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UNIT NO # 12

Geometrical
optics

TOPIC WISE IMPORTANT SHORT & LONG QUESTIONS

PAST PAPERS M.C.Qs, SHORT AND LONG QUESTION

INCLUDE SOLVED EXERCISE, M.C.Qs & LONG QUESTIONS

BY: ARSLAN TYAGI (BS-PHYSICS)

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TOPIC :

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

SPHERICAL MIRROR

IMAGE LOCATION BY SPHERICAL MIRROR FORMULA

Q1 . What do you understand by reflection of light? State laws of reflection

Statement:
When light travelling in a certain medium falls on the surface of another medium, a
part of it turns back in the same medium.
Ray diagram:

Explanation:
When a ray of light from air along the path AO falls on a plane mirror M, it is
reflected along the path OB. The ray AO is called incident ray while the ray OB is
called reflected ray.
The angle between incident ray AO and normal N, i.e., AON is called the angle <
of incidence represented by i.
The angle between the normal and the reflected ray OB, i.e., NOB is called angle of <
reflection represented by r.
Laws of reflection:
(i) The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray at the point of incidence all lie
in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i.e., i = r.

Q2 . Explain spherical mirror

Define: A mirror whose polished, reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere of glass
or plastic is called a spherical mirror
Construction:
A spherical mirror, one of the two curved surfaces is coated with a thin layer of silver
followed by a coating of red lead oxide paint. Thus, one side of the spherical mirror is
opaque and the other side is a highly polished reflecting surface.
Types:
Depending upon the nature of reflecting surface, there are two types of spherical
mirrors;
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Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror whose inner curved surface

is reflecting is called concave mirror. In concave mirror
 The size of the image depends on the position of the object.
 Both virtual and real images can be formed by a concave mirror
Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror whose outer curved surface
is reflecting is called convex mirror. In convex mirror
 The size of the image is always smaller than the object.
 Only virtual and erect image is formed by a convex mirror

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1 . What is reflection of light ?
When light travelling in a certain medium falls on the surface of another medium, a
part of it turns back in the same medium.
Q2 . State laws of reflection
Laws of reflection:
(i) The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray at the point of incidence all lie
in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i.e., i = r.
Q3 . Differentiate between Regular and irregular reflections
A smooth surface of silver reflects rays of light in
one direction only. The reflection by these smooth
surfaces is called regular reflection

The objects in everyday world are not smooth on the microscopic level.
The rough surfaces of these objects reflect the rays
of light in many directions. Such type of reflection
is called irregular reflection

Q4 . Differentiate between concave and convex mirror

Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror whose inner curved surface
is reflecting is called concave mirror. In concave mirror
 The size of the image depends on the position of the object.
 Both virtual and real images can be formed by a concave mirror
Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror whose outer curved surface
is reflecting is called convex mirror. In convex mirror
 The size of the image is always smaller than the object.
 Only virtual and erect image is formed by a convex mirror
Q5 . Defines:
1. Pole: It is the midpoint of the curved surface of spherical
mirror. It is also called vertex.
2. Centre of Curvature (C): A spherical mirror is a part of a sphere. The centre of this
sphere is called centre of curvature.
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3. Radius of Curvature (R): It is the radius of the sphere of which

spherical mirror is a part
4. Principal Axis: It is the line joining centre of curvature and
pole of the spherical mirror.
5. The Principal focus (F):
Concave mirror Convex mirror
After reflection from a concave In the case of a convex mirror, rays
mirror, rays of light parallel to the parallel to the principal axis
principal axis converge to a after reflection appear to come from a
point F. This point is called “The point F situated behind
Principal Focus” of the mirror the mirror. This point is called the
(Hence, Concave mirrors are also called principal focus of the convex mirror.
converging mirrors. Since rays actually Convex mirrors are also called diverging
pass through this point, therefore, it is mirrors. The principal
called real focus. focus of a convex mirror is virtual focus

6. Focal length ( f ): It is the distance from the pole to the principal focus measured
along the principal axis. The focal length is related to the radius of curvature by
f =R/2

Q6 Characteristics of Focus of a Concave and a Convex Mirror

Convex Mirror Concave Mirror

The focus lies behind the mirror The focus is in front of the mirror

The focus is virtual as the rays of The focus is real as the rays of
light after reflection light after reflection
appear to come converge at the focus
from the focus.

Q7 . Draw how light is reflected by spherical surfaces of concave and convex

Q8 Define mirror formula

Mirror formula is the relationship between object distance p, image distance q from
the mirror and focal length f of the mirror.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒑 𝒒
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Q9 .

