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Principles of Communication Systems 4th Edition
Herbert Taub Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling, Goutam Saha
ISBN(s): 9781259029851, 1259029859
Edition: 4
File Details: PDF, 38.11 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 Taub’s
Principles of
Communication Systems
Fourth Edit ion
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Goutam Saha, a BTech. and PhD holder from IIT

Kharagpur, joined the faculty of Electronics and Electrical
Communication Engineering at IIT Kharagpur in 2000. Dr
Saha has undergone a short Management Training at XLRI,
Jamshedpur. During 1990-1994, he worked with Tata Steel.
In 2006, he served University of Southern California, USA,
for one semester under the faculty exchange program. He
also worked as a visiting scientist at Trento University, Italy
briefly and has been a member of Indian delegations to
leading universities in Canada. Dr. Saha has given many
invited lectures in India and abroad in his research areas
which include investigation in health care, and audio
analysis related to surveillance system. He was declared a
winner in DST-Lockheed Martin India Innovation Growth
Program 2009. He has published papers in leading
international journals and conference proceedings and has
filed several patents. Dr. Saha is co-author of two popular
engineering textbooks, Digital Principles and Applications
and Principles of Communication Systems, published by
McGraw Hill Education (India). He has served many
administrative positions and is currently, the Program
Coordinator of National Service Scheme (NSS), IIT
Kharagpur.
 Taub’s
Principles of
Communication Systems
Fourth Edit ion
(Late) Herbert Taub
Formerly Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the Faculty City
University of New York
Donald L Schilling
City University of New York
Goutam Saha
Program Coordinator of National Service Scheme (NSS) Department of
Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering IIT Kharagpur, West
Bengal, India

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Principles of Communication Systems, 4e (SIE)

Indian Adaptation done by arrangement with The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,

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and Bhutan

Copyright © 2013, 2008, by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights

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 CONTENTS
Preface

1. Introduction: Signal and Spectra

1.1 An Overview of Electronic Communication Systems
Self-Test Questions
1.2 Signal and its Properties
Self-Test Questions
1.3 Fourier Series Expansion and its Use
Self-Test Questions
1.4 The Fourier T ransform
Self-Test Questions
1.5 Orthogonal Representation of Signal
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

2. Amplitude-Modulation Systems
2.1 Need for Frequency Translation
2.2 Double Side Band—Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
Self-Test Questions
2.3 Amplitude Modulation: Double Side Band with Carrier (DSB-C)
Self-Test Questions
2.4 Single Side Band Modulation (SSB)
Self-Test Questions
2.5 Other AM Techniques and Frequency Division Multiplexing
Self-Test Questions
2.6 Radio Transmitter and Receiver
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

3. Angle Modulation
3.1 Angle Modulation
Self-Test Questions
3.2 Spectrum of Tone Modulated Signal
 Self-Test Questions
3.3 Arbitrary Modulated FM Signal
Self-Test Questions
3.4 FM Modulators and Demodulators
Self-Test Questions
3.5 Stereophonic FM Broadcasting
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

4. Pulse Modulation and Digital Transmission of Analog Signals

4.1 Analog to Digital: The Need
Self-Test Questions
4.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Concept of Time Division Multiplexing
4.3 Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation
Self-Test Questions
4.4 Digital Representation of Analog Signal
Self-Test Questions
4.5 Certain issues in Digital Transmission
4.6 Differential Pulse Code Modulation
4.7 Delta Modulation
Self-Test Questions
4.8 Voice Coders (Vocoders)
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

5. Digital Modulation and Transmission

5.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
5.2 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
5.3 Differentially Encoded Phase Shift Keying (DEPSK)
5.4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
5.5 M-ary Phase Shift Keying
Self-Test Questions
5.6 Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying (QASK)
5.7 Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
5.8 M-ary FSK
5.9 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
 Self-Test Questions
5.10 Pulse Shaping to Reduce Interchannel and Intersymbol Interference
Self-Test Questions
5.11 Some Issues in Transmission and Reception
5.12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multilplexing (OFDM)
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems

