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English Legal System 5th Edition Gary Slapper Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Gary Slapper, Gary Slapper, David Kelly
ISBN(s): 9781859416570, 1859416578
Edition: 5
File Details: PDF, 1.74 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
 CP
Cavendish
Publishing
Limited

London • Sydney
 Fifth Edition

Gary Slapper, LLB, LLM, PhD, PGCE (Law)

Director of the Law Programme, The Open University

David Kelly, BA, BA (Law), PhD

Principal Lecturer in Law, Staffordshire University

CP
Cavendish
Publishing
Limited

London • Sydney
Fifth edition first published in Great Britain 2001 by Cavendish Publishing
Limited, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United
Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7278 8080
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com

This title was previously published under the Principles of Law series.

© Slapper, G and Kelly, D 2001

First edition 1994
Second edition 1995
Third edition 1997
Fourth edition 1999
Fifth edition 2001

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the
terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Slapper, Gary
English legal system – 5th ed
1. Law – England 2. Law – Wales
I. Title II. Kelly, David, 1950 Aug 16
347.4'2

ISBN 1 85941 657 8

Printed and bound in Great Britain

 PREFACE

A good comprehension of the English legal system requires knowledge and

skill in a number of disciplines. The system itself is the result of developments
in law, economy, politics, sociological change, and the theories which feed all
these bodies of knowledge. A detailed knowledge of several areas of law is
indispensable but students are also expected to appreciate the historical
development of many legal institutions, and the social and political debates
which surround legal issues. It is important to understand the legal theory
which is behind policies on matters as diverse as the law relating to arrest,
search and seizure; the distribution of work among different types of court;
the structure of legal services; judicial review of administrative discretion; the
operation of the doctrines of precedent and statutory interpretation; plea
bargaining, contingency fees and legal aid. Being proficient in this subject also
means being familiar with contemporary changes and proposed changes. This
book aims to assist students of the English legal system in the achievement of
a good understanding of the law, its institutions and processes. It is also our
aim to help cultivate in students of the system a critical approach to current
legal issues and problems.
Since the fourth edition of this book in 1999, the English legal system has
undergone major and comprehensive changes.
The Access to Justice Act 1999 has led to the establishment of the Legal
Services Commission and the Community Legal Service, and has re-drawn
the legal landscape.
The 1998 Civil Procedure Rules came into force in 1999 and have been
amended and updated 21 times since – the Rules revolutionise the way that
people make civil claims and the way in which the courts deal with them.
The Human Rights Act 1998 came into force in October 2000, and has
already begun to ramify into virtually all aspects of law, and thus affects how
the legal system operates. To prepare it, the judiciary underwent the most
comprehensive and detailed formal training in its entire thousand-year
history.
Other changes abound: The Auld Committee has undertaken a root and
branch review of the criminal justice system. The Crown Prosecution Service
has been re-organised, the nature of judicial impartiality has been
authoritatively defined, the role of the jury has been exposed to intense public
and legal debate, liability of advocates for courtroom negligence has been
established, the appeals system has been altered, alternative dispute
resolution has become a major feature of British life, and European law has
continued to widen and deepen its application.
The fifth edition incorporates all of these changes, and we have
endeavoured to state the law as of July 2001.
Gary Slapper
David Kelly
July 2001

v
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are very grateful to many people for their assistance, counsel, expertise,
good humour and patience, all of which have contributed to the writing of
this book. We are especially indebted to Suzanne, Hannah, Emily, Charlotte,
Jane and Michael.
Great thanks are due to Jo Reddy, Sonny Leong, Cara Annett, Jon Lloyd
and Ruth Massey at Cavendish Publishing. In various ways, their ideas,
encouragement and skill have contributed substantially to this book, and not
for the first time in this edition. We are very grateful to Marilyn Lannigan for
her assiduous and professional research and work on the updating of
Chapters 3, 7, 11 and 12, and to Denis Lanser for his characteristically polished
and conscientious work on the updating of Chapters 4, 9 and 10. For very
helpful comments on earlier drafts, we are indebted to Professor Hazel Genn,
Liz Rodgers, Micéal Barden, Michael Fealy, Steve Greenfield, Janice
Richardson and David Stott. Thanks also to Frances Gibb, Legal Editor at The
Times, for her constant critical elucidation of the legal system. A great debt also
to Doreen and Ivor Slapper, David and Julie Whight, Raie Schwartz, Alison
Morris and Hugh McLaughlan.

vi
 CONTENTS

Preface v
Acknowledgments vi
Table of Cases xviii
Table of Statutes xxxi
Table of Statutory Instruments xxxix
Table of EC Legislation xli
Table of Abbreviations xliii

1 LAW AND LEGAL STUDY 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 THE NATURE OF LAW 1
1.3 CATEGORIES OF LAW 2
1.3.1 Common law and civil law 3
1.3.2 Common law and equity 3
1.3.3 Common law and statute law 5
1.3.4 Private law and public law 5
1.3.5 Civil law and criminal law 6
1.4 THE SEPARATION OF POWERS 9
1.4.1 Parliamentary sovereignty 10
1.4.2 Judicial independence 11
1.4.3 Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards 13
1.5 THE RULE OF LAW 14
1.5.1 AV Dicey 15
1.5.2 FA von Hayek 17
1.5.3 EP Thompson 18
1.5.4 Joseph Raz 19
1.5.5 Roberto Unger 20
1.5.6 Max Weber 21
1.6 HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE AND THE RULE OF LAW 23
1.7 THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 24
1.7.1 Cases decided under the Human Rights 1998 29
1.7.2 The sentencing process 35
1.7.3 Cross-examination in rape cases 42
2 SOURCES OF LAW 49
2.1 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 49
2.2 LEGISLATION 49
2.2.1 The pre-parliamentary process 50
2.2.2 The legislative process 52
2.2.3 The drafting of legislation 54

vii
 The English Legal System

2.2.4 Types of legislation 55

2.2.5 Delegated legislation 57
2.2.6 Advantages in the use of delegated legislation 60
2.2.7 Disadvantages in the prevalence of delegated
legislation 60
2.3 CASE LAW 62
2.3.1 Precedent 63
2.3.2 Law reporting 63
2.3.3 Precedent within the hierarchy of the courts 67
2.3.4 Binding precedent 75
2.3.5 Advantages of case law 80
2.3.6 Disadvantages of case law 82
2.4 BOOKS OF AUTHORITY 85
2.5 CUSTOM 86
2.6 LAW REFORM 87

3 THE CIVIL COURT STRUCTURE 93

3.1 THE COURT SERVICE 95
3.2 MAGISTRATES’ COURTS 96
3.3 COUNTY COURTS 96
3.4 THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE 98
3.4.1 The Queen’s Bench Division 99
3.4.2 The Queen’s Bench Divisional Court 100
3.4.3 The Chancery Division 100
3.4.4 The Chancery Divisional Court 101
3.4.5 The Family Division 101
3.4.6 The Family Divisional Court 101
3.5 APPEALS FROM THE HIGH COURT 101
3.6 THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION) 102
3.6.1 The Bowman Report 1998 103
3.7 THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT 1999 – REFORMS TO
THE APPEAL PROCESS 105
3.8 THE HOUSE OF LORDS 110
3.9 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 111
3.10 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 113
3.11 JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL 113
3.12 CIVIL COURT FEES 114

viii
 Contents

4 THE CRIMINAL COURT STRUCTURE 121

4.1 CORONERS’ COURTS 121
4.2 THE CRIMINAL TRIAL COURTS 122
4.3 MAGISTRATES’ COURTS 123
4.3.1 Summary trial 124
4.3.2 Offences triable ‘either way’ 126
4.3.3 Youth Courts 129
4.3.4 Indictable offences – committal proceedings 131
4.3.5 The Access to Justice Act 1999 – magistrates’ courts 133
4.4 THE CROWN COURT 139
4.4.1 The judges 140
4.4.2 Jurisdiction 140
4.4.3 Delay 141
4.4.4 Magistrates’ courts v Crown Courts 142
4.5 CRIMINAL APPEALS 142
4.5.1 Appeals from magistrates’ courts 143
4.5.2 Appeals from the Crown Court 143
4.5.3 The Access to Justice Act 1999 – jurisdiction 147
4.5.4 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 147
4.5.5 Royal Commission on Criminal Justice 148
4.5.6 Criminal Cases Review Commission 149
4.6 A MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE 151
4.7 REFORM OF THE CRIMINAL COURTS 152
4.7.1 Either way offences and determination of
mode of trial 153
4.7.2 Other possible reforms under consideration 154
5 JUDICIAL REASONING 159
5.1 INTRODUCTION 159
5.1.1 Law and logic 159
5.2 REASONING IN GENERAL 160
5.2.1 Deductive reasoning 161
5.2.2 Inductive reasoning 162
5.2.3 Reasoning by analogy 163
5.3 JUDICIAL REASONING 163
5.3.1 The syllogism in law 163
5.3.2 The logical form of precedent 164
5.4 STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 166
5.4.1 Problems in interpreting legislation 166
5.4.2 Approaches to statutory interpretation 167

ix
 The English Legal System

5.4.3 Rules of interpretation 168

5.4.4 Aids to construction 176
5.4.5 Presumptions 178
5.5 LEGAL REASONING AND THE POSSIBILITY OF RAPE
WITHIN MARRIAGE: A CASE STUDY 182
5.6 LEGAL REASONING AND RHETORIC 186

6 THE JUDICIARY 191

6.1 THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY 191
6.1.1 The constitutional role of the Lord Chancellor 191
6.1.2 The Constitution and the role of the House of Lords 194
6.1.3 The case of General Pinochet 196
6.2 JUDICIAL OFFICES 201
6.2.1 Judicial hierarchy 202
6.2.2 Legal offices 203
6.3 APPOINTMENT OF JUDICIARY 204
6.3.1 Qualifications 205
6.3.2 Selection of judges 206
6.4 TRAINING OF THE JUDICIARY 212
6.4.1 Runciman Commission’s recommendations 214
6.4.2 Judicial reaction to race awareness training 215
6.5 RETIREMENT OF JUDGES 217
6.6 REMOVAL OF JUDGES 218
6.7 JUDICIAL IMMUNITY FROM SUIT 219
6.8 MAGISTRATES 220
6.8.1 Powers 220
6.8.2 District Judges (Magistrates’ Courts) 222
6.8.3 Qualifications and training 223
6.8.4 Appointment 224
6.9 POLITICS AND THE JUDICIARY 229
6.10 JUDICIAL REVIEW 232
6.10.1 Private law remedies 232
6.10.2 The prerogative orders 233
6.10.3 Applications for judicial review – Part 54 of the CPR 234
6.10.4 Grounds for application for judicial review 238
6.10.5 The exclusion of judicial review 239
6.10.6 The politics of judicial review 241

x
 Contents

6.11 POLITICS OF THE JUDICIARY 246

6.11.1 Criticisms 248
7 THE CIVIL PROCESS 257
7.1 THE 1999 WOOLF REFORMS – AN OVERVIEW 258
7.2 THE COST OF LITIGATION – THE PRE-1999 PROBLEMS 261
7.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND THE LAW 265
7.4 THE NEW CIVIL PROCESS 266
7.4.1 The overriding objective 267
7.4.2 Practice directions 267
7.4.3 Case control 267
7.4.4 Court allocation 270
7.4.5 Pre-action protocols 270
7.4.6 Jurisdiction for the start of proceedings 272
7.5 PROCEEDINGS – THE CPR PART 7 CLAIM 272
7.5.1 Value 273
7.5.2 Particulars of claim 273
7.5.3 Statements of truth 274
7.5.4 Response pack 274
7.5.5 Part 8 claims (CPR Part 8) 275
7.5.6 Default judgment (CPR Part 12) 275
7.5.7 Service (CPR Part 6) 276
7.5.8 Admissions and part admissions 276
7.5.9 Defence and automatic transfer (CPR Part 15) 277
7.5.10 Allocation questionnaire 277
7.5.11 Applications to be made when claims come before
a judge 278
7.5.12 Summary judgment (CPR Part 24) 279
7.5.13 Allocation to track (CPR Part 26) 279
7.6 THE SMALL CLAIMS TRACK (CPR PART 27) 279
7.7 THE FAST TRACK (CPR PART 28) 281
7.8 THE MULTI-TRACK (CPR PART 29) 282
7.9 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEARINGS (CPR PART 39) 282
7.10 CASE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCES 282
7.11 PRE-TRIAL REVIEWS 283
7.12 STAYS FOR SETTLEMENT (CPR PART 26)
AND SETTLEMENTS (PART 36) 283

