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Humanities – is the study of different cultural aspect of man, his frailties (the condition of being
weak and
Protagoras – Man is the measure of all things, meaning that the humanities
Humanities – comes from the Latin word “Humanus” which means  Different connotation thru
time
 Different connotation thru time
 Loosely define group or cultural subject areas
 Non-scientific, non-technical
Humanities - refers to loosely defined as group of cultural area, and is not a group of scientific or
technical subjects, rather it refers to the arts.
Definition of Art – the right reason of making things (Aristotle)
 Visual Art – forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics,
photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture, many artistic
disciplines, such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts, also involves aspect
of the visual arts as well arts of the other types.
 Performing Art – are arts or skills that require a performance that require a performance
in front of public audience, example: acting, singing and dancing. Other forms of the
performing arts include in opera, theater, magic or illusion performances, mime, spoken
word, recitation, and public speaking
 Industrial Art – is an educational program that features the fabrication of objects in wood
or metal using a variety of hand, power or machine tools. Or its commonly referred to as
technology education.
The division of Art
 Practical Art – Production of artifacts to cope with human needs
 Liberal Arts – Intellectual Efforts
 Fine Art – products of human activity that expresses beauty

Purposes of Art
 Many philosophers have argued that the art serves no function and that exist for its own sake.
In fact, several Filipino artists shared in his belief. On the other hand, some have asserted that
there is something about the essence of art that transcend the human occupation with
usefulness
Role of Humanities in Man’s Life
 Can regulate the type of behavior that is considered appropriate to an individual
 Essential in order for one to gain the knowledge to achieve the status of cultured man
(cultured man is perceived as one who is well deserved in the arts)
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 Provide greater insight into the world

 Helping to better understand both the past and the future
 Fostering a sense of empathy
 Oral communication
 Critical thinking
 Ethical judgement
 Working effectively in teams
 Written communication

How humanities help us in the future

 Learn the values of different cultures
 How history made preserve the great accomplishment of the past
 Understand the world we live in
 Give us tools to imagine the future

Importance of humanities in our lives

 It allows us to expand our knowledge to other people’s experiences and cultures
 Help us to communicate with others
 Appreciate our differences and to accept others for who they are.

Role of Art and Humanities Today – Arts and humanities go hand and hand. Art is more on
creation and expression of ideas, while humanities are more on the analysis of art. (both relate
to culture and human behavior)
General view of the Arts - Aesthetic standards of art vary from culture to another, since an ideal
beauty is a construct created and agreed upon by people in society.
Nature of the Art – Art, in its broadest sense, is a form of communication. It means whatever the
artist intends it to mean, and this meaning is shaped by the materials, techniques, and forms it
makes use of, as well as the ideas and feelings it creates in its views. Art is an act of expressing
feelings thoughts and observation
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Some of the purposes of Arts are the following:

 To Create Beauty - artist have considered nature as the standard of beauty and aimed to
improve upon nature, developing an alternate standard (standard beauty in and of themselves
are by no means universal – for beauty is in the eye of the society’s beholder.
 To Provide Decoration – used to create pleasing environments (e.g, paintings, sculpture and
photographs find their ways into rooms, courts, and gardens for use as decoration
 To Reveal Truth – artist have pursued truth and attempted to reveal it, truth about how the
world looks, how it works. Describe truths about themselves. The “Ugly truth” just like the
“Beautiful truth” It validates the human condition.
 To Immortalize – artist can defy mortality by creating a work that will keep his talents and his
tragedy in the public’s consciousness for decades.
 To Express Religious Values – used to express hopes for fertility, to propitiate the gods, to
symbolize great religious events and values, and to command heavenward the souls of the
departed
 To Record and Commemorate Experience – it has been used to inform future generations of
what and who have gone before them, it conveys the personal experiences of an artist and
record his impression in ways that here words cannot for posterity.
 To Create Order and Harmony – artist makes use of composition to put order in the diverse
content of his work, it is the aesthetic arrangement of elements within a work of art

