PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

What to review? ⋆୨♡୧⋆

Horizontal organizational chart (Flat)
● Organizational Charts
● Memorandum A horizontal (flat) organizational chart has minimal or
● Circulars no middle management. It features only two levels: top
● Plenary Reports administrators and employees. This structure
● Resolutions emphasizes a lack of hierarchy and promotes equal
● Essays standing among employees.
● Communication
○ Elements
○ Barriers
○ Principles of Effective Communication
○ Channels
○ Types
○ Levels
○ Models

. . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . .

Organizational Charts

is also called as an organigram, organogram, or

organizational breakdown structure.

is a diagram that shows the structure of an

organization and the relationships and relative ranks of
its parts and positions/jobs. ⋆୨♡୧⋆
Matrix organizational chart
Types of Organizational Charts
The matrix organizational chart blends both vertical
⋆୨♡୧⋆ and horizontal structures. It highlights reporting
Vertical organizational chart (Hierarchical) relationships with a vertical hierarchy while maintaining
the flexibility of cross-functional teams that report to
This is the most commonly used type of organizational project managers. This is ideal for companies working
chart. The vertical or hierarchical chart places the on complex projects across departments.
individual with the most authority at the top, while those
with less authority are positioned below, forming a
pyramid-like structure.

Example: A CEO at the top, followed by managers, then

employees.

⋆୨♡୧⋆
Creative organizational chart

A creative organizational chart breaks away from

traditional layouts and incorporates unique design
elements to reflect the company’s personality. It might
use vibrant colors, custom icons, or even arrange roles
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

in non-traditional ways, like a circular layout to

trade show, let's plan a noon lunch meeting in the east
emphasize collaboration. This type of chart adds a
wing meeting room to go over how the show went.
personal and engaging touch, reflecting your
Let's plan to discuss what worked well and what didn't,
company’s brand and culture.
such as:
. . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . .
● Number of days in attendance
● Amount and types of marketing materials
Memorandums
provided
● Booth displays
is also known as a also known as a briefing note.
● How the giveaways were received
● The location of the booth and traffic at
is a written message that is typically used in a
different times of day
professional setting.
● What sparked interest in passersby
● Booth staffing levels
commonly abbreviated memo, these messages
are usually brief and are designed to be easily and
I know that when you get back from a trade show you
quickly understood.
have a million things to follow up on, so we will keep
the meeting to 90 minutes or less. Please come
What is a Memorandum? prepared with your feedback and constructive criticism
on the marketing aspects of the show. Existing
● A short message or record used for internal customer feedback and new customer leads will be
communication in a business. covered in a separate meeting with product and sales
● an informal record / a written reminder teams. Thank you for your work at the show.
● an informal written record of an agreement
that has not yet become official
3 Main Types of Memos
Sample Memo About Print
Schedule Change

To: All employees

From: E.J. Smith, Production Lead

Date: November 1, 2018

Subject: Thanksgiving Print Schedule Change

Production would like to remind everyone that the

Thanksgiving holiday will affect our print deadlines this
month. Any hard-copy pages that would normally go
out to the printer via UPS on a Thursday or Friday
during the week will need to go out by 3 p.m. on
Wednesday, November 21.

Sample Memo About a Meeting

The following is a fictional memo to set up a meeting

⋆୨♡୧⋆
with members of a team who are returning from a
Suggestive Memo
trade show.
Sending a suggestive memo is a great way to find
To: Trade Show Team
solutions to company problems. They often encourage
creative thinking, brainstorms, and group
From: C.C. Jones, Marketing Supervisor
discussions.
Date: July 10, 2018
When you’re sending a suggestive memo, it’s best to
use positive and encouraging language. This language
Subject: Trade Show Return Meeting
will help to get your coworkers excited to find
out-of-the-box ideas.
Upon your return to work Friday, July 20, from the
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

