the wise that
not only was he himself turned to Him who is truly God, but also, as hierarch, was the
leader of others in the ascent to the true and only Godhead.
Let us also remind you in connection with your knowledge of hierarchy that Pharaoh
was shown through visions by the Angel who presided over the Egyptians, and the Prince
of Babylon was shown by his own Angel, the watchful and overruling Power of Providence.
And for those nations the servants of the true God were appointed as leaders, the interpret-
ations of angelic visions having been revealed from God through Angels to holy men near
to the Angels, like Daniel and Joseph.
For there is one Sovereign and Providence of all, and we must never suppose that God
was leader of the Jews by chance, nor that certain Angels, either independently, or with
equal rank, or in opposition to one another, ruled over the other nations; but this teaching
must be received according to the following holy intention, not as meaning that God had
shared the sovereignty of mankind with other Gods, or with Angels, and had been chosen
by chance as ruler and leader of Israel, but as showing that although one all-powerful
Providence of the Most High consigned the whole of mankind to the care of their own Angels
for their preservation, yet the Israelites, almost alone of them all, turned to the knowledge
and light of the true God.
178
Therefore the Word of God, when relating how Israel devoted himself to the worship
of the true God, says, ‘He became the Lord’s portion’. Moreover it shows that he too, equally
with other nations, was given into the charge of one of the holy Angels, in order that he
might know through him the one Principle of all things. For it says that Michael was the
leader of the Jews, clearly showing that there is one Providence established superessentially
above all the invisible and visible powers, and that all the Angels who preside over the dif-
ferent nations lift up to that Providence, as to their own Principle, as far as is in their power,
those who willingly follow them.

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 Chapter X. Recapitulation and Summary of the Angelic Hierarchies.

CHAPTER X

Recapitulation and summary of the Angelic Hierarchies.

We have agreed that the most venerable Hierarchy of the Intelligences, which is close
to God, is consecrated by His first and highest Ray, and uplifting itself directly to It, is puri-
fied, illuminated and perfected by the Light of the Godhead which is both more hidden and
more revealed. It is more hidden because It is more intelligible, more simplifying, and more
unitive, It is more revealed because It is the First Gift and the First Light, and more universal
and more infused with the Godhead, as though transparent. And by this again the second
in its own degree, and by the second the third, and by the third our hierarchy, according to
the same law of the regular principle of order, in divine harmony and proportion, are hier-
archically, led up to the super-primal Source and End of all good orders, according to that
179
divinely established law.
Each Order is the interpreter and herald of those above it, the most venerable being the
interpreter of God who inspires them, and the others in turn of those inspired by God. For
that superessential harmony of all things has provided most completely for the holy regulation
and the sure guidance of rational and intellectual beings by the establishment of the beautiful
choirs of each Hierarchy; and we see that every Hierarchy possesses first, middle and last
powers.
But to speak rightly, He also divided each rank in the same divine harmonies, and on
this account the Scriptures say that the most divine Seraphim cry one to another, by which,
as I think, it is clear that the first impart to the second their knowledge of divine things.
This may fittingly be added, that each Celestial and human intelligence contains in itself
its own first, middle and last powers, which are manifested in a way analogous to the
aforesaid ordination belonging to each of the Hierarchical illuminations; and accordingly
each intelligence, as far as is right and attainable to it, participates in the most spotless purity,
the most abundant light, and the most complete perfection. For nothing is self-perfect nor
absolutely unindigent of perfection, save only That which is truly self-perfect and above all
perfection.