Meaning and significance of art

Humanities is a term that refers to a wide range of academic disciplines that study the various
aspects of human culture, such as literature, history, philosophy, art, religion, and languages.
Humanities subjects aim to explore the values, beliefs, ideas, and expressions that shape and
reflect the human experience.
Significance of art
Humanities expand our knowledge of human cultures and help us understand what binds us
together and what differentiates us from one another. Humanity is important because it helps us
to connect with and understand other people, and to recognize our shared humanity.
Purpose of Art
Art is the application of human creativity, often in visual forms like painting or sculpture, to
express emotions and ideas about life, existence, love, beauty, nature, and politics, serving as a
channel for communication.
Roles of Humanities
• Behavior Regulation
• Cultured Knowledge
• World Insight
• Understanding History and Future
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• Empathy Development
• Oral Communication
• Critical Thinking
• Ethical Judgment
• Teamwork
• Written Communication

General view of art

Aesthetic standards of art vary from culture to another, since an ideal beauty is a construct
created and agreed upon by people in society.

Nature of arts
Art is a form communication, shaped by the artist's intentions and materials, and a means of
expressing emotions, thoughts, and observations. It is subjective, multifaceted, and can
challenge perceptions and reflect cultural, societal, and personal contexts.
Elements of arts
Lines are marks moving in a space between two points. Artists use many different types of lines
like: Including, actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and contour lines.
Shape is a two-dimensional design encased by lines to signify its height and width. Shapes are
used to provide a symbolic and faux feeling.
form is a three-dimensional object that can be held and walked around. A form can be objects
like cylinders, spheres, or even hard-edged objects like cubes.
Space is the distance between shapes and objects. Positive space refers to the areas of the
work with a subject. Negative space is the space without a subject. Artists use spacing to create
different effects
Color is the spectrum of light broken down when hitting a surface and reflected into the eye.
Texture is usually used to describe the surface quality. Textures can be ‘real’ or ‘implied’. Real
surface quality is mainly seen through three-dimensional works, like sculptures.
Value refers to the degree of perceivable lightness of tones within an image. The difference in
values is called Contrast.
THE FINES ART
• Panting
• Sculpture
• Architecture
• Literature
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• Cinema
• Theater
• Music
Elements of Music
Music is a powerful and expressive art form, and like any art, it is composed of fundamental
elements that work together to create a cohesive and meaningful whole.
Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. It is determined by the frequency of sound
waves, with higher frequencies resulting in higher pitches.
Rhythm refers to the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. It is the element that gives
music its pulse and movement.
Timbre, also known as tone color describes the unique quality of a sound that distinguishes it
from other sounds. It is determined by the combination of overtones or harmonics present in a
sound.
Dynamics refers to the loudness or softness of a sound. It is often indicated by musical
markings such as piano (soft), forte (loud), and crescendo (gradually getting louder).
Texture describes the way different musical lines or sounds are combined.
Form refers to the overall structure of a musical piece. It is the arrangement of musical ideas
and sections, creating a sense of unity and coherence.
Harmony is the simultaneous combination of different pitches, creating chords and
progressions. It provides a sense of depth and richness to music, adding color and emotional
resonance.
LITERATURE
is any collection of written works It is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting
knowledge and entertainment? Literature has four main literary genres which are poetry, fiction,
nonfiction and drama.
Character
can be defined as any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary works. Common types
of character
• Protagonist - main character
• Antagonist - secondary but important role that creates conflict and challenges.
Setting refers to the time, place, and environment in which story occurs.
sequence of events that make up a story,
whether it's told, written, filmed or sung.
PLOT sequence of events that make up a story, whether it's told, written, filmed or sung.
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• Exposition
• Rising Action
• Climax
• Falling Action
• Resolution/Denouement
Point of view it is the perspective from which story is told.
• First Person - I, Me, Me
• Second Person - You, Your
• Third Person - She/Her Him/His
Conflict a struggle between opposing forces. It provides crucial tension in any story and is used
to drive the narrative forward.
• Man vs Man
• Man vs Himself
• Man vs Nature
Theme is the main or central idea in a literary work. It is the unifying element of a story. It also
serves as the controlling idea or central insight of the story.
Tone the attitude that a character or narrator or author takes towards a given subject.