xi
 The English Legal System

7.13 WITNESS STATEMENTS 285

7.14 COURT FEES 285
7.15 EXPERTS (CPR PART 35) 285
7.16 COSTS 286
7.17 WHAT HAS THE NEW SYSTEM ACHIEVED? 286
7.18 APPEALS 290
7.19 THE DIVISION OF WORK BETWEEN THE HIGH
COURT AND COUNTY COURTS AFTER THE
WOOLF REFORMS 291
7.20 DO WE NEED TWO SORTS OF COURT AFTER WOOLF? 291
7.21 REMEDIES 293
7.21.1 Damages 293
7.21.2 Equitable remedies 296
8 ARBITRATION, TRIBUNAL ADJUDICATION AND
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 307
8.1 INTRODUCTION 307
8.2 ARBITRATION 308
8.2.1 Procedure 309
8.2.2 Relationship to ordinary courts 312
8.2.3 Advantages 313
8.2.4 Small claims procedure in the county court 314
8.2.5 Arbitration under Codes of Conduct 315
8.3 ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS 316
8.3.1 Tribunals and courts 317
8.3.2 Composition of tribunals 318
8.3.3 Statutory tribunals 319
8.3.4 Domestic tribunals 322
8.3.5 Advantages of tribunals 322
8.3.6 Disadvantages of tribunals 324
8.4 OMBUDSMAN 326
8.4.1 Procedure 327
8.4.2 Evaluation 330
8.5 MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION 331
8.5.1 Mediation 331
8.5.2 Mediation in divorce 332
8.5.3 Conciliation 335

xii
 Contents

9 THE CRIMINAL PROCESS: (1) THE INVESTIGATION

OF CRIME 339
9.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE CRIMINAL
PROCESS 339
9.1.1 The criminal justice system in the 21st century 339
9.2 MISTRUST OF THE SYSTEM 341
9.2.1 The Macpherson Report 342
9.2.2 Lack of confidence in the system 347
9.2.3 A contradiction 347
9.2.4 Contemporary issues 348
9.3 ARREST 350
9.3.1 Remedies for unlawful arrest 350
9.3.2 General powers of arrest 352
9.3.3 Arrest under warrant 352
9.3.4 Common law arrests 353
9.3.5 Arrest under legislation 354
9.3.6 G v DPP (1989) 355
9.3.7 Walters v WH Smith & Son Ltd (1914) 356
9.3.8 R v Self (1992) 357
9.3.9 John Lewis & Co v Tims (1952) 357
9.3.10 What is the meaning of ‘reasonable grounds
for suspecting’? 358
9.3.11 Detention short of arrest 360
9.3.12 Suspects stopped in the street 360
9.3.13 Stop and search 361
9.3.14 The Code of Practice for the exercise of statutory
powers of stop and search 362
9.3.15 Search of arrested persons 365
9.3.16 Search on detention 365
9.3.17 Procedure on arrest 366
9.3.18 Police powers under s 60 of the Criminal Justice
and Public Order Act 1994 369
9.3.19 Other aspects of s 60 of the Criminal Justice
and Public Order Act 1994 370
9.3.20 Accountability and s 60 of the Criminal Justice
and Public Order Act 1994 371
9.3.21 The Terrorism Act 2000 372
9.3.22 The use of force to effect an arrest 373
9.3.23 Duties after arrest 373
9.4 ENTRY, SEARCH AND SEIZURE 373
9.4.1 Entry of premises under the common law 374
9.4.2 Entry of premises to prevent an offence
being committed 375

xiii
 The English Legal System

9.4.3 Entry and search of premises to make an arrest 375

9.4.4 Seizure of articles from searches 377
9.4.5 Search warrants and safeguards 378
9.5 INTERROGATION, CONFESSION AND
ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE 381
9.5.1 Time limits on detention without charge 381
9.5.2 Searches of detained persons 382
9.5.3 The right to have someone informed when arrested 383
9.5.4 The right to consult a solicitor 384
9.5.5 Notifying the suspect of the right to free legal advice 384
9.5.6 Duty solicitors 386
9.5.7 Delaying access to legal advice 387
9.5.8 R v Samuel (1988) 387
9.5.9 R v Alladice (1988) 389
9.5.10 R v Davidson (1988) 389
9.5.11 R v Parris (1989) 390
9.5.12 Interviewing before solicitor arrives 390
9.5.13 Answering police questions and the right to silence 391
9.5.14 Duties to answer 392
9.5.15 What can be said in court about silence in the face
of police questioning 393
9.5.16 Right to silence in courts 395
9.5.17 Effective abolition of the right to silence 397
9.5.18 Directions to the jury on silent defendants 400
9.5.19 Tape-recording of interrogations 403
9.5.20 Confessions and the admissibility of evidence 403
9.5.21 Oppression 404
9.5.22 Unreliability 405
9.5.23 R v Heaton (1993) 406
9.5.24 The Court of Appeal’s decision 407
9.5.25 Research findings 409
9.5.26 Evidence illegally or improperly obtained 409
9.5.27 Runciman Royal Commission proposals 411
9.5.28 Confession evidence 412
9.5.29 Corroboration of confessions 412
10 THE CRIMINAL PROCESS: (2) THE PROSECUTION 421
10.1 THE CROWN PROSECUTION SERVICE 421
10.1.1 The Code for Crown Prosecutors 425
10.1.2 The discretion to prosecute 425
10.1.3 Police cautioning of offenders 426
10.1.4 The Code for Crown Prosecutors 427
10.1.5 CPS independence from the police 429

xiv
 Contents

10.1.6 Judicial control of prosecution policy 431

10.1.7 State prosecutors in the Crown Courts 432
10.2 BAIL 433
10.2.1 The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 434
10.2.2 Appeals and reapplications 438
10.3 PLEA BARGAINING 440
10.3.1 R v Turner (1970) 440
10.3.2 Court of Appeal Practice Direction 441
10.3.3 R v Pitman (1991) 442
10.3.4 Royal Commission recommendations 443
10.4 THE JURY 445
10.5 THE ROLE OF THE JURY 448
10.5.1 The jury’s function in trials 449
10.5.2 Appeals from decisions of the jury 451
10.5.3 Majority verdicts 451
10.5.4 Discharge of jurors or the jury 453
10.6 THE SELECTION OF THE JURY 453
10.6.1 Liability to serve 453
10.6.2 Exceptions, excusals and disqualifications 454
10.6.3 Physical disability and jury service 456
10.6.4 Challenges to jury membership 456
10.6.5 Challenge by the defence 456
10.6.6 Challenge by the prosecution 457
10.6.7 Jury vetting 458
10.6.8 The racial mix of the jury 459
10.6.9 Racial bias in juries 461
10.7 THE DECLINE OF THE JURY TRIAL 462
10.7.1 The jury trial in civil procedure 462
10.7.2 Criminal juries 467
10.8 THE RUNCIMAN COMMISSION 469
10.8.1 General points about jury selection 469
10.8.2 Disqualification 470
10.8.3 The ethnic origin of jurors 471
10.8.4 The conduct of trials 472
10.8.5 The rights to jury trial 473
10.8.6 Criminal Justice (Mode of Trial) Bills 476
10.8.7 Conclusion 477

xv
 The English Legal System

11 LEGAL SERVICES 483

11.1 INTRODUCTION 483
11.2 THE LEGAL PROFESSION 483
11.3 SOLICITORS 484
11.3.1 Training 485
11.3.2 The Law Society 485
11.3.3 The Institute of Legal Executives 489
11.3.4 British Standard 5750 489
11.4 BARRISTERS 489
11.4.1 Training 490
11.4.2 The Inns of Court 490
11.4.3 The General Council of the Bar 491
11.4.4 Education 491
11.4.5 Queen’s Counsel 491
11.4.6 The barrister’s chambers 491
11.5 PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE 492
11.5.1 Immunity from negligence claims 492
11.6 FUSION 498
11.7 THE COURTS AND LEGAL SERVICES ACT 1990 499
11.8 THE EFFECTS OF THE CLSA 1990 501
11.8.1 Section 17 502
11.8.2 Solicitors’ rights of audience 503
11.8.3 The Access to Justice Act 1999 and rights of audience 506
11.8.4 Accelerating legal argument 509
11.8.5 Partnerships and transnational firms 509
11.8.6 Monopoly conveyancing rights 511
11.8.7 The Legal Services Ombudsman 513
12 THE FUNDING OF LEGAL SERVICES 517
12.1 INTRODUCTION 517
12.1.1 A brief historical overview 518
12.1.2 Types of legal aid 520
12.1.3 Legal advice and assistance 521
12.1.4 Civil legal aid 522
12.1.5 Criminal legal aid 524
12.1.6 Legal franchising 525
12.1.7 Modernising justice 526
12.1.8 The Access to Justice Act 1999 – a summary 526
12.2 THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT 1999 528
12.2.1 Background 528
12.2.2 The advice sector 529
xvi
 Contents

12.3 OVERVIEW OF THE ACT 530

12.3.1 Funding of legal services (Parts I and II) 530
12.3.2 The Legal Services Commission 531
12.3.3 The Community Legal Service 532
12.3.4 The Criminal Defence Service 539
12.3.5 Conditional fees 542
12.4 UNMET LEGAL NEED 543
12.4.1 Does it matter if such needs remain unmet? 545
12.4.2 Law Centres 546
12.4.3 Other voluntary advice 547
12.5 CONDITIONAL FEE ARRANGEMENTS 547
12.5.1 The Conditional Fee Agreements Order 1998 549
12.5.2 The advantages 551
12.5.3 The disadvantages 552
12.5.4 The English system – recent changes 553
13 THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT 563
13.1 INTRODUCTION 563
13.1.1 Parliamentary sovereignty, European Community
law and the courts 567
13.2 SOURCES OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW 570
13.2.1 Internal treaties 570
13.2.2 International treaties 571
13.2.3 Secondary legislation 571
13.2.4 Judgments of the European Court of Justice 572
13.3 THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 572
13.3.1 The Council of Ministers 572
13.3.2 The European Parliament 574
13.3.3 Powers of the European Parliament 575
13.3.4 Economic and Social Committees 576
13.3.5 The European Commission 576
13.3.6 The European Court of Justice 577
13.3.7 The Court of Auditors 582
13.4 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 582
13.5 THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION AND THE
EUROPEAN UNION 593

Bibliography 597
Further Reading 607
Index 619

xvii
 TABLE OF CASES

ADT v United Kingdom (2000) decided 31 July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

AG Securities Ltd v Vaughan [1988] 3 WLR 1205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Abbot v R [1977] AC 755 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Addy and Sons v Dumbreck [1929] AC 358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Adler v George [1964] 2 QB 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Afzal and Others v Ford Motor Company Ltd
[1994] 4 All ER 720 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police
[1992] 1 AC 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77–79
Alderson v Booth [1969] 2 QB 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Aldington v Watts and Tolstoy
(1990) The Independent, 20 July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Angry Brigade Case (1971) The Times, 10–11 December;
(1972) The Times, 12–15 December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457, 459
Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission
[1969] 2 WLR 163, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 240
Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Anton Piller Order [1976] Ch 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 297
Arthur JS Hall & Co v Simons and Other Appeals
[2000] 3 WLR 543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Associated Provincial Picture House v Wednesbury
Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223; [1947] 2 All ER 680 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238, 239, 359
Attorney General v Associated Newspapers [1994] 2 WLR 277. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Attorney General v Fulham Corporation [1921] 1 Ch 440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd
(Spycatcher case) [1987] 1 WLR 1248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Attorney General’s Reference (No 1 of 1988)
(1988) 132 SJ 1754, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Attorney General’s Reference (No 3 of 1999)
[1999] 2 Cr App R(S) 398, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 451
Averill v United Kingdom (2000) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Bentley v Brudzinski [1982] Crim LR 825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Beta Construction Ltd v Channel Four TV Co Ltd
[1990] 1 WLR 1042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Bevan Ashford v Geoff Yeandle (Contractors) Ltd
[1998] 3 All ER 238, Ch D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554, 555
Bishopsgate Investment Management Trust (In Provisional
Liquidation) v Maxwell Mirror Group
Newspapers [1993] Ch 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Boys v Chaplin [1969] 3 WLR 322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73

xviii
 Table of Cases

Bridgewater Case (1997) The Times, 31 July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Brogan v United Kingdom (1989) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council
[1983] 1 AC 768; [1982] 2 WLR 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170, 245
Brookman v DPP (1997) unreported, 14 November, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Brown v AG for Scotland [2001] 2 WLR 817. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29–31
Bryan v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 342, App No 19178/91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Bulmer v Bollinger [1974] Ch 401; 3 WLR 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 112, 119
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v The Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Butterworth v DPP [1995] 1 AC 381. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

C v S and Others [1987] 2 WLR 1108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 118

