DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 4 COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES WELLSPRING UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR 2021/2022 SESSION PHS 211: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY I (2 UNITS) TIME: 2 HOURS DATE: 28/07/2022 Matric N SECTION A INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION(S). (1 MARK EACH) 1. The followings are functions of cell membrane except; (@) Control of selective permeability and transport of substances across the cell (b) Maintaining cellular homeostasis (©) Protecting the internal organelles of the cells from unwanted extracellular substances (d) Synthesis of proteins 2. Where are ribosomes produced in the cells? (a) Nuclear envelope (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (¢) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (d) Nucleolus 3. Nucleolar precursor bodies are the sites of? . (a) Centromeric DNA synthesis (b) Protein synthesis () RNA synthesis (d) Cellular respiration 4. Where in the cell are proteins synthesized? (a) Mitochondria (b) Vacuole (c) Ribosomes (d) Nucleus 5. Which of the following is found in all prokaryotic cells but only in some eukaryotic cells? (a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall (©) Mitochondria (@) Ribosome 6. Where in the cell do the majority ‘of metabolic reactions take place? (@) Cytoplasm (b) Nucleus (© Cell membrant (@) Ribosomes |, 7. What are cells called if they are adapted to perform a. certain function? (a) Specific cells (b) Functional cells (©) Unique cells (@) Specialized cells, 8. The term that describes cell division is called? (a) Cytolysis (b) Cytocreation (©) Cytodivision (d) Cytokinesis (eo (ECLIBRARN9. Respiration in the mitochondria of a cell requires which of these two chemicals? (a) Glucose and carbon dioxide (b) Carbon dioxide and water (c) Water and oxygen (a) Oxygen and carbon dioxide 10. Which of these is not a part of the cell theory? (@) Alll living organisms are made up of cells (B) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things (©) The energy flow of life does not occur within the cell (@) All cells originate from pre- existing cells. 11. What is the average size of a somatic cell? (a) 30um (b) 10um (©) 20um (d) 40um 12. The largest cell in the human body is? (a) Cardiac cell (b) Muscle cell (c) Oocyte cell (@ Sperm cell 13. What is the average diameter of the human oocyte at its final stage of growth? (a) 20um (b) 40um (c) 80um (d) 120um 14, How does bacteria cell differ from mammalian cell? (i) Bacteria cell have distinct nucleus, mitochondria. and endoplasmic reticulum (ii) Bacterial cell membrane has few attachments and their ribosomes are not scattered Gi) Bacteria cell have no distinct nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (iv) Bacterial cell membrane has humerous attachments and their ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, (a) Only | and I are correct (b) Only 1 and IV are correct (©) Only I1l and IV are correct (@) Only Il and III are correct 15. Which organelle in the cell organizes the nuclear spindle in preparation for the separation of chromatids during nuclear division? (a) Microfilament (b) Microtubule (©) Centrioles @ Microvilli 16. The site of aerobie cellular respiration in a cell is? (a) Nucleus (b) Lungs (©) Mitochondria (d) Golgi apparatus 17. A number of rare diseases are caused by mutations in mitochondria. DNA, and the tissues primarily affected are those that mostly rely on? (a) Nerve impulse transmission (b) Respiration (c) Reproduction (d) PerspirationIS. AIL the mitochondria in the developing human embryo originate from where? (a) Spermatozoon (b) Spermatozoon and oocyte (©) Ooeyte . (d) All of the above 19, Where are the mitochondria located inthe human spermatozoon? (a) In the head (b) In the mid-piece (©) In the tail (d) All of the above 20. The mitochondrial DNA has: (a) Small double-stranded circular DNA molecules (6) 37 genes that code for 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22- 23 transfer RNA, 10 — 13 proteins associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane (©) Other mitochondria proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and specifically transported to the mitochondria (d) Alll of the above 21. Which of these cell organelles can be used as marker in forensic science and archeology — for tracking diseases or mutation of maternal origin? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondria (c) Golgi apparatus (d) Microfilament 22. Which of these cell organelles is paternally inherited? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondrial (©) Golgi-apparatus (d) Microfilament 23. ‘The autonomic neurons that are cholinergic includes: (i) All preganglionic neurons. (i All parasympathetic {ganglionic neurons. ) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat gland, (iv) Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons that ends on blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and produce vasodilation when stimulated, (v) All sympathetic postganglionic neurons. (a) Only I, Il, 11 are correct (b) Only II, IIl and IV are correct (©) Only Ill, 1V and V are correct (d) Only I, II, Hand IV are correct (e) All are correct 24, Adrenal medulla is essentially a ganglion in which the postganglionic cells have lost their axons and secrete both norepinephrine and epinephrine (a) parasympathetic (b) Sympathetic (©) Synaptic (@) Neutral (@) None of the above 25. Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors are found where? (i) On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. (ii) On sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscles innervated — by _ postganglionic cholinergic neurons ofthe sympathetic system, (iii) On the membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at neuromuscular junction, (a) Only | and II are correct(b) Only I and 111 are correct (©) Land 11 are correct @ I, Mand IL are correct (@) None is correct ‘otinic receptors are activated by? (a) Acetylcholine only (b) Nicotine only (©) Nicotine and acetylcholine (@) Muscarine and acetylcholine 27. Nicotinic receptors are found in the following sites except? (a) The synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. () In the membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at the neuromuscular junction (c) Suprarenal medulla (a) Sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscles innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic system (¢) All of the above 28. Nicotinic actions are produced by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors. The following are nicotine-like actions of acetylcholine except? (a) Stimulation of the autonomic ganglia (b) Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla (c) Contraction of skeletal muscles due to stimulation at the motor end plates (d)_ stimulation of postganglionic endings to sweat glands and blood vessels of the skeletal muscles 29, Beta-adrenergic receptor is stimulated by adrenaline. Beta 1 adrenergic receptors are present chiefly in? (a) Bronchioles (b) Heart (©) Gastrointestinal tract (d) Urinary bladder (e) All of the above 30. Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are present in the following except? (a) Bronchioles (b) Heart (©) Gastrointestinal tract (@ Urinary bladder (c) All of the above 31. Excitable cells/tissue: (i) Have a resting membrane potential such that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside. (ii) Undergo transient changes in membrane permeability when the membrane potential becomes less negative. (iii) Become less excitable when their resting membrane potential is made more negative (hyperpolarized). (iv) Have a concentration of — sodium potassium. (a) Only I, Hand Il are correct (b) Only Fand III are correct (c) Only Il and 1V are correct (a) Only IV is correct (c) All are correct her intracellular than32. The resting membrane poten (a) Is a property of all Cell (b) Depends primarily on sodium influx (©) Its magnitude is the excitable cells (d) Is mostly due to Gibbs — Donan effects me in all (©) Drops immediately to zero if sodium-potassium pump is blocked 33. Which part of the neuron propagates action potential away from the neuronal body to the target organ or another cell? (a) Microtubule (b) Dendrites (©) Nucleus of neuron (d) Microfilament (€) Axon 34. The junction between a nerve cell and its target organ is called? (a) Synapse (b) Tight junction (c) gap-junction (d) Ganglion (e) Cell junction 35. The period after which an action potential has been generated, during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential is called? (a) Resting period (b) Refreshing period (c) Refractory period (d) Restoring period (c) Re-activating period 36. The state in the membrane of an excitable in which the membrane i negative than the initial membrane potential is called? (©) Hyper polarization phase (d) Hypo polarization phase (©) None of the above 37. Why are Neurons called “excitable cells"? (i) Because they can be charged. (ii) Because their membranes are ina polarized stated. Because their membranes have special channels that can influence membrane polarization/depolarize when opened or closed. (iv) Because they can generate action potential to propagate nerve impulses (v) Because they can make people to become excited. (a) Only I, Hand V are correct (b) Only Il, 1V and V are correct (©) Only II, 11 and IV are correct (d) Only 1, LV and V are correct (©) Alllare correct 38. According to __historical development, the term “physiology” from ancient Greeks was _ first introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Jean Fernel (d) William Harvey (c) Mathias Schleiden39. During 130 BC - 200 AD, who modified Hippocrates’s theory and became the first’ © to use experimentation to. derive information about the systems of the body? (a) Theodor Schwann (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Jean Fernel (d) William Harvey (e) Mathias Schleiden | theory “that the 40. In 1838, the cel individual body was made up of tiny & cells” was developed by? (a) Aristotle and Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus and Jean Fernel (c) Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (@) Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley (©) Alan Hodgkin and August KroghINSTRUCTION: ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS (10 MA 1. 