Unit2: Modern World Approach

towards Built Environment

Internet of things
 The network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems over the internet.
 The main parts of IoT systems are Sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a
user interface. Typically an IoT communication is based on: devices (sensors/actuators)
for data generation or/and collection.
 IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations, making
use of sensors and other IoT devices. It has also found use in organizations of
agriculture, infrastructure and home automation industries, leading them toward digital
transformation.
Smart concept
 Every product is based on physical component (made up of mechanical or electrical
parts) and smart technology (made up of sensors, microprocessors, data storage,
controls, software and embedded operating system with enhanced user interface).
Domestic and Home Automation
 The Internet of Things (or commonly referred to as IoT) based Home Automation
system, as the name suggests aims to control all the devices of smart home through
internet protocols or cloud based computing.
 IoT contributes the internet connection and remote management of home appliances,
incorporated with a variety of sensors. And so, it embeds computer intelligence into
home devices to measure home conditions and monitor home appliances' functionality.
 Smart home means the IoT in smart home systems and devices often operate together,
sharing consumer usage data among themselves and automating actions based on the
homeowners' preferences.
Domestic and Home Automation Contd…
Energy and water use
 A home automation system will provide energy savings by turning off lights when kids
or adults forget to shut them off as they leave a room. There is no reason to waste
energy by lighting an empty room, so motion sensors make sure you only have the
lights on when they are necessary.
 IoT will help industry to optimize the use of energy at all stages. It could reduce the
consumption of electricity at peak hours by shutting down/reducing the use of
equipment and/or production. Lighting/heating/cooling will be improved depending of
the operational conditions, and/or the weather/time of the day.
 IoT based water management, systems and software tools will help optimize
production, distribution and consumption of water and enable smart water treatment
practices.
Domestic and Home Automation Contd…
Energy and water use
 Smart meters and monitoring system will allow real-time water consumption
measuring, help identify overly excessive usage and waste points as well as correct
usage patterns and make predictions for future consumption.
Remote control appliances
 The electrical and electronic appliances in the home such as fan, lights, outdoor
lights, fire alarm, kitchen timer, etc., can be controlled using various control techniques,
like WiFi or internet through android apps from any remote control smartphone,
Arduino based home automation, home automation using digital control, RF based
home automation system and touch screen based home automation etc.
 IoT home automation is the ability to control domestic appliances by electronically
controlled and connected by a central hub and remote controlled by mobile apps.
Domestic and Home Automation Contd…
Intrusion detection system
 An intrusion alarm system is a system whose aim is to monitor and detect unauthorized
access to a building. The main purpose of an intrusion alarm system is to protect from
burglary, vandalism, property damage, and, of course, the security of the individuals
inside the building.
 These systems monitor the network activities of the smart home-connected devices and
focus on alerting suspicious or malicious activity. They also can deal with detected
abnormal activities.
Smart Cities
 The development of technologies such as the IoT, Artificial Intelligence
(AI), Blockchain or Geospatial Technology is key to the growth of smart cities around
the world.
 The IoT applications are enabling Smart City initiatives worldwide. It provides
the ability to remotely monitor, manage and control devices, and to create new insights
and actionable information from massive streams of real-time data.
 A smart city is a municipality that uses information and communication technologies
(ICT) to increase operational efficiency, share information with the public and
improve both the quality of government services and citizen welfare.
 Examples of IoT in smart cities: Smart infrastructure, Power management, Water and
air quality management, Traffic management, smart parking, and Smart waster
management etc.
Smart Cities Contd..
Smart parking in smart city
 Smart parking utilizes smartphones and other sensing devices to ascertain the
occupancy of a parking structure or level. It's accomplished through the use of cameras,
counting utilities at the entrances or gates of parking structures, sensors embedded in
the pavement of individual parking spaces, etc.
 Need of smart parking: The ever growing traffic congestion and uncertainty in the
parking availability and payment have enforced the need for a Smart Parking system.
The smart parking technology will help optimize parking space usage, improve the
efficiency of the parking operations and help smoother traffic flow.
 Parking sensors are based on a variety of sensing technologies, the most commonly
used are magnetometer, infrared, ultrasonic, proximity and radar.
Smart Cities Contd..
Structural health
 IoT has applications in healthcare that benefit patients, families, physicians, hospitals
and insurance companies. It has a major impact on reducing healthcare costs
significantly and improving treatment outcomes.
 IoT enabled devices have made remote monitoring in the healthcare sector possible,
unleashing the potential to keep patients safe and healthy, and empowering physicians
to deliver superlative care. It has also increased patient engagement and satisfaction as
interactions with doctors have become easier and more efficient. Furthermore, remote
monitoring of patient’s health helps in reducing the length of hospital stay and prevents
re-admissions.