CC v United Kingdom (1999) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
CILFIT Srl v Minister of Health (No 283/81) [1982] ECR 3415. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Caballero v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 1, App No 22819/96 . . . . . . . 436, 437, 590
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1892] 2 QB 484 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Castorina v Chief Constable of Surrey (1988) 138 NLJ 180, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358, 359
Cave v Robinson, Jarvis and Rolf
(2001) The Independent, 9 April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chief Constable of the Warwickshire Constabulary
ex p Fitzpatrick [1998] 1 All ER 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Chorherr v Austria (1994) 17 EHRR 358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Christie v Leachinsky [1947] AC 573 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351, 366, 367
Civil Service Unions v United Kingdom
(1988) decided 20 January 1987, App No 1160/85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Clarke v DPP (1998) Legal Action 17, August, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Colchester Estates v Carlton Industries plc [1984] 3 WLR 693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
v Gerald (1998) The Times, 26 June, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Condron v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402, 403, 592
Congreve v Home Office [1976] 2 WLR 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Conway v Rimmer [1968] 2 WLR 998; [1968] AC 910. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB(NS) 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Corkery v Carpenter [1950] 2 All ER 745 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Cornwell v United Kingdom (2000) decided 25 April,
App No 36578/97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Costa v ENEL [1964] CMLR 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
[1984] 1 WLR 1174, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238, 250
County Properties Ltd v Scottish Ministers
(2000) The Times, 19 September. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34
Curry v Director of Public Prosecution (1994) 144 NLJ 498. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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 The English Legal System

D & C Builders v Rees [1965] 3 All ER 837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 296

Dallison v Caffery [1965] 3 WLR 385, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Davis v Johnson [1979] 2 WLR 553 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71
Davis v Lisle [1936] 2 KB 434. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Dimes v Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal
(1852) 3 HL Cas 759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197, 199
Director General of Fair Trading
v Proprietary Association of Great Britain
[2001] 1 WLR 700, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 200
Director of Public Prosecutions
v Butterworth [1994] 1 AC 381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Director of Public Prosecutions v C [1994] 3 All ER 190;
[1995] 1 Cr App R 136. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Director of Public Prosecutions v Corcorran [1993] 1 All ER 912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Director of Public Prosecutions v Hawkins [1988] 1 WLR 1166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Director of Public Prosecutions
v Schildkamp [1970] 2 WLR 279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Director of Public Prosecutions v Shaw [1993] RTR 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Director of Public Prosecutions
v Stonehouse [1977] 3 WLR 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Directors for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Donnelly v Jackman [1970] 1 WLR 562, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361, 415
Dumbell v Roberts [1944] 1 All ER 326 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Dunbar v Plant [1997] 3 WLR 1261, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Duncan v Cammell Laird and Co [1942] AC 624. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Edwards v DPP (1993) 97 Cr App R 301, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Egerton v Harding [1974] 3 WLR 437, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Entick v Carrington (1765) 2 Wils 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
European Parliament v Council [1990] ECR I-2041. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport (No 1)

[1989] 2 All ER 692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 570, 579
Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport (No 2)
[1991] 2 All ER 697 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 570, 579
Family Housing Association v Jones [1990] 1 WLR 779 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fennelley
See R v Fennelley—
Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 QB 394; [1960] 3 WLR 919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Fisher v Oldham Corporation [1930] 2 KB 364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Fitt v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 480, App No 29777/96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Foulkes v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police
(1998) The Independent, 9 June, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
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 Table of Cases

Franchiosy
See R v Franchiosy—
Francovich v Italy (1991) The Times, 20 November . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

G v DPP [1989] Crim LR 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Geldberg v Miller [1961] 1 WLR 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368, 416
Geraghty v Awwad [2000] 1 All ER 608 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Germany v European Parliament and EU Council
(Case C-375/98). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority
[1985] 3 WLR 830, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Goswell v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
(1998) unreported, 7 April, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Govell v United Kingdom (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Grant v South West Trains Ltd [1998] 1 FLR 839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 581
Gregory v United Kingdom (1998) 25 EHRR 577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Grey v Pearson (1857) 6 HL Cas 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2001] 2 All ER 437. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465, 469
Grovewood Holding plc v James Capel & Co Ltd
[1995] 2 WLR 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Ex 341 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Hannam v Bradford Corporation [1970] 1 WLR 937, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Hedley Byrne v Heller [1963] 3 WLR 101, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Herrington v British Rail Board [1972] AC 877; 2 WLR 537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Heydon’s Case (1584) 3 Co Rep 7a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 173
Hill v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
[1998] 2 WLR 1049 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Holgate-Mohammed v Duke [1984] 2 WLR 660, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Hood v United Kingdom (1999) The Times, 11 March. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591, 592

IJL, GMR and AKP v United Kingdom

(2000) decided 19 September, App Nos 29522/95; 30056/96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
ISKCON v United Kingdom (1994)
(Application No 20490/92) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Inland Revenue Commissioners
v Frere [1969] 3 WLR 1193, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Inland Revenue Commissioners v National Federation of
Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1981] 2 WLR 722 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Jarvis v Swan Tours Ltd [1973] 1 QB 233. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Jasper v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 441, App No 27052/95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

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John v MGN Ltd [1996] 3 WLR 593 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294, 464

John Lewis & Co v Tims [1952] 1 WLR 1132, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357, 373
John Murray v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398, 402, 403, 592
Jon Venables and Robert Thompson v News Group
Newspapers Ltd and Others [2001] 2 WLR 1038 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Jordan v United Kingdom (2000) 31 EHRR 6, App No 30280/96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591, 592
Joscelyne v Nissen [1970] 2 WLR 509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

K (Deceased), Re [1985] 3 WLR 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Kelly v London Transport Executive [1982] 1 WLR 1055, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Kenlin v Gardiner [1967] 2 WLR 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 361, 415
Kent v Millmead Properties Ltd (1982) 44 P & CR 353. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Khan (1996) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Khan v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411, 589, 590
Khodaparast v Shad [2000] 1 All ER 545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Kuruma Son of Kaniu v R [1955] 2 WLR 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Laine v Eskdale (1891) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Law v Jones [1974] Ch 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Leary v United Kingdom (2000) decided 25 May, App No 38890/97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Lewis v Chief Constable of the South Wales Constabulary
[1991] 1 All ER 206, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Litster v Forth Dry Dock [1989] 2 WLR 634 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Locabail (UK) Ltd v Bayfield Properties Ltd and Another
[2000] 2 WLR 870, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 200
London Tramways Co Ltd v London County Council
[1898] AC 375. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lwch [1994] QB 198. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

M v Home Office [1993] 3 WLR 433, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Macarthys Ltd v Smith [1979] 1 WLR 1189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 569, 571, 580
McConnell v Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester
Police [1990] 1 WLR 364, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
McFarlane v EE Caledonia Ltd [1994] 2 All ER 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
McGonnell v United Kingdom
(2000) 30 EHRR 289, App No 28488/95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193, 590
McGowan v Chief Constable of Kingston upon Hull
[1967] Crim LR 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
McIntosh v AG of Scotland (2000) The Times, 31 October. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31
McKenzie v McKenzie [1970] 3 WLR 472, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Magee v United Kingdom (2000) decided 6 June, App No 28135/95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (No 2)
[1979] 2 All ER 620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
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 Table of Cases

Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 588

Mareva Injunction [1980] 1 All ER 213. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area
Health Authority [1993] 3 WLR 1054, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Melluish (Inspector of Taxes) v BMI (No 3) Ltd
[1995] 4 All ER 453 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Michael Douglas, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Northern and
Shell plc v Hello! Ltd [2001] 2 WLR 992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd
[1975] 3 WLR 758, CA; [1976] AC 443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Morelle Ltd v Wakeling [1955] 2 WLR 672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Moss v Mclachlan [1985] IRLR 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Mullady v DPP [1997] COD 422, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1990] 2 All ER 908. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Nicholas v Parsonage [1987] Crim LR 474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Nichols v Bulman [1985] RTR 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Nothman v London Borough of Barnet [1988] 1 All ER 1243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

O’Loughlin v Chief Constable of Essex [1998] 1 WLR 374 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

O’Reilly v Mackman [1982] 3 WLR 1096, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 234
Open Door and Well Women
v Ireland (1992) The Guardian, 3 November . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Overseas Tankship v Morts Dock & Engineering Co
(The Wagon Mound) [1961] AC 388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 296

P v S and Cornwall County Council [1996] All ER (EC) 397 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Parkin v Norman [1982] 2 All ER 583 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Parsons (H) (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham and Co
(1978) 1 All ER 525 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Peck and Lateu (1973) The Times, 18 January . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Pepper v Hart [1993] 1 All ER 42, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 177, 178, 190
Percy v DPP [1995] 3 All ER 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Phillips v United Kingdom
(2001) decided 5 July, App No 41087/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Pickering v Liverpool Daily Post & Echo Newspapers
[1991] 2 WLR 513, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Pickstone v Freemans plc [1988] AC 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Pinochet, Re
See R v Bow Street Metropolitan Magistrates
ex p Pinochet Ugarte, sub nom R v Evans, R v Bartle—

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 The English Legal System

Podberry v Peak [1981] 2 WLR 686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 72

Powell v Kempton Park Racecourse [1899] AC 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Practice Direction (Civil Litigation: Case Management
[1995] 1 WLR 262 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263, 509
Practice Direction (Court Dress) (No 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Practice Direction (Procedure in Crown Court Trials –
Right to Silence) [1995] NLJ 145 No 6699 at 885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Practice Direction [1976] Crim LR 561. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Practice Direction [1991] 3 All ER 722 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Practice Direction ex p Mareva Injunctions and
Anton Piller Orders (1994) The Independent, 11 August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Practice Direction on the Allocation of Crown Court
Business (1995) The Independent, 2 June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Practice Direction on the Allocation of Crown Court
Business (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Practice Direction on the Allocation of Crown Court
Business (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Practice Direction (House of Lords: Preparation of Case)
[1971] 1 WLR 534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Practice Note [1988] 3 All ER 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455, 458
Practice Note [1990] 1 WLR 1493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Practice Statement [1996] 3 All ER 77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

R v A (1999) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 169

R v Absolam [1989] 88 Cr App R 332, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385, 410
R v Acourt and Others (The Stephen Lawrence Case)
(1996) The Times, 26 April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
R v Agar [1990] 2 All ER 442, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
R v Algar [1954] 1 QB 279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
R v Alladice (1988) 138 NLJ 347, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
R v Argent [1997] 2 Cr App R 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
R v Badham [1987] Crim LR 202. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 377
R v Barry [1975] 1 WLR 1190, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
R v Beckles and Montague [1999] Crim LR 148. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
R v Benjafield and Others [2001] 3 WLR 75, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31
R v Bentley (1998) The Times, 31 July . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
R v Beycan [1990] Crim LR 185, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
R v Bird [1977] 67 Cr App R 203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Magistrates ex p Pinochet Ugarte,
sub nom R v Evans, R v Bartle [1998] 3 WLR 1456. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 193–98, 237, 465
R v Bradish [1990] 1 All ER 460. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
R v Brentwood Justices ex p Nicholls [1991] 3 WLR 201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

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 Table of Cases

R v Brockley (1994) 99 Cr App R 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

R v Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
R v C (Rape: Marital Exemption) [1991] 1 All ER 755 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
R v Cain [1976] Crim LR 464, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
R v Camborne Justices ex p Pearce [1955] 1 QB 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
R v Chalkley and Jeffries [1998] 2 Cr App R 79, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
R v Chandler [1976] 1 WLR 585, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
R v Chief Constable of the Devon and Cornwall Constabulary
ex p Central Electricity Generating Board [1981] 3 All ER 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
R v Churchill [1989] Crim LR 226, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
R v Clarence (1888) 2 QBD 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
R v Clarke [1949] 2 All ER 448. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 185
R v Clinton ([1993] 1 WLR 1181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
R v Condron [1997] 1 Cr App R 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401, 402
R v Cowan [1995] 4 All ER 939, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400, 401
R v Coxhead [1986] Crim LR 251, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
R v Criminal Cases Review Commission
ex p Hunt [2001] 2 WLR 319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
R v Daniel (Anthony Junior) (1998) The Times, 10 April, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
R v Danvers [1982] Crim LR 680 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456, 459
R v Davidson [1988] Crim LR 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
R v Davis [2001] 1 Cr App R 115. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 394
R v Director of Public Prosecutions ex p C [1994] COD 375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
R v Director of Public Prosecutions ex p Jones [2000] Crim LR 858. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
R v Director of Public Prosecutions ex p Manning (2000) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
R v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
ex p Smith [1993] AC 1; [1992] 3 WLR 66, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
R v Dunford [1991] Crim LR 370, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
R v Ealing Justices ex p Dixon [1990] 2 QB 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74
R v Fennelley [1989] Crim LR 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362, 370
R v Ford [1989] 3 WLR 762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
R v Franchiosy (1979) 68 Cr App R 197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
R v Fulling [1987] 2 WLR 923, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
R v Goldenberg (1988) 152 JP 557, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
R v Gough [1993] AC 658. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 199, 200
R v Greater Manchester Coroner ex p Tal [1984] 3 WLR 643. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
R v Harper-Taylor and Barker (1988) 138 NLJ 80, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
R v Heaton [1993] Crim LR 593, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406, 408, 409
R v Henn [1982] AC 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 580
R v Hinds [1979] Crim LR 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
R v Howe [1987] 2 WLR 568 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
R v Howell [1981] 3 WLR 501, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353, 354