6. Random Variables and Processes

6.1 Probability
Self-Test Questions
6.2 Random Variables
Self-Test Questions
6.3 Useful Probability Density Functions
Self-Test Questions
6.4 Useful Properties and Certain Application Issues
Self-Test Questions
6.5 Random Processes
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

7. Mathematical Representation of Noise

7.1 Some Sources of Noise
7.2 Frequency-domain Representation of Noise
Self-test Questions
7.3 Superposition of Noises
7.4 Linear Filtering of Noise
Self-Test Questions
7.5 Quadrature Components of Noise
7.6 Representation of Noise using Orthonormal Coordinates
Self-test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

8. FM Reception Performance Under Noise

8.1 Framework for Amplitude Demodulation
8.2 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
8.3 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
Self-test Questions
8.4 Double Sideband with Carrier (DSB-C)
8.5 Comparison of AM Systems: A Figure of Merit
8.6 Threshold Effect in AM Reception
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
Reference

9. FM Reception Performance Under Noise

9.1 An FM Receiving System
9.2 Calculation of Signal to Noise Ratio
9.3 Comparison of FM and AM
Self-test Questions
9.4 Preemphasis and Deemphasis and SNR Improvement
9.5 Phase Modulation (PM) and Multiplexing Issues
Self-test Questions
9.6 Threshold in Frequency Modulation
Self-test Questions
9.7 Calculation of Threshold in an FM Discriminator
9.8 The FM Demodulator using Feedback (FMFB)
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
Reference

10. Phase-Locked Loops

10.1 PLL Characteristics
10.2 Analog PLL and Frequency Demodulation
Self-test Questions
10.3 Digital Phase-Locked Loop
10.4 All Digital PLL and Software PLL
Self-Test Questions
10.5 Applications of Phase-Locked Loops
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
 Problems
References

11. Optimal Reception of Digital Signal

11.1 A Baseband Signal Receiver
11.2 Probability of Error
Self-Test Questions
11.3 Optimal Receiver Design
Self-test Questions
11.4 Reception of PSK, FSK, QPSK, DPSK Signal
Self-Test Questions
11.5 Signal Space Representation and Probability of Error
Self-Test Questions
11.6 Probability of Error Calculation for M-ary Signal
11.7 Probability of Error in a QPR System
11.8 Comparison of Modulation Systems
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

12. Noise in Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation Systems

12.1 PCM Transmission
Self-Test Questions
12.2 Delta Modulation (DM) Transmission
Self-Test Questions
12.3 Comparison of PCM and DM
12.4 The Space Shuttle ADM
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

13. Information Theoretic Approach to Communication

13.1 Discrete Messages and Information Content
Self-Test Questions
13.2 Source Coding and Increase of Average Information
Self-Test Questions
13.3 Shannon’s Theorem, Channel Capacity
13.4 Use of Orthogonal Signals to Attain Shannon’s Limit
13.5 Mutual Information and Channel Capacity
13.6 Rate Distortion Theory and Lossy Source Coding
Self-Test Questions
13.7 Information Theory and Optimum Modulation System
13.8 Feedback Communication
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
References

14. Error-Control Coding

14.1 Introduction to Error-Control Codes
14.2 Upper Bound of the Probability of Error with Coding
14.3 Block Codes—Coding and Decoding
Self-Test Questions
14.4 Burst Error Correction
14.5 Convolutional Coding
14.6 Comparison of Error Rates in Coded and Uncoded Transmission
14.7 Turbo Codes
14.8 Low Density Parity Check Codes
Self-Test Questions
14.9 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
14.10 Trellis-Decoded Modulation
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems

15. Communication Systems and Component Noises

15.1 Resistor Noise
15.2 Networks with Reactive Elements
15.3 Available Power
15.4 Noise Temperature
Self-Test Questions
15.5 Two Ports: Equivalent Noise Temperature and Noise Figure
Self-Test Questions
15.6 Antennas
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems
16. Spread Spectrum Modulation
16.1 Use of Spread Spectrum
16.2 Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
16.3 Spread Spectrum and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
16.4 Ranging Using DS Spread Spectrum
Self-Test Questions
16.5 Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum
16.6 Pseudorandom (PN) Sequences: Generation and Characteristics
Self-Test Questions
16.7 Synchronization in Spread Spectrum Systems
Self-Test Questions
Matlab
Summary
Problems