Smart Cities Contd..
Noise Mapping
 Noise Map is the tool to represent the distribution of sound level in a graphical manner.
It helps to identify the amount of noise in a particular region at a given time. There are
various ways through which this tool can contribute to smart city
applications. Therefore, Noise mapping has a particular set of applications pertaining to
noise pollution or environmental noise.
 Detecting noise in urban parts of the city can help with transportation infrastructure
management. These applications would use vehicle noise and honking as a reference.
Such implementation of technologies doesn’t require masses to upgrade their vehicles
or carry additional devices.
 It is part of community policy to achieve a high level of health and environmental
protection, and one of the objectives to be pursued is protection against noise.
 The city Municipality Commission addressed noise in the environment as one of the
main environmental problems in Europe.
Smart Cities Contd..
Electromagnetic field levels
 Everyday life is pervaded by artificially made electromagnetic radiation: food is heated
in microwave ovens, airplanes are guided by radar waves, television sets receive
electromagnetic waves transmitted by broadcasting stations, and infrared waves from
heaters provide warmth. Most mobile operators use from radiofrequency waves in
the range up 300 MHz to 3 GHz.
 Long-term exposure to RF-EMF emitted by mobile phones may increase the risk of
brain tumors and various health hazards. The morphological and biochemical
alterations caused by RF-EMF exposures have been investigated in animal studies.
 Steps to decrease the amount of emf exposure: keep rf emitting devices away from
workspace, reduce the power of tower and wifi router, shield the router, turn off the
router at night, avoid use of Bluetooth devices (speakers, mouse, keyboard..), keep cell
phones 3 feet away when not in use, etc.
Smart Cities Contd..
Smart lighting
 Smart lighting is an advanced way to light our homes. Smart LED bulbs contain
software that connects to an app, smart home assistant, or other smart accessory so you
can automate your lights or control them remotely, eliminating the need for traditional
wall switches.
 Benefits: Lower energy use, reduced electricity consumption, longer life span, easy-to-
use, customize setting, etc.
Smart Roads
 Smart road technology can track vehicles and adjust traffic lights when there are fewer
or no cars approaching, helping prevent bumper-to-bumper traffic. This could improve
traffic and pedestrian safety.
 Smart roads use IoT devices to make driving safer, more efficient, and in line with
government objectives, greener. Smart roads combine physical infrastructures such as
sensors and solar panels with software infrastructure like AI and big data.
Smart Environment
 The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad− environmental
protection, extreme weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species protection,
commercial farming, and more. In these applications, sensors detect and measure every
type of environmental change.
Forest fire detection
 A number of early forest fire detection methods have been proposed using various
remote sensing systems based on infrared thermal camera (Therma-cam) imaging,
airborne or ground-based Lidar and Satellite-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
imaging techniques.
 In the IoT-based forest fire detection system, different sensors are deployed in the forest
area. Each node monitors the surrounding area in the forest. Sensor node collects the
surrounding information like temperature, humidity, gas.
Smart Environment Contd
Air pollution control
 IOT Based air pollution control system is used to monitor the Air Quality over a web server
using Internet. It will trigger an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level,
means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases present in the air like CO2, smoke,
alcohol, benzene, NH3 and NOx. The device is composed of a microcontroller, pollutant
detection sensors, and link for communication.
 Incinerators, gravitational settling chambers, electrostatic precipitators, cyclone separators,
selective catalytic reduction systems, fabric filters, biofilters, and scrubbers are the main air
pollution prevention technologies.
Snow level monitoring
 Snow depth is most often measured using an ultrasonic or radar sensor. The sensor is placed
on an arm outstretched over the area to be monitored and the signal of the sensor is bounced
off the snow surface.
 It helps high mountains, highways, critical infrastructure, ski resorts, and recreation areas to
use data for operations and marketing purpose.
Smart Environment Contd
Landslide and avalanche preparation
IOT based technology has the capacity of large scale deployment and real time detecting of
landslide losses. IOT based network detect the slightest movements of ground or slope
instability due to the several reasons such as dielectric moisture, pore pressure and so on.
Landslide Detection System can be made by using Arduino, Wi-Fi Module, Moisture Sensors,
Vibration Sensors and can be connected to a software Thingspeak which gathers all the
information and produces real-time alerts to people via a text message. Necessary steps can be
taken well before time to reduce or save the human loss.
