Chapter 1 : Introduction to Electrical ~ An energy which cannot see, but can be felt

Circuits ~ Electric energy can be created from impact from

action as friction, heat and electromagnetic field
~ Electric energy can change into :
 Light energy – lamp
 Heat energy – iron
 Sound energy – radio
 Kinetic energy - motor
~ 2 types of electric
 Static electricity – no electron movement
 Dynamic electricity – Got electron movement

1.1 Basic Electrical Quantities

Quantities Definition Symbol Unit

 Force /electric pressure that cause the flow of
Electromotive force (emf) electrons, or E Volt (V)
 The flow of current in circuit
Charge  Types of charge : positive and negative charge Q Coulomb (C)
 Movement of electric charge cause by free electrons
Current movement I Ampere (A)
 Flows from positive to negative terminal
 Potential different between 2 points in an electric
Potential energy (voltage) V Volt (V)
circuit
 Property of material which oppose the flow of current
Resistance R Ohm (Ω)
through it
 Electrical property of a material that quantifies how
Ohm meter
Resistivity strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric ρ (Ωm)
current

Factors Affect Resistance

No. Factors Description

Length of The longer the length of the wire, the higher the resistance R L
i.
material value

ii. Resistivity The higher the resistance, higher the resistivity R ρ

The resistance increase, the cross section area of a conductor
iii. Area
will decreases
R A

The conductor temperature increase, the value of resistance

iv. Temperature
also increase
R T
Where:
Quantities Symbol Unit
Cross sectional area A = Meter square (m2)
Resistivity ρ = Ohm meter (Ωm)
Length l = Meter (m)

Resistance R = Ohm (Ω)

1.2 Types of Electrical Circuits

Types of
Electric
No. Description Electric Description Figure
Circuits
Circuits

 A simple circuit may

Simple
include two
i. circuits /
components :
Basic circuit
a battery and a lamp

 Circuit forms
complete loop
 The current go
Complete
through
electric
completely from
circuit
source and back
(close
flow to source
circuit)
again  Combination of
 Must have V, I Complex components such as
ii. and R Circuit resistors, capacitors,
transistor etc.

 No current flow
occur
Open
iii.  Loose connection /
circuits
damaged
component
The current flow
Non
will never happen
complete
without one of 3
electric
components :
circuit
V/I/R
 Circuit without load
Short  The connection at
iv.
circuits load, will short with
conductor

Use of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Ohm Meter

Factors Use Unit

Voltmeter Measure electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit Voltage (V)
Ammeter Measure the electric current in a circuit Ampere (A)
Ohm meter Measure electric resistance in a circuit Ohms (Ω)
Wattmeter Measure value of electric power (or the supply rate of electric energy) Watt (W)
Multimeter Measure two or more electrical values
1.3 Ohm’s Law

At constant temperature, the electric current (I) flowing in conducting material is directly proportional to
the applied voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R)
Definition
(Pada suhu malar, arus elektrik (I) yang mengalir dalam bahan/litar adalah berkadar terus dengan voltan
yang digunakan (V) dan berkadar songsang dengan rintangan (R))

Where:
Formula
V = Voltage (V)
I = Current (A)
R = Resistance (Ω)

Linear Resistance
i. Voltage (V) versus Current (I) in constant
resistance

Graph

Non-Linear Resistance
ii. Voltage (V) versus Current (I) in non-constant
resistance

1.4 Electric Power

Definition The rate of electric energy transferred by an electric circuit, in amount of time

Formula Where:
𝑊 𝑉𝑄 Quantities Symbol Unit
P= = = IV
𝑡 𝑡 Power P = Watt (W)
Current I = Ampere (A)
By using Ohm’s Law, Voltage V = Volt (V)
it can derive new equation for electric power Resistance R = Ohm (Ω)
Work W = Joule (J)
Time t = seconds (s)
Derivation Electric
Q = Coulomb (C)
charge
1.5 Electric Energy

 Energy which is converted from electrical potential energy

Definition  Supplied by the combination of electric current and electrical potential that is delivered by the
circuit

Formula Where:
Quantities Symbol Unit
Electric T kilo watt hour (kWh)
energy = or
By using electrical power formula and time, E Joule (J)
it can derive new equation for electric energy Power P = Watt (W)
Time t = seconds (s)
Voltage V = Volt (V)
Current I = Ampere (A)
Resistance R = Ohm (Ω)
Derivation

When the current flow, electron in the conductor will repel each other and it will produce heat and
Relationship
thus causing the cable that is used heating up
between
i. Electric energy to heat energy
electric
~ Oven and heaters, convert electric energy into thermal energy
energy and
ii. Heat energy to electric energy
heat energy
~ Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal or natural gas) generates electric energy
1.6 Series and Parallel Circuits

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

 Connection of the resistor which is against between
 Connection of the resistor in the circuit
each other
 The resistors is connected from end to end (provides
 Provides more than one path for current
only one path for current between two points)
 Each parallel path in a circuit is called a branch
 Series analysis are going determine total resistance,
 Parallel analysis are also going determine total
circuit current and total voltage
resistance, circuit current and total voltage

Total series resistance, RT is the sum of all resistor which  Total parallel resistance, RT
exist in the circuit

 Current is the same through all points

 Current through every resistor is equal to the total  Total current, I T is equal to the sum of all current for
each branch
current, I T

Total voltage, VT is the sum of all voltage drops across  The voltage across each parallel resistor is equal to
every resistor in the circuit the source voltage, VT

Voltage Drop Current Divider Law

 Reduction of the voltage supply in every resistor
 Can be calculate using:
i. Ohm’s Law

V X = I T . RX
ii. Voltage Divider Law

VX = RX VT
RT
1.7 Kirchoff’s Law

1st Kirchhoff’s Law / Kirchhoff’s Current Law 2nd Kirchhoff’s Law / Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
 Currents entering the node equals currents leaving the  The sum of all the voltage drops around the loop is
node equal to zero

VT = V1 + V2 + V3
I1 + I2 + I3 = I4 + I5
VT - V1 - V2 - V3 = 0

Units Conversion

Units Prefix Table

Prefix Symbol Prefix Prefix factor Multiplication Factor
T tera 1012 1,000,000,000,000
G giga 109 1,000,000,000
M mega 106 1,000,000
k kilo 103 1,000
h hecto 102 100
da deka 101 10
d deci 10-1 0.1
c centi 10-2 0.01
m milli 10-3 0.001
μ micro 10-6 0.000,001
n nano 10-9 0. 000,000,001
p pico 10-12 0. 000,000,000,001