The Desert Biome

Deserts cover about one fifth

of the Earth's surface and
occur where rainfall is less
than 50 cm/year. Most deserts
occur at low latitudes, but cold
deserts also exist in higher
latitudes.
Desert Characteristics
Rainfall Evaporation Soils
Deserts receive less than 25 cm of Evaporation rates exceed rainfall Desert soils are rocky or sandy with
rain annually. Rainfall is the defining rates, leading to dry conditions. Rain little organic matter. They are called
characteristic of a desert, not may even evaporate before aridisols and have good drainage
temperature. reaching the ground. with no subsurface water.
Types of Deserts
1 Hot and Dry 2 Semiarid
These deserts have warm These deserts have moderately
temperatures year-round, with long, dry summers and low
very hot summers and little rainfall. Examples include the
rainfall. Examples include the Great Basin and the sagebrush
Sahara, Sonoran, and Mojave. deserts of Utah and Montana.

3 Coastal 4 Cold
These deserts have cool These deserts have cold
winters and moderately long, winters with snowfall and high
warm summers with low overall rainfall. Examples
rainfall. Examples include the include the Antarctic,
Atacama Desert in Chile. Greenland, and some parts of
the Nearctic realm.
Desert Animals
1 Nocturnal Activity
Many desert animals are nocturnal, coming out at night to avoid
the heat. Examples include scorpions, kangaroo rats, and owls.

2 Burrowing
Animals like rodents burrow underground to escape the heat
and find shelter from predators.

3 Adaptations
Desert animals have evolved adaptations to survive in harsh
conditions, such as efficient water use and heat tolerance.
Desert Plants

Reduced Leaves Water Storage

Desert plants have small or no Cacti and other desert plants store
leaves to reduce evaporation. water in their tissues to use during
Some plants grow leaves only dry periods.
during rainy periods.

Spines
Cacti have spines instead of leaves
to reduce evaporation and protect
them from herbivores.
Human Impacts on Deserts
Desertification
Overgrazing by livestock can turn grasslands into deserts, a
process called desertification.

Urbanization
Urban sprawl and development can damage desert
ecosystems, leading to habitat loss and fragmentation.

Off-Road Vehicles
Off-road vehicles can damage fragile desert soils and
vegetation, leading to erosion and habitat destruction.
Conserving Deserts

1 Reduce Water Use

2 Plant N ative Species

3 Protect Habitats

4 Promote Sustainable Practices

Conserving deserts requires a multi-faceted approach, including reducing water use, planting native species, protecting habitats,
and promoting sustainable practices.
REFERENCES:

• Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. (2020). Ground squirrels.

• McAuliffe, J. R. (2020). Desert soils. Arizona-Sonora Desert

Museum.

• National Geographic. (n.d.). Desert threats and endangered

species.

• University of California Museum of Paleontology. (2019). The

desert biome.
P R E S E N T E D
B Y :
M A R K
N O R G E L A
J O E H A N A
J H A S E L L E
 Major Grasslands of the World
© mapsforupsc.com
www.reallygreatsite.com
© mapsforupsc.com

© mapsforupsc.com
Steppes
© mapsforupsc.com
© mapsforupsc.com

© mapsforupsc.com

Manchuria
Pustaz Grassland
© map
sforu
psc.
com

Prairies
© mapsforupsc.com

© mapsforupsc.com

Tropic of Cancer (23½° N)

© mapsforupsc.com

Llanos
© mapsforupsc.com © mapsforupsc.com

© mapsforupsc.com © mapsforupsc.com

Equator (0°)

Campos African
Savanna © mapsforupsc.com

Australian
© mapsforupsc.com

© mapsforupsc.com © mapsforupsc.com
Savanna
Tropic of Capricon (23½° S)

Veld
Pampas Downs

Temperate Grassland© Canterbury

© mapsforupsc.com
Grassland
Tropical
© MapsforUPSC
© mapsforupsc.com

Grassland(Savannas) mapsforupsc.com
GRASSLAND
LARGE, OPEN LANDS, DOMINATED
BY GRASS.
ROUGLY 40% OF THE EARTH’S
LAND SURFACE
ONE OF THE LARGEST BIOME IN THE
WORLD
FOUND IN EVERY CONTINENT
EXCEPT ANTARTICA
SUPPORTS DIVERSE WILDLIFE
TWO MAIN TYPES: TEMPERATE
AND TROPICAL GRASSLANDS
01
TROPICAL GRASSLANDS (SAVANNAS)
DOMINATED BY GRASS WITH SCATTERED TREES.
LOCATED NEAR THE EQUATOR
DRY AND WET SEASONS.
FEATURES SCATTERED TREES AND SUPPORTS A RICH
DIVERSITY OF WILDLIFE
FOUND IN AFRICA, INDIA, NEPAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