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 The English Legal System

R v Hussain [1981] 2 All ER 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

R v Inhabitants of Sedgley (1831) 2 B & Ad 65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
R v Inspectorate of Pollution ex p Greenpeace (No 2)
[1994] 4 All ER 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
R v J (Rape: Marital Exemption) [1991] 1 All ER 759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
R v Kansal (2001) The Independent, 6 June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
R v Kronlid (1996) The Times, 10 September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
R v Lemsatef [1977] 1 WLR 812, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 361
R v Liverpool Juvenile Court
ex p R [1988] QB 1; [1987] 3 WLR 224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v London Boroughs Transport Committee
[1991] 1 WLR 828, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
R v London Transport Executive
ex p Greater London Council [1983] 2 WLR 702. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
R v Longman [1988] 1 WLR 619, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379, 380, 417
R v Lord Chancellor ex p Witham [1997] 2 All ER 779 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
R v McGarry (1998) The Times, 7 August, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
R v McKenna [1960] 2 WLR 306 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
R v McKenzie [1991] Crim LR 767, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
R v Maginnis [1987] 2 WLR 765, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 170
R v Mason [1980] 3 WLR 617, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
R v Medical Appeal Tribunal
ex p Gilmore [1957] 2 WLR 498, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
R v Mendy [1992] Crim LR 313. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
R v (1) Mental Health Review Tribunal, North & East
London Region; (2) Secretary of State for Health
ex p H (2001) The Times, 3 April, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
R v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
ex p Blackburn [1968] 1 All ER 763, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431, 479
R v Miller [1954] 2 WLR 138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
R v Miller [1986] 1 WLR 1191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v Millward [1999] Crim LR 164. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
R v National Insurance Commissioner
ex p Connor [1981] 1 All ER 769. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171, 172
R v Northam [1968] Crim LR 104, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v Nottingham JJ ex p Davies [1980] 3 WLR 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
R v O’Brien [1974] 3 All ER 663. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
R v Offen and Others [2001] 1 WLR 253; [2001] Cr App R 372 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
R v Paris, Abdullahi and Miller [1994] Crim LR 361, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
R v Parkes [1974] Crim LR 320, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration
ex p Balchin [1997] JPL 917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 328

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R v Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards

ex p Al Fayed (1997) 147 NLJ 1689. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 328
R v Parris [1989] Crim LR 214, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
R v Pigg [1983] 1 WLR 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
R v Pitman [1991] 1 All ER 468, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
R v Ponting (Clive) [1985] Crim LR 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446, 450
R v Poplar Borough Council (Nos 1 and 2) [1922] 1 KB 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
R v R (1990) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 185
R v R [1991] 4 All ER 481 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 119
R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 83–85
R v Raghip, Silcott and Braithwaite
(1991) The Times, 9 December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407, 408
R v Rand (1866) LR 1 QBD 230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
R v Rennie [1985] 1 All ER 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
R v Samuel [1988] 2 WLR 920, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387, 389
R v Sang [1979] 3 WLR 263, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351, 410
R v Secretary of State for Defence
ex p Perkins (No 2) [1998] IRLR 508 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 581
R v Secretary of State for Education and Employment
ex p National Union of Teachers (2000) The Times, 8 August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
R v Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ex p World
Development Movement Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 386. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 241
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and
the Regions ex p Holding & Barnes plc and Others
[2001] 2 WLR 1389 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 239
R v Secretary of State for the Environment
ex p Ostler [1976] 3 WLR 288, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Adan and Others [2001] 2 WLR 143, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Brind [1991] 2 WLR 588, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Fire Brigades Union [1995] 2 AC 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233, 241
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Khawaja [1983] 2 WLR 321. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 181
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Lichniak and Others (2001) The Independent, 11 June, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Myra Hindley [2000] 2 WLR 730 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Tawfick (2000) The Times, 5 December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department
ex p Venables and Thompson [1997] 3 WLR 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 242
xxvii
 The English Legal System

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department

ex p Zamir [1980] AC 930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
R v Self [1992] 1 WLR 657, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
R v Smith (Patrick Joseph) (1999) The Times, 31 May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
R v Smith [1959] 2 WLR 623 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
R v Spencer [1985] 2 WLR 197, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
R v Spurthwaite and Gill (1993) The Independent, 12 August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
R v Stafford Justices ex p Commissioners of Customs and
Excise [1990] 3 WLR 656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74
R v Steele (1976) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
R v Stephens [2000] Crim LR 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
R v Surrey Coroner ex p Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
R v Sussex Justices ex p McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 197
R v Sutcliffe (1981) The Times, 23 May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
R v Tarrant (1997) The Times, 29 December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
R v Telfer [1976] Crim LR 562 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367, 416
R v Telford Justices ex p Badham [1991] 2 WLR 866, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
R v Togher [2000] 1 Cr App R 457 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
R v Townsend [1982] 1 All ER 509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
R v Turnbull [1977] QB 224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
R v Turner [1970] 2 WLR 1093, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440, 441
R v Turner [1975] Crim LR 451, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407, 408
R v Turner (Ian) [2000] Crim LR 492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
R v United Railways of the Havana and Regla
Warehouses Ltd [1961] AC 1007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
R v Zavekas [1970] 1 All ER 413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403, 406
Rakhit v Carty [1990] 2 WLR 1107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Rantzen v Mirror Group Newspapers [1993] 3 WLR 953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Reynolds v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
[1982] Crim LR 600, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294, 351
Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd and Others
[1999] 3 WLR 1010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Rice v Connolly [1966] 3 WLR 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391, 392, 418
Rickards v Rickards [1989] 3 WLR 748 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Ricketts v Cox [1982] Crim LR 184. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392, 418
Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40; [1963] 2 WLR 935, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
River Wear Commissioners v Adamson (1877) 2 App Cas 743. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Robson v Hallet [1967] 3 WLR 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Rondel v Worsley [1967] 3 WLR 1666, CA; [1969] 1 AC 191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492, 494
Ross v Caunters [1979] 3 WLR 605. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Rowe and Davis v United Kingdom
(2000) 30 EHRR 1, App No 28901/95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

xxviii
 Table of Cases

Royal College of Nursing v Department of Health and

Social Security [1981] 2 WLR 279, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 175, 176
Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster Chambers
Association [1893] 1 Ch 116. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

S v HM Advocate General 1989 SLT 469 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

SPUC v Grogan
See Society for the Protection of Unborn
Children (Ireland) v Grogan (Stephen)—
Saif Ali v Sidney Mitchell [1980] AC 198; [1978] 3 WLR 849 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Sandon v Jervis (1859) EB & E 942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Satterthwaite (AM) & Co v New Zealand Shipping Co
[1972] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 544, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Saunders v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 313 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400, 590
Secretary of State for the Home Department
v V (A Minor) and T (A Minor) [1997] 3 WLR 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Shah v Barnet LBC [1983] 2 WLR 16, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Sigsworth, Re [1935] Ch 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Simpson v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police
(1991) 135 SJ 393 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Sirros v Moore [1975] QB 118, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Smith v East Elloe Rural District Council
[1956] 2 WLR 888, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (Ireland)
v Grogan (Stephen) (1991) The Times, 7 October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn Bhd v Non-Metallic Mineral
Products Manufacturing Employees Union
[1980] 3 WLR 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Spicer v Holt [1977] Crim LR 364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Stanley v International Harvester Co of Great Britain Ltd
(1983) The Times, 7 February . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Steel and Others v United Kingdom Case No 67/1997/851/1058
(1998) The Times, 1 October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Street v Mountford [1985] 2 WLR 877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Sutcliffe v Pressdram Ltd [1990] 1 All ER 269 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Swain v The Law Society (1983) 1 AC 598 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Sweet v Parsley [1969] 2 WLR 470, CA; [1970] AC 132, HL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

xxix
 The English Legal System

T v United Kingdom; V v United Kingdom

(1999) 7 BHRC 659, ECHR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41
Tanfern v Cameron MacDonald and Another
[2000] 2 All ER 801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Thai Trading Co (A Firm) v Taylor [1998] 3 All ER 65, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554, 555
Thermawear v Linton (1995) The Independant, 30 October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Thomas v Sawkins [1935] 2 KB 249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Thompson and Another v Commissioner of Police for the
Metropolis [1997] 3 WLR 403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England (No 2)
[1996] 2 All ER 363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 178
Tiverton Estates Ltd v Wearwell Ltd [1974] 2 WLR 176, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Tolstoy Miloslavsky v United Kingdom (1995) 20 EHRR 442. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] 1 WLR 1107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571, 580

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Belasringadministratie
[1963] CMLR 105. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Victoria Laundry Ltd v Newham Industries Ltd
[1949] 2 KB 528 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Wagon Mound, The

See Overseas Tankship v Morts Dock & Engineering Co—
Walters v WH Smith & Son Ltd [1914] 1 KB 595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Ward v Bradford Corporation (1971) 115 SJ 606, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Ward v James [1965] 2 WLR 455, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463, 467
Warner Bros v Nelson [1937] 1 KB 209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
White v Jones [1995] 2 WLR 187, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Whitwood Chemical Co v Hardman [1891] 2 Ch 416. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Williams v Fawcett [1985] 1 All ER 787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd [1998] 1 WLR 830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Wilson v First County Trust [2001] 3 WLR 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33
Wingrove v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Wood v Law Society [1995] NPC 39, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 72, 73

xxx
 TABLE OF STATUTES

Abortion Act 1967 . . . . . .51, 173, 175, 176 Act of Settlement 1701 . . . . . . . . . .10, 191
s 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173, 174 Acquisition of Land
Access to Health Act 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Records Act 1990 . . . . . . . . . . .275, 301 Acquisition of Land
Access to Justice Act 1999 . . . . . . .105–09, (Authorisation
133, 147, 157, Procedure) Act 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
287, 325, 349, Administration of
422, 485, 487, Justice Act 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . .109, 147
489, 494, 499, Administration of
505, 506, 516, Justice Act 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
521, 526, 528, ss 12–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101, 102, 110
530, 538–40, 542, Administration of
553, 554, 557–60 Justice Act 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Pt I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Administration of
Pt II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Justice Act 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . .500, 501
Pt III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506, 531
Appellate Jurisdiction
Pt IV . . . . . . . . . .105, 106, 147, 158, 531
Act 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Pt V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
ss 1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 Arbitration Act 1950 . . . . . . . . . . .313, 555
ss 4–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 Pt I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
ss 4(3), 5, 6(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534 Arbitration Act 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
ss 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536, 538 Arbitration Act 1979 . . . . . . . . . . .309, 313
s 10(2)–(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 Arbitration Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . .309, 310,
s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 313, 337
s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 Pt 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
ss 13(1), (2), 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540 s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309, 310
ss 15, 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
ss 18, 27–31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 ss 9–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
s 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 ss 15, 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
s 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492, 508 s 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
s 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503 s 20(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
ss 38, 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 s 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
s 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432, 509 s 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
s 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 s 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
ss 55–57, 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 ss 30, 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
ss 61–65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 s 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311, 312
ss 61, 63–65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 ss 35, 39, 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
s 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 ss 45, 67–69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Sched 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534, 535 Armed Forces
Sched 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 Discipline Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
Scheds 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 Asylum and Immigration
Sched 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
s 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

xxxi
 The English Legal System

Bail Act 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435, 439 Contracts (Rights of Third

s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438, 480 Parties) Act 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
s 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 County Courts Act 1984 . . . . . . . . .59, 463
s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435, 480 Courts Act 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137, 139
s 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437, 480 s 17(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
ss 7, 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 Courts and Legal
Sched 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435, 436, 480 Services Act 1990 . . . . . . . . .66, 95, 117,
Bail (Amendment) 137, 201, 204, 205,
Act 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434, 439, 480 219, 248, 254, 259,
Bill of Rights 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 262, 291, 314, 483,
s 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 485, 490, 492,
Bubble Act 1720 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 498–501, 504–08,
511, 512, 515
Child Support Act 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Pts II–IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500
Children Act 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96, 101, s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464
117, 147, 221 s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502, 515
s 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502, 503, 515
ss 21–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
Children and Young
ss 21, 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Persons Act 1933—
s 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
s 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
ss 28–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502, 515
s 53(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
s 31A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503
Civil Procedure Act 1997 . . . . . . . . .89, 95,
ss 34–37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
106, 259, 299
ss 34, 37, 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511
Common Law ss 54, 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Procedure Act 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 s 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515, 548
Companies Act 1985 . . . . . . . . .56, 58, 392 s 58(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
ss 431–41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 s 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509, 515
s 431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 s 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . .96, 99, 117, 121, 140
s 447 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 s 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Company Directors s 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510, 515
(Disqualification) Act 1986 . . . . . . .180 Sched 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Crime and Disorder
Competition Act 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Act 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 221, 345,
Consolidation Act 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 371, 422, 426,
Consumer Arbitration 437, 438
Act 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 s 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Consumer Credit Act 1974 . . . .22, 32, 276 s 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364, 371
ss 61, 127(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 s 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
ss 28–32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
Contempt of Court Act 1981—
ss 34, 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450, 452, 469,
s 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
471, 481
ss 48, 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
s 8(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469