STYLES OF ART
Impressionism
Fauvism is an art movement that was established towards the beginning of the 20th century.
Characterized by its bold colors, textured brushwork and no naturalistic depictions, the Fauvist
style marked a seminal moment in the early 20th century.
Abstraction used when the artist becomes too interested in one phase of a scene or a situation
that he does not show the subject as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feeling about
it. Abstract means “to move away or separate “. Abstract art moves away from showing things
as they really
Cubism
Realism in this art this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist chooses
a subject from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants to
make clear. Realists try to be as objective as possible
Futurism Painters wanted their works to capture the speed of force and modern industrial
society. “MODERN LIFE
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Dadaism A process movement of arts was formed in 1916 by the group of artist and poets in
Zurich Switzerland. “DADA” word meaning “Hobby Horse
Symbolism to express individual emotional experience through the subtle and suggestive use of
highly symbolized language.
Literature is any collection of written works. It is a method of recording, preserving, and
transmitting knowledge and entertainment.
Surrealism This movement in art and literature was founded in Paris in 1924. Surrealism is an
invented word meaning super realism. It portrayed dream imagery, fantasies and hallucinations
Contemporary Arts is a term used to describe the art of today, and it generally refers to art
produced from the 1970s onwards. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally
diverse, and technologically advancing world.
The history of painting is a rich and diverse narrative that spans thousands of years, reflecting
the evolution of human thought, culture, and technology. Here’s a more detailed timeline of its
development:

Pre- Historic Art

earliest known paintings are from the Paleolithic period, including the cave paintings in Lascaux,
France, and Altamira, Spain, which depict animals and hunting scenes
In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, painting often served religious and decorative purposes.
Egyptian art was highly symbolic and formal, while Greek and Roman art was more focused on
realism and human forms.
In medieval Europe, painting was predominantly religious, with illuminated manuscripts and
frescoes in churches depicting biblical scenes. Gothic art introduced more naturalism and detail.
Renaissance (14th-17th centuries) This period marked a rebirth of interest in classical art and
ideas. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emphasized realism,
perspective, and human anatomy. The use of oil paints became prominent.
Baroque (17th century) Characterized by dramatic use of light and shadow, emotional intensity,
and grandeur. Artists such as Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rubens were influential
Rococo (18th century) This style was ornate and light-hearted, featuring playful and elaborate
themes. Key figures included François Boucher and Jean Honoree Fragonard
(late 18th-19th centuries) Neoclassicism sought to revive classical forms and ideals, while
Romanticism emphasized emotion and individualism. Notable artists include Jacques-Louis
David (Neoclassicism) and Francisco Goya (Romanticism).
Impressionism (late 19th century) Focused on capturing the effects of light and color, often with
visible brush strokes. Prominent artists include Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh, Edgar Degas,
and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
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Modernism (20th century) This broad movement includes various styles, such as Cubism (Pablo
Picasso), Surrealism (Salvador Dalí), and Abstract Expressionism (Jackson Pollock).
Modernism often challenged traditional forms and explored new techniques and perspectives.
Contemporary Art (late 20th century-present) This era features a diverse range of styles and
media, including conceptual art, installation art, and digital media. Artists like Jeff Koons and
Yayoi Kusama continue to push the boundaries of what constitutes painting. Jeff Koons and
Yayoi Kusama

FAMOUS PAINTER
Leonardo da Vinci lived during the late 15th Century and early 16th Century in and around Italy.
He was a painter, a scientist, an inventor, and an engineer. He is considered by historians to be
a natural genius. Today he is best remembered for his art, especially the "Mona Lisa" and the
"Last Supper"
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Florence (Italy).
Michelangelo is unarguably one of the greatest artists of all time. He was an Italian sculptor,
painter, architect, and poet. His first significant works were completed before he turned 30,
leading to a long and illustrious career. Even while he was alive, he was recognized as the most
notable artist of his generation.
Johannes Vermeer was born on October 31 1632, a Dutch painter, specialized in domestic
interior scenes of middle-class life. He was a moderately successful provincial genre painter,
earning his living as an art dealer, and was considered one of the greatest Dutch Golden Age
painters.