02 TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
DOMINATED BY GRASS, LACKING TREES OR SHRUBS.
MODERATE RAINFALL, HOT SUMMERS, AND COLD
WINTERS
INCLUDES BOTH SHORTGRASS AND TALLGRASS PRAIRIES
FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA (PRAIRIES), SOUTH AMERICA
(PAMPAS), EUARASIA (STEPPES).
ORGANISMS OF
THE GRASSLANDS

Grasslands organisms includes

Mammals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles
and amphibians, and Plants.
 ADAPTATION OF
ORGANSIMS
PLANTS: ANIMALS:
DEEP ROOTS HERBIVORY
DROUGHT TOLERANCE BURROWING
FIRE RESISTANCE BEHAVIOR
MIGRATION PATTERNS

INSECTS: MICROORGANISMS:
CAMOUFLAGE NITROGEN FIXATION
SPECIALIZED FEEDING DECOMPOSITION
STRUCTURES SYMBIOTIC
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIPS
 FACTS
BIODIVERSITY: ECOSYSTEM SERVICE: HUMAN INDUCED THREATS
SUPPORTS A HIGH CARBON CONVERSION TO AGRICULTURAL
LEVEL OF SEQUESTRATION, LAND, OVERGAZING, AND
BIODIVERSITY, I.E. WATER FILTRATION, POLLUTION LEADS TO HABITAT
NUMEROUS SPECIES AND HABITAT FOR LOSS.
OF ANIMAL, POLLINATORS
GRASSES,
WILDFLOWERS.

FIRE: CONSERVATION EFFORTS ADAPTATIONS:

PERIODIC FIRES ARE
ESSENTIAL FOR RECOGNIZING THE IMPORTANCE DEEPROOTS SYSTEM
AMINTAINING OF PRESERVIGN THESE BIO TO ACCESS WATER
GRASSLANDS. DURING DRY
PERIODS.
 REFERENCES:
G R A S S L A N D A N I M A L S L I S T , F A C T S , A D A P T A T I O N S , P I C T U R E S .
( 2 0 2 3 , F E B R U A R Y 7 ) . A N I M A L S P O T .
H T T P S : / / W W W . A N I M A L S P O T . N E T / G R A S S L A N D - A N I M A L S

I N T E R N E T A R C H I V E : D I G I T A L L I B R A R Y O F F R E E & B O R R O W A B L E
T E X T S , M O V I E S , M U S I C & W A Y B A C K M A C H I N E . ( N . D . ) .
H T T P S : / / A R C H I V E . O R G / S E A R C H . P H P ? Q U E R Y = E X T E R N A L -
I D E N T I F I E R % 3 A % 2 2 U R N % 3 A L C P % 3 A G R A S S L A N D S D I S C O V 0 0 0 0 J O H
A % 3 A L C P D F % 3 A D 8 F 9 6 7 0 5 - B A 2 D - 4 5 D 8 - 9 7 7 B - C 2 1 5 7 7 2 F 5 B 6 F % 2 2

S H A R M A , S . ( 2 0 2 4 , S E P T E M E B R 1 1 ) . M A J O R G R A S S L A N D S O F T H E
W O R L D : M A P , L O C A T I O N S A N D K E Y F E A T U R E S .
M A P S F O R U P S C . H T T P S : / / M A P S F F O R U P S C . C O M / M A J O R -
G R A S S L A N D S - O F - T H E - W O R L D /
TROPICAL
FOREST
WHAT ARE TROPICAL
FORESTS?
• The most biodiverse ecosystems on
Earth, covering only 6% of the planet’s
surface but hosting 70-80% of all
documented species.
• These rainforests consist of both biotic
and abiotic factors and are the largest
ecosystems.
• The tropical forests are situated in a
broad zone outside the equator.
CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS
Primary Rainforests are forests that
have never been logged or disturbed by
human activities.

