21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

ETIMOLOGY DIVISION OF LITERATURE

 It was said to be derived from the Latin word PROSE

Literature which means “writing” or “learning”,  Follow the natural flow of speech
 written or verbal language
from literatus, meaning “literate” or “learned”.
 This form is mainly ascribed to be composed
LITERATURE freely.

 It covers both oral and written forms FORM

of works which manifest expressive or imaginative - Paragraph
quality, nobility of thoughts, timelessness, LANGUAGE
and lastly universality. - words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language
 It is also described as for having an APPEAL
excellent form in which the expression of permanent - intellect
and universal ideas can be established aesthetically.
AIM
 It takes significant human experiences
- convince, inform, instruct
as its main subject.
POETRY
 It mainly discusses various dimensions
 A type of literature that conveys a thought,
of life as its miseries and glories. describes a scene or tells a story in a
concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words.
 Denotes literature as the collective
 Structured, sometimes in free form
production of the human mind that deals with  Known as the economical means of expression.
permanent and universal themes ascribed FORM
by creativity and grace of expression. - verse
WEBSTER COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY
LANGUAGE
 Literature as writings manifesting excellence
- metrical, rhythmical, figurative language
of form which also covers the expression of ideas of
APPEAL
permanent and universal interest produced in a
- emotions
particular language, country, or age.
AIM
WEBSTER 9TH NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY
- stir the readers imagination, present an ideal of how
 Literature mainly provides a unique life should be and how life can be
depiction of life which is different from what science 21st CENTURY
provides. It enables people to have an imaginative
 It is the current century of the Anno Domini Era
experience the “lived” meanings of a piece of life.
or Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian
BROOKS ET.AL. calendar. It began on January 1, 2001 and will end on
December 31, 2100.
 Literature as the artistic reproduction
 21st century literature deals with current
of human experience in either poetry or prose.
BARITUGO ET.AL.. themes and issues and it also reflect a technological
culture, it also breaks traditional writing rules; hence,
 Literature is the product of humans themes and issues we are going through now are freely
Imaginative thoughts, aspirations, beliefs, ideas and written, expressed, and conveyed through technology.
experiences which is universal and that stood the test of
time.
KEY FEATURES OF LITERATURE

LITERATURE IS A FORM OF COMMUNICATION

 Literature is mainly described as a product or

a commentary on the life process.

LITERATURE IS AN ART

 Literature takes an excellent form. It is a

artistic expression of man’s desires, aspirations, and
conditions.
NOBILITY OF THOUGHTS
 It is necessary to highlight ideas of great

importance and significance.

 Songs, dance and the drama probably
TIMELESSNESS
developed simultaneously
 A work must have an enduring quality in which
 Most of pre-colonial drama was held in places
its beauty as well as its applicability can withstand the of worship.
change of time.
 A literature of varying human interest.
UNIVERSALITY
 self – expression
 A work must have global applicability in which
a work transcends across space. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

Subjects:
LITERATURE HAS UTILITY
War, love, legends, war heroes and memory of
 The term “utile” refers to the intellectual, the deceased.
emotional, and social function of any creative or literary
work.

 “Literature can liberate our minds and can uplift

our spirits. It has the power to influence perspectives

about the self and the world in general.”

---Montealegre

PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

-Salawikain -Bugtong
-Diona -Kumintang
-Oyayi -Soliranin
-Kasabihan -Kantahing bayan Epic
-Kundiman -Hibais Ibalon (Bikolanos)
Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilocos)
-Bansal -Bung-aw Alim and Hudhud (Ifugao)
-Dalit -Dipayanin Bantugan (Muslims)
Prose and Works
-Kantahing bayan Legend Myth
PRE-COLONIAL PEROOD Folk tales Fables
Parables
 characterized mainly by oral tradition that
shows our customs and traditions in everyday SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)
life.
 Literature is classified as religious and secular.
 The early literary forms of the Philippines were
epic, legends, riddles and proverbs.  Liberal ideas and internationalism

influenced Filipinos minds in understanding “liberty and

freedom”
 PROPAGANDISTS

-Dr. Jose P. Rizal

- Assimilation, wrote in Spanish and published their
articles in the newspaper called La Solidaridad.
-their writings were seditious and satirical.

REVOLUTIONISTS

-Gat Andres Bonifacio

-Separation from Spain, wrote in Tagalog.
-their concise writings had patriotic themes.