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 Table of Statutes

s 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Criminal Justice Act 1989—

s 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 s 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470
s 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 Criminal Justice Act 1991 . . . . . . .124, 220
s 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590 s 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
ss 65–66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 Criminal Justice Act 1994—
s 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 s 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
Sched 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 s 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 . . . . . .38, 232 Criminal Justice and
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36–38 Public Order
Criminal Appeal Act 1968 . . . . . .144, 149 Act 1994 . . . . . . . . . .186, 349, 369, 370,
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 373, 395, 397, 400,
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 403, 434, 436,
s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 439, 456, 480
s 23(1), (c), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 ss 25–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
s 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110, 146 s 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436, 437, 590, 591
Criminal Appeal ss 27–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
Act 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144, 149, 158, s 30(1), (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
251, 341 ss 34–37 . . . . . . . . . . . .341, 397–99, 418
ss 1, 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 s 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398, 400–02, 592
s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144, 146 s 34(2A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398, 403
ss 9, 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 s 35 . . . . . . . . . . . .82, 397, 398, 400, 401
s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 ss 36–37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381, 398, 399
ss 17–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 s 38(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Criminal Justice s 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131, 352, 451 s 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
s 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 s 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369–72, 416
s 67(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439 s 60(1)(b), (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Criminal Justice Act 1972 . . . . . . . . . . .204 s 60(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
s 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146, 158, 451 s 60(4A), (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Criminal Justice Act 1982 . . . . . . . . . . .438 s 60(11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
s 60A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Criminal Justice
s 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Act 1987—
s 168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393, 397, 400, 418
s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Criminal Law Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
s 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Criminal Justice
s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373, 416
Act 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . .8, 30, 196, 198,
s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
204, 241–43,
453, 456–58 Criminal Procedure and
s 10(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Investigations Act 1996 . . . . . .152, 347
ss 35, 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146, 158 ss 44, 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
s 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 s 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
s 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 s 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
ss 154, 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Sched 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

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Dangerous Drugs Act 1965 . . . . . . . . .179 Family Law Act 1996 . . . . . . .308, 332–34,
s 5(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 338, 537, 559
Data Protection Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 Pt 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334, 335, 338
Defamation Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . .464, 467 Pt 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
s 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 Firearms Act 1986—
Deregulation and ss 1, 5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Contracting Out Forfeiture Act 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Act 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57–59 Freedom of Information
Disability Discrimination Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
Act 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Divorce Reform Act 1969 . . . . . . . . . . .333 Health and Safety
Domestic Proceedings at Work Act 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
and Magistrates’ Highways Act 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Courts Act 1978 . . . . . . . . .96, 101, 221 Human Fertilisation and
Domestic Violence and Embryology Act 1990—
Matrimonial s 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Proceedings Act 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Human Rights Act 1998 . . . . . . . . .5, 7, 8,
Drug Trafficking 10–14, 24, 25,
Act 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8, 30, 31, 393 27–29, 33–38,
41, 46, 49, 72,
Electronic 75, 119, 145, 168,
Communications Act 2000 . . . . . . .265 194, 195, 200, 214,
Employment Rights Act 1996 . . . . . . .322 239, 241, 245, 249,
s 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 254, 315, 351,
411, 437, 464,
Employment Tribunals
563, 582, 583,
Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
588, 591–93, 596
Equal Pay Act 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . .319, 571
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 72
European Communities s 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Act 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111, 567, 570 s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 38, 42
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 32
s 2(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567, 568, 572 s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
s 2(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59, 572 s 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 28
s 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568 s 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 33
s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
European Communities s 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 28
(Amendment) Sched 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573
Extradition Act 1989— Insolvency Act 1986—
s 8(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 ss 22, 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

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Interception of Legal Aid and

Communication Advice Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . .518, 546
Act 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588 Local Government Act 1972 . . . . . . . . .59
Interpretation Act 1978 . . . . . . . . .177, 190 Local Government Act 1974 . . . . . . . . .326
s 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Local Government Act 1988 . . . . . . . . .53

Judicial Committee Magistrates’ Courts

Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113, 147 Act 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59, 131, 139,
Judicial Pensions and 220, 473, 476
Retirement Act 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
Judicature Act 1873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 102 s 17A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Judicature Act 1875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 ss 18–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Juries Act 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453, 459 ss 19, 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
ss 9B, 12(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 s 25(2), (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
s 16(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 s 125(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 s 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Justices of the Peace Mental Health Act 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Act 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134–36, 138, ss 72, 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
222, 224 Merchant Shipping Act 1988 . . . .568, 569
ss 10A(1), 10B(1), 10D(2) . . . . . . . . .137 Metropolitan Police
ss 11–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Act 1839—
s 11(3)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 s 56(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 . . . . . .169, 373
Knives Act 1997— s 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380, 381
s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Sched 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
Murder (Abolition of Death
Lands Tribunal Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Penalty) Act 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Law of Property Act 1925—
s 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Offences Against the
Law of Property Person Act 1861—
(Miscellaneous s 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357
Provisions) Act 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Official Secrets Act 1911 . . . .354, 450, 459
Law Reform (Year and s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
a Day Rule) Act 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Official Secrets Act 1920 . . . .171, 354, 459
Legal Aid Act 1988 . . . . . . . .522, 524, 528, Overseas Development
531, 538, 541, 557 and Co-operation
s 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522 Act 1980—
ss 21, 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524 s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
s 22(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541
Parliament Act 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . .52, 53
Parliament Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . .52, 53

xxxv
 The English Legal System

Parliamentary s 18(3), (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

Commissioner s 18(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 376
Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326–30, 338 s 18(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
s 10(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 s 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377, 417
s 12(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 ss 19(3)(b), (6), 23(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Partnership Act 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 s 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354, 356,
Police Act 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 378, 415
s 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 s 24(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
s 51(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 s 24(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354–57
s 51(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391, 392 s 24(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355–57
Police Act 1996— s 24(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355–58
s 89(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 s 24(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355, 356
s 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354, 361, 367,
Police Act 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
368, 379, 415
Police and Criminal
s 25(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355
Evidence Act 1984 . . . . . . .87, 151, 354,
s 25(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .355, 356, 367, 393
356, 357, 361, 363,
s 25(3)(a), (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
364, 366, 367, 373,
s 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352, 367
374, 379, 381, 386,
s 28(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366, 367, 416
398, 412, 413,
s 28(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
415, 419, 522
s 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360, 415
Pt IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
s 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 376,
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363, 370, 416
377, 416, 417
s 1(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
s 32(1), (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
s 1(3), (6), (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
s 32(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 376, 383
s 1(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362, 370, 371
s 32(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362, 416
s 32(5), (6), (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
s 2(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
s 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362, 416
s 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382, 418, 435, 480
s 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378, 417
s 38(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
s 8(1)(b), (c), (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
s 41(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
s 8A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
s 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381, 418
ss 10, 11, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
ss 43, 44, 46(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
s 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378–80, 417
s 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
ss 15(1), 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379, 380
s 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 382, 416
s 16(a)–(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
s 54(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 382
s 16(1), (3), (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
s 54(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
s 16(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379, 380
s 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
s 16(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
s 55(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
s 16(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377, 380
s 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383, 390
s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375, 376
s 56(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383, 417
s 17(5), (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
s 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 376,
377, 416, 417

xxxvi
 Table of Statutes

Police and Criminal Prevention of Terrorism

Evidence Act 1984 (Temporary
(Contd)— Provisions) Act 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . .587
s 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383 Proceeds of Crime
s 58 . . . . . . . . . . .152, 389, 390, 411, 418 (Scotland) Act 1995—
s 58(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384 ss 1(1), 3(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
s 58(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384, 385 Product Liability Act 1987 . . . . . . . . . .275
s 58(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 Prosecution of Offences
s 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152, 364, 415 Act 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204, 421, 422
s 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 s 3(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
s 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382, 383 s 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425
s 67(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374, 416 s 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429
s 67(8), (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
Protection from
s 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145, 404,
Harassment Act 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
407, 410, 418
Public Order Act 1986—
s 76(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404, 405
s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
s 76(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404, 405, 409
s 76(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
s 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Race Relations Act 1976 . . . .319, 342, 344
s 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352, 372, 389, Race Relations
395, 407, 409–11, (Amendment) Act 2000 . . . . . .342, 344
415, 419, 589 Rent Act 1977—
s 78(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351, 352, 411 s 67(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
s 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378, 382, 383, Restrictive Trade
387, 417, 418 Practices Act 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
s 116(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Restrictive Trade
s 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373, 376, 416 Practices Act 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Sched 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Road Traffic Act 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 30
Police and Magistrates’ s 7(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Courts Act 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 s 172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 30
Powers of Criminal Courts s 172(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
(Sentencing) Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . .124 Royal Assent Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Pt III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Sale of Goods Act 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
s 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Sale of Goods Act 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
ss 130–134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
ss 151, 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Sex Discrimination
Act 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319, 319, 581
Prevention of Crime
Act 1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Sexual Offences Act 1956—
s 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
Prevention of Fraud
s 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592
(Investments) Act 1958 . . . . . . . . . .328
Sexual Offences
(Amendment) Act 1976 . . . . . . .184–86
s 1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184, 186

xxxvii
 The English Legal System

Sexual Offences Transport and

(Amendment) Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . .53 Works Act 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Social Security Tribunal and
Benefits Act 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586 Inquiries Act 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Solicitors’ Act 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . .59, 485 Tribunal and
s 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 Inquiries Act 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Stipendiary Magistrates s 14(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Act 1858 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Tribunal and
Supreme Court Act 1981 . . . . .59, 73, 202 Inquiries Act 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
s 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 s 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
s 48(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Unfair Contract
s 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Terms Act 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
s 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463
s 69(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467 Wages Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
War Crimes Act 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Teachers’ Pay and War Damage Act 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Conditions Act 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Welfare Reform and
Terrorism Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . .350, 372, Pensions Act 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586
373, 393
ss 15–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
Youth Justice and
s 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Criminal Evidence
s 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365, 372
Act 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42, 398
s 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
s 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42, 43
Theft Act 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 s 41(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Town and Country s 41(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42, 43
Planning Act 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 s 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Town Police Sched 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Causes Act 1847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
s 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Trade Descriptions
Act 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

xxxviii
 TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS

Civil Legal Aid (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment)

(No 3) Regulations 1996 (SI 1996/2309) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (SI 1998/3132) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 89, 95–97, 106, 109,
234, 236, 259, 262, 266, 267,
269, 272, 281, 283,
286, 291, 299, 303, 509
r 1.1(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 299
r 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
r 1.4(1), (2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Pt 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Pt 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
r 3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
r 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259, 261
Pt 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Pt 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272, 275, 300, 301
Pt 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 275, 301
Pt 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Pt 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275, 301
Pt 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277, 302
Pt 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 301
r 16.5(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Pt 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 301
Pt 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 279, 301
Pt 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 287
r 24.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Pt 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 283
r 26.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261, 308
Pt 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279, 314
r 27.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Pt 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Pt 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Pt 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 304
Pt 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 284, 287
Pt 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280, 282
Pt 44.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Pts 45, 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Pt 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Pt 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234–36
Pt 54(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Pt 54(17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
r 54.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
r 54.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
PD 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
xxxix
 The English Legal System

Conditional Fee Agreements Order 1998 (SI 1998/1860). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Conditional Fee Agreements Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/692) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement)
Regulations 1992 (SI 1992/613) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
County Court (Amendment No 2) Rules 1992 (SI 1992/1965)—
Ord 19 r 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Deregulation (Model Appeal Provisions) Order 1996

(SI 1996/1678) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Deregulation (Resolutions of Private Companies)
Order 1996 (SI 1996/1471). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Legal Aid in Criminal and Care Proceedings (General)

(Amendment) Regulations 1996 (SI 1996/436) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Legal Aid Act 1988 (Modification) Regulations 2000
(SI 2000/2227) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Magistrates’ Courts (Remands in Custody) Order 1991