2(a). (b). 3(a). (b). 4(a). (b). Enumerates 3. 6 (a). (b). SECTION B:_'THEORY RKS EACH). ‘ons of the autonomic nervous system: Discuss the functions of the two di what are neurotransmitters? i Discuss the role, mechanism and functions of neurotransmitters in_ nerve impulses transmission what are autonomic disorders? Enumerate the symptoms of autonomic disorders stems to organs and tissues low Control sy: lar system Discuss the mechanism of blood fl ies of the peripheral vascul 6 features or charact Discuss 5 factors that affect blood flow Discuss the microcirculation features of capillaries? what are the characterist iesDEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE 4 COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES WELLSPRING UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR 2021/2022 SESSION PHS 211: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY I (2 UNITS) TIME: 2 HOURS DATE: 28/07/2022 Matric No: .. SECTION A INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION(S). (1 MARK EACH) 1. The followings are functions of cell membrane except; () Control of selective permeability and transport of substances across the cell. (b) Maintaining cellular homeostasis (6) Protecting the internal organelles of the cells from unwanted extracellular substances (d) Synthesis of proteins 2. Where are ribosomes produced in the cells? (@) Nuclear envelope (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (©) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (@) Nucleolus 3. Nucleolar precursor bodies are the sites of? (a) Centromeric DNA synthesis (b) Protein synthesis (©) RNA synthesis (A) Cellular respiration 4. Where in the cell are proteins synthesized? (a) Mitochondria (b) Vacuole (c) Ribosomes (d) Nucleus 5. Which of the following is found in all prokaryotic cells but only in some eukaryotic cells? (a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall (©) Mitochondria @ Ribosome 6. Where in the cell do the majority of metabolic reactions take place? (a) Cytoplasm (b) Nucleus (©) Cell membrane (@ Ribosomes 7. What are cells called if they are adapted to perform a certain function? (a) Specific cells (b) Functional cells (6) Unique cells (4) Specialized cells 8. The term that describes cell division is called? (a) Cytolysis (b) Cytocreation (©) Cytodivision (@) Cytokinesis9% Resy it - Respiration in the mitochond of a cell requires which of these two chemicals? (a) Glucose and carbon dioxide (b) Carbon dioxide and water (©) Water and oxygen () Oxygen and carbon dioxide 10. Which of these is not a part of the cell theory? (a) All living organisms of cells (©) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things (c) The energy flow of life does not occur within the cell (@) All cells originate from pre- existing cells. are made up I. What is the average size of a somatic cell? (a) 30um (b) 10um (c) 20um (d) 40um 12. The largest cell in the human body is? (a) Cardiac cell (b) Muscle cell (c) Oocyte cell (d) Sperm cell 13. What is the average diameter of the human oocyte at its final stage of growth? (a) 20um (b) 40um (c) 80um (d) 120um 14. How does bacteria cell differ from mammalian cell? (i) Bacteria cell have distinct nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum Gi) Bacter attachment not scattered (ii) Bacteria cell have no distinet nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (iv) Bacterial cell membrane has numerous attachments and their ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. (a) Only 1 and I are correct (b) Only 1 and IV are correct (©) Only Ill and 1V are correct (d) Only Hand Ill are correct al cell membrane has few and their ribosomes are 15. Which organelle in the cell organizes the nuclear spindle in preparation for the separation of chromatids during nuclear division? (a) Microfilament (b) Microtubule (c) Centrioles (d) Microvilli 16. The site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell is? (a) Nucleus (b) Lungs (©) Mitochondria (d) Golgi apparatus 17. A number of rare diseases are caused by mutations — in mitochondria DNA, and the tissues primarily affected are those that mostly rely on? (a) Nerve impulse transmission (b) Respiration (c) Reproduction (d) Perspiration18. All the mitochondria in the developing human embryo originate trom where? (a) Spermatozoon (b) Spermatozoon and oocyte (c) Oocyte (d) All of the above 19. Where are the mitochondria located inthe human spermatozoon? (a) In the head (b) In the mid-piece (©) In the tail (d) All of the above 20. The mitochondrial DNA has; (a) Small double-stranded circular DNA molecules (b) 37 genes that code for 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22- 23 transfer RNA, 10 — 13 proteins associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane (c) Other mitochondria _ proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and specifically’ transported to the mitochondria (d) All of the above 21. Which of these cell organelles can be used as marker in forensic science and archeology for tracking diseases or mutation of maternal origin? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondria (c) Golgi apparatus (d) Microfilament 22. Which of these cell organelles is paternally inherited? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondrial (c) Golgi-apparatus (d) Microfilament 23. The autonomic neurons that are cholinergic includes: (i) All preganglionic neurons. (i) All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, (ili) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat gland, (iv) Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons that ends on blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and produce vasodilation when stimulated. (v) All sympathetic postganglionic neurons, (a) Only 1, I, III are correct (b) Only II, II and IV are correct (©) Only III, IV and V are correct (d) Only 1, 11, Il and 1V are correct (e) Alll are correct 24, Adrenal medulla is essentially a ganglion in which the postganglionic cells have lost their axons and secrete both norepinephrine and epinephrine (a) parasympathetic (b) Sympathetic (©) Synaptic (d) Neutral (d) None of the above 25. Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors are found where? (i) On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. (ii) On sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal —_ muscles innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons ofthe sympathetic system. (iii) On the membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at neufomuscular junction, (a) Only 1 and Ill are correct(b) Only Hand I are correct (c) Land I are correet (d) L. Hand Il are correct (©) None is correct 26. Nicotinic receptors are activated by? (a) Acetylcholine only (b) Nicotine only (c) Nicotine and acetylcholine (4) Muscarine and acetylcholine 27. Nicotinic receptors are found in the following sites except? (a) The synapse between the preganglionic and _ postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. (6) In the membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at the neuromuscular junction (c) Suprarenal medulla (d) Sweat glands and blood vessels of skeletal muscles innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic system (¢) All of the above 28. Nicotinic actions are produced by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors. The following are nicotine-like actions of acetylcholine except? (a) Stimulation of the autonomic ganglia (b) Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the — adrenal medulla (c) Contraction of skeletal muscles due to stimulation at the motor end plates a (d) stimulation of postganglionic endings to sweat glands and blood vessels of the skeletal muscles mulated by adver adrenergi chiefly in’ (@) Bronehioles (b) Heart (©) Gastrointestinal tract (d) Urinary bladder (©) All of the above 30. Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are present in the following except? (a) Bronchioles (b) Heart (©) Gastrointestinal tract (@) Urinary bladder (©) All of the above 31. Excitable cells/tissue: (i) Have a resting membrane potential such that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside, (ii) Undergo transient changes in membrane permeability when the membrane potential becomes less negative (iii) Become less excitable when their resting membrane potential is made more negative (hyperpolarized). (iv) Have a higher intracellular concentration of — sodium than potassium. (a) Only 1, Hand Hl are correct (b) Only Land UL are correct (c) Only I and LV are correct (d) Only IV is correct (c) All are correct32. The resting membrane potential: (a) Is a property of all Cell (b) Depends primarily on sodium influx (©) Its magnitude is the same in all excitable cells (d) Is mostly due to Gibbs — Donan effects (@) Drops immediately to zero if sodium-potassium pump is blocked 33. Which part of the _ neuron propagates action potential away from the neuronal body to the target organ or another cell? (a) Microtubule (b) Dendrites (c) Nucleus of neuron (d) Microfilament (€) Axon 34. The junction between a nerve cell and its target organ is called? (a) Synapse (b) Tight junction (©) gap-junction (d) Ganglion (c) Cell junction 35. The period after which an action potential has been generated, during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential is called? (a) Resting period (b) Refreshing period (c) Refractory period (d) Restoring period (e) Re-activating period 36. ‘The state in the membrane of an excitable in which the membrane is more negative than the initial membrane potential is called? (a) Depolarization phase (b) Repolarization phase (©) Hyper polarization phase (@) Hypo polarization phase (e) None of the above 37. Why are Neurons called “excitable cells”? (i) Because they can be charged. (ii) Because their membranes are in a larized stated. (ii) Because their membranes have special channels that can influence membrane polarization/depolarize when opened or closed. (iv) Because they can generate action potential to propagate nerve impulses (v) Because they can make people to become excited. (a) Only I, I and V are correct (b) Only 11, IV and V are correct (©) Only II, Ill and IV are correct (d) Only 1, 1V and V are correct (e) All are correct 38. According to _ historical development, the term “physiology” from ancient Greeks was first introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Jean Fernel (d) William Harvey (c) Mathias Schleiden39. During 130 BC - 200 AD, who modified Hippocrates’s theory and became the first to use experimentation to derive information about the systems of the body? (a) Theodor Schwannn (b) Claudius Galenus (©) Jean Fernel (d) William Harvey (e) Mathias Schleiden 40. In 1838, the cell theory “that the body was made up of tiny individual cells” was developed by? (a) Aristotle and Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus and Jean Fernel (©) Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (@) Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley (e) Alan Hodgkin and August KroghORY SECTION INSTRUCTION: ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS (10 MARKS EACH). 1 Discuss the functions of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, what are neurotransmitter? Discuss the role, mechanism and functions of neurotransmitters in nerve impulses (b). transmission 3(a). what are autonomic disorders? (b). Enumerate the symptoms of autonomic disorders 4(a). Discuss the mechanism of blood flow Control systems to organs and tissues (b). Enumerates 6 features or characteristics of the peripheral vascular system 5, Discuss 5 factors that uffect blood flow 6 (a). Discuss the microcirculation (b). what are the characteristics features of capillaries?SECTION By THEORY 3 (10 MARKS EACH). INSTRUCTION: ANSWER THR s the functions of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 1 Dise 2(a). what are neurotrangmitters? (b). Discuss the role, mechanism’ and functions of neurotransmitters in nerve impulses transmission 3(a). what are autonomic disorders? (6). Enumerate the symptoms of autonomic disorders (a). Discuss the mechanism of blood flow Control systems to organs and tissues (b). Enumerates 6 features or characteristics of the peripheral vascular system 3 Discuss 5 factors that affect blood flow 6 (a). Discuss the microcirculation what are the characteristics features of capillaries? (b).WELLSPRING UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY I COURSE CODE: PHS 211 DATE: 3" July, 2023 answer Each question earries 1 mark, TIME: 2hrs:00mins, Objectives Section 1. According to historical development, the term “physiology” from ancient Grecks was frst introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (o) Jean Fernel (@ William Harvey (c) Mathias Schleiden 2. During 130 BC ~ 200 AD, who modified Hippocrates’s theory and became the first to use ‘experimentation to derive information about the systems of the body? (a) Theodor Schwann (b) Claudius Galenus (c\ Jean Fernel (d) William Harvey (©) Mathias Scbleiden 3, Why are Neurons referred to “excitable cells”? (i) Because they can be charged. (ii) Because their membranes are in @ polarized stated. (iii) Because thei special channels that can membrane polarization! opened or closed. (iv) Because they can 8 potential to propagate nerve impulses (v) Because they can make become excited. (a) Only I, Hand V are correct Il objective questions. Ci as + membranes have influence Vdepolarize when enerate action people to option (s). (b) Only If, 1V and V are correct (c) Only 1, Ill and IV are correet (a) Only {, LV and V are correct (6) All are correct ~ 4, Which of the following is NOT a ‘component of the cell plasma membrane? (A). cholesterol 8). proteins (C). microfilaments (D). phospholipids 5. Which of the following is a function of ‘membrane proteins? (A). to process lipids and proteins for secretion through the plasma membrane {(B). to act as receptors for hormones (C). to synthesise proteins from amino acids (D), to act asa cytoskeleton to support and, shape the cell 6. Which cell organelles contain an acidic environment capable of digesting a wide variety ‘of molecules? (A). Lysosomes (B). Ribosomes (©). Centrosomes (D). Golgi complex 7, The following are types 0 (A). platelets (B). leucocytes (C). macrophages (D). osteoblasts 8, Which form of transport plasma membrane reqifes the expen of energy by the cell? f calls except? styrough the ture15. What number on the Action Potential graph in figure 1 represents resting ‘membrane potential? (a) \ and2 (b) 2and 3 (©) Band 4 (@) Land 16. What number on the Action Potential graph in figure | represents Hyperpolarization phase? @1 2 ©3 @4 17. In figure 1, what channels are opened at step number 32 (@)_K" Channels opens, allowing K* to diffuse out (b) Na" channel opens, allowing Na’ to move out (©) Na channel opens, allowing Na’ to (4) K°Channels opens, allowing K*to move in 18. In figure 1, what channels are opened at step number 2? (a) K” Channels opens, allowing K° to diffuse out (b) Na" channel opens, allowing Na’ to move out (c)_ Na’ channel opens, allowing Na* to (4) K’Channels opens, allowing K" to move in 19. Which of the following statements, regarding pupillary dilation are correct? i. Short-term pupil dilation is caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nerve which controls the radial (or dilator) muscles of the iris. ii, Short-term pupil dilation is caused by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve which controls the radial (or dilator) muscles of the iris. . Long-term pupil dilation (mydriasis) can be caused by damage the parasympathetic nerve that controls the circular muscles of the iris to cause pupil constriction. iv. Long-term dilation (mydriasis) can be caused by damage to the sympathetic nerve that controls the circular muscles of the iris to cause pupil constriction. (@) iand iv () iiand ii (©) iiandiv @ iand 20. An electrical impulse within a neuron is called? (@) Synapse (b) Membrane potential (© Action potential (@) Cell body 21. Which ofthese statements concerning ‘male sexual arousal processes are correct? i, When a man receives visual, physical, or imaginary sexual stimulation, this causes signals to be generated in the brain, Ji, The signals generated from sexual stimuli in the brain act upon three of the nerves that branch off from the sacral region ofthe spinal cord. iii, Parasympathetie stimulation of nerve enclngs in the region of ‘the penis will cause the release of erectile neurotransmitter, iv. Nitvie oxide and acetylcholine ave erectile neurotransmitters, Uhat cause penile erestion. v. The signals generated from sexwal stimuli in the brain act upon three of the nerves that branch off from the thoracic region of the spinal cord.2 A &y “According to historieal development, the term “physiology” from ancient Greek Was first introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (©) Yean Fernel @ William Harvey (¢) Mathias Sehleiden 23. Conceming excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cell; (@ The membrane potential lies between the K* equilibrium potential and Na” equilibrium potential ; (i) The net passive (inward) flux of Na is less than the net passive (outward) flux of K* in the resting state ii) The higher the relative permeability ofa membrane becomes to a particular ion, the closer the membrane potential approach the equilibrium potential for that ion (iv) The membrane potential can be accurate described by the Nernst equation for K* (@) Only I, I and I one correct (b) Only II and If are correct (©) Only IIL and IV are correct (@) Only I and IV are correct (©), I, Wand IV are correct 24 The speed of propagation of an action potential depends on? (i) The