Secondary Rainforests are forests that have

regrown after being disturbed or cleared by human
activities such as logging, agriculture, or mining.
 TYPES OF TROPICAL FORESTS
1. Equatorial Evergreen 2. Moist Forests: 3. Montane Tropical
Rainforests: Rainforests:
• Found in areas with high
• Found near the equator with rainfall and moderate • Found at higher altitudes with
high temperatures, humidity, temperatures. cooler temperatures and
and consistent rainfall. • Have a lower canopy than frequent mist or fog.
• Have tall, evergreen trees equatorial rainforests. • Shorter trees with a diverse
forming a dense canopy, range of epiphytes (plants that
• Examples: Coastal forests
blocking sunlight from grow on other plants).
in Southeast Asia,
reaching the forest floor. mountainous forests in • Examples: Andean Rainforests,
• Examples: Amazon Central America, temperate East African Rainforests, New
Rainforest, Congo Basin, rainforests in the Pacific
Guinea Rainforests
Southeast Asian Rainforests Northwest
 TYPES OF TROPICAL FORESTS
4. Lowland Equatorial 5. Mangrove Forests: 6. Tropical Peat Swamp Forests:
Evergreen Rainforests:
• Grow along tropical and • Waterlogged ecosystems with
• Flourish in warm, low-altitude subtropical coastlines, thriving thick, peat-rich soils that store
regions with consistently high in brackish or salty water. massive amounts of carbon.
rainfall.
• Have specialized roots for • Essential for carbon
• Characterized by a closed oxygen intake and salt
canopy, abundant epiphytes, sequestration.
filtration.
and high biodiversity. • Examples: Indonesia, Malaysia,
• Serve as a buffer zone Congo Basin
• Examples: Amazon
between land and sea.
Rainforest, Congo Basin,
Southeast Asian Rainforests • Examples: Sundarbans,
Mangroves of Southeast Asia,
Caribbean Mangroves
 TYPES OF TROPICAL FORESTS
7. Flooded Tropical 8. Cloud Forests: 9. Dry Tropical Rainforests:
Rainforests (Swamp
• Montane tropical rainforests • Found in regions with a
Forests): prolonged dry season and less
with frequent cloud cover,
• Located in areas with high humidity, and a cool, rainfall.
periodic flooding, sometimes misty environment. • Shorter trees with a more open
for months. canopy.
• Have a lower canopy than
• Adapted to wet conditions lowland rainforests.
and provide habitats for • Examples: Chiquitano Dry
Examples: Monteverde Forest, parts of India and
aquatic and semiaquatic •
Cloud Forest Reserve, Central America
species.
Choco-Darien-Andes Cloud
• Examples: Amazon Basin, Forests
Orinoco River Basin
 TROPICAL FORESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Lowland Equatorial Evergreen • Mangrove Forests: Widespread along
Rainforests: Dominant in the Philippines, coastal areas, serving as buffers against
rich in biodiversity. storms.
• Tropical Peat Swamp Forests: Found in
• Montane Rainforests (Cloud specific lowland areas, significant carbon
Forests): Found in mountainous regions, sinks.
cooler and misty. • Moist Deciduous Forests: Found in
regions with a distinct dry season.
ORGANISMS IN THE PHILIPPINES Animals:
Philippine Eagle, Tarsier, Palawan Peacock-
Plants: Pheasant, Philippine Crocodile, Golden-
Dipterocarp trees, Rafflesia, Mangroves, Crowned Flying Fox
Ferns and Mosses

ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS
Plants: Drip-tip leaves, stilt roots, epiphytic growth
Animals: Keen vision, nocturnal behavior, camouflage,
arboreal adaptation, specialized feeding
INTERESTING FACTS

• The Philippines is a megadiverse country with over 52,000

species, half of which are endemic.
• The Philippine Eagle is critically endangered due to
deforestation.
• The Philippines has one of the largest mangrove forests in
Southeast Asia.
• Mount Hamiguitan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, home to
unique species.
• Agusan Marsh is a vital wetland ecosystem that supports
diverse wildlife and stores carbon.
REFERENCES
Imolore, D. (2024, May 3). Diversity of tropical rainforests: types, ecosystem services, and
ecological importance - Fund the planet. Rescue Rainforest with Fund the Planet.
https://blog.fundtheplanet.net/rainforest-conservation/diversity-of-tropical-rainforests-
types-ecosystem-services-ecological-
importance/?fbclid=IwY2xjawH_ObZleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHSUWup4Z4r4GGtg8d6im1cgiux
EL9em0YIA-00uuslKX_3UVJozDCjZY8Q_aem_gAScWO3FTWLMFGz5x9RW4Q