(SI 1991/2667) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Rules of the Supreme Court—

Ord 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 235, 237

School Teachers’ Pay and Conditions (No 2) Order 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Solicitors’ Practice Rules 1990—
r 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

xl
 TABLE OF EC LEGISLATION

Ban on Advertising and Sponsorship of Tobacco

Related Products Directive 98/43/EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Equal Opportunity Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Equal Treatment Directive 76/207/EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580, 581
Art 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
European Coal and Steel Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 563
European Community Treaty (EC Treaty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327, 564, 565, 568, 570, 578
Art 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Art 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564, 565
Art 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Arts 81, 82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Art 141. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Art 195. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Art 211. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Art 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568, 572, 579–81
Art 249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571, 572
Arts 251, 252. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
European Convention for the Protection Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25, 27, 28, 30,
32–35, 37–39, 40, 46,
47, 49, 72, 113, 119,
168, 214, 224, 239, 315,
354, 411, 437, 563,
582–93, 596
Arts 2–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Art 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 41, 46
Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 36, 38, 46
Art 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 46
Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 38, 46, 381, 587
Art 5(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Art 5(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436, 437, 590, 591
Art 5(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Art 5(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590, 591
Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 33, 34, 40–43, 46,
145, 146, 194, 200, 351,
381, 398, 400, 402,
403, 411, 591–93
Art 6(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 32–34, 462, 589, 591, 592
Art 6(3)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Art 6(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31
Art 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 46

xli
 The English Legal System

Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28, 46, 411, 586, 588, 589, 592

Art 8(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Art 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 46
Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28, 46, 464, 587
Art 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 46
Art 11(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Art 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Art 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27, 47, 586, 593
European Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, Protocol 1—
Arts 1–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32, 586
European Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, Protocol 6—
Arts 1, 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
European Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms 1994, Protocol 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

Geneva Convention for the Protection of Refugees 1951. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Single European Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564, 570, 573, 575, 578

Art 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 564, 570

Treaty of Rome (EEC Treaty) 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 119, 563, 568, 570, 574
Art 177. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Art 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Art 223. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Art 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111–13, 119

Treaty on European Union 1992 (Maastricht Treaty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563–65, 570

Art D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Art F(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

xlii
 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

AA Arbitration Act 1950/1979/1996

ABWOR Assistance by way of representation
ACLEC Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct
ADR Alternative dispute resolution
AJA Administration of Justice Act 1985

BA Bail Act 1976

BIS Bail Information Schemes
British J of Criminology British Journal of Criminology
British JLS British Journal of Law and Society

CA Children Act 1989

CAA Criminal Appeal Act 1968/1995
CCR County Court Rules
CCRC Criminal Cases Review Commission
CDS Criminal Defence Service
CEO Civilian enforcement officers
CJA Criminal Justice Act 1967/1972/1982/1987/1988/1991/1994
CJPOA Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1964/1984/1994
CJR Civil Justice Review
CLC Citizens’ Law Centre
CLS Community Legal Service
CLSP Community Legal Service Partnership
CLSA Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
CPIA Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996
CPR Civil Procedure Rules 1998
CPS Crown Prosecution Service
Crim LR Criminal Law Review
CSA Child Support Agency

DCOA Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994

DGFT Director General of Fair Trading
DPMCA Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1978
DPP Director of Public Prosecutions

ECHR European Court of Human Rights

xliii
 The English Legal System

ECJ European Court of Justice

EEC European Economic Community
EL Rev European Law Review
EP(C)A Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978
EU European Union

Howard J Howard Journal

Howard J of Criminal Justice Howard Journal of Criminal Justice
HRA Human Rights Act 1998

JA Juries Act 1974

JCE Justices’ chief executive
JdA Judicature Act 1873
JLS Journal of Law and Society
JP Justice of the Peace
JPA Justices of the Peace Act 1979
JSB Judicial Studies Board
JSPTL Journal of Society of Public Teachers of Law

LAA Legal Advice and Assistance

LAdA Legal Aid Act 1988
LAG Legal Action Group
Law Soc Gazette Law Society Gazette
LCD Lord Chancellor’s Department
LPC Legal Practice Course
LQR Law Quarterly Review
LSO Legal Services Ombudsman

MCA Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980

MCC Magistrates’ Courts Committee
MDP Multi-disciplinary partnerships
MLR Modern Law Review
MNP Multi-national partnerships

NCC National Consumer Council

NILQ Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly

xliv
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
have far less effect here than you suppose in the determination of events.

TO GEORGE ENGELMANN.

Cambridge, December 11, 1863.

My dear Engelmann,—Our good old friend Von Martius writes me that on
the 30th March next, he will reach his fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate. I
dare say his friends will commemorate it in Germany. It occurs to me that it
would be a good idea for some of us, his friends and correspondents, to
compliment him upon the occasion. Suppose you draw up in German a
letter of congratulation, etc., to be signed by yourself, Torrey, Sullivant, etc.,
and forward about the proper time. Send me, with your German circular
letter to Martius, a translation in English....
Yes, I will let you work at botany when I guard you.[57] Your botanical
work is far better than your politics. But you must swear the President’s
oath, Proclamation and all!!
Martius is not a very remarkable botanist, but good; is a genial,
philosophical soul (full of Plato, etc.), a good explorer, has worked up the
Palms, etc., well, and is a wonderful man for the amount he knows on a vast
number of different subjects,—philology, antiquities, philosophy, et id
genus omne.
May 3, [1864].
... Spring is opening here, but late. From this to July 10, I am engaged in
college every day in the week. Also am watching the herbarium building go
up, the brick walls of which, if good weather, may be all up this week, and
the roof put on next week.
Your circular letter to good Martius was very good, especially in its
original German. Thanks....
Never mind if “Sagittaria graminea, Michaux,” is applicable to only one
form. You had best keep the old name, the more so as that you propose, S.
simplicifolia, is “not always correct.” We can’t let you change a name
because you can improve it. Too many can and would play at that game,
and less discreetly than you would, and then cite your example!
If Fendler gets tired of bush-clearing, and will come to me this fall, I will
give him $500 a year as curator, lodgings, two rooms in gardener’s house,
which I have reserved; and let him have say three days in the week for
himself, if he wants them.
The people are determined to support and reëlect their excellent
President Lincoln (what a noble letter that last of his), whether Frémont and
the like make a coalition with copperheads or not. It is all the same to us.
Lincoln will walk the course. God bless him!
Wright is coming home for a few months this summer.

TO CHARLES WRIGHT.

Cambridge, September 18, 1863.

What Don José affirms about coast and mountain vegetation being much
the same is curious, unlikely, yet you seem to find it so. That bit of coast
with all microphyllous and spiny vegetation is also curious.
I am glad you like him for being an abolitionist. Though not very much
of an abolitionist myself, at the start, I hope I can fall in with, and welcome,
the ways of Providence, when Providence takes the matter in hand, and say
Amen....
Well, you are doing well in botanizing, and should finish up Cuban
botany while you are at it. And on your return, you and Grisebach should
join teams, and do up Cuban botany in a full memoir. You are right to stay
till next spring. You are happy in Cuba; you would not be so here. Things in
the United States do not go to suit you at all. “Things is working,” and in
the right way,—but the end must be the total suppression of the rebellion,—
the exile or punishment of rebel leaders, the return of the masses to their
duty, and they will put things straight. Just what is now going on in
Tennessee will go on elsewhere, I suppose. I know only one man in
Cambridge that you could talk secesh to. We can correspond very well, and
keep cool. But if we were together, during the war, we should get into a row
at once. It could not be otherwise....
When the Union is restored (which it is to be, of course, when the
rebellion is put down) those who do not love us well enough to resume their
duties and privileges have only to take themselves off to some country they
like better. The United States of America belongs to loyal Americans. After
the war the country will prosper wonderfully. And the South will get to be
something.
 December 1.
Things move on.
“The mills of the Gods grind slow, but they grind exceeding fine.” Wait
in Cuba a year longer, and you may return to a country in which slavery,
having tried to get more, has lost all, and as a system is defunct, to the
lasting benefit of all parties.
You might now revisit your old Texan haunts, under General Banks’s
protection.
The November elections show a united North. Peace democracy has
made its issue, and is dead. The reëlection of Lincoln by acclamation seems
probable, supported by moderate men of all sorts, the extremes of the
opposing parties alone going against him....
Merry Christmas to you.
January 21, 1864.
By the steamer of Saturday, which takes this, a good young fellow, Mr.
Kennedy, a member of our Senior class, goes to Cuba, to look after business
of his father, and, when he can, to botanize, only four or five weeks, that is,
in vacation. He is very fond of botany, and bids fair to be a botanist some
day, if he does not take to money-making instead....
This war, we think, will be pretty much over next summer; and then,
back in the Union, with slavery pretty much nowhere, by the hearty wish of
a majority of the people, we may expect a career of prosperity and real
advance of the South, such as it has never known. At least we hope so.

TO R. W. CHURCH.

Cambridge,December 25, 1863.

For ourselves, your letter found us here just on the eve of our month’s
holiday, a trip to Lake George, and thence to my natal region, in the most
beautiful (and the most English-looking) part of the State of New York....
My wife was well enough to do her small part in a great fair held in Boston
for the United States Sanitary Commission (which has kept the ladies very
busy for the last six months), which has just closed, having brought the net
proceeds of about $125,000 (it turns out $140,000) for the relief of
suffering.
 As to our national affairs, I should like now and then to send you such
comments or articles as seem to me to throw most light upon our condition.
There is little I could say in a letter. I said very early to English friends that
if the rebellion were short it might leave things much as they were before
(no desirable state), but if long and obstinate, it would cut the knot we were
unable to untie and completely destroy the slave system. You see now it is
coming to pass, by rather slow but sure steps, and a great blessing it is to be
to the South. To the North the war, with all its sad evils, has been a great
good, morally and politically. The end is in the hands of Providence, and we
humbly wait for it; but there is very little diversity of opinion here as to
what, essentially, the end is to be, that is, the complete territorial
reinstatement of the Union, and the abolition of slavery. Very sanguine, you
think, in England. We must wait and see, and on our part hope and labor.
Now for a little personal matter. I have long been anxious for the safety
and final destination of my herbarium and other botanical collections,
which in my house (besides that, there is not room for them) are too liable
to destruction from fire. I had offered them, with my botanical library, to
our university, if they would build in the Botanic Garden a fireproof
building to hold them, and raise a small fund for their support. Recently and
quite unexpectedly, a banker in Boston, almost unknown to me personally,
has offered in any case to construct the building, and a few friends are
taking steps, with good prospects, to raise by gifts a fund of $10,000 for the
support of the establishment. When done, I shall feel that my collections,
which are most important for North American botany, are secure for the use
of future botanists. To secure this I gladly divest myself of the ownership of
collections which have absorbed most of my small spare means for the last
thirty years, and which are valued at $20,000 or more....
In the council of our American Academy (of which since May last I have
been president) we have nominated Dean Milman to the foreign honorary
membership vacated by the death of Whately, and Max Müller to that
vacated by Grimm. The election has not yet taken place.
Mrs. Gray, with kind regards, joins me in best wishes for the new year to
you and yours.
Very sincerely yours,
Asa Gray.
 TO A. DE CANDOLLE.

Cambridge, December 22, 1863.

My dear De Candolle,—I thank you cordially for your letter of the 13th
November, and for the copy of Thury’s interesting and curious paper. This I
had not seen, neither Pictet’s notice. I find it very interesting, but I do not
see how he got a legitimate deduction from the facts given by Knight in the
vegetable kingdom to his principle in the animal kingdom. However, that is
of small moment if the principle holds. The subject is one which will
naturally attract much attention, and which, as you remark, has
philosophical bearings. I mean to bring it up, next week, for discussion at
our private (social) scientific club in Cambridge.
I thank you also for the good spirit in which you take, as I meant them,
my criticisms upon your article on Species, etc. There is no progress to be
made upon such interesting subjects without free criticism, because without
it we cannot perfectly clear up our own views nor impart them perfectly to
others. And especially, since I have so often to criticise the views or
writings of persons for whom I have no particular regard, it is pleasant, if
only for the sake of impartiality, to criticise those for whom you have the
greatest regard and respect. So I particularly like it when I can criticise such
a near friend as J. D. Hooker or Bentham, and I believe they like it, too, at
least Hooker, who is himself a very free critic. Of course, I know very well
that you will be likely to turn all the points I made. The question upon
which of the two foundations the idea of species rests, I well know is not to
be settled off-hand by any bit of argument. Pray take up the cudgels against
me whenever an occasion offers.
As to theoretical views, you and I receive and use them as means, not as
ends, and expect to change many of them from time to time. Such
especially as relate to origins and causes are the questions which we ask,
rather than answers that we receive; and we put our questions variously
according to the leadings of the case at the time. But this is all
commonplace and trite.
It is curious to see that Owen, in his Aye-aye paper, has come to adopt
Heer’s[58] views essentially, of course without the slightest allusion to Heer.
Our civil war goes on slowly, but very surely, toward the destruction of
negro slavery; and with all its great cost, we may hope for future benefit in
proportion. By the time we have nearly ended our war, it may be that
Europe will have its turn again. I hope not.
A. Gray.

