Practical 1: Working with Word Elements and Working with Word

files
Creating Desktop Shortcuts
To place an Office application icon on Our Windows desktop, right-click the application
name from the Start>All Programs>Microsoft Office menu and choose Send
To>Desktop

Instead of the traditional Windows menu bar and standard toolbars, the Office applications use
a Ribbon.

Working with Office Elements

Designed to adjust to the way We work, instead of the traditional Windows menu bar
and standard toolbars, the Office applications use a Ribbon.

Title bar: Across the top we see a title bar that shows the program title and the
document title
File tab: The first tab on the Ribbon, the File tab is where we see the Backstage view
and access many common file functions
such as Open, Save, and Print. It’s also where we’ll exit the application when we are
finished.
Quick Access Toolbar: The Office Quick Access Toolbar, which is the only toolbar,
provides fast and easy access to basic file
functions.
Ribbon: If we hover our cursor over the Ribbon area containing tabs, which are task-
orientated screens, a description of the feature appears in an Enhanced ScreenTip. The
tabs are also broken down into subsections called groups, which break the tasks into
smaller areas.

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Dialog Box Launcher: Many options include an icon at the bottom right edge of the
group option. Office calls this the Dialog Box Launcher, and clicking it opens a related
dialog box. Here we shows the Dialog Box Launcher with the Page Setup dialog box.

Galleries: Some Ribbon buttons display a down arrow, which means there are more
choices available. In it, we see an arrow on the Excel Format as Table button. Click the
arrow to display a gallery of table styles.

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Status bar: Along the bottom of the Office application window We see a status bar that
tells us if our keyboard’s Num Lock or Caps Lock is on, along with a variety of other
options. We can customize what displays in the status bar by right-clicking anywhere on
the status bar. The application displays a list of options in the Customize Status Bar
menu similar to the one seen Click any option without a checkmark next to it to activate
the feature, or click any option with a checkmark to deactivate the feature.

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Practical 2 Selecting Commands with the Keyboard in Microsoft Word
Office provides easy ways to select commands using the keyboard instead of the mouse.
Follow the steps
1. If appropriate for the command we intend to use, place the insertion point in the proper
word, paragraph, or cell.
2. Press Alt on the keyboard. Shortcut letters and numbers appear on the Ribbon. The
letters control Ribbon commands, and the numbers control Quick Access Toolbar
commands.

3. Press a letter to select a tab on the Ribbon; for this example, press P. The application
displays the appropriate tab and letters or each command on that tab.
4. Press a letter or letters to select a command. The application displays options for the
command We selected.
5. Press a letter or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to select an option. If we use the
arrow keys, press the Enter key after making a selection. The application performs the
command we selected, applying the option we chose.

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Practical 3: Creating New File, Saving File and opening the word file
And Renaming Word File
Creating New Word File
When we open most of the Office applications, a blank document appears. We can also
generate a new document at any time by clicking the File tab and choosing New.

Saving a File
The first time We save our file, the application prompts We for a name and a folder in
which to save it. Click the File tab and choose Save or click the Save button on the Quick
Access Toolbar

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Opening an Existing File
When We’ve worked on and saved a file previously, We can reopen it to review or
modify the file.
1. Click the File tab and choose Open.
2. An Open dialog box similar to the one shown in appears.
3. If needed, select the appropriate folder from the Navigation Pane
4. Select the file We want to open.

Renaming a File
When We first save Our file, We’re prompted to name it. But perhaps We didn’t give it a
name intuitive enough to know what the file represents. If We use the File tab>Save As
command and save Our file with a different name, We have both the original file and the
new file. If We just want to rename the existing file.
We can use the Open or Save As dialog boxes.
Follow these steps:
1. With the Office application open, but not the file We want to rename, click the File tab
and choose Open. The Open dialog box appears.
2. Locate and click once on the file you want to rename. Do not double-click the file as
double-
clicking the file will open it.
3. Choose Organize>Rename The original file name becomes highlighted.
4. Type the new file name and press Enter when We are finished typing. Excel renames
the file.
5. Click the Cancel button, or press the Escape key, to close the Open (or Save As) dialog
box.

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Practical 4: Editing Text: Choosing Font, Selecting Font Size, Applying
Formatting Attributes, Adding Colors in word page & Highlighting
Text
Choosing a Font
Changing fonts is a very simple process.
Select the text We want to modify and choose Home>Font and from the Font drop- down
menu select the font we want to use

Selecting a Font Size

Select the text We want to format and then choose Home>Font.
Click the Font Size drop-down menu arrow. We see a drop-down menu of available sizes
similar to those seen in Figure. Choose the size We want from the drop-down menu, or
type our own measurement in the Font Size box.