Historical Background of Painting in the Philippines

When the Spaniards arrived in 1521, the colonizers used art as a tool to propagate the Catholic
faith through beautiful images.
DOMIAN GAMOR DOMINGO
• 1ST Filipino to paint his face, The first self- portrait in the Philippines
• Father of Filipino painting
• Academia de dibujoy puntura
• The first great Filipino painter
•
Spoliarium, The death of Cleopatra By Juan Luna
He was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the
late 19th century. Luna’s paintings were shown for the first time abroad at an annual exhibition
in Madrid called Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes. His La Muerte de Cleopatra took a silver
medal and established his artistic career. In 1884, at the same exposition, he displayed
Spolarium, which won three gold medals and garnered him critical praise.
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Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

Las Virgenes Cristiana Expuestas Al Populacho
He is acknowledge as one of the great Filipino painters of the late 19th century, and is
significant in Philippine history for having been an acquaintance and inspiration for members of
the Philippine reform movement.
Fernando Amorsolo
Known as the “Grand Old Man of the Philippine Art” was the first National artist of the country.
Lighting is the most prominent element of his painting. His trademark was the backlighting
technique which makes the subjects of his painting seems to glow. Aside from the application of
light in his pieces, his works of art were also notable for reflecting the artistic and cultural
heritage of the Philippines.
Victorio C. Edades
Victorio Edades is the “Father of Modern Philippine Painting” He was one of the “Triumvirate”
who introduced modernism in Philippine Visual Art.

The Thirteen Moderns

Arsenio Capili
Demetrio Diego
Victorio Edades
Anita Magsaysay
Bonifacio Cristobal
Carlos Francisco
Cesar Legaspi
Diosdado Lorenzo
Hernando Ocampo
Jose Pardo
Vicente Manansala
Ricarte Puruganan
Galo Ocampo

Vicente Manansala He was a cubist painter who painted with a widerange of subjects matters
from the happy and bountiful rural to poverty- stricken urban set ups. He worked as an illustrator
of the Philippine Herald.
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Arturo R. Luz Filipino printmaker, sculptor, designer, and founding member of the modern
Neo- Realist school in Philippine art. Influenced by Modernist painters such as Paul Klee, he
has worked in a variety of styles and techniques in varying degrees of abstraction to create
playful geometric figures and forms.
Carlos “Botong ” Francisco He was a muralist from Angono Rizal. Francisco painted murals
showing the historical past of the Philippines. Most of his subjects depict the life in his
hometown and highlight the live of the farmer and the fishermen.
Mauro Malang Santos “Filipino cartoonist and illustrator” At the age of 19, dropped out of
formal education in order to begin working in the art department of the Manila Chronicle. There,
he apprenticed under Liborio "Gat" Gatbonton, eventually creating the popular comic strip
Kosme, the Cop, Retired which he best known.
Jose T. Joya A pioneer modern and abstract artist who was active as a painter, printmaker,
mixed-media artist and ceramicist.
Anita Magsaysay-Ho Filipino painter best known for her Social Realist and post-Cubist
portrayals of Filipino life and culture, notably and frequently portraying groups of women
engaged in labor.
Guillermo Tolentino He was the master sculptor who introduced classical sculpture in the
country. His works, though classical instyle, are still identifiable Filipino. He was known for
creating monuments and bust figures of Philippine Heroes like Andres Bonifacio and Jose Rizal
and Philippine Presidents like Manuel Quezon and Ramon Magsaysay.
Napoleon Abueva “Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture”
Cezar Legazpi 20th-century Filipino painter best known for his Cubist-inspired works.
Hernando Ruiz Ocampo Filipino artist best known for his abstract paintings.
Jerry Elizalde Navarro He is a Filipino artist was born in 1924 and is best known for his mixed
media works and paintings that often depict vibrant and colorful scenes of everyday life in the
Philippines.
Derek Tumala A Philippine artist who works across different mediums from light, video,
sculpture, and performance to found objects.