Earthquake early detection
An Earthquake alert system can be implemented by means of an IoT in wireless sensor
network (WSN). As P wave travels faster than the S wave and reaches to the sensor which
helps in causing early warning signal. Sensor values are connected to database by NodeMcu
and it is stored in ThingSpeak account.
Seismic Sensors (Seismometers) and Vibration Sensors are used in order to shut off fuel supply
to plant and factory equipment when an earthquake is detected and for estimating physical
damage to public facilities and transport.
Smart water
Potable water monitoring
Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) is a cost-effective and efficient system designed to monitor
drinking water quality which makes use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The obtained
data is sent to the cloud by using IoT based ThinkSpeak application to monitor the quality of
the water.
The Water Monitoring System monitor the water usage, by combining software, hardware,
wireless communications and sensors. It helps industries and hotels to increase productivity,
and compliance while enhancing safety, sustainability and service.
Chemical leakage detection in river
Now a days, there are many factories concentrate on only profit. The chemicals are sent to the
river directly and pollute the water. Polluted water affects water animals and those who
consume it.
IoT based device will monitor the pollution in the river water by collecting the water sample
data, processing the data and sending it to the owner as well as pollution control office. The
sensor-based systems can be installed at several nodes in the river to monitor chemical leakage
in any part of the river continuously.
Smart water
Swimming pool remote measurement
Smart cities can build numerous applications to minimize human interventions using IoT.
Managing swimming pools is one such area. It will ensure that customers get clean and hygiene
water conditions. Any skin infection transmitted because of poor swimming pool hygiene can
result in loss of customers and brand value.
Swimming pool water can be affected through physical, chemical, and biological contaminants.
Some of the common health effects are skin irritation, allergic reaction, eye irritation,
respiratory diseases etc.
Water leakage
Water leakage monitoring system integrated with IoT is developed to save every single drop of
water, which is wasted through pipeline leakages in building. The data is obtained from sensors
which is provided at the inlet and outlet sections.
Leaks from pipes, tanks, toilet leaks, water heater, taps and fittings are a significant source of
water waste for many households.
Smart water
Water leakage
Plumbers way of detection: Acoustic listening devices. Ground microphones and listening
discs are among the basic tools that plumbers use to pinpoint leaks. Using sound technology,
they can hear the noise of escaping water and dripping even through a layer of concrete.
River floods:
Flood is one of the major well known natural disasters. When water level suddenly rises in
dams, river beds etc. a lot of destruction happens at surrounding places. It causes a huge
amount of loss to our environment and living beings as well. So in these case, it is very
important give emergency alerts to the people nearby.
The IoT based device check the water level in river beds if they are in normal condition. If the
level of water reach beyond the defined limit, then it alerts people through LED signals and
buzzer sound. Also, it alerts people through SMS and Emails.
Smart metering
Smart metering is the monitoring of resource consumption, such as energy, water, gas, etc.,
through modern metering devices connected to the Internet via IoT technology. Smart
meters, which collect consumption data and periodically send it to a central server for
processing.
Smart grid:
The IoT smart grid enables two-way communication between connected devices and
hardware that sense and respond to user demands. A smart grid is more resilient and less
costly than the current power infrastructure.
A smart grid integrates an electricity network with digital communications that enables to
detect, react and pro-act to changes in usage and multiple issues. Smart grids have self-
healing capabilities and enable electricity customers to save energy.
The smart grid technology applications includes the use of renewable energy in efficient
manner. For example, it will boost the development and widespread usage of hybrid
electric vehicles.
Smart metering
Monitoring of tank level and water flow:
Water level detection system is designed to facilitate human in collecting water levels data
that can be performed in real-time. Various sensors are used for detecting water level or
water surfaces in a tank such as ultrasonic, capacitance, resistance/ conductors, microwave,
and radar etc.
Water flow sensors are installed at the water source or pipes to measure the rate of flow of
water and calculate the amount of water flowed through the pipe. Rate of flow of water is
measured as liters per hour or cubic meters.
The IoT based water flow system monitors the quality of water in real-time using various
sensors which sense pH level, conductivity, TDS, Salinity, and temperature to know the
live water quality status of water.
Security and emergencies
Hardware, software and connectivity will all need to be secure for IoT objects to work
effectively. Without security for IoT, any connected object, from refrigerators to
manufacturing bots, can be hacked. Once hackers gain control, they can usurp the object's
functionality and steal the user's digital data.
IoT security solutions allow organizations to: Gain greater visibility over who enters and
leaves a facility in real-time. Consistently and securely monitor facility conditions from
any location with Wi-Fi access. Act quickly on important security alerts and deliver right to
their mobile devices.