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Applying Formatting Attributes
Applying formatting attributes such as bold, italic, or underline calls attention to
particular parts of Our text. Additionally, We can assign a superscript or subscript
notation to any text that makes it appear above or below the standard text, such as a
copyright or trademark symbol. We can easily access these choices and others with the
Home tab of the Ribbon.

Inserting Symbols
To insert a copyright, trademark, registered trademark, or any of hundreds of different
symbols, choose Insert>Symbols>Symbols and make a selection from the Symbol
gallery

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Adding Colour
Another way to add impact to Our document is by adding colour to Our text. Colour
becomes very effective when printing to a colour printer or viewing Our document
onscreen. Follow these steps to apply colour to Our text:
1. Select the text We want formatted.
2. Choose Home>Font>Font Colour, or if We want to select a specific colour, click the
down arrow
next to Font Colour and make a choice from the resulting gallery

Highlighting Text
We can highlight text in Our document in the same manner We highlight text with a
marker.
Select the text We want to format with highlighting and then choose Home>Font>Text
Highlight Color, or if We want to select a specific color, click the down arrow next to Text
Highlight Color and make a choice from the resulting gallery

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Practical 5 Formatting Paragraphs: Aligning Text, Shading Text,
Indenting Text, Changing Spacing between Paragraphs
Aligning Text
Alignment arranges the text to line up at one or both margins, or centers it between the
margins.Alignment applies to entire paragraphs Apply alignment options by selecting the
text We want to align, then choosing Home>Paragraph and clicking one of the following
alignment buttons:
 Align Text Left: The text aligns evenly at the left margin. This is the default
choice.
 Center: The text centers evenly between the left and right margins.
 Align Text Right: The text aligns along the right document margin.
 Justify: The text fills with micro spaces so it aligns evenly on both the left and
right margins.

Shading Text
Shading helps We distinguish headlines and important passages such as sidebars by
creating a screen, which is typically light gray shading against the standard black text.
Screens can add contrast to and enhance the readability of Our document.
Click anywhere in the paragraph We want shaded and choose Home>Paragraph and click
the Shading arrow. Choose a color from the resulting Shading gallery.

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Indenting Text
Typically, text runs between the left and right margins, but We may want to indent
particular paragraphs. Surprise! Word contains a tool for indenting. Click anywhere in
the paragraph We want to indent and then choose Home>Paragraph>Increase Indent.
Each click of the Increase Indent button indents the text one-half inch from the left
margin.
Click the Decrease Indent button to move the text back one-half inch.

Changing Line Spacing

Line spacing is the amount of vertical space between each line of text. We might want to
change line spacing when We want to make a document such as a contract easier to read
or to make room for changes when writing a document draft.
Steps to follow for Line Spacing
1. Select the text We want to change.
2. Choose Home>Paragraph>Line and Paragraph Spacing. A list of options appears.
3. Select a line spacing option. Word applies the spacing We select to the highlighted text.

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Practical 6 Formatting page layout and formatting pages in word.
Setting Margins, Changing Document Orientation
Setting Margins
Margins are the spaces between the edges of the paper and where the text actually begins
to appear. Choose Page Layout>Page Setup>Margins and select from the choices or click
Custom Margins, which displays the Page Setup dialog box where We can set Our own
Choices.

Changing Document Orientation

Two orientations exist: Portrait, the default orientation, prints the text beginning along
the short edge of the paper, and Landscape orientation prints along the long edge of the
page.
Choose Page Layoutt>Page Setup>Orientation and choose Portrait or Landscape.

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Setting the Paper Size
To change the paper size for the entire document, choose Page LaWet>Page Setup>Size
and select a size from the resulting drop-down menu

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Practical 7 Adding Header and footer & Inserting Page No.
Using Header and Footer Styles
Choose Insert>Header & Footer>Header (or Footer) which displays a gallery of 27 unique
header

Adding Page Numbering

To insert a page number, choose Insert>Header & Footer>Page Number. A menu of
placement options appears. We can put the page number at the top of the page in the
Header, bottom of the page in the Footer, in the page margins outside of the header or
footer, or We can put the page numbering at the current document position of Our cursor.