PROPAGANDISTS

Jose Rizal
SPANISH PERIOD -Noli Me Tangere
-El Filibusterismo
 During the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the
Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell)
first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. A poem when he was incarcerated at Fort
Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the
 Literature started to flourish. best in the world.
Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos (On the Indolonce
of the Filipinos)
An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and
an evaluation of the reasons for such allegations.

Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippines within a

Century)
An essay predicting the increasing influence of
the US in the Philippines and the decreasing interest of
Europe here.
A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
A poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino Youth
studying at UST.

El Consejo De Los Dioses (The Council of Gods)

An Allegorical play manifesting admiration for
Gaspar Aquino de Belen and Mariano Pilapil Cervantes.
-They wrote the Mahal na Pasion ni Jesu Christo, a Junto Al Pasig (Beside the Pasig River)
Tagalog poem based on Christ passion, was published in Written by Rizal when he was 14 years of age.
1704 Me Piden Versos (You Asked Me for Verses) 1882 and
Francisco Baltazar A Las Flores De Heidelberg (To the Flowers of
Heidelberg)
-Popularly called Balagtas. Two poems manifesting Rizal’s unusual depth of
emotion.
-Florante at Laura.
-Balagtasan. Notas A La Obra Sucesos De Las Filipinas For El Dr.
Antonio De Morga
(Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antionio de Morga)
Crisostomo Sotto
1889
-Father of Pampango Literature.
P. Jacinto: Memorias De Un Estudiante De Manila
-Crisotan of the Pampangos.
(P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882

Diario De Viaje De Norte America

Pedro Bukaneg
(Diary of a Voyage to North America)
-Father of Ilocano Literature.
-Bukanegan of the Ilocanos. Marcelo H. del Pilar
Ang Tanda ng Cara-i-Cruz
Fr. Modesto de Castro
- Ang tanda nang cara-i-cruz ang ipangadya mo sa amin
-He authored the book of etiquette consisting of letters
Panginoong naming Fraile sa manga bangkay naming, sa
exchanged between two sisters Urbana at Felisa.
ngalan nang Salapi at nang Maputing binte, at nang
Espiritung Bugaw. Siya naua.
Pag-ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country) REVOLUTIONISTS
Published on August 20, 1882 in Diariong
Tagalog Antonio Luna
-Was a pharmacist
Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful)
A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr.
Rodiguez in the novel Noli of Rizal. Published in Se Devierten (How Diverted Themselves)
Barcelona in 1888 (Dolores Manapat) Noche Buena (Christmas Eve)
It pictured true Filipino life.
Ang Cadaquilaan Ng Dios (God’s Goodness)
Contains a philosophy of the power and La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino Conference or Feast)
intelligence of God and an appreciation for love of
nature. Por Madrid (For Madrid)

Sagot Sa Espanya Sa Hibik ng Pilipinas (Answer to La Casa De Huespedes(The Landlady’s House)

Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos) ANDRES BONIFACIO
A poem.
-May Pag-asa (Katipunan)
Dupluhan…Dalit…Mga Bugtong (A poetical contest in -Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa
narratives sequence, psalms, riddles)
Ang Dapat Mabatid Ng Mga Tagalog (What the
La Soberania En Pilipinas (Sovereignity in the Tagalogs Should Know)
Philippines)
This shows the injustices of the friars to the Katungkulang Gagawin Ng Mga Anak Ng Bayan
Filipinos. (Obligations of Our Countrymen)
Por Telefono (By Telephone)
Huling Paalam (Last Farewell)
Pasiong Dapat Ipag-Alab ng Puso ng Taong Babasa Traslation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog
(Passion that should arouse the hearts of the readers)
EMILIO JACINTO
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
-Author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan.
-It introduces the stereotypical Spanish friar who uses -A La Patria (To the Fatherland)
religion as a tool for oppressing others in order to
satiate his appetite for food, money and women. APOLINARIO MABINI

La Hija Del Frail (The Child of the Friar) and Everything -Brain of the Revolution
is Hambug (Everything is mere How)
Explains the tragedy of marrying Spaniards. -El Verdadero Decalog (The True Decalogue)
Sa Mga Pilipino…1891… -Programa Constitucional dela Republica Filipina
A speech which aimed to improve the condition -El Verdadero Decalogo (The True Decalogue or Ten
of the Filipinos to become free and progressive. Commandments)
Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An Oration to -El Desarollo Y Caida De La Republica Pilipina (The Rise
Commemorate Columbus) and Fall of the Philippine Republic)
En Honor De Los Artistas Luna Y Resurreccion Hidalgo -Sa Bayang Pilipino (To the Filipino Nation)
1884
-Pahayag (News)
En Honor Del Presidente Morayta De La Associacion MARIANO PONCE
Hispano Filipino 1884
Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal -in La Solidaridad, his works included daily editorials on
treatment of the Filipinos history, politics, sociology and travel.