Admin. (2022, March 17). Tropical forests - types, features, climate and habitats. BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/biology/tropical-
forest/?fbclid=IwY2xjawH_OYxleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHdhdTEVR0DWrKv1p7pXanKnSpiQF
ZAH1FvokGKdk90xX3dNZyfmOnt128w_aem_dIivvaXuAfosEIn2dg1fxw
TEMPERATE FOREST
• Known for its modern climate, not too hot, not too cold with
distinct seasons including warm summers, cool winters,
and spectacular autumns

• It is the color changing biome

• Found in parts of North America, Europe and Asia

MAP
 TYPES OF FORESTS
CONIFEROUS FORESTS BROADLEAF FORESTS
Dominated by cone-bearing Dominated by trees with
trees including pines, broad, flat leaves
spruces and firs

MIXED FORESTS
Combine elements of both
deciduous and coniferous
forests
A. CONIFEROUS FORESTS
Montane Forest -found in mountainous regions

Pine Forest -dominated by pine trees (genus Pinus)

Temperate Rain Forest -dominated by conifers

B. BROADLEAF FORESTS
Deciduous Forests -Mild Climates and plentiful rains promote the growth of deciduous
trees
Temperate Woodland -a moderate climate, with distinct seasonal changes, and a mix
of deciduous and evergreen trees

Temperate Evergreen Forest -occur in regions where winters are cold and
there is a strong, seasonal dry period

C. MIXED FORESTS
characterized by a significant presence of both broadleaf trees (those with broad, flat
leaves) and coniferous trees (those with needle-like or scale-like leaves).
 EXAMPLES OF ANIMALS
Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus)

American black bear (Ursus

americanus)
European robin (Erithacus rebecula)
 EXAMPLES OF PLANTS
Forest canopy tier Shrub tier

Floor tier

Small tree tier Herb Tier

 EXAMPLES ACCORDING TO LOCATION
Tongass National Forest Appalachian Temperate
Taiheiyo Evergreen Forest
Rain Forest

Valdivian Temperate
Pacific Temperate Rainforests Rainforest The Eastern Deciduous Forest
 ADAPTION OF ORGANISMS
ANIMALS PLANTS

Changing Fur Dropping Leaves

Hibernation Leaf Coating

Migration Deep Roots

Blending In Sleeping

Storing Fat Special Seeds

 FACTS
Black bears will put on 5 inch layer of fat before going to sleep for the
winter

Trees in temperate forests can usually take cold weather, but they don’t
grow well without water

The soil is very fertile and rich in nutrients because there are deciduous
trees

Winter can transform temperate forest

The four season are easily recognizable and each lasts about 3 months

The leaves of the temperate forest change color into fall

WEBSITES: REFERENCES:
• Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). Coniferous forest. Retrieved from [https://www.britannica.com/science/coniferous-forest]
(https://www.britannica.com/science/coniferous-forest)
• Safeopedia. (n.d.). Montane coniferous forests. Retrieved from
[https://www.safeopedia.com/](https://www.safeopedia.com/)
• Masterclass. (n.d.). Temperate rainforest. Retrieved from [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19z5qaowcwA]
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19z5qaowcwA)
• USDA Forest Service. (n.d.). Pine.
• NatureServe. (n.d.). Temperate Deciduous Forest. Retrieved from [https://explorer.natureserve.org/]
(https://explorer.natureserve.org/)
• NatureServe. (n.d.). Temperate Woodland. Retrieved from [https://explorer.natureserve.org/]
(https://www.google.com/url?sa=E&source=gmail&q=https://explorer.natureserve.org/)
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Temperate forest. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
[https://www.britannica.com/science/temperate-forest] (https://www.britannica.com/science/temperate-forest)
• NatureServe. (n.d.). Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests. Retrieved from [https://explorer.natureserve.org/]
(https://explorer.natureserve.org/)
• Laura Klappenbach(2018) Temperate Forests, retrieve from https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-temperate-forests-
130170
• Regina Bailey, (2024), Temperate Forests: Climate, Locations, Wildlife, retrieve from https://www.treehugger.com/land-
biomes-temperate-forests-37349
• Interesting facts. (n.d.). https://temperatedecforest.weebly.com/interesting-facts.html
BOOKS:
• Raven, P. (2007). Raven, Biology, © 2008 8E, Student Edition (Reinforced binding). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2011). Elements of ecology. Pearson Educacion.
• Audesirk, T., & Audesirk, G. (1999). Biology: Life on Earth(2nd ed).
TAIGA
✓ A RUSSIAN WORD
MEANING “PRIMEVAL
FOREST”