TO JAMES D. DANA.

Cambridge, January 20, [1864].

My dear Dana,—Perhaps you may not know, and I hope you may be as
pleased as I was to know, that your article of last summer on Geological
Periods is reprinted in full in the “Reader” (of London), with an
appreciative prefix.
Cephalization goes on bravely in your very taking article which you
have just sent me. I am much struck with it.
In one thing you zoölogists miss it, I think,—in following French
customs in dropping the Latin, the vernacular of science, in names. I wish
you would write Aphaniptera, etc., which is just as much English after all as
Aphanipters, and good for all languages.
Have Englishified contractions for all such names if you will; it is well.
But in proposing and formally writing of such divisions, etc., pray use the
scientific form.
The other course has greatly jargonified zoölogy.
In botany we have always been more dignified. Moreover I detest
“larve,” though Kirby tried to introduce the word. “Larva” has got to be as
English as “phenomenon.”
But I dare say most would agree with you.
I like the ring of most of the new technical terms you have coined....
Ever yours,
A. Gray.

TO CHARLES DARWIN.

February 16, 1864.

My dear Darwin,—Here we are past midwinter, and not being stimulated
as of old by your exciting letters, I have not written you a line since
Christmas. Not that I have had anything in particular to tell you. I write now
to say how very sorry I am that the word or two I get about you from
Hooker gives me the idea that you are having an uncomfortable and
suffering time, as well as entirely broken off from scientific work. I feel
very sorry about it, and do long for better news of you....
I have lately printed a couple of monographs, one pretty big one, of
American Astragali. I do not know that they contain anything you would
care to see. Yet I think I shall send you a copy presently, through Hooker.
I feel much the loss of dear old Boott, so good, so true a friend, and he
was always writing me little notes telling me of all that was going on.
The sentiment of our country, you must see, at least I assure you, has
settled, as I knew it would if the rebellion was obstinate enough, into a
determination to do away with slavery. Homely, honest, ungainly Lincoln is
the representative man of the country.
A Boston gentleman, at cost of $11,000 or more, is to build a fireproof
house for my herbarium, which I give to the university, with my botanical
library. A fund of $12,000 is raising to support it, which will relieve me of
the expenditure of about $500 a year. But I shall have double care and
bother all the coming spring and summer.
Dr. Scudder has gone to Cuba, to attend an invalid, and wishes to
examine orchid fertilization, and asks me what in particular he should look
at.
Pray get well, dear Darwin, and believe me to be ever,
Yours cordially,
Asa Gray.

TO R. W. CHURCH.

Cambridge, April
4, 1864.
My dear Mr. Church,—If you have long ago written your American
correspondent off your books, as being a right shabby fellow, he could not
complain.
Here is your agreeable letter of January 19th, a most prompt and more
than kind response to mine of Christmas, still unacknowledged by me!
The fact simply is that I have been delaying week by week in the hope of
being able to announce to you that the subscription for the support of our
botanical establishment was filled up. I am sorry to say that this cannot yet
be said. The matter has been privately conducted, that is, nothing said about
it in the public prints; but the two gentlemen who took the matter in hand
have quietly circulated the paper among their well-to-do acquaintances in
Boston, not beginning till late in January, under the idea that the fair for the
Sanitary Commission had perhaps exhausted their friends’ purses. Since
then, far greater and more pressing demands have been made upon the
benevolent and the public-spirited, for a variety of good objects; and our
affair has gone slowly in consequence.
I have not heard for a week respecting it, but a week ago the sum
subscribed was a little less than seven thousand dollars, the greater part in
sums of $500 each. The $10,000 is obviously secure, for subscribers of
$100 each, yet to be appealed to, may be relied on for a good part of the
lacking sum. But it begins to be clearly seen that $12,000 are needed for the
capital of the fund, and this, at the present rate, it will take some time to
secure.
Your own offer of a small subscription, I can truly say, not only gratified
me in the highest degree, as an expression of an interest in our affair which
I had no reason to expect, but has already been of use,—has really been as
good for us as any contribution you ought to make. For I took the liberty to
read that portion of your letter to three or four friends, and their interest in
the matter was sensibly quickened and exalted by this evidence of the lively
interest in the matter taken by a country parson, far away in England! So
pray consider that you have already helped us on, and we are truly grateful
to you for your generous proffer. There is, indeed, a strong temptation to
accept your kind offer in the fact that, in the present state of exchanges,
owing to our paper currency not on a specie basis (one of the sad
consequences of our civil war), every pound sterling in England, in normal
times worth only from $4.90 to $5.00, is worth nearly or quite $8.00, so that
a contribution of £5 sterling really now counts here for about forty dollars!!
So you see how hard it is for me to discourage your kind intentions. But I
really feel that the sum which I specified, as the condition of my own gift to
our university, is really quite sure, though slower in coming than we had
hoped.
As to the building for the herbarium, I have only to state it goes on
famously. It is considerably enlarged in plan from what was at first
contemplated, and a favorable early spring has allowed of more progress
than could have been expected at this season.
The generous donor of the building not only adopted at once the larger
plans as soon as suggested, but himself proposed improvements and
additions.
The building, the foundations of which are already laid, in the most
substantial manner, is 32 by 57 feet, and is connected with my private study
in the house I reside in by a neat conservatory 18 feet long, which takes the
place of the simple wooden corridor at first intended. The whole will cost
Mr. Thayer, the donor, by the contracts, more than $11,000, and is likely, by
extras, to reach the round sum of $12,000. And all will be done before the
summer is over, we trust.
See how the expression of your interest to me has led me on, to the
neglect of everything else I want to write about.... I wish to say something
about the troubles in your Old World, which, with all its age and wisdom,
falls into “difficulties” hardly less grave than ours. I hope poor brave
Denmark will not be crushed out of existence. There are English questions
which we regard with much attention, ecclesiastical and social questions, on
which I would fain know what you think. But I cannot write longer now.
Only as to our war, I beg you to believe that we (the earnest thoughtful
people and most around us, according to their measure) have acted and are
acting from the highest sense of duty,—duty to our beloved country and to
humanity; and we keep the full conviction that great and permanent good is
to result. Much of the good we see already, and more comes near to
realization every day. So we work and trust, and suffer cheerfully. We only
wish our views and motives were better appreciated in general in the
country and by the people whose good opinion we most value. But even the
lack of that appreciation, which is far from universal, is likely to do us
good. I am always sure of your thoughtful good wishes for us. But I must
break off.
Ever yours most sincerely,
Asa Gray.

TO A. DE CANDOLLE.

Cambridge, May 30, 1864.

 My dear De Candolle,—I have let your very kind letter of 28th January lie
on my desk a long time, always expecting to write soon, but, having been
extremely busy with various administrative matters and college work since
it reached me, the convenient moment for writing to you has not arrived till
now. I inclose a note to my young friend and late colleague, Professor Eliot,
which I beg you to send to the poste restante on arrival. I learn from his
friends here that he may be expected to be in Geneva about the time this
reaches you.
In my note I ask him to call upon you, as a friend of mine. He will of
course be unwilling to make any demands upon your time or attention. But
I should like him to see you, and perhaps he might through you pay his
respects to the savans in his line, notably to De la Rive. Having wife, etc.,
with him, and little time, his visit will be transient. Eliot is a chemist and
physicist, a man of much promise, we think, and a most gentlemanly man.
He is a very trusty friend of mine. He has passed the autumn and winter in
Paris, studying hard, and will soon return here, bringing the latest news of
you. He and his lady companions are just such people as we should like you
to know America by.
I should say to you, moreover, that I gave to another colleague of mine,
Professor Cooke, a note to you. He is a chemist and mineralogist, is full of
research and zeal, a most estimable man.
You know, perhaps, that I have made over (or am to make over) all my
herbarium and library to our university, in consideration of a fireproof
building made to receive them, and a fund, of moderate extent, raised for
the permanent support.... During the summer or early autumn, my
collections will be transferred to this their permanent home, to my great
relief.
It is probable that I shall continue to spend upon these collections all my
available means, and I hope they will be of use in the future, as well as safe,
which they are not in my wooden house. My own donation is reckoned in
money value at about $20,000.
Charles Wright is expected home from Cuba soon, when there will be a
new and interesting distribution of his phænogamous plants.
We trust that our civil war is in its last year, that is, if we are victorious,
as we hope to be. In that case your American stocks will be all right again.
Nearly all the little I possess is cheerfully put into United States
government stocks, where I am well content it should be.
Small countries, which you prefer, would do very well if all were small,
but the few large, like England and France, will domineer unpleasantly over
the smaller. Just look now at poor Denmark, which has the misfortune to be
small, and so is made to suffer! All Scandinavia had best combine, and
build up a strong nation. Natural selection is hard upon the weak! However
it may be in Europe, you must excuse us for endeavoring to prevent, while
we may, even at great cost, the establishment of a European system on this
side of the Atlantic; so we must not fail to put down the Confederacy. We
shall, after that, in a quiet way, make the French emperor very
uncomfortable in Mexico; but we hope that country may yet be a strong
power, but not a French power.
Enough of politics! And believe me to be, with affectionate regard,
Ever yours,
Asa Gray.
Cambridge, January 30, 1865.
My dear De Candolle: ... This very day, I have received your envoi by
post of the neat little article on leaves of Fagus, which I had seen in English
dress, and the copy of Heer’s address. Many thanks to you. I have received
also, and thank you much for it, the “Prodromus,” XIV., I. I have this
evening read over Heer’s address. It is, as you say, capital. It interests me in
its proof of the antiquity of the present flora; and I admit that he very neatly
puts the case between his view of the production of our species out of the
older ones, and that of Darwin. Here it still rests: Darwin has the great
advantage of
 DR. ASA GRAY IN HIS STUDY

being able to assign a vera causa. Heer has the disadvantage of having no
known cause to assign; but he shows that things do not appear to have
proceeded as Darwin’s theory requires. It does seem as if there were times
of peculiar change as well as of great stability. But were this time of change
and that of stability simultaneous for the species of a flora? And does Heer
allow enough for the species which now occur under many forms,—show
great polymorphism. I continually meet with these in the North American
flora; in which the dying out of some forms, and their replacing by others,
which may well take place in time, would, in effect, just give a change like
that to be accounted for. But I cannot say that these varieties come in
insensibly, very likely not.
Now, to speak of myself. My summer was much frittered away; the
superintending of the new building for my herbarium just preventing any
serious study. The autumn was devoted to the removal and rearrangement of
plants and books, and to assisting Charles Wright in the collation and
distribution into sets of his collections in Cuba for the last three years past;
very full and interesting collections, and requiring much care and labor, on
account of this distribution being a continuation of former distributions. I
laid out into the sets every specimen with my own hands, Mr. Wright
adding the tickets and numbers. It was an immense labor, and was finished
only at the close of the last day of the year....
I mean to prepare for “Silliman’s Journal” a brief and simple notice of
the edifice for my herbarium, so I will not speak further of it here; further
than to say that I am well satisfied, only I sadly need a curator!
And now, I turn to your letter of September 29, and ask your pardon for
having so long neglected it. Your letters, your reflections upon social and
political, as well as upon scientific questions, are always very interesting
and instructive to me. I regret that I can render so little return in kind....
As to our national troubles, the prospect brightens that we shall end the
rebellion and slavery before long. God grant it.
Believe me to be, as ever, my dear De Candolle, very faithfully yours,
A. Gray.

TO GEORGE ENGELMANN.

February 14, 1865.

... Wright is here, distributing and finishing up his North Pacific
Expedition Collection; ... will return to Cuba in a month or two, to take a
year or two more there, revisit some old parts and explore some new; then I
urge Hayti, but Wright seems rather loth.
Rothrock—from northwestern Pennsylvania—is a bright lively pupil of
mine for last three or four years, when not serving his country in the army,
where he has done good service as private in infantry, and as captain in
Pennsylvania cavalry, etc. He had to leave his thesis partly unfinished. But
the real credit of all belongs to him. His father is M. D., and he is now
studying medicine, attending lectures at Philadelphia. But botany is in him,
and will probably come out....
There, I believe this is about all. J. A. Lowell has made a nice present of
costly botanical books, of which more anon.
[March 18.]
... Rothrock is going with Kinnicut this week, to Northwestern America,
Norton’s Sound, etc., to explore on telegraph route close along the Arctic
Circle. Any pines there you want?...
March 29.
 ... No, Mrs. Gray did not go to inauguration ball. But she has had a good
time. Her brother, the general, took her from Fortress Monroe, where she
went, up to the front and close to rebel lines; where she had the honor of
having a rebel shell thrown at her!
I expect her home again to-morrow.
No, I don’t get a curator, and I want one sadly. Yet it is as well Fendler
did not come, as it might have been difficult for me to pay him. He,
however, is just the man I want here, to take charge of herbarium and
garden....