Example: Send a suggestive memo if you’re an

What is a Circular?
advertising agency looking for a group discussion on
new ideas for a brand campaign.
● A circular is the official communication
medium which a business organization
⋆୨♡୧⋆
communicates.
Confirmation Memo
● As the name itself tells, it is a letter which is
given to the audience.
Use confirmation memos to confirm verbal
● Circulars have four components: head,
agreements by putting them in writing. Make sure to
opening, text, and signature.
highlight the important aspects of the agreement
● If you receive a circular from an organization
between the parties, so everyone has a clear
or its team of employees, then it means that
understanding of the objectives.
the organization is planning to inform you
about something.
End the memo document by asking the other party if
● The term circular comes from the fact that it
they need additional clarification or need to change any
was written on a circular piece of paper.
details. This will help avoid any mix-ups or
Although circulars can be written on any kind
misunderstandings once the project begins.
of paper, the most frequently used type is the
“letterhead”.
Example: If you are a team lead of a marketing team,
● Circulars are generally used in the context of
you may send a confirmation memo to your company’s
businesses and public service organizations.
DevOps team while collaborating on a project. It would
● In a general sense, a circular is a statement
cover the project deliverables, make sure all
about a business or about a company which is
stakeholders understand the project scope, and ensure
issued by the firm.
no one has any questions.
● A circular can be addressed to customers,
suppliers, customers, employees or to any
⋆୨♡୧⋆
other business group. These documents are
Request Memo
used for many different purposes in the
context of businesses.
A request memo is a document or email you can send
your company when you have a request. Start this type
of memo by justifying why you need a request
completed.

Keep your tone professional and persuasive when you

give your recommendations for how to solve the
problem. While this type of language is always
recommended in memos, it’s especially important in
request memos.

Example: You would send a request memo if you are a

human resources manager and are requesting
employees to fill out their insurance information before a
deadline.

. . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . .

Circulars

Circular letters can be defined as letters used to . . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . .

circulate any message to a huge number of
audiences simultaneously. Plenary Reports

It is one of the cost-effective methods of circulating A plenary report refers to a comprehensive or

information among many people or can also be used to final report that is presented to a large audience,
introduce a new product in the business product typically during conferences, meetings, or formal
portfolio. gatherings.

It usually summarizes key findings,

discussions, or outcomes from multiple sessions or
working groups within an event.
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

The term "plenary" indicates that it involves a full

corporate governance. They allow all decision
session with all participants in attendance, and the report
makers to get together and address common
typically serves to inform or update the whole group on
goals. Members with unique skills and
important matters.
experiences help optimize the overall
decision-making process by collaborating to
In various contexts, plenary reports may cover:
achieve the same objectives.
● Plenaries offer a means for everyone to have
1. Summaries of sessions: A plenary report may
a say. This leads to improved communication
summarize discussions from various breakout or
as well as a much greater potential for solving
concurrent sessions held during a conference or
problems and achieving the desired results
seminar.
compared to smaller groups.
2. Research findings or recommendations: It
may highlight the results of studies or expert
Difference between a plenary session, committee
opinions gathered during the event.
meeting or executive session
3. Key conclusions or actions: A plenary report
may include key conclusions or decisions made
In contrast to a plenary session, a committee
by committees or advisory groups during the
meeting is not part of a main meeting. It is a formal
event.
gathering of a particular subgroup of a company. This
is where all the committee members assemble to
Overall, the plenary report serves to ensure that all
discuss a predefined objective which falls under their
attendees are aligned and informed about the major
supervision.
points discussed or decided upon.
Similar to a plenary session, an executive session is
What Is A Plenary Session? also a part of a main meeting. However, it is where
specific members of the main meeting convene to
● A plenary session is a part of a meeting discuss sensitive and confidential matters. Unlike in a
where all invited members must be in plenary session, the topics discussed in executive
attendance. sessions often concern a specific individual or an
● In an organization, plenaries could include issue.
the openings and endings of conferences
where important statements are made and How to Write a Plenary Record?
broader topics are discussed or simply a
meeting of the full board. In government, it Formatting: Ensure that the plenary record is
might be a meeting of the legislative body with well-organized, using headings and bullet points to
all members in attendance. make it easy to follow. Consider the following
● General sessions are also known as structure:
plenary sessions--gatherings of all the
conferees together. These sessions may Title: "Plenary Session Report"
include food functions, opening and closing Date, Time, and Location
sessions, entertainment sessions, business List of Participants (optional, but can be helpful)
sessions, or sessions to discuss topics of Agenda Items (with time allocation)
interest to all conferees. Discussion Summaries
Decisions & Outcomes
What Happens at a Plenary Session? Action Items
Next Meeting Details (if applicable)
● When a plenary session is called, all the
main stakeholders come together to
Example: Plenary Report Example
discuss key topics that apply to everyone
in the organization. These sessions typically
. . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . .
include a wide range of subjects, including
negotiations, pressing issues, current
Resolutions
organizational performance and similar topics
● These discussions help gather the
A resolution is an official document that outlines
perspectives of all members on important
a suggested course of action that is adopted by a
matters, leading to better decision-making.
company. This can help ensure that everyone in the
company is on the same page when it comes to
Why is a plenary session important?
changing policies, decisions, and goals within the
organization.
● Plenary sessions are essential to ensure good
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

