CH-415

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Dr. Sajid Muhbat

Lecture 5 Department of Chemical Engineering
Flow of a Falling Film NED University of Engineering and Technology
Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Choose one axis
in the direction of
flow

z δ

2nd axis should be

perpendicular to
the z-axis

2
We choose Cartesian coordinate system for this problem
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)

• Applications:
• Dams
• Gas Absorption
• Evaporation

3
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)

• Assumptions:
• Flow is steady-state and laminar.
• Viscosity and density of the fluid are constant.
• Entrance and exit fluid disturbances are neglected.
• Velocity of the fluid in z-direction is constant (viscosity will prevent the
acceleration).

4
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Rules to select shell:
• Shell in the direction of changing
velocity must be thin (∆x).
• Imagine your shell in the system
as a piece of solid.
• Except the thin side, all the other
sides can expand to their
original length.

Dimensions of the shell:

The dimension of our shell are L, W

and ∆x

5
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)

Study of shell
z y
x

6
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Identification of the direction of
momentum transfer
In general, 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

But what about this case?

𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 𝑥

As, 𝑣𝑥 = 0
x-momentum = 0

𝑣𝑦 = 0
y-momentum = 0

𝑣𝑧 ≠ 0
z-momentum ≠ 0 7
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Application of the shell momentum
balance for z-momentum
Rate of Rate of Force of
momentum momentum gravity
in - out + acting on =0
the system

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥, (𝐿𝑊)𝜙𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + Δ𝑥, (𝐿𝑊)𝜙𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0, (Δ𝑥𝐿)𝜙𝑦𝑧 ห𝑦=0
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑊, (Δ𝑥𝐿) 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ห𝑦=𝑊
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0, (Δ𝑥𝑊)𝜙𝑧𝑧 ȁ𝑧=0
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 𝐿, (Δ𝑥𝑊)𝜙𝑧𝑧 ȁ𝑧=𝐿
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, Δ𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔𝑧

8
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Application of the shell momentum
balance for z-momentum
Rate of Rate of Force of
momentum momentum gravity
in - out + acting on =0
the system

⇒ 𝐿𝑊(𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ )
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥

+∆𝑥𝐿(𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ )
𝑦=0 𝑦=𝑊

+ ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿

+ ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 0 (1) 9
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux)
zero
𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑧 𝐿𝑊(𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ )
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
zero
𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 +∆𝑥𝐿(𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ )
𝑦=0 𝑦=𝑊
𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧
+ ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿
⇒ 𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧
+ ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 0 (1)
⇒ 𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧

⇒ 𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧

10
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux)

𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 , 𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝐿𝑊(𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ )

𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥

𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 +∆𝑥𝐿(𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ )

𝑦=0 𝑦=𝑊
From Appendix B (Bird, P-843)
zero + ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = − 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 + ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 0 (1)
zero zero
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = − 𝜇 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
zero zero
𝜕𝑣𝑧 2
𝜏𝑧𝑧 = − 𝜇 2 + 𝜇 − 𝜅 (𝛁. 𝐯)
𝜕𝑧 3
11
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux)
zero
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝐿𝑊(𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ )
𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = − 𝜇 + 𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
𝜕𝑥zero 𝜕𝑧 zero
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑦 +∆𝑥𝐿(𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ )
𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = − 𝜇 + 𝑦=0 𝑦=𝑊
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 zero
𝜕𝑣𝑧 + ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿
=𝑝− 𝜇 2 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑣𝑧 + ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 0 (1)
⇒ 𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = − 𝜇
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 0

⇒ 𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 12
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux) 𝐿𝑊(𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ )
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥

𝑔𝑧 = 𝑔cos𝛽 +∆𝑥𝐿(𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ )

𝑦=0 𝑦=𝑊

+ ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿

+ ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 0 (1)

𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑔𝑧=𝑔cos𝛽 𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 =−𝜇
𝑑𝑥

𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 13
𝑔𝑧=𝑔sin𝛽
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux) ⇒ 𝐿𝑊(𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑥𝑧 ቚ )
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥

(1) ⇒ 𝐿𝑊(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ቚ )

𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥 +∆𝑥𝐿(𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑦𝑧 ቚ ) zero
𝑦=0 𝑦=𝑊

+∆𝑥𝑊(𝑝ቚ − 𝑝ቚ ) zero
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿 + ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ − 𝜙𝑧𝑧 ቚ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿

+ ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 ቚ − 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 ቚ ) zero

𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿 + ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊ρ𝑔𝑧 = 0 (1)

+ ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 = 0 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜙𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = − 𝜇
𝑑𝑥
𝜙𝑦𝑧 = 0
𝜙𝑧𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧
𝑔𝑧 = 𝑔cos𝛽
14
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux)

(1) ⇒ 𝐿𝑊(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 ) + ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 = 0 (1) ⇒ 𝐿𝑊(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ቚ − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ቚ )

𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥

⇒ 𝐿𝑊(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 ) = − ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔cos𝛽

+∆𝑥𝑊(𝑝ቚ − 𝑝ቚ ) zero
𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿
Or 𝐿𝑊(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥 ) = ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔cos𝛽
+ ∆𝑥𝑊(𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 ቚ − 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧 ቚ ) zero
Dividing by volume of shell ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊 𝑧=0 𝑧=𝐿

+ ∆𝑥𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 = 0
(𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥 )
⇒ = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽
Δ𝑥

𝐿𝑖𝑚 (𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ȁ𝑥 ) 𝑑𝜏𝑥𝑧

⇒ = = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽
Δ𝑥 → 0 Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux)

𝑑𝜏𝑥𝑧
⇒ = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑑𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑑𝑥

⇒ න 𝑑𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 න 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥 + 𝐶1 (2)

