CH-415

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Lecture 4 Dr. Sajid Muhbat

Generilized Convective, Total and Department of Chemical Engineering
Shell Momentum Balance NED University of Engineering and Technology
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
• Previously we formulated the Generalized Newton’s Law of Viscosity in three dimensions

• Generalized Newton's Law of Viscosity was based on molecular momentum transport

• Momentum can also be transported by the bulk flow, also referred to as convective
momentum transport

• Here we will generalize the convective momentum transport in three dimensions

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 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)

• Consider a small volume element as shown in

the figure

• Each face of the element has unit area

• The center of the volume element is at the

position x, y, z as shown in the figure

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 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)

• Convective momentum fluxes in x, y and z directions have been shown in the figures a, b and c

• The directions of the momentum fluxes have been shown at some angle to the surface

• This angle is due to the v which has three components in all directions

We have to evaluate,

• Why x, y and z momentum fluxes have been represented by 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝐯, 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝐯 and 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝐯, one by one 4
Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
𝑥−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑥−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑔
x−momentum flux = = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚.𝑠2 )
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑥−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑣𝑥
= = ρ𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 V
𝑥−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
x−momentum flux =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

x−momentum flux = ρ𝑣𝑥 ×?

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Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
𝑦−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑦−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑔
y−momentum flux = = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚.𝑠2 )
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑦−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑣𝑦
= = ρ𝑣𝑦
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 V
𝑦−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
y−momentum flux =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

y−momentum flux = ρ𝑣𝑦 ×?

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Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
𝑧−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑧−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑔
z−momentum flux = = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚.𝑠2 )
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑧−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑣𝑧
= = ρ𝑣𝑧
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 V
𝑧−𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
z−momentum flux =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

z−momentum flux = ρ𝑣𝑧 ×?

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 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For x-momentum flux in x-direction x−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑥
x−momentum x−momentum distance
x−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

x−momenutum flux in x−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑥 )𝑣𝑥 Distance per

unit time for
x-momentum
in x-direction 8
x-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For x-momentum flux in y-direction x−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑦
x−momentum x−momentum distance
x−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

x−momenutum flux in y−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑥 )𝑣𝑦 Distance per

unit time for
x-momentum
in y-direction 9
x-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For x-momentum flux in z-direction x−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑧
x−momentum x−momentum distance
x−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

x−momenutum flux in z−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑥 )𝑣𝑧 Distance per

unit time for
x-momentum
in z-direction 10
x-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For y-momentum flux in x-direction y−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑥
y−momentum y−momentum distance
y−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

y−momenutum flux in x−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑦 )𝑣𝑥 Distance per

unit time for
y-momentum
in x-direction 11
y-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For y-momentum flux in y-direction y−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑦
y−momentum y−momentum distance
y−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

y−momenutum flux in y−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑦 )𝑣𝑦 Distance per

unit time for
y-momentum
in y-direction 12
y-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For y-momentum flux in z-direction y−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑧
y−momentum y−momentum distance
y−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

y−momenutum flux in z−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑦 )𝑣𝑧 Distance per

unit time for
y-momentum
in z-direction 13
y-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For z-momentum flux in x-direction z−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑥
z−momentum z−momentum distance
z−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

z−momenutum flux in x−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑧 )𝑣𝑥 Distance per

unit time for
z-momentum
in x-direction 14
z-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For z-momentum flux in y-direction z−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑦
z−momentum z−momentum distance
z−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

z−momenutum flux in y−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑧 )𝑣𝑦 Distance per

unit time for
z-momentum
in y-direction 15
z-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
For z-momentum flux in z-direction z−momentum
area × time

distance
time = 𝑣𝑧
z−momentum z−momentum distance
z−momentum flux = = ×
area × time volume time

z−momenutum flux in z−direction = (𝜌𝑣𝑧 )𝑣𝑧 Distance per

unit time for
z-momentum
in z-direction 16
z-momentum per unit volume
 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑥

𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
𝜌𝐯𝐯 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑦
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦

𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧

All the component of convective momentum flux tensor 17

 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑥

𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝐯 𝛕𝑥

𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝑥
• Note that x-momentum flux components of convective momentum are reverse with respect to
subscripts (same is the case for y and z momentum flux)

• To avoid the confusion, the velocity components of the x, y and z convective momentum flux have
been revered
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 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑧

𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
𝜌𝐯𝐯 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧
𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦

𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑥 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧

Final result of all the components of the convective momentum tensor 19

Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)

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 Convective Momentum Transport (Bird, P-34)
• Convective momentum flux tensor in general

𝜌vv= (Ʃ𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝜌𝑣𝑖 )v = (Ʃ𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝜌𝑣𝑖 )(Ʃ𝑗 𝛿𝑗 𝜌𝑣𝑗 ) = Ʃ𝑖 Ʃ𝑗 𝛿𝑖 𝛿𝑗 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑗

for i = y and j = x

Ʃ𝑖 Ʃ𝑗 𝛿𝑖 𝛿𝑗 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑗 = 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 (y-momentum flux in x-direction)

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 Total Momentum Flux (Bird, P-36)
Total Momentum Flux = Molecular Momentum Flux + Convective Momentum Flux

ɸ = π + ρvv = pδ + 𝛕 + ρvv

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 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity
Distributions in Laminar Flow (Bird, P-40)
Shell (a thin element of fluid) momentum balance will be useful in

• Application of the mathematical expressions obtained for molecular and convective

momentum transport to the simple laminar flow systems

• Mainly we will study the velocity profiles

• Velocity profiles will be useful in obtaining maximum velocities, average velocities and
fluxes

• At this stage, we will only deal with the steady-state flow systems

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 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity
Distributions in Laminar Flow (Bird, P-40)
Shell momentum balance in general can be written as

Rate of Rate of Force of Rate of Rate of Rate of

momentum momentum gravity momentum momentum increase of
in by + in by + acting on = out by + out by + momentum
molecular convective the system molecular convective
transport transport transport transport

For steady-state flow system

Rate of Rate of Force of Rate of Rate of

momentum momentum gravity momentum momentum
in by + in by + acting on = out by + out by
molecular convective the system molecular convective
transport transport transport transport

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 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity
Distributions in Laminar Flow (Bird, P-40)
or

Rate of Rate of Rate of Rate of Force of

momentum momentum momentum momentum gravity
in by - out by + in by - out by + acting on =0
molecular molecular convective convective the system
transport transport transport transport

or

Rate of Rate of Force of

momentum momentum gravity
in - out + acting on =0
the system

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 Shell Momentum Balances and Boundary
Conditions (Bird, P-41)
Consider a shell as shown in the figure below

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 Shell Momentum Balances and Boundary
Conditions (Bird, P-41)
Applying shell momentum balance for x-momentum

Rate of Rate of Force of

momentum momentum gravity
in - out + acting on =0
the system

∆𝑦∆𝑧(𝜙𝑥𝑥 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑥 ቚ )
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
+ ∆𝑥∆𝑧(𝜙𝑦𝑥 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑥 ቚ )
𝑦 𝑦+∆𝑦
+ ∆𝑥∆𝑦(𝜙𝑧𝑥 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑥 ቚ )
𝑧 𝑧+∆𝑧
+ ∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧𝜌𝑔𝑥 = 0
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