Q10 .

Q11 . Write the formula of spherical mirror’s magnification

the ratio of image height to object height is called magnification
ℎ𝑖 𝑞
𝑚= =
ℎ𝑜 𝑝
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M.C.Qs

1. The pole of the spherical mirror is called

a. Principle of axis b. Focal length c. Focus d. Vertex
2. Types of reflection are :
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3. The types of spherical mirror are :
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
4. The image formed by convex mirror is :
a. Real and erect b. Real & inverted c. Virtual & erect d. virtual &inverted
5. wave theory of light is formulated by
a. newton b. faraday c. Maxwell d. Bell
6. The radius of curvature of converging mirror is 20 cm. its focal length will be ____ cm.
a. 10 b. -10 c. 20 d. -20
7. Light rays are reflected din a plane mirror causing us to see image
a. Larger b. Smaller c. Inverted d. Erect
8. Which type of image is formed in plane mirror :
a. Real b. Virtual c. Real and virtual d. None of these
9. Radius of curvature is of the focal length
a. Half b. Double c. Equal d. Three times
10. Image distance for a virtual image is always taken
a. +2 b. Positive c. Negative d. Zero
11. In convex mirror , focus is :
a. Under the b. In front of c. On the mirror d. Behind the
mirror mirror mirror
12. A converging mirror with a radius 20cm creates a real image 30 cm . From the mirror
what is the object distance :
a. -5 cm b. -7.5 cm c. -15 cm d. -20 cm
13. The formula for focal length is ;
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
a. 𝑓 = 2 b. 𝑓 = 4 c. 𝑓 = 3 d. 𝑓 = 5
14. The principle focus of a concave mirror is :
a. Virtual b. Real c. a&b both d. None
15. An object of 14 cm in front of concave mirror . the image is 5.8 cm behind the mirror .
what is the focal length of the mirror ?
a. -4.1 cm b. -8.2 cm c. -9.9 cm d. -20 cm
Answers
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. C
6. A 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. D 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. A
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TOPIC :

REFRACTION OF LIGHT

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

APPLICATION OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Q1 .What is refraction of light ? Also write down the laws of refraction

Statement :
The process of bending of light as it passes from air
into glass and vice versa is called refraction of light.
Figure :

Explanation :
A ray of light IO travelling from air falls on the surface of a glass block. At the air-glass
interface, the ray of light IO changes direction and bends towards the normal and travels
along the path OR inside the glass block. The rays and OR are called the incident ray and IO
the refracted ray respectively.
The angle ‘i’ made by the incident ray with the normal is called angle of incidence. The angle
‘r’ made by the refracted ray with the normal is called angle of refraction. When refracted
ray leaves the glass, it bends away from the normal and travels along a path ME.

LAWS OF REFRACTION
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence ‘i’ to the sine of the angle of refraction ‘r’ is
always equal to a constant i.e., sin i / sin r = constant = n

Example (optional) :

If we dip one end of a pencil or some other object into water at an angle to the
surface, the submerged part looks bent as. Its image is displaced because the light coming
from the underwater portion of the object changes direction as it leaves the water.

Q2 . Explain the total internal reflection and also write its condition
I. When a ray of light travelling in Denser medium
enters into a Rarer medium,
it bends away from the normal
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II. If the angle of incidence ‘i’ increases, the angle of refraction ‘r’ also increases. For a
particular value of the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction becomes 90 . The
angle of incidence, that causes the refracted ray in the rarer medium to bend
through 90 is called critical angle

III. When the angle of incidence becomes larger than the critical angle, no refraction
occurs. The entire light is reflected back into the denser medium This is known as
total internal reflection of light.