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Practical 8 Printing and Publishing a word file
Using Print Preview
Before We print Our document, We should preview it on the screen Click the File tab
and, from the Backstage view that appears, choose Print. A print settings section
appears on the left and a preview of the worksheet appears on the right.
2. From the preview area), select from the following options:
 If We have multiple pages, click in the page number box, then click the
Next Page or Previous Page buttons to view additional pages.
 Use the Zoom controls in the-right to enlarge or reduce the view or click
anywhere in the Preview window to zoom in or out.

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Printing a Document
When Our document is complete and We’ve reviewed it for any changes, We may want to
make a hard copy of it to file away or to share with others.
Click the File tab and, from the Backstage view that appears, choose Print. A Print Settings
section
appears on the left and a preview of the worksheet appears on the right.

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Practical 9 Working with Excel Elements and Excel file
Identifying Screen Elements
 Worksheet area: A rectangular grid consisting of rows and columns. Columns
are labels with letters across the top, and rows are indicated by numbers.
 Cell: The intersection of a row and a column, also known as a cell address. When
referring to a cell address, Excel references the column letter first, then the row
number. For example, Excel refers to a cell address as C13 not 13C. The current
cell has a heavy border around it.
 Edit line: The edit line consists of three parts: the Name box, the Insert
Function button, and the Formula bar.

 Selection indicator: Shows the address or name of the currently selected cell.
We can also use this area to create or use a range name.
 Insert Function button: Provides a means to insert Excel functions.
 Formula bar: Displays the contents of the currently selected cell.
 Scroll bars: The screen has both horizontal and vertical scroll bars.
 Sheet tabs: Each Excel file begins with three worksheets.

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Practical 10 Entering Excel Data
Entering Labels
Labels are traditionally descriptive pieces of information, such as names, months, or
other identifying information. Excel automatically recognizes information as a label if it
contains alphabetic characters

Entering Values
Values are the raw numbers that We track in a worksheet. When We enter a value, We
don’t need to enter commas or dollar signs.
Click on the cell in which We want to place the value and type the numerical values.

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Extending a Series with AutoFill
The following steps show We how to use the
AutoFill feature:
1. Fill the first cell with data (for example, a day or month, such as Monday or August).
2. Press Enter, which accepts the data entry.
3. Select the cell in which We just entered the data.
4. Position the mouse pointer on the small black box at the Our-right corner of the data
cell (fill handle). Our mouse pointer turns into a small black cross.
5. Drag the small black box across the cells We want to fill. We can drag the cells right,
left, up, or down.
6. Release the mouse. Excel fills in the cells with a continuation of Our data.

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Practical 11 Using Excel Functions
Understanding Function Syntax
Functions consist of several different parts. Like a formula, a function begins with an
equals (=) sign. The next part is the function name, which might be abbreviated to indicate
what the function does.
Examples of a function name include SUM, AVERAGE, or COUNT. After the name, We
enter a set of parentheses and enter arguments within those parentheses.
_ =SUM(B3:B21)
_ =AVERAGE(F1:G6)
_ =IF(B3>B4,“yes”, “no”)

Creating a Total with the SUM Function

Entering a SUM Function
One way to enter a SUM function is to type the function in its syntax directly into a cell
where We want the answer . Like other formulas, Excel displays the answer in the
current cell, but displays the actual function in the Formula bar

Using the AutoSum Button

1. Click the cell below or to the right of the values We want to total.
2. Choose Home>Editing>AutoSum or Formulas>Function Library>AutoSum.

USING DIFFERENT FORMULAS

A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. Functions are predefined
formulas and are already available in Excel.
For example, cell A3 below contains a formula which adds the value of cell A2 to the value

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of cell A1.

For example, cell A3 below contains the SUM function which calculates the sum of the
range A1:A2.

Enter a Formula
To enter a formula, execute the following steps.

1. Select a cell.

2. To let Excel know that We want to enter a formula, type an equal sign (=).

3. For example, type the formula A1+A2.

Tip: instead of typing A1 and A2, simply select cell A1 and cell A2.

4. Change the value of cell A1 to 3.

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Excel automatically recalculates the value of cell A3. This is one of Excel's most poOurful
features!
Edit a Formula
When We select a cell, Excel shows the value or formula of the cell in the formula bar.

1. To edit a formula, click in the formula bar and change the formula.

2. Press Enter.

Operator Precedence

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Excel uses a default order in which calculations occur. If a part of the formula is in
parentheses, that part will be calculated first. It then performs multiplication or division
calculations. Once this is complete, Excel will add and subtract the remainder of Our
formula. See the example below.

First, Excel performs multiplication (A1 * A2). Next, Excel adds the value of cell A3 to this
result.