length of nerve cell. (ii) The length of the axon, (iii) The thickness of the axon, (iv) The presence of myelin sheet on the axon, (a) II, II and IV are correct (b)1, I, and II] are correct (c) Land IT only are correct (d) IM and IV only are correct (c) It and HT only are correct “ofthe followings are Functions of cell membrane? (a) Control of selective permeability and transport of substances across the cell (b) Maintaining cellular homeostasis (c) Protecting the internal organelles of the cells from unwanted extracellular substances (a) Synthesis of proteins ; 26. Where are ribosomes produced in the cells? (a) Nuclear envelope (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum @Nucleolus 27. Nucleolar precursor bodies are the sites of? (a) Centromeric DNA synthesis (b) Protein synthesis, (©) RNA synthesis (@ Cellular respiration 28. Where in the cell are proteins synthesized? (a) Mitochondria (b) Vacuole (©) Ribosomes @ Nucleus 29. Which of the following is found in all prokaryotic cells but only in some eukaryotic cells? (a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall (©) Mitochondria (@) Ribosome 30. Where in the cell do the majority of ‘metabolic reactions take place? (a) Cytoplasm (b) Nucleus (©) Cell membrane (@) Ribosomes 31, Respiration in the mitochondria of a cell requires which of these two chemicals? (a) Glucose and carbon dioxide aq(©) Carbon dio XK (© Carbon dionde and water 9 Water and oxygen ( Ny gen an cat s2, Wy Ome and srkon dove eer hese is Not a part of the cell (a) All living org: 6) All sing organisms ae ads up of (b) fel is the structural and ional unit of all living things (©) The energy flow of life does not occur within the cell : (4) All cells originate fi originate from pre-ex cells. mee What i ie si What is the average sizeof 2 somatic (a) 30um (b) 10um (©) 20um (@ 40um 34, The largest cell in the human body is? (a) Cardiac cell (b) Muscle cell (c) Oveyte cell (@ Sperm cell 35, What is the average diameter of the human oocyte at its final stage of growth? (a) 20um (6) 40um (c) 80um (@) 120um 36. How does bacteria cell mammalian cell? (i) Bacteria cell have iffer from distinct nucleus, endoplasmic mitochondria and reticulum (ii) Bacterial cell membrane has few es are not attachments and their ribosome scattered (iii) Bacteria cell rucleus, mitochondria, and endoP] reticulum (iv) Bacterial cell attachments have no distinct Jasmic membrane has numerous and their ribosomes are se are seattered throughout the eytoplasm, — (a) Only Land I are (Ons Land acs (©) Only II and IV are correct (8) Only Il and Ill are correct 37, Which organelle in the cell organizes the nuclear spindle in preparation for the separation of chromatids during nuclear division? (a) Microfilament (b) Microtubule (©) Centrioles (@) Microvilli 38. The site of aerobic cellular respiration it acellis? (a) Nucleus (b) Lungs (©) Mitochondria (4) Golgi apparatus 39, A number of rare diseases are caused by mutations in mitochondria DNA. and the ly affected are those the tissues prima mostly rel (a) Nerve impulse tran (b) Respiration (© Reproduction (@ Perspiration 40, All the mitochondri human embryo originate from where? (a) Spermatozo0n (b) Spermatozoon and oocyte (c) Oocyte (@ All of the above ‘ “a1. Where are the mitochondria located ia in the developing the human spermatozoon? (a) Inthe hend (b) In the mi-piece (c) In the tail (a) All of the above 40, ‘The mitochondrial DNA hes: (a) Small double-stranded circular DNA molecules” code fr 2 ribosomal (b) 37 genes that code for 2 ril RNAs, 23 transfer RNA, 10 ~ 13 > nitocho rial membrane /{©) Other mitochondria proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and specifically transported to the mitochondria (@) All of the above Which of these cell organe used as marker in forensie 5 archeol n be ience and for tacking diseases or mutation of matemal origin? (@) Centriole (b) Mitochondria (©) Golgi apparatus (4) Microfilament 44. Which of these cell organelles is Paternally inherited? (a) Centriote (©) Mitochondrial (©) Golgi-apparatus (&) Microfilament 45. The autonomic cholinergic includes: (i) All preganglionic neurons, Gi) AUl parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, neurons that are (iii) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat gland, Gv) Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons that ends on blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and produce vasodilation when stimulated, (%) All sympathetic postganglionic neurons. (a) Only 1, I, II are correct (b) Only 11, 111 and IV are correct (c) Only III, IV and V are correct (d) Only 1, Il, I and IV are correct (©) All are correct 46. Adrenal medulla is essentially a ganglion in which the postganglionic cells have Jost their axons and secrete both norepinephrine and epinephrine 48. 49. 50. (a) parasympathetic (b) Sympathetic (e) Synaptic (d) Neutral 1) None of the above . usec ‘Acetylcholine receptors are found where? . i ; On all effector cells stimulated by the i, neurons of the ganglionic ip On sweat glands and blood vessels ‘of skeletal muscles innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of e sympathetic system. ipo “ihe membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at neuromuscular junction. (a) Only I and III are correct (b) Only Tl and IIT are correct (c) and I are correct (@)1, Hand II] are correct (©) None is correct Nicotinic receptors are activated by? (a) Acetylcholine only (b) Nicotine only (€) Nicotine and acetylcholine (4) Muscatine and acetylcholine Nicotinic receptors are found in the following sites except? (@) The synapse between the Preganglionic and postganglionic Neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, (b) In the membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at the neuromuscular junction (©) Suprarenal medulla (4) Sweat glands and blood vessels of Skeletal muscles innervated by Postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic system (©) All of the above Nicotinic actions are produced by. stimulation of the nicotinic receptors.The following are nicotine-like act acetylcholine except? (a) Stimulation of the autonomic ganglia (b) Secretion of adr and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla (©) Contraction of skeletal muscles due to stimulation at the motor end plates (d) stimulation of postganglionic endings to sweat glands and blood vessels of the skeletal muscles Beta-adrenergic receptor is stimulated by adrenaline. Beta 1 adrenergic receptors are present chiefly in? (a) Bronchioles (b) Heart (©) Gastrointestinal tract (d) Urinary bladder (©) All of the above Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are present in the following except? (a) Bronchioles, (b) Heart (c) Gastrointestinal tract (@ Urinary bladder (© All of the above 53. Excitable cellsitissue: (i) Have a resting membrane potential such that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside. i) Undergo transient changes in membrane permeability when the membrane potential becomes less negative. (iii) Become less excitable when their resting membrane potential is made more negative:(hyperpolarized) (iv) Havet,‘a* higher” ‘intracellular concentration of Sodium than potassium. (a) Only I, Il and IIf are correct (b) Only I and II] are correct (c) Only Il and IV are correct (d) Only IV is correct 59. Which of the following is NOT (A). integral proteins (©) Allare correct 54. Which part of the neuron propagates action potential away from the neuronal body to the target organ or another cell? (@) Microtubule (b) Dendrites (©) Nucleus of neuron @ Microfilament (© Axon 55. The junction between a nerve cell and its target organ is called? (a) Synapse (b) Tight junction (©) gap-junetion (@) Ganglion (©) Cell junction 56. The period after which an action potential has been generated, during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential is called? (a) Absolute Resting period (b) Absolute Refreshing period (©) Relative Refractory period (@) Relative Restoring period (©) Absolute refractory period ‘The state in the membrane of an excitable in which the membrane is more negative than the initial membrane potential is called? (a) Depolarization phase (b) Repolarization phase (©) Hyper polarization phase (d) Hypo polarization phase (e) None of the above 58. In 1838, the cell theory was developed by? (a) Aristotle and Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus and Jean Fernel (c) Matthias Sehleiden and Theodor Schwann (a) Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley (c) Alan Hodgkin and August Krogh part of the plasma membrane of cell?protein (D). peripheral pro ‘4 cell contains molecules that have a hydrophobic end 60. The plasma membrane of and a hydrophilic end Wha (A). phospholipids (B). cholesterol (C). integral proteins (). glycoproteins called? they THEORY SECTION PHY 211 EXAM QUESTIONS Instructions; answer any two (2) questions, Lach question carries 5 marks 1 (a). what are neurotransmitters? Discuss the mechanism and functions of neurotransmitters in nerve impulses transmission ). 