Condition:
Total internal reflection occur when
I. The ray of light passes from denser medium to less denser medium
II. The angle of incidence in denser medium is greater than the critical angle
Q3 . Write a note on optical fibre
Total internal reflection is used in fibre optics which has number of advantages in
telecommunication field.
Construction : Fibre optics consists of hair size threads of glass or plastic through
which light can be travelled.
Core: The inner part of the fibre optics is called core that carries the light. The core is
made from glass or plastic of relatively high index of refraction
Cladding : outer concentric shell is called cladding.. The cladding is made of glass or
plastic, but of relatively low refractive index.
Light entering from one end of the core strikes the core-cladding boundary at an angle of
incidence greater than critical angle and is reflected back into the core
Advantage : In this way light travels many kilometers with small loss of energy.
Uses in Pakistan : In Pakistan, optical fibre is being used in telephone and advanced
telecommunication systems. Now we can listen thousands of phone calls without any
disturbance.
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Short questions
Q1 . Why the position of fish inside the water seems to be at less depth than that of its actual
position?
The position of the fish inside the water seems to be less at depth than that of its actual
position . its due to the refraction of light which create two depths real and apparent
Q2 . Give two example of refraction of light from daily life
I. Bending of pencil in water
II. Bending of light passing through glass
Q3 . What is the refractive index of water and ice ?
The refractive index of ice is 1.31 and water is 1.33
Q4 . What is Snell’s law ?
The ratio sin i / sin r is known as the refractive index of the second medium with
respect to the first medium. So we have
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖
=𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
it is called Snell’s law
Q5 . What is refractive index?
The refractive index ‘n’ of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light ‘c’ in air to the speed ‘v’
of light in the medium:
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟/ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝒄
𝒏=
𝒗
Q6 . How dispersion occurs ?
Dispersion of light is due to the variation in refractive index with the colour. Dispersion in drops of
water separates the colours of sunlight into a rainbow.

Q7 . Define endoscope and endoscopy

ENDOSCOPE: An endoscope is a medical instrument used for exploratory diagnostics, and
surgical purposes. An endoscope is used to explore the interior organs of the body.
ENDOSCOPY: A medical procedure using any type of endoscope is called endoscopy.

Q8 .Differentiate Between Gastroscope , Cystoscope And Bronchoscope

Gastroscope: The endoscopes used to examine the stomach called Gastroscope
Cystoscope: The endoscopes used to examine the bladder called Cystoscope
Bronchoscope: The endoscopes used to examine the throat called Bronchoscope

Q9 .What Are Optical Fiber ?

Fibre optics consists of hair size threads of glass or plastic through
which light can be travelled. Light entering from one end of the core strikes the core-
cladding boundary at an angle of incidence greater than critical angle and is reflected back
into the core.
Q10 .What Is Light Pipe ?
Light pipe is a bundle of thousands of optical fibres bounded together. They are used to
illuminate the inaccessible places by the doctors or engineers.
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Q11 .What Is The Purpose Of Light Pipe ?

 They are used to illuminate the inaccessible places by the doctors or engineers.
 They can also be used to transmit images from one place to another

Q12 .What are the uses of total internal reflecting prism ?

 Many optical instruments use right-angled prisms to reflect a beam of light through
900 or 1800 (by total internal reflection) o o such as cameras, binoculars, periscope
and telescope
 the light is totally reflected by the prism through an angle of 900 . Two such
prisms are used in periscope
 the light is totally reflected by the prism by an angle of 1800 . Two such prisms are
used in binoculars.
Q13

Q14
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M.C.Qs

1. Critical angle of water is

a. 48.80 b. 49.500 c. 480 d. 460
2. Optical fibers work on the principle of __________
a. Reflection b. Refraction c. Total internal d. Diffraction
reflection
3. The speed of light in water is :
a. 2.3×108 ms-1 b. 2×108 ms-1 c. 3×108 ms-1 d. 3.5×108 ms-1
4. Snell’s law is :
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 c. 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 d. 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖
a. 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 b. 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖

5. The value of refractive index is equal to :

𝑐 𝑣 1
a. 𝑛 = 𝑣 b. 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑣 c. 𝑛 = 𝑐 d. 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑣

6. Conditions for total internal reflections are

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
7. The value of refractive index of water is
a. 2.33 b. 1.36 c. 1.33 d. 1.39
8. The value of refractive index of diamond is
a. 1.52 b. 1.66 c. 2.42 d. 2.21
9. The value of refractive index of ice is
a. 1.52 b. 1.31 c. 2.42 d. 1.33
10. The value of refractive index of ethyl alcohol is
a. 1.46 b. 1.45 c. 1.40 d. 1.36
11. The critical of glass is :
a. 420 b. 450 c. 900 d. 00
12. The value of refractive index of cubic zirconia is:
a. 1.66 b. 2.21 c. 2.42 d. 1.33
13. The rays reflected at angle of ___ in totally internal reflecting prism
a. 450 b. 600 c. 900 d. 1800
14. The position of fish inside the water seems to be at less depth than that of actual depth
because of :
a. Total internal b. Dispersion of c. Reflection of d. Refraction of
reflection light light light
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15. The speed of light in air is 3 × 108 ms-1 and in glass 2×108 ms-1 . the refractive index of
the glass is :
a. 0.67 b. 1.00 c. 1.5 d. 2.00