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 Chapter XI. Why All the Celestial Hierarchies in Common are called Celestial…

CHAPTER XI

Why all the Celestial Hierarchies in common are called Celestial Powers.
Now that these things have been defined, the reason for applying the general name,
Celestial Powers, to all the Angelic beings demands our consideration. For we cannot say
of these, as we can of the Angels, that the Order of the holy Powers is the last of all; moreover,
the higher Orders of beings, indeed, have part in the illuminations of the lowest, but the last
by no means possess those of the first. And for this reason all the Divine Intelligences are
called Celestial Powers, but never Seraphim or Thrones or Dominions; since the lowest do
not share in the whole characteristics of the highest. For the Angels, and the Archangels
above them, and the Principalities, and the ranks which are placed by theology after the
Powers, are frequent1y called by us Celestial Powers, in common with all the other holy
beings.
But we deny that in using the general name, Celestial Powers, for all we cause any con-
fusion with regard to the characteristics of each Order. For all the Divine Celestial Intelli-
gences are divided, according to the supermundane account of them, into three groups in
respect of their essence, power and activity; and when we name all or some of them, loosely,
Celestial Beings or Celestial Powers, we are referring to them indirectly in terms of that es-
sence or power which each possesses.
But we must not assign the highest characteristics of the holy Powers (which we have
already well distinguished) to all the natures wholly below them, for this would bring con-
fusion into the clear and harmonious Order of Angels: for, as we have frequently rightly
shown, the highest Orders possess in fullest measure the holy characteristics of the lower,
but the lowest do not possess the pre-eminent unitive principles of those more venerable
181
than themselves, because the First Radiance is imparted to them through the first Orders
according to their capacity.

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 Chapter XII. Why the Hierarchs Among Men are Called Angels.

CHAPTER XII

Why the Hierarchs among men are called Angels.

Those who earnestly study the holy Scriptures sometimes ask, ‘If the lowest ranks do
not possess to the full the powers of those above them, why is our Hierarch called in the
holy Word the Angel of the Omnipotent Lord?’
This, however, does not contradict what has been already defined. For we say that the
lowest choirs do not possess the integral and pre-eminent power of the higher Orders, since
they receive it partially, in the measure of their capacity, in accordance with the one harmo-
nious and binding fellowship of all things.
For example, the choir of the holy Cherubim participates in higher wisdom and know-
ledge, whilst the Orders below them are themselves also partakers of wisdom and knowledge,
but more partially, and in a lower degree proportioned to their capacity. For the universal
participation in wisdom and knowledge is shared by all the Divine Intelligences, but the
degree of participation, whether immediate and first, or second and inferior, is not common,
but is determined for each by its own rank. This also may be rightly said of all the Divine
Intelligences, that even as the first possess in the highest degree the holy characteristics of
the Orders below them, so the lowest possess the powers of the higher, not in equal measure,
182
but in a subordinate degree.
Therefore I do not think it unreasonable that the Scriptures should call our hierarchs
Angels, since they participate according to their own power in the interpretative character-
istic of the Angels, and uplift themselves, as far as is possible to man, into an assimilation
to the Angels as revealers of truth.
You will find, moreover, that the Word of God not only calls these Celestial Beings
above us Gods, but also gives this name to saintly men amongst us, and to those men who,
in the highest degree, are lovers of God; although the First and Unmanifest God superessen-
tially transcends all things, being enthroned above all, and therefore none of the beings or
things which are can truly be said to be wholly like Him, save in so far as those intellectual
and rational beings who are wholly turned towards union with Him, as far as is in their
power, and who, uplifting themselves perpetually, as far as possible, to the Divine Radiance,
in the imitation of God (if it be lawful so to speak) with all their powers, are thought worthy
of the same divine name.

