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(2) Cell Cycle

The document discusses cell growth and division, focusing on the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It outlines the roles of chromosomes, DNA replication, and the stages of both mitosis and meiosis, including the formation of gametes. Additionally, it highlights the consequences of uncontrolled mitosis, such as cancer development.

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3 views

(2) Cell Cycle

The document discusses cell growth and division, focusing on the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It outlines the roles of chromosomes, DNA replication, and the stages of both mitosis and meiosis, including the formation of gametes. Additionally, it highlights the consequences of uncontrolled mitosis, such as cancer development.

Uploaded by

s.tutas.sophiadaniela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5 • Last pair are the sex chromosomes

(XX female, XY male).


Cell Growth and Division
• Y chromosome determines sex.
• Key roles of cell division: Gives rise to
new cells, enables eukaryotic cells to Cell Cycle
develop from a single cell (fertilized
• Daughter cells -> DNA copied -> Cells
egg), renewal and repair in
mature -> Cells prepare for division ->
multicellular eukaryotes.
Cell divides into identical cells.
• Keeping Cells Identical: Instructions
• Five Phases:
for making cell parts are encoded in
DNA, so each new cell must get a o G1 (primary growth),
complete set of DNA molecules.
o S (DNA replication),
• A cell’s genetic information is a
o G2 (secondary growth) =
genome.
Interphase;
• DNA Replication: DNA must be copied
o M (mitosis),
or replicated before cell division.
Each new cell will then have an o C (cytokinesis).
identical copy of DNA.

• Identical Daughter Cells: Parent cell


divides into two identical daughter
cells.

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

• Store genetic information in


chromosomes.

• Most eukaryotes have between 10


and 50 chromosomes in their body
cells. Mitosis (Nuclear Division)
• Human body cells have 46 • Division of the nucleus
chromosomes or 23 identical pairs.
• Also called karyokinesis
• Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule. • Only occurs in eukaryotes.

• Chromosomes are called chromatin • Has four stages: Prophase,


when cells aren’t dividing. Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

• Duplicated chromosomes are called • Doesn’t occur in brain cells


chromatids & are held together by
Mitotic Stages
the centromere (Sister Chromatids).
• Prophase: Chromatin condenses into
Karyotype
visible chromosomes, mitotic fibers
• A picture of the chromosomes from a form, nuclear membrane & nucleolus
human cell arranged in pairs by size. break down.

• First 22 pairs are autosomes. o Shorten and thickens


• Metaphase: Chromosomes align at Chapter 6
the equatorial plate, spindle fibers
Meiosis (Formation of Gametes)
attach.
• For sexual reproduction
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids pulled
apart to opposite poles. • Two meiotic divisions (Meiosis I and
II).
• Telophase: Sister chromatids at
opposite poles, spindle disassembles, • Reduction-division process.
nuclear envelope reforms,
chromosomes become chromatin. • Produces four haploid (1n/23) cells.

• Occurs in testes (spermatogenesis)


o Cytokinesis occurs
and ovaries (oogenesis).
Cytokinesis
Fertilization – “Putting it all together”
• Division of the cytoplasm.

• Produces two identical daughter


cells.

o (diploid) (46)

• In plants: cell plate forms.

• In animals: cleavage furrow forms.

Daughter cells of mitosis

• Have the same number of • Replication of chromosomes occur in


interphase
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they were • Meiosis must reduce the
formed chromosome number by half
• Identical to each other, but smaller • Fertilization then restores the 2n
than parent cell number

Uncontrolled Mitosis

• If mitosis is not controlled, unlimited


cell division occurs, leading to
cancerous tumors.

• Oncogenes increase the chance of


tumor cell development
Meiosis Stages • Spermatogenesis: Occurs in testes,
produces 4 spermatids, which mature
• Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes
into sperm.
separate.

• Prophase I: Homologs pair, crossing • Oogenesis: Occurs in ovaries,


over occurs. produces 3 polar bodies (which die)
and 1 egg.

• Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align


at equator.

• Anaphase I: Homologs separate; sister


chromatids remain attached.

• Telophase I: Nuclear envelopes


reassemble, cytokinesis occurs.

• Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate,


producing four genetically different
haploid cells.

Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

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