16. The value of refractive index of air is

a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 4
17. The critical angle for a beam of light passing from water into air is 48.8 0 . this means
that all light rays with an angle of incidence is greater than this angle will be :
a. Absorbed b. Totally reflected c. Partially d. Totally
reflected or transmitted
partially
transmitted
18. SI unit for refractive index is :
a. m b. no unit c. Nm d. JC-1
19. In total internal reflection , entire light is reflected back into :
a. Denser medium b. Rare medium c. Some other d. Medium with
medium smaller
refractive index
20. Which of the following quantity is not changed during refraction of light
a. Direction b. Speed c. Frequency d. Wavelength
21. Index of refraction depends upon
a. Focal length b. Speed of lightc. Distance of d. Distance of
image object
22. The endoscope which is used to examine throat is called
a. Gastroscope b. Cystoscope c. Bronchoscope d. None

Answers

1. A 2. C 3. A
4. A 5. A 6. A
7. C 8. C 9. B
10. D 11. A 12. B
13. D 14. D 15. C
16. C 17. B 18. B
19. A 20. C 21. B
22. C
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REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM

LENSES

IMAGE FORMATION BY LENSES

IMAGE LOCATION BY LENS EQUATION

Q1 . Describe the passage of light through a glass prism and measure the angle of deviation
Prism : Prism is a transparent object (made of optical glass) with at least two polished plane
faces inclined towards each other from which light is refracted.
Explanation: In case of triangular prism the emergent ray is not parallel to the incident ray.
It is deviated by the prism from its original path.
Figure :

Observation : The incident ray PE makes an angle of incidence ‘i’ at point E and is refracted
towards the normal N as EF. The refracted ray EF makes an angle ‘r’ inside the prism and
travels to the other face of the prism. This ray emerges out from prism at point F making an
angle ‘e’. Hence the emerging ray FS is not parallel to the incident ray PE but is deviated by
an angle D which is called angle of deviation

Q2 . Define power of lens and its unit

Define : Power of a lens is defined as
“the reciprocal of its focal length in metres.”
Formula :
Power of a lens = P = 1 / focal length in metres
Unit :
The SI unit of power of a lens is “Dioptre”, denoted by a symbol D. If f is
expressed in metres so that 1 D = 1 m-1.
Diopter :
1 Dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre
Sign :
The Focal Length Of A Convex Lens Is Positive, Therefore, Its Power Is Also
Positive.
The Power Of A Concave Lens Is Negative, For It Has Negative Focal Length.

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q1 . What is prism ?
Prism : Prism is a transparent object (made of optical glass) with at least two polished plane
faces inclined towards each other from which light is refracted.
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Q2 . Define lens and write down its types

A lens is any transparent material having two surfaces, of which at least one is
curved. Lenses refract light in such a way that an image of the object is formed.
Types :
 Convex lens
 Concave lens
Q3 . Differentiate Between Convex And Concave Lens
Convex lens
The lens which causes incident parallel rays to converge at a point is known as convex or
converging lens. This lens is thick at the centre but thin at the edges

Figure :

Concave Lens
The lens causes the parallel rays of light to diverge from a point. This is called concave or
diverging lens. This lens is thin at the centre and thick at the edges
Figure :

Q4 . Defines
 Principal Axis: Each of the two surfaces of a spherical lens is a section of a sphere.
The line passing through the two centres of curvatures of the lens is called principal
axis
 Optical Centre, C: A point on the principal axis at the centre of lens is called optical
centre
 Principal Focus of convex and concave lens , F:
The light rays travelling parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens after refraction
meet at a point on the principal axis, called principal focus or focal point F. Hence,
convex lens is also called converging lens.
For a concave lens, the parallel rays appear to come from a point behind the
lens called principal focus F. Hence concave lens is also called diverging lens
 Focal Length, f : This is the distance between the optical centre and the principal
focus
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Q5 . Write down the principle of image formation in convex lens

1. The ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focal point after refraction by the
lens.
2. The ray passing through the optical centre passes straight through the lens and remains
undeviated.
3. The ray passing through the focal point becomes parallel to the principal axis after
refraction by the lens.
Q6 . How thickness of lens effect its focal length ?
A Lens With Long Focal Length Is Thin And Of Short Focal Length Is Fatter
Q7 . What if ?
Object beyond 2F

“ The image is between F and 2F, real, inverted, smaller than the object.”
Object at 2F

“ The image is at 2F, real, inverted, the same size as the object. “]
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Q8 . Under what condition will converging lens form a virtual image ?