Types of Painting
OL PAINTING is one of the oldest and most popular types of painting. It is known as a slow
drying medium and uses pigments that are suspended in oil.
ACRYLIC PAINTING Acrylics are one of the more modern types of painting and were
developed in the 1930s. This particular type of painting became quite popular, as it is fast-drying
and also water-based.
WATERCOLOR PAINTING Typically painted on paper, watercolors are made from pigments
suspended in a water-based solution. Known for the transparent layers they create.
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PASTEL PAINTING This has also been called “dry painting’ The pastels come in a stick form
and are easy to carry around. The pastel sticks are made from pigment powder with a binding
agent, which is then formed into ready-to-use pastel sticks.
ENCAUSTIC PAINTING This is a painting method that dates as far back as Ancient Egypt and
is also known as wax art (beeswax). The word encaustic comes from the Greek enkaustikos
which means “to burn in” referring to the process of fusing with heat.
TEMPERA PAINTING Tempera is one of the oldest types of painting. This is also called egg
tempera painting as egg yolks are used as the binding medium.
FRESCO PAINTING The word Fresco originates from Italian and means fresh. It was so named
because the powder pigments were mixed with water and then used in plaster, which was then
applied to the walls or ceiling while still wet.

STYLES OF PAINTING
Realism Realism emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against the romanticized and
idealized depictions of the Romantic era. Realism works often portray ordinary people, their
daily routines, and the environments they inhabit.
Impressionism focusing on capturing the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere. Scenes from
everyday life, such as people enjoying leisure activities, landscapes, and urban scenes.
Expressionism Expressionist artists didn't care about making things look exactly real, they just
wanted to show how they felt about the world.
Cubism employs geometric shapes in depictions of humans and other forms.
Abstraction Abstract art uses shapes, colors, forms, and gestural marks to create its desired
effect rather than attempting to accurately represent a visual reality.
TYPES OF ABSTRACT ART
Curvilinear
Color-Related or Light Related
Geometric
Emotional or Instuitional
Gestural
Minimalist
SURREALISM allowed the unconscious to express itself by painting unsettling, illogical scenes,
sometimes with photographic
SYMBOLISM to represent something beyond their literal meaning.
FAUVISM is known for its bold use of color and expressive brushwork.
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FUTURISM They rejected traditional artistic styles and embraced the future, seeing it as a time
of progress and innovation.
How did futurism influence other artistic movements or modern culture.
In futurism, painters embraced the future. They wanted to capture the dynamism, speed, and
energy of the modern world. As a result, it changed how reality was presented. It influences and
gives inspiration to other art movements like Dadaism, Expressionism, and Cubism.
The key differences between Futurism and other artistic movements like Cubism or
Dadaism
Futurism
Core Ideas
Celebrated speed, technology, and industrial progress.
Aesthetic Style
Dynamic forms, movement, fragmented figures.
Philosophy
Pro-progress, anti-tradition, often nationalistic.

Cubism
Core ideas
Focused on multiple perspectives and the breakdown of visual reality
Aesthetic Style
Geometric fragmentation, multiple viewpoints.
Philosophy
Analytical, rethinking perception, introspective.

Dadaism
Core Ideas
Rejected traditional values and questioned the purpose of art.
Aesthetic Style
Absurd, nonsensical, use of found objects, chance.
Philosophy
Anti-art, anti-war, anti-establishment, embraced chaos and irrationality.
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Filipino Reviewer