✓ KNOWN AS THE BOREAL

FOREST

✓ IT IS A COLD FOREST
BIOME DOMINATED BY
CONIFERS THAT IS
LOCATED IN THE
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
Where is Taiga located?
RUSSIA
ALASKA FINLAND
SCANDINAVIA

ICELAND
KAZAKHSTAN JAPAN
MONGOLIA CHINA
CANADA
 ZONES OF TAIGA
Closed canopy forest Lichen Woodland ( sparce taiga)
✓ Southern part ✓ Northern part
✓ Tree grow close to each other ✓ No continuous canopy
 Organisms in Taiga - PLANTS
Conifer Trees Mosses Understory Plants
Lingonberry
Spruces
Cotton grass
Pines

Lichens
Canadian
Firs
dwarf cornel Bog rosemary
Larches
 Organisms in Taiga -PLANTS
Grasses Aquatic Plants
Cotton Grass How do they adapt?
Sedges
✓Dark-Colored and Needle-Like Leaves
✓Conical Shape
Waterlilies
✓Evergreen Nature
Brome Grass ✓Shallow Root Systems
✓Thick Bark and Flexible Branches
Pondweeds ✓Seed Adaptations
Algae ✓Slow Growth Rate
Reed bent grass
 Organisms in Taiga - ANIMALS
Mammals Birds
Moose Caribou Flycatchers Thrushes Warblers Ravens
Siberian Tiger

Elk and Roe deer

Great Gray Owl Golden Eagle Goshawk
Squirrels Beavers
Eurasian Lynx

Porcupines, voles, and Hares Siberian Tit Crossbill Clark’s Nutcrackers

Wood Bison Bears Martens Wolverines

Northern Pintail Scoter

Lynxes, wolves, coyotes, weasels,

otters, minks, badgers, and foxes
 Organisms in Taiga - ANIMALS
Amphibians and Fishes Insects
Wood-boring
How do they adapt?
Reptiles Alaska Blackfish
✓Migration Strategies
Beetles
Wood Frog ✓Summer and Winter Coats
✓Hibernation Strategies
✓Adapted Feet
Northern pike
Siberian Salamander Mosquitoes

