BSCE 3 – CIEN 306 Structural Theory

Prepared By:

Engr. Antonio P. Curva

Instructor 1
Course Outline

1. Equilibrium & Support Reaction

2. Determinacy of Beams and Trusses
3. Deflection of Beam Using Moment Area Method
4. Deflection of Beam Using Double Integration
5. Deflection of Beam Using Conjugate Beam Method
6. Deflection of Beam Using Superposition Method
7. Analysis of Beam Using Three Moment Equation
 DEFLECTION OF BEAM USING
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
This method entails obtaining the deflection of a beam by
integrating the differential equation of the elastic curve of a
beam twice and using boundary conditions to determine the
constants of integration. The first integration yields the slope,
and the second integration gives the deflection
The primary advantage of the double- integration method is that
it produces the equation for the deflection everywhere along the
beams.

The bending deformation of a beam, the displacements and

slopes are very small if the stresses are below the elastic limit.
The deformed axis of the beam is called its elastic curve.
Derive the differential equation for the elastic curve and
describe a method for its solution
a. Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve
The vertical deflection of A, denoted by v, is considered
to be positive if directed in the positive direction of the
y-axis that is, upward in Figure. Because the axis of the
beam lies on the neutral surface, its length does not
change.
Therefore, the distance , measured along the elastic
curve, is also x. It follows that the horizontal deflection
of A is negligible provided the slope of the elastic curve
remains small.
Consider next the deformation of an
infinitesimal segment AB of the beam
axis, as shown in Figure. The elastic
curve A’ of the segment has the same
length dx as the undeformed segment
If we let v be the deflection of A, then
the deflection of B is v +dv, with dv
being the infinitesimal change in the
deflection segment are denoted by θ
and θ + dθ.
From the geometry of the figure
The approximation is justified because θ is small.
dx = ρ d θ
where ρ is the radius of curvature of the deformed segment.
Rewriting previous equation as 1/ρ= dθ / dx and substituting θ
𝑑𝑣
from equation = sin θ ≡ θ
𝑑𝑥
When deriving the flexure formula, we obtained the moment-
curvature relationship

where M is the bending moment acting on the segment, E is the

modulus of elasticity of the beam material, and I represents the
modulus of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral
(centroidal) axis.
Substituting the equation

which the differential equation of the elastic curve. The

product EI, called the flexural rigidity of the beam, is usually
constant along the beam. It is convenient to write in the
form

Where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to x ;

that is,
dv / dx = v ’ d2v / dx2 = v ” and so on.
a. Double Integration of the
Differential Equation
If EI is constant and M is a known
function of x, integration of the equation
yields

And second integration

where C1 and C2 are constants of
integration to be determined from the
prescribed constraints (for example, the
boundary conditions) on the deformation
of the beam.
Because the second integration gives the
deflection v as a function of x, it is called
the equation of the elastic curve
▪ The term ∫∫Mdxdx gives the shape of the elastic curve. The
position of the curve is determined by the constants of
integration : C1 represents a rigid-body rotation about the
origin and C2 is a rigid-body displacement in the y-direction.
Hence, the computation of the constants is equivalent to
adjusting the position of the elastic curve so that it fits
properly on the supports.

▪ If the bending moment of flexural rigidity is not a smooth

function of x, a separate differential equation must be written
for each beam segment between the discontinuities. This
means that if there are n such segments, two integrations will
produce 2n constants of integration (two per segment). There
are also 2n equations available for finding the constants
▪ The elastic curve must not contain gaps or kinds. In other
words, the slopes and deflections must be continuous at the
junctions where the segments meet. Because there are n-1
junctions between the n segments, these continuity
conditions give us 2(n-1) equations.

▪ Two additional equations are provided by the boundary

conditions imposed by the supports, so that there are a total
of 2 (n-1)+2 = 2n equations.
Procedure for double integration
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each
segment of the beam:
▪ Determine the value of reaction forces
▪ Assume one section XX at a distance x, let us consider that
section XX is having x distance from support A.
▪ Secure the moment of all the forces about section XX and
write the moment equation. Take the concept of sign
convention to provide the suitable sign for the calculated
bending moment of section XX.
Procedure for double integration
▪ Consider the first differential equation for elastic curve of a
beam and bending moment determined earlier about the
section XX and we will have to insert the expression of
bending moment in the previous equation. And write the
slope equation
▪ We will now integrate this equation. After first integration of
differential equation, we will have value of slope Similarly,
dy/dx. Similarly, after second integration of differential
equation, we will have value of deflection, and write the
deflection equation
Procedure for double integration
▪ We will apply the boundary conditions in order to secure the
values of constant of integration i.e. C1 and C2.
At x = 0, Deflection (y) = 0
At x = L, Deflection (y) = 0
▪ We will now insert the value of C1 and C2 in slope equation
and in deflection equation too in order to secure the final
equation for slope and deflection at any section of the
loaded beam
▪ We will use the value of x for a considered point and we can
easily determine the values of deflection and slope of the
beam AB at that respective point.
Sample Problem:
1. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply
supported beam of length L carrying a concentrated load
P at midspan.
Moment Equation
Slope Equation
Deflection Equation
At x = 0, y = 0, therefore, C2 = 0
The negative sign indicates that the deflection is below the
undeformed neutral axis.
Sample Problem:

2. Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported

beam of length L carrying a uniformly distributed load of
intensity wo applied over its entire length.
Moment equation

Slope equation

Deflection equation
Sample Problem:
3. Compute the value of EI δ at midspan for the beam loaded as
shown in Figure.
If E = 10 GPa, what value of I is required to limit the midspan
deflection to 1/360 of the span?
Solution:

Moment equation

Slope equation
Deflection equation
Sample Problem:

4. A simply supported beam of length 7 m, has a concentrated

couple Mo of 10 kN.m. applied at one end. E = 200000 MPa, I
= 60 x 106 mm4.
a. Compute the location of maximum deflection from the
applied load
b. Compute the maximum deflection of the beam
c. Compute the angle of rotation at the point where the
couple is applied
Solution:
a. Location of maximum deflection
∑Mb = 0
R(7) = 10
10
R =
7
Moment equation
EI y” = Mx
= Mo – Rx
10
= 10 - x
7
Slope equation
10 𝑥2
EI y’ = 10x - + C1
7 2
 10𝑥2 10 𝑥3
Deflection equation EI y = - + C1x + C2
2 14 3
By boundary condition
when x = 0 y=0 C2 = 0 when x=7 y=0
2
10 7 10 7 3
0= - - C1 (7) + 0
2 14 (3)

C1 = -23.33
𝑑𝑦
when =0
𝑑𝑥
10 𝑥2
EI y’ = 10x - + C1
7 2
10 𝑥 2
0 = 10x - - 23.33
14
x = 2.95 m
b. Maximum deflection
10𝑥2 10 𝑥3
EI y = - + C1x + C2
2 14 3
10(2.95)2 10 2.953
EI y = - - (23.33)(2.95) +0
2 14 3
31.42 𝑁.𝑚3
y = -
𝐸𝐼
31.42 𝑁.𝑚3
y = -
(200000)(60 𝑥 106)

y = - 2.62 mm (downward)
c. Angle of rotation at the point of application of the couple
10 𝑥2
EI y’ = 10x - + C1
7 2
EI y’ = 0 – 0 + C1
EI y’ = 0 – 0 – 23.33
23.33 1000 3
y’ =
(200000)(60 𝑥 106)

y’ = 0.0019 radians
0.0019(180)
y’ =
∏

y’ = 0.11 °