Another example,

First, Excel calculates the part in parentheses (A2+A3). Next, it multiplies this result by
the value of cell A1.

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Practical 12 Making Excel looks good: Adjusting Width and Height of
cells
Adjusting Column Width
The following steps show We how We can widen a column:
1. To adjust the width of columns headings, select the headings of the columns We want
widened. If We want to adjust a single column, click any cell in that column or select the
column heading.
2. Choose a method to adjust column width:
 To manually change the width of columns, position the mouse pointer on the right
boundary of the column heading until it turns into a double ended arrow. Drag
until the column is the width that We want.

To set column width to a specific setting, choose Home>Cells>Format>

Column Width. The Column Width dialog box appears.
Type the exact width We want; then click OK.

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Changing Row Height
When We change to a larger font, Excel usually enlarges the row height to accommodate
the larger font size. We can also manually resize the row height. Highlight the row
headings whose height We want to adjust and do one of the following:
Manually change the row height. Position the mouse pointer on the bottom boundary of
the row heading until it turns into a double- ended arrow. Drag until the row is the
height that We want. As We move the pointer, a ScreenTip displays the new height.

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Practical 13 In Excel Sheet use of Aligning Data, Wrapping Text, Cell
Background Color & Merging Cells
Aligning Data
Begin by selecting the cells We want to align and choosing Home>Alignment. Then, select
one of these alignment buttons:
 Align Text Left: Horizontally aligns the data along the left edge of the cell.
 Center: Centers the data horizontally in the middle of the cell. If We change the column
width, the data remains centered to the new column width. In Figure 10-13, cells C2
through E2 are left-, center- and right-aligned respectively.
 Align Text Right: Horizontally aligns the data along the right edge of the cell.

 Top Align: Aligns the data vertically along the top edge of the cell.
 Middle Align: Centers the data vertically in the cell.
 Bottom Align: This is the default option and aligns the data along the bottom
edge of the cell.

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Merging Cells
Select the cell containing the data We want to merge and the cells We want to include in
the merge. The data cell must be in the left cell of the selection and the other cells
cannot contain data

Choose Home>Alignment>Merge & Center. All the selected cells merge into one larger
cell, and the data is centered horizontally

Wrapping Text in a Cell

The Wrap Text feature treats each cell like a miniature word processor, with text wrapping
around in the cell.
1. Select the cells We want to format.
2. Choose Home>Alignment>Wrap Text. The selected text cells contain more text than
will fit the width of the cell

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Placing Borders Around Cells
We can add border lines to individual cells and groups of cells. A border can appear
around all sides of the cell or only on certain sides, such as the top or bottom. Different
from an underline, which runs directly under letters and numbers, a border flows across
the entire width or height of a cell.

Applying Cell Background Colors

Adding a background color to a cell or group of cells can make Our worksheet more
interesting and can call attention to specific areas of the worksheet.

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Practical 14 Inserting a Chart into Excel
When We insert a chart, We can create the chart or We can tell Excel to place the chart on
top of the sheet with the data.
There are various kinds of charts :

_ Column: Column charts compare values to categories using a series of vertical columns
to illustrate the series.
_ Bar: Bar charts, like column charts, compare values to categories but use a series of
horizontal bars to illustrate the series.
_ Line: Line charts are similar to bar charts but use dots to represent the data points and
lines to connect the data points.
_ Pie: This chart compares parts to a whole. Usually a pie chart has only one data series.
Fig below illustrates data appropriate for a pie chart.

_ Area: Area charts display the trend of each value, usually over a specified period of
time.
_ Scatter: These charts include two value axes, one showing a set of numerical data along
the x-axis and the other showing data along the y-axis.
_ Surface: This shows trends in values in a continuous curve.
_ Doughnut: This displays data similarly to a pie chart; it compares parts to a whole but
contains multiple series.
_ Stock: Stock charts are usually (but not exclusively) used to illustrate the fluctuation
of stock prices. In a stock chart, the data order is very important and usually the row
headings are High, Low, and Close (or Open, High, Low, and Close).
_ Radar: This displays changes in values relative to a center point by comparing the
cumulative values of multiple data series.
_ Bubble: These charts are similar to scatter charts but compare three sets of values by
displaying a series of circles.
_ Cylinder, Cone, and Pyramid: Excel uses these three chart types to create a column
or bar chart using threedimensional cylindrical, conical, or pyramid shapes.

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Practical 15 Starting with Power Point Basics: Creating New
Presentation, Using Templates, Inserting Blank Slide, Copying Slides
and layouts.
When We open the Power Point application, a blank slide appears and the program is in
Normal view.