European adder Arctic Lamprey Biting Flies

 Organisms in Taiga - HUMANS
How do they adapt?
✓ Thick Clothing
✓ Sturdy and Well-Insulated Shelter
✓ Efficient Heating
✓ High-Caloric Diet
✓ Specialized Transportation
✓ Economic Activities
✓ Strong Community and Cultural Traditions
✓Indigenous communities
✓Modern settlements
✓Approximately 3.7 million
people
FACTS ABOUT TAIGA
✓The taiga biome is the world's largest terrestrial biome
✓The taiga biome experiences permafrost in many areas
✓A vital carbon sink
✓Land of Midnight Sun
✓A haven for migratory birds
✓A critical habitat for iconic species like the moose and brown bear
✓Home to indigenous communities with rich cultural traditions
✓Serves as a natural laboratory for scientific research
✓A testament to nature’s resilience and enduring beauty
 REFERENCES
Active Wild (2023, May 17). What is the Taiga Biome? Discover the boreal forests of the northern
hemisphere. Retrieved from https://www.activewild.com/what-is-the-taiga/
Lee, S. (2010). Environmental Science 2nd Edition – The Economy of Nature and Ecology of Man.
C&E Publishing, Inc.
Livengood, E. (2024, October 1). 20 fun facts about the Taiga biome - Facts.net. Retrieved from
https://facts.net/earth-and-life-science/nature-earth-and-life-science/20-fun-facts-about-
the-taiga-biome/
Zamboni, J. (2022, March 24). What are the adaptations for animals to survive in the Taiga?
Retrieved from https://www.sciencing.com/adaptations-animals-survive-taiga-8254366/
TUNDRA BIOME
CHARACTERISTICS
›Short Growing Season
›Low Precipitation
›Permafrost
›Wind
›Low Biodiversity
 TYPES OF TUNDRA BIOME
›Arctic/Antarctic Tundra
- Largest type of tundra
- Found in North America, Europe
and Asia
›Alpine Tundra
-Smaller than arctic tundra but
found in many parts of the world
-Found on tops of mountains
Arctic tundra animals
Alpine tundra animals
Antarctic tundra animals
Plant Adaptations in the
Tundra Biome
› They grow close together,
low to the ground and
they remain small.
› have a wax type of fuzzy,
hairy coating on them
› Small leaves to retain
moisture
› Shallow root systems
› Perennials
Animal Adaptations in the
Tundra Biome
› thicker and warmer
feathers and fur
› larger bodies and shorter
arms, legs and tails
› feet that are lined with
fur to help keep them
warm
› hibernate for the winter
and others will burrow
› insects will spend their
entire life buried in the soil
 References:
› Tundra Animals List, facts, adaptations, pictures. (2019,
August 10). Animal Spot: Online Animal Guide With Facts,
Pictures, and More! https://www.animalspot.net/tundra-
animals
› Batool, S. (2024, February 10). Tundra Biome-Characteristics,
Types, Location, Climate, and ExamplesTundra Biome-.
EDUInput- an Online Learning Platform for Mcat, JEE, NEET
and UPSC Students. https://eduinput.com/what-is-tundra-
biome
 FRESHWATER AND
MARINE ECOSYSTEM

PREPARED BY:
• PETER JUDE TAMOLANG
• NEL JAY FLOYD SOLANO
• RALTZ CABIGAT M.AGWAKING
• KIERBY JHUN B
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM

• LOW SALT CONTENT

• SUPPORT LIFE TO ORGANISMS THAT IS
ADAPTIVE TO ITS CHARACTERISTICS
• INCLUDES LAKES, RIVER, PONDS AND
SWAMPS
• ACTS AS A NATURAL WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
• PART OF A NATURAL WATER CYCLE
• LESS THAN 1% OF SALT CONCENTRATION
CHARACTERISTICS

• TEMPERATURE
• LIGHT PENETRATION
• NUTRIENTS
ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS

• BREATHING SENSES • PERMEABLE SKIN

• SLIME
• CAMOUFLAGE
• SUCTION CUPS
• OSMOTIC AND IONIC
• MOVEMENT
REGULATIONS
• SCALES
• SUCTION CUPS
• AERENCHYMA
• THIN LEAVES
 EXAMPLES OF
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM

• LAKES AND PONDS

• WETLANDS
• RIVERS
 MARINE ECOSYSTEM

• ECOSYSTEM THAT OCCURS IN SALTWATER

• MADE UP OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC
COMPONENTS
• EXAMPLES ARE OCEAN, CORAL REEFS, AND
ESTUARIES
COMPONENTS

• LIVING ORGANISMS
• BIODIVERSITY
• FOOD WEBS
 ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS

• OSMOREGULATION • ENLARGEMENT OF SENSORY ORGANS

• TEMPERATURE REGULATION
• SHELLS
• PRESSURE ADAPTATION
• BIOLUMINESCENCE • BURROWING
• NITROGEN GAS MANAGEMENT
• STREAMLINED BODIES
• GILLS
EXAMPLES OF MARINE
ECOSYSTEM

• THE OCEAN
• CORAL REEFS
• POLAR ECOSYSTEM
 REFERENCES

• HTTPS://WWW.FIELD-STUDIES-COUNCIL.ORG/RESOURCES/14-16-
BIOLOGY/ADAPTATIONS/FRESHWATER-ANIMALS
• HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/SLIDESHOW/ECOLOGICAL-CLASSIFICATION-OF-FRESH-
WATER/63441195#:~:TEXT=THIS%20DOCUMENT%20SUMMARIZES%20THE%20KEY,FISH%20
ADAPTED%20TO%20FLOWING%20CONDITIONS
• HTTPS://EDUCATION.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.ORG/RESOURCE/MARINE-ECOSYSTEMS/