image will be virtual if anybody lies between the lens and its focus point

Q9 . Define optics and geometrical optics

The study of light behavior is called optics.
The branch of optics that focuses on the creation of images is called geometrical optics,
because it is based on relationships between angles and lines that describe light rays

Q10 Define Lens Formula

The relation between the object and image distance from the lens in terms of the focal
length of the lens is called lens formula.
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞

M.C.Qs

1. Unit of power of lens is :

(a) Dioptre (b) Watt (c) Newton (d) meter
2. an ophthalmologist places a 2.00 D lens next to 0.35 lens . the power of combination is :
(a) 0.35 D (b) 1.65 D (c) 2.00 D (d) 2.35 D
3. If the object Is on right side of lens then p is:
(a) Larger (b) Smaller (c) Negative (d) Positive
4. Focal length for diverging lens is :
(a) +2 (b) Positive (c) Negative (d) Zero
5. Which type of image is formed by concave lens on a screen ?
(a) Inverted and real (b) Inverted and (c) Upright and real (d) Upright and
virtual virtual
6. The power of lens is reciprocal of :
(a) Focal length (b) Dioptre (c) Focal point (d) Principle focus
7. The power of lens is equal to :
(a) 1/f (b) 2/f (c) 3/f (d) 4/f
8. Image is formed by convex lens on the screen ?
(e) Inverted and real (f) Inverted and (g) Upright and real (h) Upright and
virtual virtual

ANSWER

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C
5. D 6. A 7. A 8. A
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Topics :

Application Of Lenses

Simple Microscope

Compound Microscope

Telescope

The Human Eye

Defects Of Vision

Q1 . Define simple microscope and derive the formula of magnifying power

SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
A magnifying glass is a convex lens which is used to produce magnified images of small
objects. Hence, it is also called simple microscope.
Condition to see clear image :
The object is placed nearer to the lens than the principal focus such that an upright, virtual
and magnified image is seen clearly at 25cm from the normal eye
Magnifying power: Let θ be the angle subtended at the eye by a small object when it is
placed at near point of the eye . If the object is now moved nearer to the eye, the angle on
the eye will increase and becomes θ’ , but the eye will not be able to see it clearly. In order
to see the object clearly we put a convex lens between the object and the eye, so that the
lens makes a large virtual image of the object at near point of the eye. In this way, the
object appears magnified. The magnifying power in this case will be:
𝜽
𝑴= ′
𝜽
𝒅
=𝟏+
𝒇
It is clear from this relation that a lens of shorter focal length will have greater magnifying
power.

Figure :

Q2 . Define compound microscope and derive the formula of magnifying power

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Compound microscope has two converging lenses, the objective and the eyepiece and is
used to investigate structure of small objects
Features :
 It gives greater magnification than a single lens.
 The objective lens has a short focal length, ƒo< 1 cm.
 The eyepiece has a focal length, ƒe of a few cm.
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Ray diagram:
Objective forms a small image inside I1 the focal point of eyepiece. This image acts as an
object for the eyepiece and the final larger image I2 is formed outside the focal point of the
objective.

Magnifying power :

Uses of compound microscope:

A compound microscope is used to study bacteria and other micro objects. It is also
used for research in several fields of sciences like, Microbiology, Botany, Geology, and
Genetics

Q3 . Define telescope and derive the formula of magnifying power

TELESCOPE
Telescope is an optical instrument which is used to observe distant objects using lenses or
mirrors.
Refracting telescope:
A telescope that uses two converging lenses is called refracting telescope
In refracting telescope, an objective lens forms a real image of the distant object, while an
eyepiece forms a virtual image that is viewed by the eye

Ray diagram:
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When parallel rays from a point on a distant object pass through objective lens, a real image
I1 is formed at the focus fo of the objective lens. This image acts as an object for the
eyepiece. A large virtual image of is formed by the I 1 to I 2 eyepiece at a large distance from
the objective lens. This virtual image makes an angle  at the eyepiece

Magnifying power:

M= f0 / fe

Q4 . What is meant by term nearsightedness and far sightedness ? How can be these
corrected?
DEFECTS OF VISION
The inability of the eye to see the image of objects clearly is called defect of vision.
Nearsightedness (myopia)
Some people cannot see distant objects clearly without the aid of spectacles. This defect of
vision is known as short sight or nearsightedness
Cause : it may be due to the eyeball being too long. Light rays from a distant object are
focused in front of the retina and a blurred image is produced
Figure :