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 Chapter XIII. The Reason Why the Prophet Isaiah is Said to Have Been Purified…

CHAPTER XIII

The reason why the prophet Isaiah is said to have been purified by the Seraphim.
Let us now deal to the best of our ability with the question why the Seraph is said to
have been sent to one of the prophets. For someone may feel doubt or uncertainty as to why
one of the beings of the highest rank is mentioned as cleansing the prophet, instead of one
183
of the lower ranks of Angels.
Some, indeed, say that according to the description already given of the inter-relation
of all the Intelligences, the passage does not refer to one of the first of the Intelligences
nearest to God, as having come to purify the hierarch, but that one of those Angels who are
our guardians was called by the same name as the Seraphim because of his sacred function
of purifying the prophet, for the reason that the remission of sins and the regeneration of
him who was purified to obedience to God was accomplished through fire. And they say
also that the passage simply says one of the Seraphim, not of those established around God,
but of the purifying powers which preside over us.
But another suggested to me a solution of the problem by no means unlikely, for he said
that the great Angel, whoever he may have been, who fashioned this vision for the purpose
of instructing the prophet in divine matters, referred his own office of purification first to
God, and after God to that first Hierarchy. And is not this statement true? For he who said
this said that the Divine First Power goes forth visiting all things, and irresistibly penetrates
all things, and yet is invisible to all, not only as superessentially transcending all things, but
also because It transmits Its Providential Energies in a hidden way through all things.
Moreover, It is revealed to all Intellectual Natures in due proportion, and bestows the radiance
of Its Light upon the most exalted beings through whom, as leaders, It is imparted to the
lower choirs in order according to their power of divine contemplation; or to speak in more
simple terms, by way of illustration (for although natural things do not truly resemble God,
who transcends all, yet they are more easily seen by us), the light of the sun passes readily
through the first matter, for this is more transparent, and by means of this it displays more
184
brightly its own brilliance; but when it falls upon some denser material it is shed forth again
less brightly because the material which is illuminated is not adapted for the transmission
of light, and after this it is little by little diminished until it hardly passes through at all.
Similarly, the heat of fire imparts itself more readily to that which is more adapted to receive
it, being yielding and conductive to its likeness; but upon substances of opposite nature
which are resistant to it, either no effect at all or only a slight trace of the action of the fire
appears; and what is more, when fire is applied to materials of opposite nature through the
use of other substances receptive to it the fire first heats the material which is easily made
hot, and through it, heats proportionately the water or other substance which does not so
easily become hot.

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 Chapter XIII. The Reason Why the Prophet Isaiah is Said to Have Been Purified…

Thus, according to the same law of the material order, the Fount of all order, visible
and invisible, supernaturally shows forth the glory of Its own radiance in all-blessed outpour-
ings of first manifestation to the highest beings, and through them those below them parti-
cipate in the Divine Ray. For since these have the highest knowledge of God, and desire pre-
eminently the Divine Goodness, they are thought worthy to become first workers, as far as
can be attained, of the imitation of the Divine Power and Energy, and beneficently uplift
those below them, as far as is in their power, to the same imitation by shedding abundantly
upon them the splendour which has come upon themselves; while these, in turn, impart
their light to lower choirs. And thus, throughout the whole Hierarchy, the higher impart
that which they receive to the lower, and through the Divine Providence all are granted
participation in the Divine Light in the measure of their receptivity.
There is, therefore, one Source of Light for everything which is illuminated, namely,
God, who by His Nature, truly and rightly, is the Essence of Light, and Cause of being and 185

of vision. But it is ordained that in imitation of God each of the higher ranks of beings is
the source in turn for the one which follows it; since the Divine Rays are passed through it
to the other. Therefore the beings of all the Angelic ranks naturally consider the highest
Order of the Celestial Intelligences as the source, after God, of all holy knowledge and imit-
ation of God, because through them the Light of the Supreme God is imparted to all and to
us. On this account they refer all holy works, in imitation of God, to God as the Ultimate
Cause, but to the first Divine Intelligences as the first regulators and transmitters of Divine
Energies.
Therefore the first Order of the holy Angels possesses above all others the characteristic
of fire, and the abundant participation of Divine Wisdom, and the possession of the highest
knowledge of the Divine Illuminations, and the characteristic of Thrones which symbolizes
openness to the reception of God. The lower Orders of the Celestial Beings participate also
in these fiery, wise and God-receptive Powers, but in a lower degree, and as looking to those
above them who, being thought worthy of the primary imitation of God, uplift them, as far
as possible, into the likeness of God.
These holy characteristics in which the secondary natures are granted participation
through the first, they ascribe to those very Intelligences, after God, as Hierarchs.
He who gave this explanation used to say that the vision was shown to the prophet by
one of those holy and blessed Angels who preside over us, by whose enlightening guidance
he was raised to that intellectual contemplation in which he beheld the most exalted Beings
(to speak in symbols) established under God, with God and around God; and their super-
princely Leader, ineffably uplifted above them all, established in the midst of the supremely
186
exalted Powers.
The prophet, therefore, learned from these visions that, according to every superessential
excellence, the divine One subsists in incomparable pre-eminence, excelling all visible and