Applying boundary condition:

𝑥 = 0, 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 0
16
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Flux)

(2) ⇒ 0 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽(0) + 𝐶1 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥 + 𝐶1 2

⇒ 𝐶1 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 0

2 ⇒ 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥 3 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟)

17
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Velocity)

We know
𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥 (3)
𝜏𝑥𝑧 =−𝜇
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣𝑧
3 ⇒−𝜇 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥
𝑑𝑥

⇒ − 𝜇𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽
⇒ න 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = − න 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜇

18
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Velocity)

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑣𝑧 = − + 𝐶2 (4)
𝜇 2

Applying boundary condition:

𝑥 = 𝛿, 𝑣𝑧 = 0

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 𝛿 2
(4) ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐶2
𝜇 2

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 𝛿 2
⇒ 𝐶2 =
𝜇 2
19
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Simplifying the equation (Velocity)

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 𝑥 2 𝜌𝑔cosβ 𝛿 2 𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑥 2

(4) ⇒ 𝑣𝑧 = − + 𝑣𝑧 = − + 𝐶2 (4)
𝜇 2 𝜇 2 𝜇 2

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 𝛿 2 𝑥 2 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽 𝛿 2
⇒ 𝑣𝑧 = − 𝐶2 =
𝜇 2 2 𝜇 2

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
⇒ 𝑣𝑧 = [1 − (𝑥 Τ𝛿)2 ] (5) 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐)
2𝜇

20
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Profiles

𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥 (𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟)

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
𝑣𝑧 = [1 − (𝑥 Τ𝛿)2 ] (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐)
2𝜇

21
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(i) The maximum velocity 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
𝑣𝑧 = [1 − (𝑥 Τ𝛿)2 ] (5)
2𝜇
Velocity is maximum at 𝑥 = 0

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
5 ⇒ 𝑣𝑧,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (6)
2𝜇

22
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(ii) The average velocity
𝐿 𝑊 𝐻
𝑊 𝛿 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 < 𝑣𝑧 > =
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑊 δ
𝐿 𝑊 𝐻
‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑊 𝛿
‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑦 ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥
⇒ < 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑊 𝛿
‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑦 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥

1 𝛿
= න 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
𝛿 0 𝑣𝑧 = [1 − (𝑥 Τ𝛿)2 ] (5)
2𝜇
1 𝛿 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
= න [1 − (𝑥 Τ𝛿)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝛿 0 2𝜇
23
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(ii) The average velocity

1 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2 𝛿
1 𝛿 2 1 𝛿 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
= න 𝑑𝑥 − 2 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න [1 − (𝑥 Τ𝛿)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝛿 2𝜇 0 𝛿 0 𝛿 0 2𝜇

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 𝛿3
= 𝛿− 2
2𝜇 3𝛿

ρ𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝛿 𝛿
= 𝛿−
2𝜇 3

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2𝛿
=
2𝜇 3

24
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(ii) The average velocity

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2𝛿
⇒ < 𝑣𝑧 > = (7) < 𝑣𝑧 > =
3𝜇 2𝜇 3

2 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
⇒ < 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑣𝑧,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (6)
3 2𝜇 2𝜇

2
⇒ < 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑣𝑧,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (8)
3

25
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(iii) The mass rate of flow

𝑊 𝛿
⇒ 𝑤 = න න 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0

𝑊 𝛿
= 𝜌 න 𝑑𝑦 න 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝛿 1 𝛿
⇒ 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑊 න 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥 (9) < 𝑣𝑧 >= න 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥
0
𝛿 0

𝛿
(9) ⇒ 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑊𝛿 < 𝑣𝑧 > (10)
⇒ න 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿 < 𝑣𝑧 >
0

26
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(iii) The mass rate of flow

𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑊𝛿 < 𝑣𝑧 > (10)

(10) ⇒ 𝑤 = 𝜌𝑊δ
3𝜇
𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 2
𝜌2 𝑊𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 3 < 𝑣𝑧 > =
⇒𝑤= 3𝜇
3𝜇

27
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
(iv) The force in z-direction

Force exerted by the fluid on solid surface 𝑑𝑣𝑧

𝜏𝑥𝑧 =−𝜇
𝐿 𝑊 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑧 = න න (𝜏𝑥𝑧 ቚ )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑥=𝛿
0 0 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥 (3)
𝐿 𝑊
𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑣𝑧
⇒ 𝐹𝑧 = න න −𝜇 ቤ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 ⇒−𝜇 = 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝑥
0 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝛿 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑊
𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝛿 𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿
⇒ 𝐹𝑧 = − 𝜇 න 𝑑𝑧 න 𝑑𝑦 ቤ = −𝐿𝑊𝜇 − ⇒ ቤ =−
0 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝛿
𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝛿 𝜇

⇒ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐿𝑊𝜌𝑔cos𝛽𝛿 (11)
28
 Flow of a Falling Film (Bird, P-42)
Procedure to solve the problems:
• Analyze the system to understand it, use appropriate coordinate system and assumptions.
• Identify the direction of momentum transfer by evaluating the velocities (zero and non-zero).
• Select the appropriate shell.
• Apply momentum balance to the shell.
• Simplify the equation using velocities and velocity gradients.
• Obtain the differential equation for required momentum flux.
• Integrate this equation to get the momentum flux equation.
• Use boundary conditions to obtain the value of integration constant.
• Obtain momentum flux equation (flux profile).
• Use Newton's law of viscosity and obtain a differential equation for the required velocity.
• Integrate this equation to get the velocity equation.
• Use boundary conditions to obtain the value of integration constant.
• Obtain velocity equation (velocity profile).
• Use the flux and velocity equations to calculate other quantities, such as the maximum velocity, average
velocity, mass rate of flow and force exerted by the fluid.
29