Chapter 10 Time, bandwidth, and dimensionality

SUMMARY: Here we rst discuss the fact that, to obtain a small average error probability PE , block-orthogonal signaling requires a huge number of dimensions per second. Then we show that a bandwidth W can only accommodate roughly 2W dimensions per second. Hence block-orthogonal signaling is only possible when enough bandwidth is available.

10.1 Number of dimensions for bit-by-bit and block-orthogonal signaling

We again assume that in an interval of duration T we have to transmit K bits. Then for bit-by-bit signaling we need K = RT dimensions per block. For block-orthogonal signaling we need 2 K = 2 RT dimensions per block. Therefore for bit-by-bit signaling we need K /T = R dimensions per second. For blockorthogonal signaling we need 2 K /T = 2 RT /T dimensions per second. Note that for block-orthogonal signaling the number of dimensions per second explodes by increasing T . In the next section we will see that a channel with a nite bandwidth cannot accommodate all these dimensions. Increasing T is however necessary to improve the reliability of a block-orthogonal system hence nite bandwidth creates a problem.

10.2 Dimensionality as a function of T

The following theorem will not be proved. For more information on this subject check Wozencraft and Jacobs [25]. The Fourier transform is described shortly in appendix C. Theorem 10.1 (Dimensionality theorem) Let {i (t), for i = 1, N } denote any set of orthogonal waveforms such that for all i = 1, N , 1. i (t) = 0 for t outside [ T , T ], 2 2

96

CHAPTER 10. TIME, BANDWIDTH, AND DIMENSIONALITY

2. and also
W

97

|
W

2 2 i ( f )| d f (1 w )

i ( f )|

df

(10.1)

for the spectrum

i( f )

of i (t). The parameter W is called bandwidth (in Hz).

Then the dimensionality N of the set of orthogonal waveforms is upper-bounded by N 2W T . 2 1 w (10.2)

The theorem says that if we require almost all spectral energy of the waveforms to be in the frequency range [W, W ], the number of waveforms cannot be much more than roughly 2W T . In other words the number of dimensions is not much more than 2W per second. The denition of bandwidth in the dimensionality theorem may seem somewhat arbitrary, but what is important is that the number of dimensions grows not faster than linear in T . Next we want to show the converse statement, i.e. that the number of dimensions N can grow linearly with T . Therefore consider 2K + 1 orthogonal waveforms that are always zero except for T t T . In that case the waveforms are dened as 2 2 0 (t) = 1 t c 1 (t) = 2 cos 2 and T t c 2 (t) = 2 cos 4 and T t c K (t) = 2 cos 2K and T t T t s 2 (t) = 2 sin 4 T t s K (t) = 2 sin 2K . T
s 1 (t) =

2 sin 2

(10.3)

We now determine the spectra of all these waveforms. 1. The spectrum of the rst waveform 0 (t) is
T /2 0( f )

=
T /2

exp( j2 f t)dt

T /2 1 d exp( j2 f t) j2 f T /2 1 T T = exp( j2 f ) exp( j2 f ) j2 f 2 2 sin f T = . f

(10.4)

Note that this is the so called sinc-function. In gure 10.1 the signal 0 (t) and the corresponding spectrum 0 ( f ) are shown for T = 1.

CHAPTER 10. TIME, BANDWIDTH, AND DIMENSIONALITY

x0(t) X0(f)

98

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1

0.2 4 2 0 2 4

Figure 10.1: The signal 0 (t) and the corresponding spectrum

0 (t)

for T = 1.

c 2. The spectrum of the cosine-waveform k (t) for a specied k can be determined by observing that

kt c k (t) = 0 (t) 2 cos 2 T 1 kt kt = 0 (t) 2 exp( j2 ) + exp( j2 ) 2 T T hence (see appendix C)

c k( f )

(10.5)

1 = 2

0( f

k )+ T

0( f

k ) . T
c 5( f )

(10.6) are shown again for

c In gure 10.2 the signal 5 (t) and the corresponding spectrum T = 1.

We now want to nd out how much energy is in certain frequency bands. E.g. MATLAB tells us that
1/T 1/T

sin f T f sin f T f

df
2

= T and = 0.9028T, (10.7)

df

CHAPTER 10. TIME, BANDWIDTH, AND DIMENSIONALITY

x5c(t) 1.5 0.7 X5c(f)

99

0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4

0.3 0 0.2

0.5

0.1

0 1

0.1

0.2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 5 0 5

c Figure 10.2: The signal 5 (t) and the corresponding spectrum

c 5( f )

for T = 1.

hence less than 10 % of the energy of the sinc-function is outside the frequency band [1/T, 1/T ]. Numerical analysis shows that never more than 12 % of the energy of c ( f ) is outside k the frequency band [ k+1 , k+1 ] for k = 1, 2, . Similarly we can show that the spectrum T T s of the sine-waveform k (t) has never more than 5 % of its energy outside the frequency band [ k+1 , k+1 ] for such k. For large k both percentages approach roughly 5 %. T T +1 +1 The frequency band needed to accommodate all 2K + 1 waveforms is [ KT , KT ]. Now suppose that the available bandwidth is W . Then, to have not more than 12 % out-of-band energy, K should satisfy K +1 W . (10.8) T Then the number N of orthogonal waveforms is N = 2K + 1 = 2 W T 1 + 1 > 2(W T 2) + 1 = 2W T 3. (10.9)

Result 10.2 There are at least N = 2W T 3 orthogonal waveforms over [ T , T ] such that 2 2 less than 12 % of their spectral energy is outside the frequency band [W, W ]. This implies that a xed bandwidth W can accommodate 2W dimensions per second for large T . The dimensionality theorem and the converse result show that block-orthogonal signaling has a very unpleasant property that concerns bandwidth. This is demonstrated by the next example.

CHAPTER 10. TIME, BANDWIDTH, AND DIMENSIONALITY

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Example 10.1 For block-orthogonal signaling the number of required dimensions in an interval of T seconds is 2 RT . If the channel bandwidth is W , the number of available dimensions is roughly 2W T , hence the bandwidth W should be such that W 2 RT /(2T ). Now consider subsection 9.4.2 and take = 0.1. Then (see (9.25)) R = 100 C . To get an acceptable 121 PE we have to take RT 100 (see (9.23)), hence W 2 RT 2 RT = R 2T 2RT 2100 R. 200 (10.10)

Even for very small values of the rate R this causes a big problem. We can also conclude that only very small spectral efciencies R/W can be realized1 .

10.3 Remark
In this chapter we have studied building-block waveforms that are time-limited. As a consequence these waveforms have a spectrum which is not frequency-limited. We can also investigate waveforms that are frequency-limited. However this implies that these waveforms are not time-limited anymore. Chapter 14 on pulse modulation deals with such building blocks.

10.4 Exercises
1. Consider the Gaussian pulse x(t) = ( 2 2 )1 exp(t 2 /(2 2 )) and signals such as sm (t) =
i=1,N

smi x(t i ), for m = 1, 2, , |M|,

(10.11)

constructed from successive -second translates of x(t). Constrain the interpulse interference by requiring that

x(t k )x(t l )dt 0.05

x 2 (t)dt, for all k = l,

(10.12)

and constrain the signal bandwidth W by requiring that x(t) have no more than 10 % of its energy outside the frequency interval [W, W ]. Determine the largest possible value of the coefcient c in the equation N = cT W when N 1. (Exercise 5.4 from Wozencraft and Jacobs [25].)

however that e.g. for = 1 the required number of dimensions can be acceptable. However then the rate R is only one fourth of the capacity Ps /(N0 ln 2).

1 Note