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 Chapter XIII. The Reason Why the Prophet Isaiah is Said to Have Been Purified…

invisible powers, above and exempt from all; and that He bears no likeness even to those
first-subsisting Beings; and moreover that He is the Principle and Cause of all being, and
the Immutable Foundation of the abiding stability of things that are, from which the most
exalted Powers have both their being and their well-being. Then he was instructed that the
Divine Powers of the holy Scriptures, whose sacred name means ‘The Fiery Ones’, and of
which we shall soon speak, as far as we can, led the upliftment of the fiery power towards
the Divine Likeness.
When the holy prophet saw in the sacred vision of the sixfold wings the most high and
absolute upliftment to the Divine in first, middle and last Intelligences, and beheld their
many feet and many faces, and perceived that their eyes and their feet were covered by their
wings, and that the middle wings were in ceaseless movement, he was guided to the intelligible
knowledge of that which was seen through the revelation to him of the farreaching and far-
seeing power of the most exalted Intelligences, and of their holy awe which they have in a
supermundane manner in the bold and persistent and unending search into higher and
deeper Mysteries, and the perfect harmony of their ceaseless activity in imitation of God,
and their perpetual upward soaring to the heights.
Moreover, he also learned that divine and most glorious song of praise; for the Angel
who fashioned the vision gave, as far as possible, his own holy knowledge to the prophet. 187

He also taught him that every participation in the Divine Light and Purity, as far as this may
be attained, is a purification, even to the most pure. Having its source in the Most High
God, it proceeds from the most exalted Causes in a superessential and hidden manner, tra-
versing the whole of the Divine Intelligences, and yet it shows itself more clearly, and imparts
itself more fully to the most exalted Powers around God.
But as to the secondary or last intellectual powers, or our own powers, in proportion
as each is further from the Divine Likeness, so the Divine Ray enfolds Its most brilliant light
within Its own ineffable and hidden Unity. Moreover, It illuminates the second Orders
severally through the first, and in short, It comes forth originally into manifestation from
the Unmanifest through the first Powers.
The prophet was taught by the Angel who was leading him to light that the divine
purification, and all the other divine activities shining forth through the First Beings, are
imparted to all the others in the measure of the fitness of each for the divine participations.
Wherefore he reasonably assigned to the Seraphim, after God, the characteristic of im-
parting purification by fire. And there is nothing unreasonable in the representation of the
Seraph as purifying the prophet; for just as God Himself, the cause of every purification,
purifies all, or rather (to use a more familar illustration), just as our hierarch, when purifying
or enlightening through his priests or ministers, may himself be said to purify and illuminate,
because

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 Chapter XIII. The Reason Why the Prophet Isaiah is Said to Have Been Purified…