2 (a). what are autonomic disorders? (b). Enumerate the symptoms of autonomic disorders 3(@)._ Discuss the autonomic control mechanisms for the regulation of mean arterial blood pressure. (b). Eukaryotes are believed to have evolved from prokaryotes, Discuss,PHS 2) eyes INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY | (2 UNITS) 1 ‘TIME: 2 HOURS DATE: 6/02/2023 INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL OBJECTIVE QUESTION. MARK THE CORRECT OPTION(S) Figure 1 COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES 4 WELLSPRING UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR 2022/2023 SESSION “0 = gol os 2S 4 | q on "Te | ee Tas Fume (meee) . peat 1. What number on the Action Potential 4, infeie lao channels are open ee hae @ TK" Channels opens, allowing K* depolarization phase? Came a (b) Na® channel opens, allowing Na” to Os move out . oF (6) No" channel opens, allowing Na to Cee ‘move in . 2. What number on the Action Potential (aye chmnels ons aloving to graph in figure 1 represents resting cha . membrane potential? 5. Infigure 1 wis channels are opened at a) J and? step number 2? . © gent @)_ K" Channels opens, allowing K to c) ane diffuse out a ® 1 and 3 tial (o) Net ehnnel opens, allowing Ne to ‘Action Potentia sh ' 3, What number on the won oe oe graph in figure | represents (6 eon larization phase? wo a or ™ (ay Ke Channels opens allowing move in (b) 2 (©) 3 (46. Which of the following statements, regarding pupillary dilation are correct? i. Short-term pupil dilation is caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nerve which controls the radial (or dilator) muscles of the itis. ii. Short-term pupil dilation is caused by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve which controls the radial (or dilator) muscles of the iris. - Long-term pupil dilation (mydriasis) can be caused by damage to the parasympathetic nerve that controls the circular muscles of the iris to cause pupil constriction, iv. Long-term dilation (mydriasis) can be caused by damage to the sympathetic nerve that controls the circular muscles of the iris to cause pupil constriction. (a) iandiv (b) ii and iii (c) iiand iv (@) iand iii 7. Anelectrical impulse within a neuron is called? (a) Synapse (b) Membrane potential (c) Action potential (d) Cell body 8 Which of these statements concerning male sexual arousal processes are correct? i, When aman receives visual, physical, or imaginary sexual stimulation, this causes signals to be generated in the brain. ji, The signals generated from sexual stimuli in the brain act upon three of the nerves that branch off from the sacral region of the spinal cord. iii, Parasympathetic stimulation of nerve endings in the region of the penis will cause the release of erectile neurotransmitters. iv. Nitric oxide and acetylcholine are erectile neurotransmitters that cause penile erection. The signals generated from sexual stimuli in the brain act upon three of the nerves that branch off from the thoracic region of the spinal cord. @) i, iii, iv, & v (b) i, ii, tii, & iv (0) i, iv, &v (A) iii, iv, & 9. According to historical development, the term “physiology” from ancient Greek was first introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (© Yean Fernel (d) William Harvey (¢) Mathias Schleiden 10. During 130BC - 200AD, who modified hippocrate’s theory and became the first to use experimentation to derive information about the systems of the body? (a) Theodor Schwann (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Yean Fernel (4) William Harvey (¢) Mathias Schleiden 11. In 1838, the cell theory “that the body was made up of tiny individual cells” was developed by? (a) Aristotle and hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus and Jean Fernel (c) Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (d) Andrew Hurley and Hugh Hurley () Alan Hodgkin and August Krogh 12. Conceming excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cell; (i) The membrane potential lies between the equilibrium potential and Na* equilibrium potential (ii) The net passive (inward) flux of Na” is less than the net passive (outward) flux of K* inthe resting state i (ii The higher the relative permeability of @ tnembrane becomes to a particular ion, the closer the membrane potential ‘approach the equilibrium potential for that fon (iv) The membrane potential canbe aceurate described by the Nemst equation for K (@) Only I I and HL one correct (b) Only {land Ii are correct (¢) Only Ill and TV are correct (4) Only | and IV ave correct (ki Mand IV arecorest 13. The speed of propagation of on potential depends on? (i) The jength of nerve cell.The length of the axon. The thickness of the axon. (iv) The presence of myelin sheet on the axon. (a) U, TH and IV are correct (b) Il, and IM are correct (©) and Il only are correct (@) Mand IV only are correct (e) and Il only are correct 14. Which of the followings are functions of cell membrane? (2) Control of selective permeability and ‘transport of substances across the cell (b) Maintaining cellular homeostasis. (©) Protecting the internal organelles of the cells from unwanted extracellular substances (@) Synthesis of proteins 15. Where are ribosomes produced in the cells? (a) Nuclear envelope (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (©) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (@) Nucleolus 16. Nucleolar precursor bodies are the sites of? (a) Centromeric DNA synthesis (b) Protein synthesis, (c) RNA synthesis, (d) Cellular respiration 17. Where in the cell are proteins synthesized? (a) Mitochondria (b) Vacuole (©) Ribosomes (d) Nucleus 18, Which of the following is found in all prokaryotic cells but only in some eukaryotic cells? (a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall (c) Mitochondria (d) Ribosome 19. Where in the cell do the majority of metabolic reactions take place? (a) Cytoplasm (b) Nucleus (c) Cell membrane (d) Ribosomes , 20. Respiration in the mitochondria ofa cell requires which of these two chemicals? (a) Glucose and carbon dioxide (b) Carbon dioxide and water (c) Water and oxygen (d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide 21. Which of these is not a part of the cell theory? (a) All living organisms are made up of cells (>) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things (©) The energy flow of life does not ‘occur within the cell (d) All cells originate from pre-existing cells, 22, What is the average size of a somatic cell? (a) 30um (b) 10um (©)20um (d) 40um 23. The largest cell in the human body is? (@) Cardiac cell (b) Muscle cell (©) Ooeyte cell (@) Sperm cell 24. What is the average diameter of the human oocyte at its final stage of growth? (@) 20um (b) 40um (©) 80um, (@) 120um 25. How does bacteria cell differ from mammalian cell? (i) Bacteria cell have distinct nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ii) Bacterial cell membrane has few attachments and their ribosomes are not scattered (iii) Bacteria cell have no distinct nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (iv) Bacterial cell membrane has numerous attachments and their ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. (a) Only L and I are correct (b) Only 1 and TV are correct (c) Only Ill and IV are correct (A) Only Tl and Il are correct26, Which organelle in the cell organizes the nuclear spindle in preparation for the separation of chromatids during nuclear division? (a) Microfilament (b) Microtubule (©) Centrioles (@) Microvilli 27. The site of aerobic cellular respiration in acell is? (a) Nucleus (b) Lungs (c) Mitochondria (d) Golgi apparatus 28. A number of rare diseases are caused by ‘mutations in mitochondria DNA, and the tissues primarily affected are those that mostly rely on? (a) Nerve impulse transmission (b) Respiration (c) Reproduction (d) Perspiration 29. All the mitochondria in the developing human embryo originate from where? (a) Spermatozoon (b) Spermatozoon and oocyte (©) Oooyte (d) All of the above 30. Where are the mitochondria located in the human spermatozoon? (a) In the head (b) In the mid-piece (c)In the tail (@) All of the above 31. The mitochondrial DNA has: (a) Small double-stranded circular DNA molecules (b) 37 gene RNAs, 22- 23 transfer proteins associated with the mitochondrial membrane () Other mitochondria proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and specifically transported to the mitochondria (@) Alll of the above 32. Which of these cell organelles can be used as marker in forensic science and archeology for tracking diseases of mutation ‘of maternal origin? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondria 5 that code for 2 ribosomal RNA, 10 - 13 inner (©) Golgi apparatus (@ Microfilament 33. Which of these cell organelles is paternally inherited? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondrial (©) Golgi-apparatus (@) Microfilament 34. The autonomic neurons that are cholinergic includes: {) All preganglionic neurons. (ii) All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. (iii) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat gland. (iv) Sympathetic post _ ganglionic neurons that ends on blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and produce vasodilation when stimulated. (v) All sympathetic postganglionic neurons. (a) Only [, Il, Hare correct (b) Only 0, TH and IV are correct (©) Only If, IV and V are correct (@) Only I, I, Hand IV are correct (e) All are correct 35. Adrenal medulla is essentially a ganglion in which the postganglionic ells have lost their axons and secrete both norepinephrine and epinephrine (a) parasympathetic (b) Sympathetic (©) Synaptic (@) Neutral (@) None of the above 36, Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors are found where? {j) On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic neurons | ofthe parasympathetic nervous system. {i) On sweat glands and blood vessels ff skeletal muscles innervated by postganglionic. chotinergie neurons of the sympathetic system. (iiiy On the membranes of skeletal muscles. fibers at neuromuscular jantion a) Only Land Hae correct {by Only Hand il are comet (o) Land Il are correct (4) Hand IIL are comet (e) None is correct37, Nicotinic receptors are activated by? (ii) Undergo transient changes in (@) Acetylcholine only membrane permeability when the (b) Ni only membrane potential becomes less (©) Nicotine and acetylcholine negative. (@ Muscatine and acetyleh (iii) Become less excitable when their 38. Nicotinic receptors are found in the resting membrane potential is made following sites except? more negative (hyperpolarized). (2) The synapse between the (iv) Have a” higher intracellular Preganglionic and —_ postganglionic concentration of sodium than potassium. neurons of both the sympathetic and (a) Only I, 1 and IIT are correct parasympathetic systems, (b) Only Land 11 are correct (b) In the membranes of skeletal (©) Only Il and IV are correct muscles fibers at the neuromuscular (d) Only IV is correct junction (©) All are correct (©) Suprarenal medulla 43. Which part of the neuron propagates (@) Sweat glands and blood vessels of action potential away from the neuronal skeletal muscles innervated by body to the target organ or another cell? Postganglionic cholinergic neurons of (a) Microtubule the sympathetic system (b) Dendrites| (©) All of the above (©) Nucleus of neuron 39. Nicotinic actions are produced by @ Mierofilament stimulation of the nicotinic receptors (@) Axon The following are nicotine-like actions of 44, The junction between a nerve cell and acetylcholine except? its target organ is called? (@) Stimulation of the autonomic ganglia (a) Synapse (b) Secretion of adrenaline and (b) Tight junction noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla (©) gap-junetion (@ Ganglion (©) Contraction of skeletal muscles due to stimulation at the motor end plates (d) (@) Cell junction stimulation of postganglionic endings to 45, The period “afer “which anos sweat glands and blood vessels of the potential has been generated, which an excitable cell cannot generate skeletal muscles van cll cama is stir another action potential is cal 40. Beta-adrenergic receptor is stimulated ote aon pl i by adrenaline, Beta drenersie (b) Absolute Refreshing period ' receptors are present chiefly in? () Abas Reese (2) Bronchioles (@) Relative Restoring period (b) Heart (e) Absolute reietoypeiod Commer “6 PS ute os d) Urinary bladder excitable in which membre peat o All of the above ent gate than the nal _avenrane 1. Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are presen potential is called? a ‘th following except? (a) Depolarization plise pis hioles ({) Repotarization phase ee {cp Hyper polarization pase (pHa sctinal tt {a) Hypo polarization pase (c) Gastrointestinal wor eae secu (@) Urinary bladder vane crea all (c) All of the above 47 ee ; i issue! q cells"? charged 42. Excitable ee * embrane potential Gp because they ea G) Have at rll such thet respect to the ouside i negative with resp(i) Because their membranes are in a polarized stated. (iii) Because their membranes have special channels that can influence membrane polarization/depolarize when opened o closed. (iv) Because they can generate action potential to propagate nerve impulses (v) Because they can make people to become excited, (a) Only I, Mand V are correct (b) Only I, TV and V are correct (c) Only Il, IH and IV are correct (@) Only I, IV and V are correct (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Jean Femnel (@) William Harvey (e) Mathias Schleiden 50. In 1838, the cell theory “that the body was made up of tiny individual cells 2” was developed (@) Allare correct 48, According to historical development, the term “physiology” from ancient Greeks was first introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Jean Fernel (d) William Harvey (e) Mathias Schleiden 49. During 130 BC ~ 200 AD, who modified Hippoerates's theory and became the first to use experimentation to derive information about the systems of the body? (a) Theodor Schwanna (a) Aristotle and Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus and Jean Fernel (c) Matthias Schleiden and ‘Theodor Schwann {(@) Andrew Hursley and Hugh Huxley (@) Alan Hodgkin and August Krogh by? ‘THEORY SECTION Instructions; Answer any three (3) questions: ach question eases 19 mas L carsongs the functions ofthe two divisions of he autonome PSY " jitters? _ / 2(0)-_ wa ote mesh fens of neurotransmitters in nerve impulses (b). Diseuss the role, mechanisim and functions of transmission sent ic disorders? 3(a). what are autonomi eaten the symptoms of autonomic ; ee in ae actononc contro] mechanisms for the regulation of me: 4(a). Discuss th ‘ i Kon, erection af oat «rig autonomic contra of pupillary aiameter regulation, gcuss the synergistic (b)- Discuss t ejaculation in males.DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES WELLSPRING UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR 2021/2022 SESSION PHS 211: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY I (2 UNITS) TIME: 2 HOURS DATE: 28/07/2022 Matric No: SECTION A INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION(S). (I MARK EACH) 1. The followings are functions of cell membrane except; (a) Control of selective permeability and. transport of substances across the cell (b) Maintaining cellular homeostasis (c) Protecting the internal organelles of the cells from unwanted extracellular substances (d) Synthesis of proteins 2. Where are ribosomes produced in the cells? (a) Nuclear envelope (b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (d) Nucleolus 3, Nucleolar precursor bodies are the sites of? ; (a) Centromeric DNA synthesis (b) Protein synthesis (c) RNA synthesis (d) Cellular respiration 4, Where in the cell are proteins synthesized? (a) Mitochondria (b) Vacuole (c) Ribosomes (d) Nucleus 5. Which of the following is found in all prokaryotic cells but only in some eukaryotic cells? (a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall (©) Mitochondria @ Ribosome 6. Where in the cell do the majority of metabolic reactions take place? (a) Cytoplasm {b) Nucleus (©) Cell membrane (d) Ribosomes 7. What are cells called if they are adapted to perform a certain function? (a) Specific cells (b) Functional cells (c) Unique cells (A) Specialized cells 8, ‘The term that describes, cell division is called? (a) Cytolysis (b) Cytocreation (6) Cytodivision (a) Cytokinesis9. Respiration in the mitochondria of a cell requires which of these wo chemicals? (a) Glucose and carbon dioxide (b) Carbon dioxide and water (©) Water and oxygen (d) Oxygen and carbon dioxide 10. Which of these is not a part of the cell theory? (a) All living organisms are made up of cells (b) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things (6) The energy flow of life does not ‘ocour within the cell (@) All cells originate from pre- existing cells 11, What is the average size of @ somatic cell? (@) 30um (b) 10um (c) 20um_ (d) 40um 12. The largest cell in the human body is? (a) Cardiac cell (b) Muscle cell (c) Oocyte cell (@) Sperm cell 13. What is the average diameter of the human oocyte at its final stage of growth? (a) 20um (b) 40um_ (c) 80um (@) 120um 14. How does bacteria cell differ from mammalian cell? (i) Bacteria cell have distinct nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ii) Bacterial cell membrane has few attachments and their ribosomes are not scattered (ii) Bacteria cell have no distinet hucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (iv) Bacterial cell membrane has numerous attachments and their Fibosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. (@) Only Land Il are correct (b) Only | and [V are correct (6) Only Ill and IV are correct (d) Only Il and Ill are correct 15, Which organelle in the cell organizes the nuclear spindle in preparation for the separation of Chromatids during —_ nuclear division? (a) Microfilament (b) Microtubule {c) Centrioles (@) Microvilli 16. The site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell is? (a) Nucleus (b) Lungs (©) Mitochondria (4) Golgi apparatus 17, A number of rare diseases are caused by mutations — in mitochondria. DNA, . and the tissues primarily aflected are those that mostly rely on? (a) Nerve impulse transmission (b) Respiration (©) Reproduction (@) Perspiration18. AM the mitochondria inthe developing human embryo uate from whe orig (a) Spermatozoon (b) Spermatozoon and ooe (6) Oveyte (d) All of the above 19, Where are the mitochondria located = in. the human spermatozoon? (a) Inthe head (b) In the mid-piece (©) In the tail (d) All of the above 20, The mitochondrial DNA has: (a) Small double-stranded circular DNA molecules (b) 37 genes that code for 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22- 23 transfer RNA, 10 - 13 proteins associated with the inner — mitochondrial membrane (©) Other mitochondria proteins encoded by nuclear DNA and specifically’ transported to the mitochondria (d) All of the above 21. Which of these cell organelles can be used as marker in forensic science and archeology for tracking diseases or mutation of maternal origin? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondria (c) Golgi apparatus (4) Microfilament 22. Which of these cell organelles is paternally inherited? (a) Centriole (b) Mitochondrial (©) Golgi-apparatus (d) Microfilament 23. ‘The autonomic neuro cholinergic inched ions ) All preganglionic neurons. (ii) All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (iii) Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat gland, (iv) Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons that ends on blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and produce vasodilation when stimulated (v) All sympathetic postganglionic neurons (a) Only 1, 11, 111 are correct, (b) Only II, Ill and IV are correct (©) Only Il, IV and V are correct (d) Only 1, I, Hand IV are correct (©) All are correct 24. Adrenal medulla is essentially a ganglion in which the postganglionic cells have lost their axons and secrete both norepinephrine and epinephrine (a) parasympathetic (b) Sympathetic (c) Synaptic (4) Neutral (d) None of the above 25. Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors are found where? (i) On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. (ii) On sweat glands and blood vessels of — skeletal — muscles innervated by _ postganglionic cholinergic neurons ofthe sympathetic system. (iii) On the membranes of s| celetal muscles fibers at neuromuscular junction. (a) Only | and MI are correct(b) Only IL and IIL are correct (c) Land Il are correct (@) I, Hand II are cortect (e) None is correct 46. Nicotinic receptors are activated by? (a) Acetylcholine only (b) Nicotine only {¢) Nicotine and acetylcholine {@) Mascarine and acetylcholine 27, Nicotinic receptors are found in the following sites except? (a) The synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic Peurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. (b) In the membranes of skeletal muscles fibers at the neuromuscular junction (c) Suprarenal medulla (4) Sweat glands and blood vessels Of skeletal muscles innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic system (e) All of the above 28, Nicotinic actions are produced by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors. The ‘following ae nicotine-like actions of acetylcholine except? (a) Stimulation of the ganglia (b) Secretion 0 noradrenaline from medulla (c) Contractio due to stimula plates 2 (d)_ stimulation of postganglionic endings to sweat glands and blood vessels of the skeletal muscles autonomic f adrenaline and the adrenal n of skeletal muscles tion at the motor end 29. Bet-adrenergic receptor is stimulated by adrenaline, Beta | adrenergic receptors are present chiefly in? (a) Bronchioles (b) Heart (c) Gastrointestinal tract (@) Urinary bladder (©) All of the above 30. Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are present in the following except? (a) Bronchioles (b) Heart (c) Gastrointestinal tract (A) Urinary bladder (e) Alllof the above 31. Excitable cells/tissue: (Have a resting membrane potential such that the inside of the Pall is negative with respect to the outside. (ji) Undergo membrane per membrane potential gative. Become less excitable when their resting membrane potential is made more negative (hyperpolarized). (iv) Have a higher intracellular concentration of | sodium than potassium. (a) Only I, Hand If are correct (b) Only | and Ill are correct (6) Only Il and LV are correct (a) Only IV is correct (c) All are correct transient changes in meability when the becomes less32, The resting membrane potential: (a) Is a property of all Cell (b) Depends primarily on sodium influx (6) Its magnitude is the same in all excitable cells (a) Is mostly due to Gibbs ~ Donan effects (©) Drops immediately to zero if sodium-potassium pump is blocked 33. Which part of the neuron propagates action potential away from the neuronal body to the target organ or another cell? (a) Microtubule (b) Dendrites (c) Nucleus of neuron (@ Microfilament (e) Axon 34, The junction between a nerve cell and its target organ is called? (a) Synapse (b) Tight junction (c) gap-junction (d) Ganglion (e) Cell junction 4 which an action been generated, an excitable cell ther action 35, The period afte potential has during which cannot generate ano! potential is called? (a) Resting period (b) Refreshing period (c) Refractory period (d) Restoring period (¢) Re-activating period 36. The state in the membrane of an excitable in which the membrane is more negative than the initial membrane potential is called? (a) Depolarization phase (b) Repolarization phase (c) Hyper polarization phase (d) Hypo polarization phase (e) None of the above 37. Why are Neurons called “excitable cells”? (i) Because they can be charged. (ji) Because their membranes are in a olarized stated. (iii) Because their membranes have special channels that can influence membrane polarization/depolarize when opened or closed. (iv) Because they can generate action potential to propagate nerve impulses (v) Because they can make people to become excited (a) Only |, I and V are correct (b) Only Il, IV and V are correct (6) Only Il, III and IV are correct (d) Only 1, LV and V are correct (c) All are correct 38, According to _ historical development, the term “physiology” fiom ancient Greeks was first introduced by? (a) Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus (c) Jean Fernel (a) William Harvey (e) Mathias Schleiden39, During 130 BC - 200 AD, who modified Hippocrates's theory a became the first to use experimentation to.——_-derive information about the systems of the body? (a) Theodor Schwannn (b) Claudius Galenus (©) Jean Fernel (@ William Harvey (e) Mathias Schleiden 40, In 1838, the cell theory “that the body was made up of tiny individual cells” was developed by? (a) Aristotle and Hippocrates (b) Claudius Galenus and Jean Fernel (©) Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann () Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley (©) Alan Hodgkin and August KroghINSTRUCTION: ANSWER THREE QUESTION: Is 2a). ). 3(a). (). 4(a). (b). Enumerates 6 features or cl 5. 6(a). (b), SECTION B:_ THEORY s (10 MARKS EACH). Discuss the functions of the two divisions ofthe autonomic nervous system. what are neurotransmitters? Discuss the role, mechanism and funetions of neurotransmitters in nerve impulses transmission what are autonomic disorders? Enumerate the symptoms of autonomic disorders of blood flow Control systems to organs and tissues Discuss the mechanism ‘havacteristics of the peripheral vascular system Discuss 5 factors that affect blood flow Discuss the microcirculation what are the characteristics features of capillaries?DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES WELLSPRING UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY Date; Tuesday 4" July 2023, Course CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY Course code: PHS 213 Instructions; Answer all objective questions. Circle the correct option. Each question carries 1 mark. TIME: 2hrs MATRICULATION NUMBER, OBJECTIVES SECTION 1. Blood flow through the heart follows which of the sequences listed below? A. from left atrium, then mitral valve, right ventricle, aorta, left ventricle B. from right atrium, then mitral valve, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left ventricle. C. from pulmonary trunk, then tricuspid valve, left atrium, aortic valve, aorta D. from vena cava, then r trunk, left ventric! 2. What feature does cardiac musele possess that is missing in skeletal muscle? A. striations B, multiple nuclei C. voluntary control intercalated discs BT Sarl has a stroke volume of 70 mand a cardia output of 5950 ml/n ; What is her heart rate (in beats/min)? A.70 B75 C80 D.8S 4, What will depolarize more A. Acetylcholine It ventricle, pulmonary (SA) node to ise the sino 13, Norepinephrine CC, Parasym) b, Vagus netic stimulation FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2022/2023 SESSION 5, How are cardiac cells mechanically attached to each other? By their: A.mitochondria B. intercalated dises C. gap junetions. D. sarcolemma 6) The spike phase of the action potential of the sinoatrial node pacemaker cells of the heart caused nels. channels, ©) Closure of vol D) Opening of volta Closure of voltage- 7) Choose the correct sequence of conduction along the conductive f A) SA node ~> AV node — Bundle of Mis ~» Purkinje fibers — Bunalle branches B) SA node AV node — Bundle ot | b + Purkinje O)SA node — AY node —> Bundle branches Bundle of His Purki D)SA node — AV node — Purkinje fibers» Bante ot His + Bunute B) AV node SA nodes Bundle tances Purkinje fibers of His Bundte8) Which ofthese cells are known as the primary pacemakers of the heart? {A) Cells of the sino-atrial (SA) node, B) Cells of the atrio-ventricular (AV) node ©) Fibers of the bundle of His D) Fibers of the left and right bundle branches E) Fibers of the left and right bundle branches 9) Which organ is NOT known to include a special portal system for blood? A) Heart B) Kidney C) Liver D) Brain E) All of these organs have portal systems. 