Creating a New Presentation

When We started PowerPoint, We saw a new, blank presentation ready for We to work
with. If We do not want to start with the blank presentation provided when We open
PowerPoint

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Selecting Pre-Designed Templets in Presentation
We can select from the many pre-designed, pre-formatted Power Point templates.

Inserting Blank Slides

When We insert a slide, We must select that layout that best resembles the slide We
want to create.
Choose Home>Slides and click the arrow at the bottom of the New Slide button.

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Slide Layouts
The following list explains each slide layout and what placeholders it contains:
_ Title Slide: Contains two text placeholders. Typically We use the larger text box for
the presentation title and the smaller one for the presentation description.
_ Title and Content: Contains one text placeholder, usually used for the slide title, and
one content placeholder.
_ Section Header: Very similar to a Title slide, the section header contains two text
placeholders. Section header slides are usually used to break a presentation into separate
areas.
_ Two Content: Contains one text placeholder for the slide title and two side-by-side
content placeholders.
_ Comparison: Contains three text placeholders and two side-by-side content
placeholders. One text placeholder is used for the slide title, and the other two are
positioned above the content placeholders.
_ Title Only: Contains one text placeholder positioned for the slide title.
_ Blank: Contains no placeholders.
_ Content with Caption: Contains two text placeholders and one content placeholder.
One text placeholder is for the slide title and the other for content explanatory text.
_ Picture with Caption: Contains two text placeholders and a modified content
placeholder. One text placeholder is for the slide title and the other is to explain the
content placeholder. The content placeholder is modified to insert only pictures.

Copying Slides
If We need a new slide similar to one in the current presentation We can save Ourself
time by duplicating the slide and then editing the duplicate as needed.
1. From the Slide list pane, click the slide We want to duplicate.
2. Choose Home>Slides and click the New Slide arrow.
3. Choose Duplicate Selected Slides. PowerPoint creates a copy of the slide and inserts
the copy directly below the selected slide

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Practical 16 Including Text, Image and Table & Charts to a slide
Including Text on Slides
Think of each text placeholder as a miniature Word document in that We just begin
typing Our text. The text stays constrained to the placeholder, but, if needed, Power
Point wraps the text around in the placeholder box
Choose Insert>Text>Text Box. Bring Our cursor to the slide and draw a box about the
size We want the entire block of text.

Attaching Graphic Images

When working with a content slide, We can, as We just discovered, add bullet point text.
Another element type We can add to a content slide is a graphic image.
A slide content placeholder has six icons in the middle As We hover Our mouse over
each icon, the icon brightens and a ScreenTip appears to describe the type of content.
The six content icons are Insert Table, Insert Chart, Insert SmartArt Graphic, Insert
Picture from File, ClipArt, and Insert Media Clip.

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Add clipart to a slide
Here is how We can add clipart to a slide content placeholder:
1. Choose the slide We want to place clipart and in the content placeholder, click the Clip
Art icon. If We do not want the clipart in the content placeholder, but just as a separate
screen object, choose Insert>Images>Clip Art. Either way, the Clip Art pane appears on
the right side of the screen.
2. In the Search For box, type a word or short phrase that best describes the image We
want. For example, typing planet brings up a collection of artwork ranging from globes to
astronauts.
3. Click the Go button. Office displays the available clipart that matches Our request
4. Click the image We want. The image appears in the slide.
5. Click the Close button to close the Clip Art

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Inserting Tables
If We want to present Our data in a row and column, use a table on the slide. Tables are a
great way to display the numerical facts that backup
Begin by selecting the slide on which We want the table and then clicking the Insert Table
icon on the content placeholder.
The Insert Table dialog box appears prompting We for the number of columns and rows
We want in Our table. Enter the numbers We want and click OK. If We do not want to use
the content placeholder, We can optionally choose Insert> Tables>Table, which provides
a grid where We can select the table size.

When We insert a table, and while the table is active, Power Point adds two contextual
tabs to the Ribbon: Table Tools Design and Table Tools Layout, The Table Tools Design
tab helps We manage the overall table appearance, and the Table Tools Layout tab
primarily helps We manage the table plan.

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Building Charts
In PowerPoint, We decide on the chart first, then We enter the data. The following
shows the steps involved:
1. From the slide We want to place a chart, click the Insert Chart icon on the content
placeholder, or, if We are not using a content placeholder, choose Insert> Illustrations>
Chart.
2. From the Insert Chart dialog box, select the chart style We want and then click OK.
Our PowerPoint window resizes itself to half the screen and an Excel worksheet window
with sample data in it appears on the right.