Cherubs, by Pinturicchio
those orders which he has consecrated refer their sacred activities to him, so also the
Angel who purifies the prophet refers his own purifying power and knowledge to God as 188

its origin, but to the Seraph as the first working Hierarch—as though saying with angelic
reverence when instructing him who was being purified: ‘There is an exempt Source and
Essence and Creator and Cause of the purification effected in you by me, He who brings
into being the First Beings, and holds them established round Himself, and preserves their
changeless stability, and guides them towards the first participations in His own Providential
Energies.’ (For this, so he said who taught me, shows the mission of the Seraph.) ‘But the
Hierarch and Leader, after God, the first Order of the first Beings, by whom I was taught to
perform the divine purifications, is that which purifies thee through me; and through it the
Cause and Creator of all purification brought forth His Providential Energies to us from
the hidden depths.’
Thus he taught me, and I in turn impart it to thee. It is for thy intellectual and discrim-
inating skill either to accept one of the two reasons given as a solution of the difficulty, and
prefer that to the other as probable and reasonable and perhaps true, or to find from thyself
something more akin to the real truth, or learn from another (God indeed giving the word,
and Angels directing it), and then to reveal to us who love the Angels a clearer, and to me
more welcome view, if such should be possible.

189

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 Chapter XIV. What the Traditional Number of the Angels Signifies.

CHAPTER XIV

What the traditional number of the Angels signifies.

This also is worthy, I think, of intellectual consideration, that the scriptural tradition
respecting the Angels gives their number as thousands of thousands and ten thousand times
ten thousand, multiplying and repeating the very highest numbers we have, thus clearly
showing that the Orders of the Celestial Beings are innumerable for us; so many are the
blessed Hosts of the Supermundane Intelligences, wholly surpassing the feeble and limited
range of our material numbers. And they are definitely known only by their own super-
mundane and celestial Intellect and the knowledge which is granted to them allbounteously
by the All-knowing Mother-Wisdom of the Most High God, which is superessentially at
once the substantiating Cause, the connecting Power, and the universal Consummation of
all principles and things.

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 Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic…

CHAPTER XV

What is the meaning of the formal semblances of the Angelic Powers? What of the fiery
and the anthropomorphic? What is meant by their yes, nostrils, ears, mouths, touch, eyelids
eyebrows their manhood, teeth, shoulders, arms, hands, heart, breasts, backs, feet and wings?
What are the nakedness and the vesture, the shining raiment, the priestly insignia, the girdles?
What are the rods, spears, battle-axes and measuring-lines? What are the winds and clouds?
What is meant by their brass and electron? What are the choirs and the clapping of bands?
What are the colours of the various jewels? What is the form of the lion, the ox, the eagle?
What are the horses, and their various colours? What are the rivers, the chariots, the wheels?
What is the so-called joy of the Angels?
Let us, if you are so disposed, now relax our mental vision from the effort of the contem-
plation of the sublimity of the Angels, and descend to the particularized, all-various expanse
of the manifold diversity of forms in angelic images; and then return analytically from them,
as from symbols, ascending again to the simplicity of the Celestial Intelligences. But first let
me point out clearly to you that the explanations of the sacred likenesses represent the same
Orders of Celestial Beings sometimes as leading, and again being led, and the last leading
and the first being led, and the same ones, as has been said, having first, middle and last
powers. But there is nothing unreasonable in the account, according to the following
method of unfoldment.
If, indeed, we said that some are first governed by those above them, and afterwards
govern those Orders, and that the highest, whilst leading the lowest ranks, are at the same
time being led by those whom they are leading, the statement would be obviously absurd
and wholly confused. But if we say that these holy Orders both lead and are led, but not the
same ones, nor by the same ones, but that each is led by those above itself, and in turn leads
those below it, we may reasonably say that the Scripture in its sacred symbolic presentation
sometimes rightly and truly assigns the same powers to the first, middle and last ranks.
Wherefore the eager upward tending to those above them, and the constancy of their
revolution around them, being guardians of their own powers, and their participation in
the providential power of proceeding forth to those below them through their own inter-
relations, will truly befit all the Celestial Beings, although some pre-eminently and universally,
others in a partial and lower degree.
191
But we must begin to deal with the remaining part of our discourse, and must ask, in
first explanation of the forms, why the Word of God prefers the sacred symbol of fire almost
above all others. For you will find that it is used not only under the figure of fiery wheels,
but also of living creatures of fire, and of men flashing like lightning who heap live coals of
fire about the Heavenly Beings, and of irresistibly rushing rivers of flame. Also it says that
the Thrones are of fire, and it shows from their name that the most exalted Seraphim