A resolution in business refers to a proposal

the other party that may generate future
made during a meeting of the company's
issues. Fully understanding the scope of the
shareholders or directors.
problem and viewing it from all sides is
important for formulating a resolution that
Example: A company board's decision to reduce wages
pleases everyone involved. Once an issue is
for its executives as a result of a long period of
resolved, steps must also be taken to make
decreased profits, with the purpose of minimizing the
sure that the same issue will not occur again.
company's overall expenses. A smaller scale business
resolution would be a manager's decision to fire an
employee due to bad performance. The Three Kinds of Dispute Resolution

There are three major types of resolving a dispute:

Resolution in Business for a Limited Liability
mediation, arbitration, and litigation.
Company
⋆୨♡୧⋆
● Within an LLC, a resolution in business is a
Meditation
simple document describing the issue and
proposed action that is to be taken, which
is an attempt to resolve a dispute by bringing in a
then needs to be signed by the people in
neutral party that analyzes the situation and has the
charge of a company.
goal of helping those involved to come up with a
● The document needs to contain the exact
resolution that satisfies everyone.
details of the issue.
● For example, in the case of a purchase, the
⋆୨♡୧⋆
resolution needs to specify exactly what is
Arbitration
bought by the company and at what price.
The document that describes the procedures
also implies a third party analyzing the situation and
for the limited liability company's everyday
hearing all sides. However, the difference between
operations is called an operating agreement.
arbitration and mediation is that the former allows
● The way resolutions are approved or
the neutral party to make a decision that everyone
dismissed within a company is specified in its
involved must accept.
articles of organization.
● Typically, a vote takes place among the
⋆୨♡୧⋆
company directors and a majority vote is
Litigation
needed for the resolution to pass.
● The articles of organization need to be
is the most commonly used way to resolve a dispute
submitted to the same secretary of state office
and it involves a judge, with or without a jury, analyzing
where the company was founded.
all the evidence and making a binding decision. This
type of dispute resolution is usually initiated by one of
Conflict Resolutions and
the involved parties, named a plaintiff, and it is taken
Their Use in Business
against another party, referred to as a defendant.
● Conflict resolutions are passed to resolve
any issues that may occur with customers,
contractors, or employees.
Types of resolution in meeting
● Finding ways for the company to deal with
certain conflicts is a crucial step to maintain
There are several types of resolutions that may be
profits, productivity, customer satisfaction, and
proposed and voted upon during Company meetings,
a good company image. The best results are
including:
achieved when resolutions are implemented
before situations further escalate. The skill
⋆୨♡୧⋆
and determination with which the
Ordinary Resolution
management handles conflicts are vital for the
reputation of the company.
This type of resolution requires a simple majority vote,
● An approach that ensures long-term
usually defined as more than 50% of the votes cast.
success is seeking a resolution that
Ordinary resolutions are used for routine matters, such
benefits all parties involved, instead of one
as the election of directors or the approval of financial
that focuses solely on the benefit of the
statements.
company.
● The reasoning behind that is avoiding
long-term consequences of resentment from
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

⋆୨♡୧⋆
● Implementation: The implementation section
Special Resolution
should outline the steps that will be taken to
implement the proposed action if it is
A special resolution requires a higher level of approval
approved by the shareholders. This may
than an ordinary resolution, usually defined as at least
include details about timelines, resources, and
75% of the votes cast. Special resolutions are typically
other relevant considerations.
used for more significant matters, such as changes to
● Voting: The voting section should outline the
the company's bylaws or the issuance of new shares.
specific requirements for approving the
resolution, such as the percentage of votes
⋆୨♡୧⋆
required for passage.
Unanimous Resolution
● Conclusion: The conclusion should
summarize the proposed action and its
(in a way that is agreed or supported by everyone in a
potential benefits, and encourage the
group by Cambridge Dictionary) This type of resolution
shareholders to support the resolution.
requires the agreement of all shareholders eligible to
vote. Unanimous resolutions are used for matters that
The specific structure of a resolution may vary
require unanimous consent, such as changes to the
depending on the nature of the proposed action and
company's name or the winding up of the company.
the legal requirements of the jurisdiction in which the
Joint Stock Company is incorporated. However, in
⋆୨♡୧⋆
general, resolutions should be clear, concise, and
Written Resolution
easy to understand, and should provide a compelling
justification for the proposed action.
A written resolution allows shareholders to vote on a
resolution without the need for a formal meeting.
This can be useful for routine matters that do not require
a physical meeting. Shareholders are typically given a
set period of time to vote on the resolution, and the
resolution is passed if it receives the required level of
approval.