Treatement : The nearsighted eye can be corrected with glass or contact

lenses that use diverging lenses.
Light rays from the distant objects are now diverged by this lens before entering the eye. To
the observer, these light rays appear to come from far point and are therefore focused on
the retina, thus forming a sharp image
Farsightedness (hypermetropia)
The disability of the eye to form distinct images of nearby objects on its retina is known as
farsightedness.
Treatment : This defect can be corrected with the aid of a suitable converging lens. The lens
refracts the light rays and they converge to form an image on the retina. To an observer,
these rays appear to come from near point to form a sharp
virtual image on the retina.
Figure :
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SHORT QUESTION
Q1 .State a brief structure of camera
A simple camera consists of a light-proof box with a converging lens in front and a light
sensitive plate or film at the back. The lens focuses images to be photographed onto the
film. In simple lens camera, the distance between lens and film is fixed which is equal to the
focal length of the lens. In camera, object is placed beyond 2F. A real, inverted and
diminished image is formed
Q2 .State a brief structure of slide projector
The light source is placed at the centre of curvature of a converging or concave mirror. The
concave mirror is used to reflect light back in fairly parallel rays. The condenser is made up
of 2 converging lenses that refract the light so all parts of the slide are illuminated with
parallel rays.

The projection or converging lens provides a real, large and inverted image. It must be real
to be projected on a screen. The slide (object) must be placed between F and 2F of
projection lens so as to produce a real, large, and inverted image
Q3 . State a brief structure of photograph enlarger
In the case of photograph enlarger object is placed at distance of more than F but less
than 2F. In this way, we get a real, inverted and enlarged image. The working
principle of photograph enlarger is basically the same as that of a slide projector. It
uses a convex lens to produce a real, magnified and inverted image of the film on
photographic paper.

Q4 . Write down any two uses of lenses

 Camera
 Slide projector
 Photograph enlarger
Q5 . what is condenser ?
The condenser is made up of 2 converging lenses that refract the light so all parts of
the slide are illuminated with parallel rays.
Q6 .Differentiate Between Magnifying And Resolving Power
Magnifying power : The magnifying power is defined as “the ratio of the angle subtended
by the image as seen through the optical device to that subtended by the object at the
unaided eye”.
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Resolving Power: The resolving power of an instrument is its ability to distinguish between
two closely placed objects
Q7 . DEFINE
 Simple microscope : A simple microscope, also known as a magnifying glass, is a
convex lens which is used to produce magnified images of small objects
 Compound microscope : A compound microscope is used to investigate structure
of small objects and has two converging lens, the objective and the eyepiece
 Telescope : Telescope is an optical instrument which is used to observe distant
objects using lenses or mirrors.
Q8 . What is magnifying glass?
Magnifying glass is a lens that forms a virtual image that is larger than object and appears
behind the lens
Q9 . Differ between terrestrial and refracting telescope
Terrestrial telescope is similar to refracting telescope except with an extra lens between
objective and eyepiece.
Q10 What is Magnification of a spherical mirror or thin ?
Magnification of a spherical mirror or thin lens is defined as “the ratio of the
image height to the object height.” i.e.,
ℎ𝑖
𝑚=
ℎ𝑜
Q11 Write Down The Two Uses Of Compound Microscope
A compound microscope is used to study bacteria and other micro objects. It is also used
for research in several fields of sciences like, Microbiology, Botany, Geology, and Genetics
Q12 Defines :
 Accommodation The variation of focal length of eye lens to form a sharp image on
retina is called accommodation.
 Near Point The near point of the eye is the minimum distance of an object
from the eye at which it produces a sharp image on the retina.
 Far Point The far point of the eye is the maximum distance of a distant
object from the eye on which the fully relaxed eye can focus
Q13 Differentiate between telescope and compound microscope
Telescope Compound microscope
Telescope is an optical instrument A compound microscope is used to
which is used to observe distant investigate structure of small objects
objects using lenses or mirrors. and has two converging lens, the
objective and the eyepiece

M= f0 / fe 𝑳
𝑴 = 𝒇 (1+d/fe)
𝒐

Q14 Describe the sign convention of focal length for lens

Focal length:
 f is positive for a converging lens
 f is negative for a diverging lens
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M.C.Qs