TO W. J. HOOKER.

Cambridge, April 24, 1865.

Mr. Wright is about to return to Cuba, to have one year more of
exploration there, and especially to visit Turquino, the highest mountain of
the island, and some other parts which are still promising.
He will now be able—as he is always most ready—to attend to the
gathering of seeds of palms, or other seeds, or things you may want at Kew.
He has now some good and kind friends in the country, and deserves them,
for he is one of the most hearty, single-minded, and disinterested persons I
ever knew, as well as an admirable collector; but being rather rough in
exterior, he does not like to come into contact with official people, unless
properly accredited. But if armed with official instructions to British
consuls, etc., and so having the means of very promptly turning over,
without bother or uncertainty, whatever he may collect for you, I have no
doubt you may turn him to excellent account. Perhaps, however, he will not
long remain in Cuba; for there is a prospect of getting him attached
(nominally, without any emolument) to the United States consulate-general
at Hayti, so that he may explore the botany of that island, as he has done
that of Cuba. But I doubt if he will keep in the field many years more, or do
such hard work as he has done in former years. I wish him to explore Hayti,
however, and then associate himself with Grisebach in the production of a
Flora Antillana, or at least a Flora Cubensis, if Grisebach inclines to work
longer at West Indian botany, after having finished the critical enumeration
of Cuban plants (founded mainly on Wright’s collections) which he is now
occupied with....
 It seems like old times to be writing to you. We have the less occasion
for direct correspondence of late years, owing to my having such a capital
correspondent, as well as a capital friend, in Joseph. I know not how I could
get on without him. I look with great satisfaction upon his splendid
scientific career, and feel that you must take great pride in it. I rejoice to
hear that you are so well and hearty, and at work with vigor, comfort, and
success upon the “Synopsis Filicum.”
Dr. Brewer[59] sends his regards. He goes this week to New Haven (Yale
College), to attend to the opening of his work as professor of agriculture. I
was running over his collections, naming and characterizing the new things,
and laying out a set for you of all you could wish. But since spring opened,
my college work has been so pressing that all else has been interrupted,
perhaps will be in abeyance till near midsummer.
I must not fail to tell you that our good friend Dr. Torrey sailed yesterday
for California! via the Isthmus, to return three or four months hence,
perhaps overland.
He is a much trusted officer of government, as assayer of the United
States assay office at New York, and the secretary of the treasury, knowing
that he needs some respite and change, has arranged this trip for him, upon
business of the department, by no means of an onerous character.
He has long wished to set eyes upon California, and I am glad he has
such a pleasant opportunity of doing so.

TO R. W. CHURCH.

May 1, 1865.
I have long wished to communicate with you, but it is long since I have
written any but pressing letters; a large and ever-increasing scientific
correspondence and various business matters absorbing all my leisure and
powers, as the times and events also absorb our thoughts. You can imagine
how deeply we have felt, rejoiced, and suffered during the last month or so.
Well, “treason has done its worst,” and rebellion, as an organized power,
is essentially brought to an end. Slavery is done away, and we have now the
task of establishing a new and better order of things at the South, of
replacing barbarous by civilized and free institutions. A heavy task, no
doubt; but the good Providence that has so wonderfully shaped our ways
and sustained us thus far, we humbly and confidently rely on to carry our
dear country through all its trials.
I doubt if you will have in England a full conception of the profound
impression which this last atrocious crime has made,[60] filling the whole
land with the deepest and tenderest grief, like that of a personal
bereavement; inexpressibly shocking, but never for a moment bewildering
the country nor deranging the action of the government. The manner in
which both our victories and sorrows have affected the country is most
hopeful, and promises the best results. There is much yet to do and to suffer,
and there is need of wisdom, patience, and sacrifice in the renovation of our
country, and the establishment of free institutions throughout the South,
involving as it does the complete reconstruction of society there. But under
God’s blessing, we expect full success in due time.
As to myself, I can say little now. I am quite overworked at this season,
but I hope that hereafter a rearrangement of my work in the university may
bring some relief.
I am beginning to enjoy the advantage and comfort of the establishment
of my herbarium, and the building quite meets my expectations. The
collections are fast increasing; faster than I can take care of them, through
the bounty of my scientific correspondents; while Mr. Lowell’s donation of
botanical books is of the value of about £300.
November 16, 1865.
Now do not be startled at a letter from me written the very evening of the
day in which arrived your pleasant favor of the 1st inst. For to-day I also
received the inclosed official letter, which has been lying, I suppose, for
want of your address. And so I send it forward at once.
In fact, the fund raised for the support of the herbarium (nearly $11,000)
has been till very lately retained in the hands of the gentleman who took
charge of raising it, in the form of a good investment, and is now at length
made over to the corporation of the university in trust. Your £5 I turned in at
the time when exchange was at the highest (i. e., our currency most
depreciated), so it figures as fifty dollars,—quite a sum,—and for it, as for
the rest of the capital, we get, up to 1881, six per cent per annum in gold, if
the United States government lasts. And we now feel confident enough of
that.
 Your letters are always very pleasant to us, and that of to-day is very
gratifying.
Yes, we, too, should not have said this was the way in which we would
have had slavery destroyed,—by no means. We wished it by a slow process
which would have cost no life, injured no property, but benefited all as it
went on. But our misguided Southern brethren would have it otherwise, and
so it was. And it is something to be glad of, after all, that it was done in our
day, and we think thoroughly. I take a weekly newspaper, the “Nation,”
which is on the plan of the “Spectator” and the “Saturday Review,” etc., but
we have few good paragraph-writers, and our best writers will not write.
But this paper may interest you, at least in the letters of its correspondent
traveling in the South. I post some numbers to your address, and I will send
some more if you care to see them. Otherwise the numbers are thrown
aside, for I do not keep them.
Even here we have the same sort of liking for Palmerston which the
mass of English have, and no better reason to give for it; and we look with a
sort of fascinated interest upon Gladstone, and expect to see him premier
before long, in a year or two, and we wonder how he will get on in so
critical a position as he will be in. Goldwin Smith I met, but saw not very
much of. He was in very delicate health. Fraser I did not see, though he was
my father-in-law’s guest, and was very much liked by all. Both had troops
of friends. Mrs. Gray and I were in the country when Fraser was at Mr.
Loring’s house on the shore.
The short space left on my sheet must be all devoted to an earnest
exhortation for you to follow your two friends’ example. Come over and see
us, and make our quiet house your home, from which you can travel as
much as you like and see the country in this interesting phase. Pray think of
it seriously. The expense need not be great.
Mrs. Gray, with kindest remembrances, seconds my request, and wishes
it extended to Mrs. Church.
Cordially yours,
Asa Gray.

TO CHARLES DARWIN.

May 15, 1865.

 Your kind letter of the 19th ult. crossed a brief note from me. I am too
much distracted with work at this season to write letters on our affairs, and
if I once begin, I should not know where to stop. You have always been
sympathizing and just, and I appreciate your hearty congratulations on the
success of our just endeavors. You have since had much more to rejoice
over, as well as to sorrow with us. But the noble manner in which our
country has borne itself should give you real satisfaction. We appreciate,
too, the good feeling of England in its hearty grief at the murder of Lincoln.
Don’t talk about our “hating” you, nor suppose that we want to rob you
of Canada, for which nobody cares.
We think we have been ill-used by you, when you thought us weak and
broken, and when we expected better things. We have learned that we must
be strong to live in peace and comfort with England, otherwise we should
have to eat much dirt. But now that we are on our feet again, all will go
well, and hatred will disappear. Indeed I see little of that.
I must look to the Plantago dimorphism, for, as you say, these plants,
fertilized by the wind, would gain nothing by being dimorphic. No
dimorphic species grows very near here, nor can I now get seeds of P.
Virginica. Perhaps a good look at even dried specimens, under your hints,
may settle the matter.
I was exceedingly interested with the Lythrum paper (but had no time to
write a notice of it), and I wait expectingly for your Climbing plants. You
are the very prince of investigators. We hope presently to make Mrs.
Wedgewood’s acquaintance.
July 24.
I am reading in snatches your admirable paper on Climbing plants,—as
yet only eighty-eight pages of it, and am watching with great interest all the
climbers I have at hand. What a nice piece of work you have made of it!
I see you explain and illustrate at length the double turn of a caught
tendril. Is it not enough to say that, with both ends fixed, if it shortens, say
by the contraction of one side, it must by mechanical necessity turn its coil
different ways from a neutral point?
Ere this, Mrs. Wedgewood should be back from Canada, but I have not
yet learned that she is so. She was to let me know, and we would have a day
on the shore, where Mr. Loring lives in summer,—a pretty bit of country.
But it is now too late.
 I wish she could have been here on Friday, when we welcomed back our
Harvard men who had been in the war,—over five hundred of them,—and
remembered those who had died for their country. What a day we had!
Jefferson Davis richly deserves to be hanged. We are willing to leave the
case in the hands of the government, who must take the responsibility. If I
were responsible, I would have him tried for treason (the worst of crimes in
a republic), convicted, sentenced to death; and then I think I should
commute the penalty, not out of any consideration for him, but from policy,
and for his more complete humiliation. The only letters I have received
expressing a desire to hang him are from rebeldom itself,—from Alabama.
You see slavery is dead, dead,—an absolute unanimity as to this. The
revolted States will behave as badly as they can, but they are so thoroughly
whipped that they can’t stir, hand or foot, and we are disbanding all our
armies,—a corporal’s guard is enough to hold South Carolina. Seriously,
there are difficult questions before us, but only one result is possible: the
South must be renovated, and Yankeefied.
Well, take good care of yourself, and let me know that you are again in
comfortable condition.
November 6.
I am very glad to hear from you, and to see half your letter of October 19
in your own handwriting is a good sign. I do hope you may get a
comfortable winter, and bring out your next volume without breaking down.
I am pleased that you approve my abstract of your Climber paper, but
observe it was only of the first part of your elaborate article. But as to the
praise you speak of, I am sure you pay me back with interest.
I lately sent “Silliman” as much more—a large part, indeed, extracts,
which I could not shorten—on the Tendril-bearing part of your paper. But
Dana sent me the proof, with all my long extracts omitted for want of room.
This reduced my article to incoherence, so I begged all to be laid over for
the January number, when I hope to have room. I entertained our social
scientific club here with your article, and all were greatly interested.
As to climbing roses, they are the strong summer shoots, growing after
flowering, which I find frequently running their heads into dark corners of
the porch over my door, etc.
That is very curious, but quite what I looked for, that dimorphous species
self-fertilized should act like hybrids (sterile or dwarf, etc.).
 You must publish these facts in some brief article.
“Stephens” (Stevens) was a New Yorker; is dead, years ago; wrote most
amusing and popular travels; in Egypt, as well. Central America was his
first and freshest book, but only amusing, as far as I recollect.
So Palmerston is gone. A fine specimen of a John Bull he was, a very
typical specimen. We Yankees can’t help admiring and liking him, though
not for any good he ever did us. But as for his successor, he is a prig, a
juiceless stick.
Don’t you think Adams pays him back nicely for proposing that they
should sit down and rejoice together over the abolition of slavery? Just see
how the world has moved. Turn back to Russell’s lecture to be read to Mr.
Lincoln on occasion of his proclamation of emancipation!
Good-by, my dear, good fellow, and recover health as fast as ever you
can.
Yours affectionately,
A. Gray.

TO CHARLES WRIGHT.

Cambridge, June 28, 1865.

I am not going on so any more. A letter from me you shall have. To be
sure I have had none from you since you sailed, but that is no matter.
College and garden and herbarium work together are enough to drive one
mad; but now the college work begins to hold up, and will soon be over.
And as to herbarium, Fendler has at length promised to come at the end of
the summer and help me—all winter at least, perhaps longer....
Oh, yes! I have yours of “Habana,” May 9th, with your shipboard studies
on the variations of Chapman and Grisebach. Well, sometimes one wrong,
sometimes the other; sometimes a difference as to who the author of a book
is,—Michaux, whose name is on the work, Richard, who wrote it incog.
I inclose my last from Grisebach. I am hoping to arrange to have the
catalogue of Cuba plants printed or stereotyped at Göttingen, for the
Smithsonian contributions, and have written Grisebach to cultivate his
Spanish influence in the view of having that government at length patronize
effectively the bringing out of a Flora Cubensis, by Wright and Grisebach.
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