10) During a typical cardiac cycle under resting conditions, approximately of the volume of blood present in the ventricles just before ventricular contraction (referred to as end-diastolic Volume), enters the ventricles as a result of atrial contraction. A) 10% B) 20% ©) 50% D) 80% E) 100% 11) Which of the following statements about hydrostatic pressure is NOT true? A) Ifa fluid is not moving, the pressure that it exerts is called hydrostatic pressure. B) Force is not equal in all directions. ©) The lateral pressure component of moving fuid represents the hydrostatic pressure. 1D) Hydrostatic pressure does not include the dynamic component of a moving fluid. E) All ofthe statements are true, 12) During the cardiac cycle, contraction of the left ly atrium leads to an inerease of approxi “__ in the hydrostatie pressure jeft atrium. A) 1-2:mm Hg, B) 4-6 mm He c) 7-8 mm He 1p) 10-12 mm Hg 5) 14-16 mm Hg 13) During the cardiac eyele, contraction ofthe ight ‘an inerease of approximately ‘atrium leads 0 in the hydrostatic pressure within the yn avium. A) 1-2mm Hg ... ) 4-6 mm Hg C)7-8 mm Hg D) 10-12 mm Hg E) 14-16 mm Hg 14) As blood vessel length nereases, A) Resistance increases only, B) Flow decreases only. ) Friction decreases only, ) Resistance increases and flow decreases, E) Both resistance and flow increase, 15) During iso-volumic contraction (also refer as iso-volumetric contraction) of the left ventrich A) Hydrostatic pressure within the left ventricle rapidly. 'B) There is a decrease in the hydrostatic pressure within the left ventricle ) There is a slight increase in the hydrostatic pressure within the left atrium ‘D) There is no change in the hydrostatic pressure within the left atrium E) There isa slight decrease in the hydrostatic pressure within the left atrium. 16) During the cardiac cycle, opening of the atric ventricular valves following ventricular relaxation leads to: A) Flow of blood through the atrio-ventricular valves from the atria into the ventricles. B) A decrease in the hydrostatic pressure within the ventricles. CVA decrease in the hydrostatic pressure within the ventricles. D) A decrease in the hydrostatic pressure within the atria E) An increase in the hydrostatic pressure within the atria 17) Which cardiac valve separates the let atrium from the left ventricle? A) Left atrio-ventricular (AV) valve, B) Right ateio-venteicular (AV) valve ©) Bieuspid valve ) Tricuspid valv FE) Mitral valve, 18) Which cardiae valve separates the righ atrium nt ventricle? ar (AY) valve. lar (AV) valve trom th ADL 1B) Right atvio-ventr ©) Bicuspid valve, 1) Tricuspid valve E) Mival valve Zein OS ky NS =) IPRARY Jz19) The right atrio-ventric cusp), "ular (AV) valve has Al B)2 93 D)4 ES 20) The left atrio-ventricular (AV) valve has cusp(s). A)L. B)2. 3 Da E)S 21) Ina typical human cardiac eyele, the volume of blood in the left ventricle just before the start of ventricular systole is approximately This volume if referred to as the end-diastolic volume? A) 15m B) 30mL ©) 60 mL D) 120 mL. E) 240 mL 22) In a typical human cardiae cycle, the volume of plod remaining in the left ventricle at the end of ventricular systole is approximately This is referred to as the end-systolic volume. A) 10mL B) 25 mL ¢) 50 mL 1) 100 mL L 51S gaa ask lei about A) 10mL B) 30mL_ ©) 50mL D) 70 mL BPE ay pteiachmyner yeni cells are due 1.8 COMA” Na" ind decreasing K’ ‘A) Influx, eflux BB) Efflux, influx ) Influx, influx ux, efflux 25) The end of the plateau phase is due to ‘the ___ of Ca** channels and of K+ channels. A) Opening, opening C) Opening, closing D) Closing, openin oo Do) The epdae events that oer from he beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next heart ‘eat are called the cardiac cycle. Which of the following islare true? 'A) The left atrium and right atrium contract nearly simultaneously 'B) The left ventricle and right ventricle contract neatly simultaneously C) The atria contract before the ventricles 'D) The ventricles contract before the atria. E) None of the above 27) The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in ‘A) Preventing overstretching ofthe cells. ‘B) Enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the calls (©) Preventing tetanus. 1) Preventing fibrillation, E) Regulating Ca2+ availability tothe cells 28) Cardiae output is defined as the volume of blood pumped every minute by: ‘A) The left or right ventricle of the heart pumped by left or right ventricle B) Both left and right ventricles of the heart (ie, combined volume pumped by left and ri ventricles) * ©) None of the above 29) The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through, A) Gap junctions. ° 'B) Tight junctions, ‘© Chemical synapses. D) Desmosomes, 30) Fora resting adult ws pcg ecards aroma Ventre suppl tothe hanggn ne i8ht A) 10% ms B) 25% ©)50% D) 100% E) 150% 2, volume 31) The AV 1 ‘oe is important because itA) Directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the ati B) Delays the transmission ofthe electrical impulses to the ventricles in order forthe atria to finish contracting. (©) Serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. D) Electrically opens the AV valves. E) None of these answers are correct. 32) Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat A) Ventricular fibrillation. B) Atrial fibrillation, ©) Heart block. D) Heart murmur. E) Myocardial infaretion. 33) A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed A) Bradycardia B) Tachycardia © Anarhythia. D) Fibrillation, ) A normal resting heart rate, '34) Which event happens atthe start ofa eardiae ceycle? [A) Blood is ejected from the atrium. B) The SA node fires. (©) The P wave develops. 1D) Ventricular systole occurs E) Atrial systole occurs. 35) In order for blood to enter the hear, ‘A) The atria must be in diastole, B) The pressure inthe atria must be Tower than in the veins ) The AV valves must be open 1D) The atria must not only be at rest but the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins E) All ofthe answers are corre 36) Which ofthe following events result in the fist heart sound? A) The AV valves open B) The AV valves elose ) The semilunar valves close. 1D) The semilunar valves open. ) The atria contract 37) The cardiac output fs equal to A) The difference between the end-diastolic volume. and the end-systolic volume. B) The product of heart rate and stroke volume, (C) The difference between the stroke volume ayy and the stroke volume during exercise. 1D) The stroke volume less the end-systolic volune E) The product of heart rate and blood pressure 38) The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is ‘A) Cardiac output (CO). B) Heart rate (HR). ) end-diastolic volume (EDV). D) Stroke volume (SV). E) end-systolic volume (ESV). 39) According to Starling's law of the heart, the ‘cardiac output is directly related to the AA) Size of the ventricle. B) Heart rate (©) Venous return D) Thickness of the myocardium. E) end-systolic volume. 40) Which of these will increase the heart rate? ‘A) Only sympathetic stimulation to the SA node B) Only the application of epinephrine to the SA node ©) Only the application of acetylcholine to the SA node D) Both sympathetic stimulation and application of epinephrine to the SA node £) Both sympathetic stimulation and application of acetylcholine to the SA node 41) The chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the 2 A.SA node B. AV node C. Atrium D. Ventricles 42) The chambers ofthe heart that receive blood from the veins are the A. Atria B. Ventricles C. Pulmonary valve D. None of the above 43) v blood vessels that carry’ blood away tron the heart, ° A. Arteries B. Veins . Antetioles D. None of the above 44)____ are blood vessels that earry blood toward the heat A, Arteries a SPR!C. Arterioles 'D. None of the above 45) The cardiovascular system is made up of , and A. the Heart, blood vessels and blood B. the Heart, lungs and blood C. the Heart, blood vessels and lungs D. the lungs, blood vessels and blood 46) The circuit carries blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs. A. systemic B. pulmonary C. Trans-systemie D. Trans-pulmonary 47. Which period of the heart cycle is completely occupied by the ventricles relaxing? ‘A. atrial systole B. atrial diastole C. ventricular systole D. ventricular diastole 48. Through which valve does blood flow when it ‘moves from the right atrium into the right ventricle? THEORY SECTION 1. (a) What is cardiovascular shock? 2. (a) Discuss the physiolo: (b) Describe the protocol Shygmomanometer method 3._ (a) Discuss action potential (b) Discuss the basic cardi (c) Discuss the struct INSTRUCTION; Answer any TWO (2) questions. (b) Discuss the pathophysiological mec! SPRINGS 1 Uy A the tricuspid valve B. the mitral valve the pulmonary valve D. the bicuspid valve 49, Why isthe myocardium ofthe right ventricle (RV) thinner than that ofthe let ventricle (LV)? cui Avthe RV pumps into the pulmonary circuit whic has less resistance than the systemic circuit, B. the RV pumps a smaller volume of blood than the LY. ; . the RV pumps blood out with a slower exit speed than the RV. '. the RV chamber has a smaller volume than the WwW. '50, Through which valve does blood flow when it ‘moves from the left atrium into the left ventricle? ‘A. the semilunar valve B. the mitral valve . the tricuspid valve D. the bicuspid valve Jhanisms involved in cardiovascular shock ical mechanisms involved in arterial blood pressure regulation 1 for arterial blood pressure evaluation using the mercury . ovascular changes that may occur during exercise eondit ve and functions of the electrical circuitry system ofthe heart i