1. The mathematical equation for the magnification of the compound microscope

𝑓0 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑
a. 𝐿/𝑓𝑒 (1 + 𝑑
) b. 𝐿/𝑓0 (1 + )
𝑓𝑒
c. 𝐿/𝑑(1 + 𝑓𝑒 ) d. 𝐿/𝑓𝑒 (1 +
𝑓0
)
0
2. Number of lens uses in slide projector
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3. At night we can see the stars in the sky without telescope
a. 300000 b. 30000 c. 300 d. 3000
4. To correct the defect of vision farsightedness which type of lens is used
a. Converging b. Diverging c. Both d. None
5. The magnifying power of simple microscope is :
a. f0/fe b. fe/ f0 c. 1-d/f d. 1+d/f
6. In an astronomical telescope , the distance between objective lens and eye piece is :
a. Equal to f0+fe b. Equal to f0-fe c. Less than f0+fe d. Greater than
f0+fe
7. For people in their early twenties with normal vision , the near point is located from eye bout
a. 20cm b. 25cm c. 40 cm d. 50 cm
8. Image formed on camera is
a. Real, inverted and b. Virtual , upright c. Virtual , upright d. Real inverted and
diminished and diminished and magnified magnified
9. The human eye has :
a. Convex mirror b. Concave mirror c. Convex lens d. Concave lens
10. The change in focal length of the eye lens is called
a. Modification b. Induction c. Accommodation d. Distinct lens

ANSWERS

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C
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EXERCISE

Answers

1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. B
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REVIEW QUESTIONS

12.1. What do you understand by reflection of light? Draw a diagram to illustrate

reflection at a plane surface.
reflection of light:
When light travelling in a certain medium falls on the surface of another medium, a part of it
turns back in the same medium.
Ray diagram:

12.2. Describe the following terms used in reflection:

(i) normal (ii) angle of incidence (iii) angle of reflection
Ray diagram:

Normal: normal is the perpendicular at the point of incidence. It is an imaginary line

perpendicular to the surface of reflecting surface
The angle between incident ray AO and normal N, i.e., AON is called the angle <
of incidence represented by i.
The angle between the normal and the reflected ray OB, i.e., NOB is called angle of <
reflection represented by r.
12.3. State laws of reflection. Describe how they can be verified graphically.
Laws of reflection:
(i) The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i.e., i = r.

12.4. Define refraction of light. Describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent
material
( SEE Q.NO. 01 , page no .07)
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12.5. Define the following terms used in refraction:

(i) angle of incidence (ii) angle of refraction
The angle ‘i’ made by the incident ray with the normal is called angle of incidence. The angle ‘r’
made by the refracted ray with the normal is called angle of refraction. When refracted ray leaves
the glass, it bends away from the normal and travels along a path ME.

12.6. What is meant by refractive index of a material? How would you determine the
refractive index of a rectangular glass slab?
The refractive index ‘n’ of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light ‘c’ in air to the speed ‘v’
of light in the medium:
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟/ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝒄
𝒏=
𝒗
Refractive index of glass:
𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
n = 𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟖

= 1.5
12.7. State the laws of refraction of light and show how they may be verified using rectangular glass
slab and pins.
LAWS OF REFRACTION
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence ‘i’ to the sine of the angle of refraction ‘r’ is
always equal to a constant i.e., sin i / sin r = constant = n
12.8. What is meant by the term total internal reflection?
When the angle of incidence becomes larger than the critical angle, no refraction occurs. The entire
light is reflected back into the denser medium This is known as total internal reflection of light.
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12.9. State the conditions for total internal reflection.

Condition:

Total internal reflection occur when

I. The ray of light passes from denser medium to less denser medium
II. The angle of incidence in denser medium is greater than the critical angle
12.10. What is critical angle? Derive a relationship between the critical angle and the refractive
index of a substance.
The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 900 is called critical angle
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
=𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟

(r =900)

𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛90°
𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 1
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 =
𝑛
1
𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑛
12.11. What are optical fibers? Describe how total internal reflection is used in light
propagating through optical fibres .
Total internal reflection is used in fibre optics. Fibre optics consists of hair size threads of glass or
plastic through which light can be travelled. Light entering from one end of the core strikes the core-
cladding boundary at an angle of incidence greater than critical angle and is reflected back into the
core

12.12. Define the following terms applied to a lens:

(i) principal axis (ii) optical centre (iii) focal length

 Principal Axis: Each of the two surfaces of a spherical lens is a section of a sphere.
The line passing through the two centres of curvatures of the lens is called principal
axis
 Optical Centre, C: A point on the principal axis at the centre of lens is called optical
centre
 Focal Length, f : This is the distance between the optical centre and the principal
focus

12.13. What is meant by the principal focus of a (a) convex lens (b) concave lens?
Illustrate your answer with ray diagrams.
 Principal Focus of convex and concave lens , F:
The light rays travelling parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens after refraction
meet at a point on the principal axis, called principal focus or focal point F. Hence,
convex lens is also called converging lens.
For a concave lens, the parallel rays appear to come from a point behind the
lens called principal focus F. Hence concave lens is also called diverging lens
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12.14. Describe how light is refracted through convex lens

1. The ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focal point after refraction by the
lens.
2. The ray passing through the optical centre passes straight through the lens and remains
undeviated.
3. The ray passing through the focal point becomes parallel to the principal axis after
refraction by the lens.