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 Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic…

themselves are burning with fire, assigning to them the qualities and forces of fire; and
throughout, above and below, it gives the highest preference to the symbol of fire.
Therefore I think that this image of fire signifies the perfect conformity to God of the
Celestial Intelligences For the holy prophets frequently liken that which is superessential
and formless to fire which (if it may lawfully be said) possesses many resemblances as in
visible things to the Divine Reality. For the sensible fire is in some manner in everything,
and pervades all things without mingling with them, and is exempt from all things and, al-
though wholly bright, yet lies essentially hidden and unknown when not in contact with
any substance on which it can exert its own energy. It is irresistible and invisible, having
absolute rule over all things, bringing under its own power all things in which it subsists. It
has transforming power, and imparts itself in some measure to everything near it. It revives
all things by its revivifying heat, and illuminates them all with its resplendent brightness. It
is insuperable and pure, possessing separative power, but itself changeless, uplifting, penet-
rative, high, not held back by servile baseness, ever-moving, selfmoved, moving other things.
It comprehends, but is incomprehensible, unindigent, mysteriously increasing itself and
showing forth its majesty according to the nature of the substance receiving it, powerful,
192
mighty, invisibly present to all things. When not thought of, it seems not to exist, but sud-
denly enkindles its light in the way proper to its nature by friction, as though seeking to do
so, uncontrollably flying upwards without diminishing its all-blessed self-giving.
Thus many properties of fire may be found which symbolize through sensible images
the Divine activities. Knowing this, those wise in the things of God have portrayed the Ce-
lestial Beings under the figure of fire, thus proclaiming their likeness to the Divine, and their
imitation of Him in the measure of their power.
But they also invest them with the likeness of men because of the human powers of in-
tellect and aspiration, the straight and erect form, the inherent power of guiding and gov-
erning; and because man, although least in sense-perception in comparison with the powers
of irrational creatures, yet rules over them all through the pre-eminence of his intellect, the
lordship of his rational knowledge, and the intrinsic freedom of his unconquerable soul.
Thus it is possible, I think, to find in the various parts of our bodies fitting symbols of
the Celestial Powers by taking, for example, the power of sight as an image of their most
transparent upliftment to the Divine Light, their single, free, unresisting reception of that
Light, their responsiveness and pure receptivity without passion to the divine illuminations.
The human power of distinguishing odours signifies the power to receive the inconceiv-
able and most fragrant divine influences, as

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 Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic…

An Angel as envisioned by Rembrandt

far as is attainable, and the definite recognition and utter rejection of others not of this
kind. 193

The power of the ears denotes participation in and conscious gnostic receptivity to divine
inspiration. The power of taste represents an abundance of spiritual food and the reception
of divine streams of nourishment.
The power of touch symbolizes the power of distinguishing that which is of advantage
from that which is harmful. The eyelids and eyebrows represent the guarding of intellectual
conceptions in divine contemplations. The images of youth and vigour denote their perpetual
bloom and vigour of life. The teeth symbolize the distribution of the sustaining perfection
supplied to them; for each Intellectual Order, receiving a unitive conception from the Divine,
with Providential Power divides and multiplies it for the proportionate upliftment of the
one below.
The shoulders, arms and hands signify the powers of activity and accomplishment. The
heart is a symbol of that Divine Life which imparts its own life-giving power beneficently
to those within its care. We may add that the chest, being placed over the heart, represents
the indomitable power which guards its own life-giving dispensations. The back denotes
that strength which holds together all the life-giving powers. The feet signify the power of
motion, swiftness and skilfulness in the evermoving advance towards divine things.
Wherefore the prophet described the feet of the Celestial Intelligences as being covered by
their wings which symbolize a swift soaring to the heights, and the heavenly progression
up the steep, and the exemption from everything earthly through the upward ascent. The
lightness of the wings shows that they are altogether heavenly and unsullied and untram-