El Bandolerismo En Pilipinas (Banditry in the -Mga Alamat ng Bulacan (Legends of Bulacan)

Philippines) -Pagpugot kay Longinos (The Beheading of Longinos) --
-play
Honor En Pilipinas (Honor in the Philippines) -Sobre Filipinos (About the Filipinos)
Pag-alis Sa Buwis Sa Pilipinas (Abolition of Taxes in the -Ang Mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina (The Filipinos in Indo-
Philippines) China

Institucion ng Pilipinas (Sufferings of the Philippines) PEDRO PATERNO

Jaena refers here to the wrong management of
education in the Philippines I 1887 -A Mi Madre (To My Mother)

- Sampaguita Y Poesias Varias (Sampaguita and Varied

Poems
JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN
-Ang Lupang Tinubuan (My Native Land) SEVERINO REYES

-Ang Aking Buhay (My Life) -WALANG SUGAT

-Su Plano De Estudio (Your Study Plan)

AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1946)
-El Pensamiento (The Thinking)
 The most productive period in Philippine
JOSE PALMA
Literature.
- Became popular because of his Himno Nacional
Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem), which was set  Freedom of expression
by Julian Felipe
 Freedom of press

NEWSPAPER DURING REVOLUTION  Firm establishment of English as the medium of

instruction in all schools.
Heraldo De La Revolucion
Printed the decrees of the Revolutionary  Active arousal in the field of literature started to
Government and works in Tagalog that aroused be felt newspapers.
nationalism.
 Filipino writers went into all forms of literature
La Independencia (Independence) like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays,
Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aims was for essays, and novels.
Philippine Independence.
 Writings clearly depicted their love of country
La Republica Pilipina (The Philippine Republic) and their longings for independence.
Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898.
 Imitation of the writing style and method of the
La Libertad (Liberty) Americans.
Edited by Clemente Zulueta.
Influences of the Americans

- Schools
-New education system
-Cleanliness and hygiene
-English language
-Politics
-Freedom of Speech

Characteristics of literature

-Nationalism
-Freedom of Speech
-Experience
-Search and use of a new medium

School of Thoughts

Jose Garcia Villa

Art for art’s sake dictum

-literary pieces as art objects subject to aesthetic

appreciation.

Salvador Lopez

Art for society’s sake dictum

-literary pieces as instruments to effect social change in

thereby having social functions.

JOSE CORAZON de JESUS

-Barong Tagalog (1921)

JOSE de la CRUZ -Bayan Ko (1929)
-Isang Punong Kahoy (1932)
-King of Filipino Poetry
-Ibong Adarna, commonly attributed to him but until -The king of the balagtasan. He was the finest of the
now its exact authorship is disputed. genre.
Major Novels
-Filipino Rebel by Maximo Kalaw the Filipino in developing the vernacular literature.
-His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya
-Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa by Ishmael Amado Haiku
-short descriptive poem about nature
STORIES -17 syllables (5-7-5)
Senryu
-How my brother Leon brought home a wife -3 lines similar to haiku (5-7-5 but differs from
by Manuel Arguilla the latter in rhyme)
-Children of the Ash Covered Loam - the subject is human nature
by N.V.M. Gonzales - the tone is satirical and ironical
-Nena at Neneng Tanka
by Valerian Hernandez Pena - the longest among three, having 5 lines and 31
-Pinaglahuan syllables (5,7,5,7,7)
Faustino Aguilar Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature
Zarzuelistas - known to be the most prestigious and longest-
Juan Abad running award-giving body.
Aurelio Tolentino Drama
Juan Matapang Cruz The drama experienced a lull during the
Japanese period because movie houses showing
Paz Marquez Benitez American films were closed.
-Dead Stars
Translators:
Aurelio Tolentino Francisco Rodrigo
Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas Alberto Concio
Alberto Pimentel
Patricio Mariano
Anak ng Dagat Short story writers:
Lope K. Santos -Brigido Batungbakal
Banaag at Sikat -Macario Pineda
Zoilo Galang -Serafin Guinigindo
Child of Sorrow -Liwayway Arceo
-first novel in English
-Narciso Ramos Gonzalez
Period of Initial Autonomy -Alicia Lopez Lim
-Ligaya Perez
Panitikan -Gloria Guzman
-Group of aristocratic writers.
Lazaro Francisco
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) -National Artist for Literature 2009.
 Philippine literature in English came to a -12 novels, 7 short stories, 2 plays
Amado V. Hernandez
halt – writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. -Proclaimed “Makata ng Ilaw at Panitik” in 1925