3. Edit the worksheet data so the labels and values portray the data We want shown. As
We make the changes, the chart in the PowerPoint window immediately reflects the
changes

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4. When We finish editing the data, close the Excel window. We do not need to save
changes as they are already saved in PowerPoint.
5. The PowerPoint window displays three Chart Tools tabs (Design, Layout, and Format)
while the chart is selected, so We can edit the chart design as We learned for editing an
Excel chart.

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Practical 17 Creating Smart Art, Working with Hierarchy levels in
SmartArt, Adding Colour to the Smart Art
Creating SmartArt
Another element We can place on a content slide is called SmartArt. SmartArt objects are
diagrams that show relationships, product cycles, workflow processes, and such.
_ List: Use this type for describing related items, usually sequential or showing a
progression.
_ Process: Use this type for describing how a concept or physical process changes over
time.
_ Cycle: Use this type to show progress from one stage to another when the process
repeats itself.
_ Hierarchy: Use this type to describe relationships between items or people. A
company organization chart is an example of a Hierarchy diagram.
_ Relationship: Use this type to describe how two or more items are connected to each
other.
_ Matrix: Use this type for showing the relationship between the whole and its
components.
_ Pyramid: Use this for showing proportional or interconnected relationships.
_ Picture: Use this type to lay out a series of pictures.
Begin by clicking the Insert SmartArt Graphic icon in the content placeholder or by
choosing Insert>Illustrations>SmartArt. The Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box
appears. Select the diagram type We want, and then from the List section, choose the
diagram subtype and click OK.

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Working with Hierarchy Levels in SmartArt
PowerPoint by default provides several higher headings and a few lower headings. We
can promote or demote these headings as needed. In the Text pane, click anywhere in
the line We want to promote or demote and do one of the following:
 Press the Tab key to demote to a lower level. Optionally, choose SmartArt Tools
Design>Create Graphic>Demote.
 Press the Shift+Tab key to promote to a higher level. Optionally, choose SmartArt
Tools Design>Create Graphic>Promote. As We promote or demote the text, the
slide graphic immediately reflects the changes

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Adding Colour to the Smart Art
If We want to change the diagram colors, choose SmartArt Tools Design>SmartArt
Styles>Change Colors.

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Practical 18 Selecting Themes, Choosing Background and Drawing
Shapes
Selecting Themes
The theme We select sets the tone for Our entire presentation. If We are giving a
presentation on an arctic oil exploration We probably want a presentation with cooler
color tones, but if We are giving a presentation on global warming, We want one with
warmer colors. For vibrant presentations, use one with bright distinctive colors shades.
Choosing a theme is a very personal choice.
To apply one of the predefined themes, choose Design>Themes and click the More button.
A gallery of themes appears

Choosing a Background
While a predefined theme already has a background, We can easily select something
different.
The following steps walk We through changing the slide background.
1. Choose Design>Background>Background Styles. A gallery of styles appears
2. If We want one of the background styles, select it. The background applies to all Our
slides. If We want to create Our own background, choose Format Background, which
displays the Format Background dialog box, and continue with these steps.
3. If not already highlighted, click the Fill option on the dialog box’s left side.
4. Choose one of the following options:
_ Solid Fill: This option provides a single uniform color. Click the Color button and
select a color. As We choose a color, We immediately see it on the current slide.
Optionally, drag the transparency slider to the right to lighten the color hue.

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_ Gradient Fill: This option gives the background a mixture of two colors gradually
blending into each other. When We choose this option, the dialog box changes to provide
the options. Select the two colors We want to blend.
_ Picture or Texture Fill: This option provides a means to select either a texture for
the background or an image. If We want a texture, click the Texture button and select an
option from the gallery. If We want a picture for Our background, either click the File
button and choose Our picture or click the Clip Art button and choose the clipart We want
for Our background.
_ Pattern Fill: This option provides a variety of pattern styles ranging from polka dots
to cross hatch marks. Patterns consist of two colors and the option provides buttons where
We can select a background color

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Drawing Shapes
Even if We do not have an artistic bone in Our body, We can still draw with the
Microsoft Office drawing features. We can draw arrows, boxes, stars, circles, callouts,
and dozens of other objects. The Shapes feature is available in Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
and Publisher.
Follow these steps to draw a shape:
1. Select the slide on which We want to draw.
2. Choose Insert>Illustrations>Shapes. A gallery of shapes appears.
3. Choose the shape We want. The gallery closes and Our mouse pointer turns into a
small black plus sign.
4. Click and drag in the slide until the shape that appears is about the size We want.
When We release the mouse button, the shape object becomes selected.

