Renewable Energy

Lecture 3
Entropy

MECH 4394, Instructor: Dr. Evgeny Shafirovich

Clausius Inequality System + Reversible cycle device =
Combined system

Energy balance for the combined system:

δQR – δWC = dEC

Or

For reversible device:

𝛿𝛿𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑅
=
𝛿𝛿𝑄𝑄 𝑇𝑇

Then,

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Let the system undergo a cycle while the cyclic
device undergoes an integral number of cycles.
Then,

Recall Kelvin-Plank statement of the 2nd law:

No system can produce work while operating on
a cycle and exchanging heat with a single T
reservoir.
Then, Wc < 0 or Wc = 0.

- Clausius inequality

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Thus, applying the 1st and 2nd Laws to a cycle, we have obtained:

• Valid for all thermodynamic cycles, reversible or irreversible Rudolf Clausius

• Inequality is for irreversible (real) processes. 1822 − 1888

• Equality is for reversible (ideal) processes.

This means that is a property!

This property is called entropy. (Rudolf Clausius, 1865)

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Formal Definition of Entropy:

Entropy change of a system during a process:

Entropy is a property; entropy

change is independent of path
(reversible or irreversible) 5
Internally reversible isothermal heat transfer process

• Good for finding entropy change of surroundings involving thermal energy reservoirs.
• Heat transfer to system increases entropy of system; heat transfer from system
decreases it.
• For closed system, the only way to decrease entropy is to remove heat.

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 THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

− The entropy change of the system

The equality: for an internally reversible process

The inequality: for an irreversible process.

Some entropy is generated during an irreversible process, and this generation is due to irreversibilities.

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 For an isolated system:

This is the increase of entropy principle.

The entropy change of an isolated system

is the sum of the entropy changes of its
components.

It is never less than zero.

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A system and its surroundings are the two subsystems
of an isolated system and

The entropy of the universe is continuously increasing.

The entropy generation Sgen is always a positive quantity or zero.

Can the entropy of a system during a process decrease?
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 Some Remarks about Entropy

1. Processes proceed in direction of increasing entropy.

2. Entropy is a nonconserved property for real processes.
3. Entropy generation provides measure of irreversibilities
in actual system.

The entropy change of a system

can be negative, but the entropy
generation cannot. 10
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES

• Entropy of a fixed mass (closed system) can be

changed by
– Heat transfer
– Irreversibilities
• Hence, if a fixed mass undergoes a process that is
adiabatic and internally reversible, its entropy will not
change.
• A process during which the entropy remains constant
is called an isentropic process.

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T-S diagram of a Carnot cycle

• Two reversible isothermal (T = constant)

and two reversible adiabatic (s = constant)
processes.
• Area under curve on T-s diagram represents
heat transfer for internally reversible
process.
• For cycle, net heat transfer equals net work.

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 WHAT IS ENTROPY?

• Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder.

• The level of molecular disorder (entropy) of

a substance increases as it melts or
evaporates.

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Statistical thermodynamics

• Entropy is related to total number of

possible microscopic states for a given
macroscopic state.

• Boltzman relation:

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The 3rd law of thermodynamics:

• The entropy of a pure crystalline substance

at absolute zero temperature is zero.

• The entropy determined relative to 0 K (or 0

R) is called absolute entropy.

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Disorder (entropy) increases during heat transfer

• Work is an organized form of energy.

 There is no entropy transfer associated with work.

• Heat is form of disorganized energy.

 During heat transfer net entropy increases.
 Increase in entropy of cold body more than offsets decrease in entropy of hot body.

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ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES OF STEADY-FLOW DEVICES

The isentropic process involves no irreversibilities and serves as the ideal process
for adiabatic devices.

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Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines

When KE and PE are negligible:

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Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps

When KE and PE are negligible:

For a pump:

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Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles

If the inlet velocity of the fluid is

small relative to the exit velocity,
the energy balance is

Then,

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ENTROPY BALANCE

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Entropy Change of a System, ∆Ssystem

Entropy is a property.
It does not change unless the state of the system changes.

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Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
1. Heat Transfer

Entropy transfer by heat transfer:

Heat transfer is always

No entropy is transferred by work: accompanied by entropy transfer
in the amount of Q/T, where T is
the boundary temperature.
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2. Mass Flow

Entropy transfer by mass:

When the properties of the mass change

during the process:

Mass contains entropy as well

as energy, and thus mass flow
into or out of system is always
accompanied by energy and
entropy transfer.

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Entropy Generation, Sgen

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• Total entropy generated during a process includes
external irreversibilities.

• Entropy generation outside system boundaries can

be accounted for by writing an entropy balance on
an extended system that includes the system and its
immediate surroundings.

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Entropy Balance: Closed Systems

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Entropy Balance: Control Volumes

The entropy of a control

volume changes as a
result of mass flow as
well as heat transfer.
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What is the location of entropy generation during heat transfer through the wall?

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