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 Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic…

melled in their upliftment on high. The naked and unshod feet symbolize their free, easy
and unrestrained power, pure from all externality, and assimilated, as far as is attainable, to
the Divine Simplicity.
194
But since that single and manifold Wisdom both clothes the naked and assigns to them
implements to carry, let us unfold, as far as we can, these sacred garments and instruments
of the Celestial Intelligences.
Their shining and fiery vestures symbolizes, I think, the Divine Likeness under the image
of fire, and their own enlightening power, because they abide in Heaven, where Light is:
and also it shows that they impart wholly intelligible Light, and are enlightened intellectually.
Their priestly garment symbolizes their authority as leaders to the mystical and divine
contemplations, and the consecration of their whole life. The girdles denote their guardian-
ship of their own generative power, and their state of unification, for they are wholly drawn
together towards their essential unity surrounding it in a perfect circle with changeless
sameness.
The rods are tokens of the authority of sovereignty and leadership and the true directing
of all things. The spears and battle-axes represent the power of dividing incongruous things
and the keen, vigorous and effectual power of discrimination. The measuring-lines and
carpenters’ tools are figures of the power of foundation and erection and perfection, and
whatever else belongs to the providential guidance and upliftment of the lower orders.
Sometimes, however, the implements assigned to the holy Angels symbolize the divine
judgment upon ourselves; for some are figures of His corrective discipline of avenging
justice, others of freedom from difficulties, or the perfection of disciplinary instruction, or
the restoration to our first happiness, while others signify the addition of other gifts, great
or small, sensible or intelligible; and no acute mind would have any difficulty at all in finding
195
the correspondence between the visible symbols and the invisible realities.
The name winds given to the Angels denotes their swift operations, and their almost
immediate impenetration of everything, and a transmitting power in all realms, reaching
from the above to the below, and from the depths to the heights, and the power which uplifts
the second natures to the height above them, and moves the first to a participative and
providential upliftment of the lower.
But perhaps it may be said that the name winds, applied to the aerial spirit, signifies the
Divine Likeness in the Celestial Beings. For the figure is a true image and type of Divine
Energy (as is shown more fully in the Symbolical Theology in our fourfold explanation)
corresponding to the moving and generative forces of Nature, and a swift and irresistible
advance, and the mystery, unknown and unseen by us, of the motive principles and ends.
For He says: ‘Thou knowest not whence it cometh nor whither it goeth.’ The Scriptures also
depict them as a cloud, showing by this that these holy Intelligences are filled in a super-
mundane manner with the hidden Light, receiving that first revelation without undue

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 Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic…

glorying, and transmitting it with abundant brightness to the lower Orders as a secondary,
proportionate illumination; and further, that they, possess generating, lifegiving, increasing
and perfecting powers by reason of their intelligible outpourings, as of showers quickening
the receptive womb of earth by fertilizing rains for life-giving travail.
The Scriptures also liken the Celestial Beings to brass and electron, and many coloured
jewels. Now electron, [an alloy of silver and gold] resembling both gold and silver, is like 196