⋆୨♡୧⋆
Emergency Resolution

An emergency resolution is used to address urgent

matters that require immediate action. Emergency
resolutions may be proposed and voted upon outside of
a formal meeting, and typically require a higher level of
approval than an ordinary resolution.

Structure of a resolution in meeting

● Title: The resolution should have a clear and

concise title that reflects the purpose of the
proposed action.
● Introduction: The introduction should provide
a brief explanation of the background and
context of the resolution. This may include a
description of the issue or problem that the
resolution aims to address.
● Proposed Action: The proposed action
should be clearly stated in the resolution. This
may involve a specific decision or action that
the shareholders are being asked to approve.
● Justification: The justification should provide
a detailed explanation of why the proposed
action is necessary or desirable. This may
include supporting data, analysis, or other
relevant information.
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

. . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . . The point of this essay is to reveal new connections

the reader may not have considered previously.
Essays
⋆୨♡୧⋆
An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that Definition Essay
gives the author's own argument, but the definition is
vague, overlapping with those of a letter, a paper, an This essay has a sole purpose – defining a term or a
article, a pamphlet, and a short story. concept in as much detail as possible. Sounds pretty
simple, right? Well, not quite. The most important part of
An essay is a piece of writing that is written to the process is picking up the word. Before zooming it up
convince someone of something or to simply inform under the microscope, make sure to choose something
the reader about a particular topic. In order for the roomy so you can define it under multiple angles. The
reader to be convinced or adequately informed, the definition essay outline will reflect those angles and
essay must include several important components to scopes.
make it flow in a logical way.
⋆୨♡୧⋆
The essay is a written piece that is designed to Descriptive Essay
present an idea, propose an argument, express the
emotion or initiate debate. It is a tool that is used to Perhaps the most fun to write, this essay focuses on
present a writer's ideas in a non-fictional way. Multiple describing its subject using all five of the senses.
applications of this type of writing go way beyond, The writer aims to fully describe the topic; for
providing political manifestos and art criticism as well as example, a descriptive essay could aim to describe the
personal observations and reflections of the author. ocean to someone who’s never seen it or the job of a
teacher. Descriptive essays rely heavily on detail
The Essay in Academics and the paragraphs can be organized by sense.

Not only are students required to read a variety of ⋆୨♡୧⋆

essays during their academic education, but they will Illustration Essay
likely be required to write several different kinds of
essays throughout their scholastic career. Common The purpose of this essay is to describe an idea,
essays required in high school, college, and occasion or a concept with the help of clear and
post-graduate classes include: vocal examples. “Illustration” itself is handled in the
body paragraphs section. Each of the statements
⋆୨♡୧⋆ presented in the essay needs to be supported with
Five Paragraph Essay several examples. Illustration helps the author to
connect with his audience by breaking the barriers with
This is the most common type of a formal essay. The real-life examples – clear and indisputable.
type of paper that students are usually exposed to when
they first hear about the concept of the essay itself. It ⋆୨♡୧⋆
follows easy outline structure – an opening Informative Essay
introduction paragraph; three body paragraphs to
expand the thesis; and conclusion to sum it up. Being one of the basic essay types, the informative
essay is as easy as it sounds from a technical
⋆୨♡୧⋆ standpoint. High school is where students usually
Argumentative Essay encounter an informative essay for the first time. The
purpose of this paper is to describe an idea, concept
These essays are commonly assigned to explore a or any other abstract subject with the help of proper
controversial issue. The goal is to identify the major research and a generous amount of storytelling.
positions on either side and work to support the side
the writer agrees with while refuting the opposing ⋆୨♡୧⋆
side’s potential arguments. Narrative Essay