Security and emergencies
Perimeter access control
Perimeter security and access control systems protect the external perimeters of a facility,
control access to restricted areas, and detect and monitor anomalies. Access control
includes the control of persons, vehicles, and materials through entrances and exists in a
controlled area or premises.
Large business locations with multiple access points become an easy target for thieves to
intrude. IoT-enabled surveillance cameras and sensors backed by artificial intelligence
provide round the clock security by intrusion detection. Unauthorized access into the
perimeter and real-time alerts to the command center help to inform local authorities
immediately.
Liquid presence
IOT Liquid Level Monitoring system will inform the users about the level of liquid and
will prevent it from overflowing a tank. The system uses ultrasonic sensors placed over the
containers to detect the liquid level and compare it with the container's depth. Also, used
for water ingress detection on bulk carriers and ships and other infrastructure.
Security and emergencies
Radiation level
Presence of air pollutant and uncontrolled release of radioactivity to the environment due to
human activities, leads to accident. IoT based system to measure the radioactivity will
ensure public safety. It will remotely monitor, in real time, the air quality and the ionizing
radiation level of the surrounding environment.
The radiation emitted from the numerous antennas mounted on the cell tower are also of
great concerns to the environment, especially people who live close to them. It is required
to extract the value of Electric (E) -field (volts/meter) from the individual antenna and
compare with allowed limit.
Explosive and hazardous gases
Gas leakage and fire explosion are the major problems in industrial and residential zones.
The most efficient and preventive procedure is to set up such a device that can detect all
these situations.
Security and emergencies
Explosive and hazardous gases
Globally, composite terrorism landscape has continued to pose threats to national and
international economies. IoT based bomb detection system detects dangerous materials
both in open and closed environments. A real time embedded system framework efficiently
coordinating the activities of bomb sensing, signal transmission and reception.
Smart Retail
The Internet of Things and retail allows store managers to find new ways to establish a
connection with a client, create a short and direct customer journey, improve the process of
product maintenance, and build a long-lasting bond with first-time shoppers.
Smart retail refers to the hybridization between traditional shopping methods and modern
“smart” technologies. The data is accumulated by way of communication between products
and computers. As a result, consumers may enjoy a more personalized, faster, and smarter
experience.
In retail, the 'Internet of Things' (or IoT) is the technology that will drive truly connected,
omnichannel experiences. It's the technology that connects a customer's mobile to a store
window, a sales assistant's tablet to an e-commerce site, an RFID clothing label to a smart
changing room.
Smart Retail
Supply Chain control:
A supply chain is the process required by the organization to deliver goods or services to
the consumer. It focus on the core activities within organization that convert raw materials
or component parts to finished products or services.
IoT in supply chain management refers to connecting various data points (devices used as
part of the supply chain) to achieve a final outcome such as higher operational efficiency or
better forecasting of product demand. It is a growing practice even for small businesses.
The supply chain may also include logistic: It will track objects, and transfer current data
of the transported assets. An IoT channel can also be used to remotely control elements of
the transport process. This can save energy or avoid waiting times.
Components of Supply Chain Management – Plan, Source, Make, Deliver and Return.
Supply management is made up of five areas: supply planning, production planning,
inventory planning, capacity planning, and distribution planning.
Smart Retail
NFC payment:
NFC has its origins in radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, which uses
electromagnetic fields to encode and read information. Any NFC-enabled device has a
small chip that is activated when it comes in close proximity to another NFC chip (10
centimeters or less). NFC therefore enables simple and safe two-way interactions between
electronic devices.
NFC payments are contactless payments that use near-field communication (NFC)
technology to exchange data between readers and payment devices like Google Pay e-
wallets in smartphones or tap-to-pay credit and debit cards. Such payments are being
widely used as they are contactless, encrypted and highly secured.
A consumer can pay in almost any way possible. Instead of a card, consumers could pay
with their phone, a wearable, or a voice-activated device (“Alexa, order me a pizza.”). For
businesses, this means enabling things other than a standard in-store terminal to authorize
payments.
Smart Retail
Smart Product Management:
IoT based Product Management means understanding customer needs and driving the
creation of products that satisfy those needs while bringing value to their company. IoT
(internet of things) product managers are product professionals who drive the business
strategy and development of products connected to the internet..
Product management examples also include the branding and customer communication
required to launch a new product. Branding, advertising, launching, and marketing a
product requires proper planning.
The role of Product Management is important and essential in an organization. Product
Management helps in fusing development, customer experience, marketing, and sales. An
optimized Product Management can increase the organization's profit by 30% and more in
some cases.
 Summary

1. Internet of things, Smart Concept.

2. Domestic home automation, smart cities, smart environment, smart
water, security and emergencies, smart retail.