 Filipino writing being described as pessimistic Jose Garcia Villa

-poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter.
and bitter. ---Victoria Abelardo -National Artist for Literature 1973.
 The Japanese banned English newspaper Alejandro G. Abadilla
-poet, essayist and fictionist
 Minimal freedom of speech and of the press
-Ako ang Daigdig (collection of poems)
 This period served as the “golden period” for Genoveva Edroza-Matute
-Kwento ni Mabuti, 1951 (short story) most
short stories and Tagalog drama. The use of English was anthologized short story in the native Philippine
prohibited and the vernacular or the national language Tagalog Language.
dominated. -short stories won 1st prize
1. Kwento ni Mabuti, 1951
 The weekly Liwayway was placed under strict 2. Paglalayag ng Isang Bata
surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named 3. Parusa, 1961
Ishiwara. Claro M. Recto
-Shadow and Solitude: A Play in One Act
 Voice of Freedom underground radio program. -Statesman, politician and poet

Stevan Javellana
-Without Seeing the Dawn
 Japanese were able to influence and encourage
A post war novel set in Japanese period and tells the Short stories
grim experiences of Filipino during that era.
-You Lovely People (1955)
JOSE Ma. HERNANDEZ -Brother, My Brother (1960)
-He was a Kapampangan Muslim blacksmith who is -Scent of Apples (1979)
acknowledged as “The First Filipino Cannon-maker”
Poetry
Julian Cruz Balmaceda
-The Wounded Stag
-Sino ba kayo?
-Distance: In Time (1983)
-Dahil sa anak
-” March Death”
-Higante ng patay
Cloduado Del Mundo BEST STORIES WRITTEN

-Bulaga (an expression in the game Hida and Seek) Lupang Tinubuan ni Narciso Reyes
Francisco Rodrigo Dugo at Utak ni Cornelio S. Reyes
-Sa Pula sa Puti
BEST DRAMA WRITTEN
Rafael Zulueta Da Costa
Panday Pira (Jose Maria Hernandez)
-Like the Molave
Pula sa Puti (Francisco Rodrigo)
-like the Molave means that we are strong, independent
and brave. Bulaga “an expression in the game hide and seek”
Liwayway Arceo (Clodualdo Del Mundo)
-Canal de la Reina (1985) Sino ba kayo? Dahil sa Anak, and Higante ng Patay
-Titser (1995) (Julian Cruz Balmaceda)
-Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa (The Best Short Stories of
POST-WAR PERIOD (1946-1970)
1943)
 It is also known as a “Recovering Era”
Carlos P. Romulo
-won the Pulitzer Prize for his best sellers, “I saw the fall
of the Philippines”, “I see the Philippines rise”, “Mother  Themes on social issues and domestic
America” and “My Brother Americans”
NICOMEDES “Nick” JOAQUIN conditions were mostly revealed by the texts written
-The Woman Who Had Two Navels (novel), 1961 during such period.
VIRGIO ALMARIO
 Philippine writing in vernacular became
- National Artist of the Philippines
-Palipad-Hangin (1985) popular.