gold in its resistance to corruption unspent and undiminished, and its undimmed brightness;
and is like silver in its shining and heavenly lustre. But the symbolism of brass (in line with
the explanations already given) must resemble that of fire or gold. Again, of the many col-
oured varieties of stones, the white represents that which is luminous, and the red corresponds
to fire, yellow to gold, and green to youth and vigour. Thus corresponding to each figure
you will find a mystical interpretation which relates these symbolical images to the things
above.
But now, since this has been sufficiently explained, I think, according to our ability, let
us pass on to the sacred unfoldment of the symbolism which depicts the Celestial Intelligences
in the likeness of beasts.
The form of a lion must be regarded as typifying their power of sovereignty, strength
and indomitableness, and the ardent striving upward with all their powers to that most
hidden, ineffable, mysterious Divine Unity and the covering of the intellectual foot-prints,7
and the mystically modest concealment of the way leading to divine union through the Divine
Illumination.
The figure of the ox signifies strength and vigour and the opening of the intellectual
furrows to the reception of fertilizing showers; and the horns signify the guarding and un-
conquerable power. The form of the eagle signifies royalty and high soaring and swiftness
of flight and the eager seizing of that food which renews their strength, discretion, and ease
of movement and skill, with strong intensity of vision which has the power to gaze un-
hindered, directly and unflinchingly upon the full and brilliant splendour of the brightness
of the Divine Sun.
The symbolism of horses represents obedience and tractability. The shining white horses
denote clear truth and that which is perfectly assimilated to the Divine Light the dark, that 197

which is hidden and secret; the red, fiery might and energy; the dappled black and white,
that power which traverses all and connects the extremes, providential1y and with perfecting
power uniting the highest to the lowest and the lowest to the highest.
If we had not to bear in mind the length of our discourse, we might well describe the
symbolic relations of the particular characteristics of animals already given, and all their
bodily forms, with the powers of the Celestial Intelligences according to dissimilar similitudes:

7 The lion was said by the ancients to erase his footprints with his tail.
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 Chapter XV. What is the Meaning of the Formal Semblances of the Angelic…

for example, their fury of anger represents an intellectual power of resistance of which anger
is the last and faintest echo; their desire symbolizes the Divine Love; and in short, we might
find in all the irrational tendencies and many parts of irrational creatures, figures of the
immaterial conceptions and single powers of the Celestial Beings. This, however, is enough
for the prudent, for one mystical interpretation will sufficiently serve as an example for the
explanation of others of a similar kind.
We must now consider the representations of the Celestial Beings in connection with
rivers and wheels and chariots. The rivers of flame denote those Divine Channels which fill
them with super-abundant and eternally out-pouring streams and nourish their life-giving
prolificness.
The chariots symbolize the conjoined fellowship of those of the same Order; the winged
wheels, ever moving onward, never turning back or going aside, denote the power of their
progressive energy on a straight and direct path in which all their intellectual revolutions
are supermundanely guided upon that straight and unswerving course.
198
The figure of the spiritual wheels can also have another mystical meaning, for the
prophet says that the name Gel, Gel is given to them, which in the Hebrew tongue means
revolutions and revelations. For the divine fiery wheels truly revolve, by reason of their
ceaseless movement, around the highest Good Itself, and they are granted revelations because
to them the holy hidden Mysteries are made clear, and the earthly are lifted up, and the high
illuminations are brought down and imparted to the lowest orders.
The last thing for us to explain is the joy attributed to the Celestial Orders. For they are
utterly above and beyond our passionate pleasures. But they are said to rejoice with God
over the finding of that which was lost, as well befits the Godlike mildness of their nature,
and as befits their beneficent and boundless joy at the providential salvation of those who
are turned to God, and that ineffable bliss in which holy men have often participated when
the illuminations of God have divinely visited them.
Let this be a sufficient account of those sacred symbols which, although it falls far short
of their full interpretation, will yet, I think, contribute to prevent us from lingering basely
in the figures and forms themselves.
If you should point out that we have not mentioned in order all the Angelic powers,
activities and images described in the scriptures, we should answer truly that we do not
possess the supermundane knowledge of some, or rather that we have need of another to
guide us to the light and instruct us; but others have been passed over for the sake of propor-
tion, as being parallel to what has been given; and the hidden Mysteries which lie beyond
199
our view we have honoured by silence.

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 Indexes

Indexes

41
 Index of Pages of the Print Edition

Index of Pages of the Print Edition

149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171
172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 191 192 193 194 195 196
197 198 199

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