⋆୨♡୧⋆ This type of essay focuses on describing a certain

Compare and Contrast Essay event or experience, most often chronologically. It
could be a historic event or an ordinary day or month in
This essay compares two items, such as two poems, a regular person’s life. Narrative essay proclaims a free
and works to identify similarities and differences, approach to writing it, therefore it does not always
discussing the strength and weaknesses of each. This require conventional attributes, like the outline. The
essay can focus on more than just two items, however. narrative itself typically unfolds through a personal lens,
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

and is thus considered to be a subjective form of ୨ৎ MESSAGE - The subject matter of communication is
writing. termed as messages. It includes ideas, feelings,
suggestions, order, etc., which a sender wants to convey
⋆୨♡୧⋆ to the receiver.
Persuasive Essay
୨ৎ ENCODING - The process of converting messages
The purpose of the persuasive essay is to provide the into communication symbols, which may be understood
audience with a 360-view on the concept idea or by the receiver. It includes words, pictures, gestures,
certain topic – to persuade the reader to adopt a symbols, etc. Encoding translates the internal thought of
certain viewpoint. The viewpoints can range widely the sender into a language which can be
from why visiting the dentist is important to why dogs understandable.
make the best pets to why blue is the best color. Strong,
persuasive language is a defining characteristic of this ୨ৎ MEDIA - The path, channel or medium through which
essay type. encoded message is transmitted to the receiver is known
as media. It is the carrier of the message. It can be in
જ⁀➴ song of the day written form, face to face, through telephone, letter,
▶ •၊၊||၊|။||||။၊|• 0:10 internet, etc.

. . . . . . . . . . ╰──╮ʚɞ╭──╯ . . . . . . . . . . ୨ৎ DECODING - The process of translating the encoded

message into an effective language, which can be
Communication understood by the receiver is known as decoding. In this,
the encoded symbols of the sender are converted.
Communication is simply the act of transferring
information from one place, person or group to ୨ৎ RECEIVER - The person who receives the message
another. of the sender is known as the receiver. E.g., Students
are receivers in the classroom.
Communication is a process that involves
sending and receiving messages through the verbal ୨ৎ FEEDBACK - In order to complete the process of
and non-verbal methods. Communication is a two-way communication, feedback is essential. The process of
means of communicating information in the form of reversal of communication in which the receiver
thoughts, opinions, and ideas between two or more expresses his reaction to the sender of the message is
individuals with the purpose of building an known as feedback. Feedback ensures that the receiver
understanding. has received and understood the message.

Communication is defined as exchange of facts, ୨ৎ NOISE - Any construction or hindrance which

opinions between two or more persons resulting in hampers the communication process is known as noise.
the creation of common ground of understanding. The hindrance may be caused to the sender, message
or receiver. It acts as a barrier to effective
Importance of Communication communication and because of this message is
interpreted differently by the receiver. Disturbance in the
telephone line, inattentive receiver, faulty decoding, poor
internet connection, improper gestures and postures,
etc., are some examples of noise.

Barriers of Communication

Elements of Communication

୨ৎ SENDER - The person who conveys his thoughts,

message or ideas to the receiver is known as the
sender. He is at the starting point of the communication
system and represents the source of communication.
E.g., In a classroom, a teacher is a sender.
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

Principles of Effective Communication entire communication process can be improved