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Practical 19 Slide show, Animation and transition Setting Slide
Transitions & Slide Show
Slide Transition
Follow these steps to assign slide transitions:
1. Select the slides to which We want to apply a transition effect.
2. Choose Transitions>Transition to This Slide, and click the More button. A gallery of
slide transitions appears

3. Select the transition We want. A selected slide previews the transition effect.
Optionally, choose Transitions>Timing> Sound drop-down menu.
Choose Transitions>Timing>Advance Slide and specify how the slide should advance to
the next slide:
 Choose On Mouse Click if We want the transition to occur when We click the
mouse button.
 Choose After if We want the transition to occur automatically after a specified
time.
 In the After box, enter a number of seconds the slide should display before
advancing to the next slide.

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 Assigning Predefined Animations
An animation is similar to a transition, but a transition moves from one slide to another,
whereas an animation moves an individual object on or off the screen within a slide.
PowerPoint comes with quite a few preset animation schemes.
1. If necessary, switch to Normal view by choosing View>Presentation Views>Normal. We
cannot assign animations in Slide Sorter view because We cannot select the component
We want to assign an animation.
2. Display the slide We want to assign an animation and then select the component We
want to animate. It could be a slide title or any graphic element.
3. Choose Animations>Animations and click the More button.

4. Hover Our mouse over any of the animation choices to see Our selected object with
the animation. Click the animation We want.

Setting Up the Slide Show

For the final presentation we use a slideshow for presenting the slide.

The slide can be presented by clicking From the Beginning or we can start the
slide show from the current slide

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Practical 20 Basic Information of Computer Networking and IO
Devices.
CPU
Its meaning is Central Processing Unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central
processor or Nerve Centre or heart, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most
calculations take place. The CPU is the brains of the computer.

Central processing unit (CPU) is the central component of the Computer System. Sometimes
it is called as microprocessor or processor. It is the brain that runs the show inside the Computer. All
functions and processes that is done on a computer is performed directly or indirectly by the
processor. Obviously, computer processor is one of the most important elements of the Computer
system. CPU is consists of transistors, that receives inputs and produces output. Transistors perform
logical operations which is called processing. It is also, scientifically, not only one of the most
amazing parts of the PC, but one of the most amazing devices in the world of technology.

In terms of computing power, the computer processor is the most important element of a computer
system. It add and compare its data in cpu chip. A CPU of all computers, whether micro, mini or
mainframe must have three parts.

Parts of CPU

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It is the part of computer processor (CPU) can be used to
perform arithmetic and logic operations. An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is further divided into two
parts, (AU) arithmetic unit and a (LU) logic unit.

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Control Unit (CU): Decodes the program instruction. CPU chip used in a computer is partially made
out of Silica. on other words silicon chip used for data processing are called Micro Processor.

Keyboard
A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the computer
system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A keyboard
typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specific
functions. A keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a wireless connection.

Typical keyboard for a desktop computer

Most keyboards have a very similar layout. The individual keys for letters, numbers and special
characters are collectively called the character keys. The layout of these keys is derived from the
original layout of keys on a typewriter. The most widely used layout in the English language is called
QWERTY, named after the sequence of the first six letters from the top left.

Mouse
A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can move
and select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface
such as a mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer. The picture to the right is an
example of a desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel.

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 The mouse was originally known as the X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System and was
invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963 while working at Xerox PARC. However, due to Alto's lack
of success, the first widely used application of the mouse was with the Apple Lisa computer. Today,
this pointing device is on virtually every computer.

Monitor
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better
the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character,
such as the letter ‗e‘ in the word help.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a
series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most
screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.

There are some disadvantages of CRT −

 Large in Size
 High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists.

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 Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer,
and graphics display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

 Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light.
For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).

 Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or

light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid- Crystal
Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper. There are

two types of printers −

 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the
paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
These printers are of two types −

 Character printers
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  Line printers
Character Printers

Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time. These are

further divided into two types:

 Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

 Daisy Wheel
Dot Matrix Printer

In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular because
of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of pattern of dots
and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character
which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.

Daisy Wheel

Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower) which
is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word- processing in
offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

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 Line Printers

Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.

These are of two types −

 Drum Printer

 Chain Printer
Drum Printer

This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum is divided
into a number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper width of 132
characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the track. Different character
sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set. One rotation of drum
prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.