12.15. With the help of a ray diagram, how you can show the use of thin converging lens as a
magnifying glass.

A converging lens becomes a magnifying glass when an object is located inside the lens's focal
length.

12.16. A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. Is an image formed? What is its
nature?

A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. No image is formed because the refracted rays
are parallel and never meet

12.17. What are the differences between real and virtual images?

Real images Virtual images

 Real images usually appear  Virtual images usually appear

inverted erect
 Real images can be obtained on  Virtual images cannot be
screen obtained on screen
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12.18. How does a converging lens form a virtual image of a real object? How does a diverging lens
can form a real image of a real object?

Ans:

12.19. Define power of a lens and its units.

Define : Power of a lens is defined as

“the reciprocal of its focal length in metres.”
Formula :
Power of a lens = P = 1 / focal length in metres
Unit :
The SI unit of power of a lens is “Dioptre”, denoted by a symbol D. If f is
expressed in metres so that 1 D = 1 m-1.

12.20. Describe the passage of light through a glass prism and measure the angle of
deviation.

(SEE the answer of Q No. 01 , Pg. No 13)

12.21. Define the terms resolving power and magnifying power

Magnifying power : The magnifying power is defined as “the ratio of the angle subtended
by the image as seen through the optical device to that subtended by the object at the
unaided eye”.

Resolving Power: The resolving power of an instrument is its ability to distinguish between
two closely placed objects

12.22. Draw the ray diagrams of

(i) simple microscope (ii) compound microscope (iii) refracting telescope
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12.23. Mention the magnifying powers of the following optical instruments:

(i) simple microscope (ii) compound microscope (iii) refracting telescope

Simple Microscope
𝜽
𝑴=
𝜽′
𝒅
=𝟏+
𝒇
Compound Microscope

Refracting Telescope

M= f0 / fe

12.24. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the normal human eye.

12.25. What is meant by the terms nearsightedness and farsightedness? How can these
defects be corrected?

(see Q. No.04 , Pg no .19)

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

12.1. A man raises his left hand in a plane mirror, the image facing him is raising his right
hand. Explain why ?

Image in a plane mirror is virtual , erect , equal in size and also laterally inverted , therefore,
if a man raises his left hand , the image facing him raises his right hand

12.2. In your own words, explain why light waves are refracted at a boundary between
two materials.

light refracted at a boundary between two materials due to densities of a medium. Speed of
light in air is 3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1 when enter into water it decreases to 2.3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1. While when light
enter from air into glass its speed decreases to 2 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1 . So refraction caused due to speed of
light in different optical medium

12.3. Explain why a fish under water appears to be at a different depth below the surface
than it actually is. Does it appear deeper or shallower?
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Rays from fish are coming from denser to rarer medium i.e water to air. Therefore , they bend away
from the normal. Hence the eye of the observer observes the fish in the direction of refracted

12.4. Why or why not concave mirrors are suitable for makeup?

Concave mirror are curved inwards and make the persons image larger as he / she
approaches the mirror. When a person stands between the principle focus and pole of a concave
mirror. He / she sees an erect, virtual and enlarged image

12.5. Why is the driver's side mirror in many cars convex rather than plane or concave?

Because convex mirror has:

 Wider field of view

 Image is erect

12.6. When an optician's testing room is small, he uses a mirror to help him test the
eyesight of his patients. Explain why.

He uses a plane mirror to increase the distance of his letter chart , because image in a plane
mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it

12.7. How does the thickness of a lens affect its focal length?

If the thickness of a lens is increased , the power of the lens is also increased . hence the
focal length of the lens is decreased

12.8. Under what conditions will a converging lens form a virtual image?

Ans :

12.9. Under what conditions will a converging lens form a real image that is the same size
as the object?

Ans:
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12.10. Why do we use refracting telescope with large objective lens of large focal length?

As the rays of light are coming from a very far off object i.e. star , the objective is made large , so
that it can collect more light

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