because of this practice.
● Clarify the ideas before communication: The ● Strategic use of Grapevine: A manager should
message should be clear in the mind of the strategically use grapevine communication along
sender. Messages can be properly conveyed with formal communication to achieve
only when it is clear to the communicator organizational objectives. He should understand
himself. Simple and precise language should be the informal groups and should intelligently
used, which can be easily understood by the make use of such groups.
receiver. ● Timeliness: The message should reach the
● Communicate according to the needs of the receiver at the right time when it is needed. The
receiver: Messages should be conveyed message that does not reach the receiver at the
according to the needs receiver. Messages right time may turn out to be useless.
should contain words, jargon, facts, etc.,
according to the understanding and education Communication Channels
level of the receiver.
● Consult others before communicating: A plan 1. Formal Communication
should be developed involving everyone before
communicating a message. The communication Official communication taking place in an
process becomes more effective when plans are organization is known as formal
developed with the participation and involvement communication. It is related to the status or
of subordinates. position of the sender and receiver. It generally
● Be aware of languages, tone and content of takes place either between employees of
message: The words, tone, language or different levels, as in the case of
symbols used for conveying the message must superior-subordinate or at the same levels, as in
be easily understandable to the receiver in order the case of two managers from different
to achieve mutual understanding. The sender departments. Orderly flow of information is
should not offend the sentiments of the receiver ensured and responsibilities can be fixed easily.
with the message. It has some drawbacks, like it is time-consuming
● Convey things of help and value to listeners: and the flow of information is interrupted.
The sender should know the needs and interests
of the receiver, and only such things should be Formal communication can be of four types on
conveyed which is useful and in the interest of the basis of direction:
the receiver.
● Ensure proper feedback: As we know that 1. Downward Communication: The flow
communication is a two-way process, it is of information from a higher level
incomplete if the response or reaction of the (superior) to a lower level (subordinate)
receiver is not obtained. The effectiveness of in an organization is known as
communication is indicated through feedback. downwards communication.
Feedback enables the communicator to know 2. Upward Communication: The flow of
whether the receiver has properly received the information from a lower level
message or not. So, the receiver must be (subordinates) to a higher level
encouraged to respond to communication. (superior) of an organizational hierarchy
● Communicate for present as well as future: is known as upward communication.
In order to achieve effective communication, 3. Horizontal Communication: The flow
communication must meet the present and of information between people of
future needs. The communication should also different departments working at the
aim to achieve the goals and objectives of the same level in an organization is known
organization. as Horizontal Communication.
● Follow-up communications: Follow-up of the 4. Diagonal Communication: The flow of
message should be done to remove any hurdles information between persons holding
or misunderstandings of the receiver. This is different levels of authority in different
done to check whether the receiver has departments is known as Diagonal
understood the message correctly or not. Communication.
● Be a good listener: A receiver should be a
good listener to achieve effective 2. Informal Communication
communication. He should carefully, patiently
and attentively listen to the message conveyed Unofficial communication that arises from
to him. Superiors also should develop a habit of social interaction of people is known as
good and patient listening and should convey informal communication.
the motive behind a particular message. The
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

It takes place without following formal lines of

communication. It is also known as grapevine
communication, as it often leads to the spread of It is less reliable and
rumors. Since formal channels cannot fulfill the Reliability It is very reliable. often spreads
rumors.
need of people to exchange their views, ideas,
etc., the need to communicate through Informal
communication arises. Information moves very
fast in the case of informal communication, as it
does not have to follow any hierarchical order. The main goal is to The main aim is to
Aim achieve achieve personal
It provides social satisfaction and fills the gaps organizational goals. and social needs.
of formal communication. It is used by managers
to spread information rapidly, which is not
possible through formal communication, but the
information transmitted is not authentic and The messages are
often leads to rumors. The messages are unofficial and
Message official and well unplanned, like the
planned. box office collection
of a movie.
Formal Informal
Basis
Communication Communication

It flows very fast as it

It is a slow means of
Speed communication.
does not follow any
hierarchical order.
Official Unofficial
communication communication that
taking place in an arises from social
Meaning organization is interaction of people
known as formal is known as informal Fixing responsibility Fixing responsibility
communication. communication. Fixing is easy as the source is very difficult as the
Responsibility of information is source of information
known. is not known.

It is based on the It is based on

Relation formal organizational interpersonal Types of Communication
relationship. contacts.
The fundamental types of communication are verbal,
nonverbal, written, visual, and listening. Each type
plays a crucial role in ensuring effective understanding
It flows vertically, and conveying messages accurately.
It flows in any
Flow of Direction horizontally and
direction.
diagonally. Verbal Communication - Verbal communication occurs
when we engage in speaking with others. It can be
face-to-face, over the telephone, via Skype or Zoom, etc.
Some verbal engagements are informal, such as
chatting with a friend over coffee or in the office kitchen,
It follows a formal while others are more formal, such as a scheduled
It does not follow any
Channel channel of
communication.
hierarchical order. meeting. Regardless of the type, it is not just about the
words, it is also about the caliber and complexity of
those words, how we string those words together to
create an overarching message, as well as the
intonation (pitch, tone, cadence, etc.) used while
speaking. And when occurring face-to-face, while the
Nature It is rigid in nature. It is flexible in nature. words are important, they cannot be separated from
non-verbal communication.