Chain Printer

In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer. A standard
character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a
complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of two types −

 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

 Faster than impact printers

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  They are not noisy
 High quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size
Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the
characters to be printed on a page.

Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print
characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with
presentable features.

They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes
available. Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple
copies of printing also.

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Storage Devices
1. USB Flash Drive
A USB Flash Drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which is used to store data and
transfer information. Flash drives are also called as pen-drives, jump-drives, and thumb-drives.
Basically, every USB flash drive are re-writable and removable. Actually, USB Flash Drive is robust
because there are no moving parts. At the time of First stage the size of USB Flash Drive was just like
8 MB and now the size of USB Flash Drive is just like 2 GB to 1 TB.

2. Memory Cards

A Memory Card is a small storage device just like 16 MB to 64 GB and this storage device is used
for storing media and data files. Memory card is Non-Volatile, permanent storage device which is
used inside of Phone, Camera, and many other electronic devices. There are so many types of memory
card in market, and it's totally depended on size.

3. CD (Compact Disk)

The CD was created by Pilips factory in Germany on august,1982. Compact Disk is the full form of
CD, it‘s looks like a flat, round and the measures of standard CD is 120 millimeters and across
1.2 mm thick. The size of Compact Disk is 650 Megabytes to 700 Megabytes. A compact Disk is a
portable storage medium that can store audio, video, picture, and also Data.

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4. DVD (Digital Video Disk)

DVD (Digital Video Disk) is an optical disk format invented and developed in 1995.The Capacity of
CD is 4.7 GB and the Weight is 16 grams. The Compact Disk can store any kind of digital media just
like video, audio, picture, game, software, data. Actually, DVD is just like a ROM because data can
only be read and not written. DVD can be single side or double side both, the size of single side DVD
is 4.7 GB and the size of double side DVD is 9.4 GB.

5. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

IBM company‘s engineer created the first Hard Disk Drive in 1953.The size of Hard Disk was just
like two refrigerators. A Hard Disk Drive is a non-volatile secondary storage device, here data can
store permanently. unlike RAM, it is non-volatile means data is retained when the computer is
turned off. A Hard Disk Drive is actually a set of stacked disks. The first production IBM hard Disk
was 305 disk storage which was shipped in 1957.

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 Windows Operating System

The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system. It is the most popular
and simplest operating system; it can be used by any person who can read and understand basic English,
as it does not require any special training.

However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various application programs
initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then window can be
executed.

Elements of Windows OS
Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

 Graphical User Interface

 Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
 Taskbar
 Start button
 Windows explorer
 Mouse button
 Hardware compatibility
 Software compatibility
 Help, etc.
Once you are logged in a window computer system, you will get dozens of applications, so you
can choose an option of your requirement.

Many of the options have shortcut icon readily available on your computer screen; however, in some
computers, you may not find any such option on the screen; in such a case, you can take the help of
menu button (as shown in the image given below) −

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 Start Menu Options
The following table lists down the options that appear after clicking on the Start menu −

Option & Description

1. All programs

It displays all those programs, which are installed in your system.

2. Document

It displays a list of folders used by the user.

3. Recent file
It displays the recently used file.
4. My picture
It displays a list of pictures.
5. My music
It displays a list of music/song, etc.
6. My computer
It displays the drives of computer where user keeps his/her work, file, folder, song, video,
picture, e-book, etc.
7. Control panel

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 It displays all the installed computer programs (software).
8. Printer
It displays the installed printers (if printer is installed in the system, user can take
print easily).
9. Help (support)
It helps users to know how to do a particular task.
10. Search
It helps a user to find a file in computer.
11. Run
It helps to start an application program or execute a DOS command.
12. Setting
It has different options that help to manage different settings of the computer,
software as well as hardware.
13. Log Off
It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the system.
14. Sleep
It makes the system non-functional; however, puts the ongoing work and settings in
memory and also keeps drawing small amount of power.
15. Hibernation
Hibernation puts the open documents and programs on hard disk and then turns off
your computer; in comparison to ‗sleep‘, it uses very low power.
16. Restart
Its function is to shut down and again start (log on) computer; it is done normally to
refresh computer especially when computer is hanged.
17. Shut down
It simply shuts down the system.

Recycle Bin
Recycle Bin is a trash location where deleted files remain stored. Once you delete any
sort of file, it gets stored (automatically) into recycle bin; therefore, if you mistakenly
deleted some important file, don‘t panic, go to recycle bin and restore it. However, if you
deleted file from recycle bin as well, then it is very difficult to restore that permanently
deleted file.

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