-Katon para sa Limang Pandama (2987)

N.V.M. Gonzales
-Buwan, Buwang, Bulawan (2009)
-Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales
ROGELIO R. SIKAT
-Lungsod Nayon at Dagat-dagatan
Short stories
-Season of Grace (1956)
-Impeng Negro
MACARIO PINEDA
-Tata Selo
BIENVINIDO N. SANTOS -Ginto sa Makiling (1946), the first Phil. Literary Work
after the World War II.
Novels
-The Volcano (1965) The Rebirt of Freedom (1946-1970)

-Villa Magdalena (1965) -July 4, 1946

-The Praying Man (1982)

Manuel Viray Gulong ng Palad
-Heart of the Islands (1947) Flor de Luna
Anna Liza
Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
Superman
-Philippine Cross Section (1950)
Tarzan
Nick Joaquin Leading Papers:
-Prose and Poems (1952) Bulletin Today
Times Journal
T.D. Agcaioli
Peoples Journal
-Philippine Writing (1953)
Pilipino Express
Amador Daguio
Philippine Daily Express
-Philippine Harvest Evening Post

Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

September 21, 1972
- Horizons Least (1967)
Malaya --- underground publications
Post-war Period
- The writer’s freedom (freedom of the press and
- The writers had a better knowledge of their craft and
freedom of expressions) were curled in much the same
enjoyed political activism
way as the other freedoms (freedom of speech,
Period of Activism
freedom of assembly, and so forth) were suppressed.

- Nationalism was emphasized by young and aspiring

-After all the suppression, it did not prevent writers to
writers.
voice out their sentiments in the form of poem, short

- Revolutionary form of literature attacked the ills of the stories, essays and plays.

society
- Writers in this period --- Francisco Sionil Jose, Ricardo

-The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during Lee, Rolando Tinio, and many more produced satires

this period of the mass revolution. against the government.

-Bomba films started to come out.

PERIOD OF SOCIETY (1972-1980)

-Jose F. Lacaba
- Period of the New Society (after which was named
-Nick Joaquin
Marcoses’ political party, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan or
-Salvador P. Lopez
KBL)
-Gregorio C. Brillantes
- Pro-government propaganda materials in the form of

Poets: songs and short write-ups were circulated.

Ponciano Pineda Theme:

Anacieto Silvestre Almost all themes in most writings dealt with

Jose Garcia Revelo the development or progress of the country.

Bienvinido Ramos Theme:

Composers: Poems dealt with patience, regard for native

Freddie Aguilar culture, customs and the beauties of nature and

Jose Marie Chan surroundings.

Tito, Vic and Joey - Provided a venue in reviving traditional drama and in

Television Plays: creating original plays.

Filipino Films: Alejandro Roces 2003
-Maynila…Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag Bienvenido Lumbera 2006
-Minsa’y Isang Gamu-gamo Lazaro Francisco 2009
-Insiang
Cirilo F. Bautista 2014
-Ganito Kami Noon…Paano Kayo Ngayon?
-Aguila PEN NAMES
3RD REPUBLIC (1981-1985) JOSE RIZAL

- Poems during this period were romantic and -Laong Laan

revolutionary. ANDRES BONIFACIO

- Songs during this period dealt with themes that were -Supremo
really true-to-life those of grief, poverty, aspirations for MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen. -Plaridel

1986-1999 GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

-Fray botod, Diego Laura

-BULLETIN TODAY became the opposition paper.
ANTONIO LUNA
-EDSA Revolution of 1986 was responsible for the
-Tagailog
restoration of the lost freedoms, among which was the
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
freedom to express one’s ideas and emotions in writing.
-Jomapa
People Power (Lakas ng Bayan)
EMILIO JACINTO
-February 21-25, 1986
-Dimasalaw (newspaper)
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1986-PRESENT) -Pingkian (Katipunan)

MARIANO PONCE
NATIONAL ARTIST
-Tikbalang, Naning
- Is the highest national recognition given to Filipino
JOSE de la CRUZ
writers who made significant contributions to the
-Huseng Sisiw
development of Philippine Literature.
SEVERINO REYES

-Lola Basyang
Name Year
JOSE CORAZON de JESUS
Jose Garcia Villa 1973
-Huseng Batute
Amado V. Hernandez 1973
JOSE Ma. HERNANDEZ
Nick Joaquin 1976
Carlos P. Romulo 1982 -Panday Pira

Francisco Arcellana 1990 NICOMEDES “Nick” JOAQUIN

-Quijano de Manila
N.V.M. Gonzalez 1990
VIRGILIO ALMARIO
Rolando Tinio 1992
Levi Celerio 1997 -Rio Alma

Edith Tiempo 1999

Francisco Sionil Jose 2001

Alejandro Roces 2003
Virgilio S. Almario 2003