Non-Verbal Communication - What we do while we

speak often says more than the actual words.
Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

posture, eye contact, hand movements, and touch. For formal or informal groups or teams. It is group
example, if you’re engaged in a conversation with your interaction that results in decision making,
boss about your cost-saving idea, it is important to pay problem solving, and discussion within an
attention to both their words and their non-verbal organization.
communication. Your boss might be in agreement with 4. ONE-TO-GROUP COMMUNICATION:
your idea verbally, but their nonverbal cues: avoiding eye One-to-Group Communication involves a
contact, sighing, scrunched up face, etc. indicate speaker who seeks to inform, persuade, or
something different. motivate an audience.
5. MASS COMMUNICATION: Mass
Written Communication - Whether it is an email, a Communication is the electronic or print
memo, a report, a Facebook post, a Tweet, a contract, transmission of messages to the general public.
etc. all forms of written communication have the same Outlets called mass media include things like
goal to disseminate information in a clear and concise radio, television, film, and printed materials
manner – though that objective is often not achieved. In designed to.
fact, poor writing skills often lead to confusion and
embarrassment, and even potential legal jeopardy. One Communication Models
important thing to remember about written
communication, especially in the digital age, is the
What is a communication model?
message lives on, perhaps in perpetuity. Thus, there are
two things to remember: first, write well – poorly
A communication model is a pictorial representation of
constructed sentences and careless errors make you
the communication process, ideas, thoughts, or
look bad; and second, ensure the content of the
concepts through diagrams, etc. They can be
message is something you want to promote or be
considered to be systematic representations of the
associated with for the long haul.
process that help us understand how communication
can be carried out.
Listening - The act of listening does not often make its
way onto the list of types of communication. Active
Communication models help in understanding the
listening, however, is perhaps one of the most important
potential barriers to effective communication, roles of
types of communication because if we cannot listen to
different elements involved, and the importance of
the person sitting across from us, we cannot effectively
feedback for successful communication.
engage with them. Think about a negotiation – part of
the process is to assess what the opposition wants and
By applying the models of communication, individuals
needs. Without listening, it is impossible to assess that,
& organizations can enhance their communication
which makes it difficult to achieve a win/win outcome.
skills & improve the interaction quality.
Visual Communication - We are a visual society. Think
Why are communication models important?
about it, televisions are running 24/7, Facebook is visual
with memes, videos, images, etc., Instagram is an
● Understanding the communication process
image-only platform, and advertisers use imagery to sell
● Analyzing communication problems
products and ideas. Think about from a personal
● Enhancing communication skills
perspective – the images we post on social media are
● Guiding organizational communication
meant to convey meaning – to communicate a message.
● Improving the message design
In some cases that message might be, look at me, I’m in
● Facilitating interpersonal communication
Italy or I just won an award. Others are carefully curated
● Planning & evaluating communication
to tug on our heartstrings – injured animals, crying
campaigns
children, etc.
What are the 8 different types of communication
Levels of Communication
models?
1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION:
1. Linear Communication Model
Intrapersonal Communication is a
communication that occurs in your own mind. It
Linear model of communication depicts one-way
is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices,
communication & is used to communicate with the
and beliefs.
masses.
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION:
Interpersonal Communication is the
The linear communication models are:
communication between two people but can
involve more in informal conversations.
● Aristotle’s Model
3. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION: Small
● Lasswell’s Model
Group Communication is communication within
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

Aristotle even identified three elements that have the

● Shannon-Weaver Model
power to improve communication:
● Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
● ethos (credibility)
2. Transactional Communication Model
● pathos (the ability to connect)
● logos (logical argument).
Transactional models of communication highlight
two-way communication with direct feedback.
This model was created for the purpose of
understanding how to become a more effective &
The transactional communication models include:
persuasive communicator
● Barnlund’s Transactional Model
2. Lasswell’s Model - The Lasswell model of
● Dance’s Helical Model
communication attempts to understand a communication
event by asking five important questions:
3. Interactional Communication Model
Lasswell’s-Model-of-communication
Interactional models of communication highlight a
two-way communication with indirect feedback.
1. Who? - The one who wants to convey the
message
● Osgood-Schramm Model
2. What?- The message that is to be conveyed
● Westley And Maclean Model
3. Which channel? - The medium used to convey
the message
4. To whom? - Whom is the message conveyed?
5. What effect? - What effect did it have on the
receiver?

3. Shannon-Weaver Model

The Shannon Weaver model of communication

considers communication to occur in five parts:

1. Sender
2. Encoder
3. Channel
4. Decoder
What are linear communication models? 5. Receiver

Linear models of communication are models where the Shannon-Weaver-Models-of-communication

sender sends the message & the receiver only receives
the message. There's no concept of feedback involved. Shannon and Weaver model of communication stresses
The introduction of noise may affect clear on the importance of encoding and decoding messages
communication in these 4 types of communication for them to be transmitted. This was the first model to
models. acknowledge the existence of noise in communication
that could disrupt or alter a message. This noise could
1. Aristotle’s Model - Aristotle model of communication refer to something like the static on a radio broadcast,
consists of 5 main elements which make up the but it could include spelling errors in written
framework: communication or the receiver mishearing the message.

Aristotle’s-model-of-communication 4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model

1. Speaker -The one who conveys the message Berlo’s-S-M-C-R-Models-of-communication

2. Speech - The message
3. Occasion - Where/when/why the message is Berlo’s model of communication explains communication
being conveyed in four steps: This model provides a thorough account of
4. Target audience - To whom the message is to the key elements in every one of the steps that will affect
be conveyed the manner in which the message is communicated.
5. Effect - What impact did the message create?
Source: The elements included in the source
Aristotle’s model of communication does not assign any are the sender’s communication skills, attitude,
importance to the role of feedback in communication. and culture.
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

Message: The elements included in the 5. Receiver - The one received the message; Receivers
message are the content, structure, and code of input to the message
the message. 6. Gatekeepers - The one who modifies/provides
Channel: The elements included in the channel feedback to the messages before they are conveyed.
are the senses of hearing, seeing, touching, (Usually involved in mass communication)
smelling, etc. 7. Opinion Leaders - Influence holders who can change
Receiver: The elements of the receiver are their the impact of the message (Usually involved in mass
attitude, knowledge, and culture. communication

Pros of linear communication models What are the transactional communication models?

1. Highly impactful in getting things done. The transactional models of communication are models
2. Good at audience persuasion & propaganda where the feedback plays an important role & the
setting. sender/receiver can exchange their roles. It's generally
used for direct personal communication in which
Cons of linear communication models two-way feedback is immediate.

1. With no feedback, communication is not 1. Barnlund’s transactional model

continuous.
2. It's difficult to interpret whether the Barnlund's communication model examines
communication was effective or not. interpersonal, immediate-feedback communication. It
holds the idea that feedback for the sender is the reply
What are interactive communication models? for the receiver central to the approach.

The interactive communication models highlight that the Barnlund’s transactional model of communication also
feedback may get delayed when the messages are emphasizes the role of cues in impacting your
exchanged between the sender & receiver. communication. It sheds light on public cues
(environmental cues) and private cues (your own
1. Osgood-Schramm Model personal thoughts and background). Essentially, this
model shows us the factors that influence what we think
Osgood-Schramm-Models-of-communication & say.
This model considers communication to be equal and
reciprocal. It has no differentiation between the sender Barnlund’s-transactional-model-of-communication
and receiver. In this model, it is believed that encoder Barnlund’s transactional model of communication
and decoder keep interchanging roles of sending and consists of 5 main elements:
receiving.
● Communicators
The Osgood-Schramm model of communication is the ● Encoding
most appropriate model for explaining and analyzing ● Message
personal synchronous communication in which feedback ● Channel
is instantaneous like in face-to-face conversations. Since ● Decoding
feedback is immediate, it is possible to reduce noise
through the continuous clarification of messages Barnlund’s model also emphasizes the role of cues in
throughout the conversation flow. impacting your communication. It sheds light on public
cues (environmental cues), private cues (personal
2. The Westley & Maclean Model thoughts and background), behavioral cues (verbal or
non-verbal actions) Essentially, this model shows us the
Westley-&-Maclean-Model-of-communication factors that influence what we think & say.

The Westley & Maclean Model is more of a mass 2. Dance’s Helical Model
communication model. It discusses these essential
components: This model builds on circular models of communication
and explains how we improve our messages over time
1. Environment - The actual stimuli for any conversation by using feedback. The feedback received for one
2. Sensory Experience - The experience that makes message influences our next statement. This helps us
them want to send the message become more knowledgeable with each cycle, making it
3. Source Sender - The one who sends the message possible for us to expand our circle as depicted in the
4. The object of the orientation of the source - The model by circles that continuously increase in their width.
belief of the sender that led to the initiation of that The upward movement in the spiral denotes that every
message
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - REVIEWER

communication practice is new and unique as

communication doesn’t ever perfectly repeat itself.

Pros of interactive communication models

1. Chance of getting feedback even in mass

communication
2. New communication channels can be explored

Cons of interactive communication models

1. Feedback can take a very long time

2. Sender/receiver may not know who the other
person is - that's providing the feedback