17. Miscellaneous Topics in Communication Systems

17.1 Telephone Switching
Self-Test Questions
17.2 Computer Communication
17.3 Optical Communication
Self-Test Questions
17.4 Mobile Telephone Communication—The Cellular Concept
Self-Test Questions
17.5 Satellite Communication
Self-Test Questions
Summary
Problems
References

Appendix A

Appendix B

Index
 PREFACE
Overview
The work for the fourth edition of Principles of
Communication Systems started with a review on the third
edition by faculty members drawn from US engineering
schools, namely, University of Texas at Arlington, University
of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, University of Illinois at
Chicago, University of Florida, North Eastern University at
Boston, and Michigan State University. The aim was to have
a feedback on major revision carried out in the third edition
and how it could be further improved to serve a larger
international community. The appreciation of the effort
made and the encouragement to go forward led us to this
new edition. Some of these comments are shared below.
“The addition of the new material has enhanced the
usability of the book, and I think the new edition will be a
welcome addition to the market of undergraduate texts on
communication systems. ”
“Most significant strength is the illustration of various
systems through self-explanative figures. ”
“Geometrical representation of modulated signals is a
welcome change from most other books in this area... ”
“The main strength of the chapters is MATLAB examples,
the chapter introduction and self-test questions.... ”
If this review was the starting point for the work on the
fourth edition, there were numerous thought inputs from
faculty, students here and, of course, from literature in
communication technology and research space. The revision
work of this edition emphasizes on strengthening the digital
communication aspect in the text. Accordingly, the analog
communication part has been modified to fit the time
budget for a one-semester or two-semester-long course. The
relatively obsolete topics are given less weightage in this
edition. This makes the title ready for any curriculum
revision exercise where two-semester-long communication
courses are not strictly divided into analog and digital
communication modules. A summary of the changes made
are given next. Besides new text and examples, twenty-four
new or revised figures, there are new problem sets and
MATLAB examples.
Chapter Organization and Changes
Among the major changes, the unanimous view was to
shift the chapter “Random Variables and Processes” later
and bring discussion on modulations after the introductory
chapter. This chapter is now brought before “Mathematical
Treatment of Noise” which leads to discussions on reception
of signal, corrupted with noise. The other major change was
to split the chapter “Information Theory and Coding” to two
different chapters, given the increasing focus on digital
communication.
In Chapter 1, the introduction to digital signal
representation and transmission, stands improved. The
concept of negative frequency is introduced through phasor
representation. Sampling of analog signals through an
impulse train to get the corresponding digital signal is
included through an example. Use of duality theorem in
convolution-multiplication relationship is referenced to
signal modulation.
Chapter 2 now is the first chapter to deal with modulation
at system level. Emphasis is increased on block-diagram-
level representations that connect mathematical equations
to system components. Simple pictorial representation of
frequency domain characteristics is an added feature of this
edition. These are placed alongside individual blocks in
block diagrams to help understand their functionality.
The major change in Chapter 4 is to discuss Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT) in detail with new text and
examples. The section on Z-Transform is also improved.
These help in formulation as well as in understanding of
important digital communication concepts that come later. A
short introduction to probability density function is made
which makes analysis of quantization error easier in the
digitization step of analog-to-digital conversion.
 In Chapter 5, Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexing
(OFDM) and Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) are
added as new topics. These are new discourses giving
important insights related to digital communication,
especially in cell phone application space.
In line with the suggestion made by reviewers, the
discussion on “Random Variables and Processes” is shifted
to Chapter 6. This is followed by a discussion on
“Mathematical Representation of Noise” in Chapter 7.
In Chapter 10, a discussion on mathematical analysis of
digital Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is included with new text
and examples.
Chapter 13 is now dedicated to information theoretic
approach to communication. The text has been rewritten to
accommodate the change. New MATLAB examples on “Rate
Distortion Theory” give the readers a hands-on experience
of trade-off between data rate and distortion.
Accordingly, Chapter 14 is a new chapter dedicated to
“Error Control Coding” . Necessary changes have been
made in the text of the previous edition to suit the need of a
new chapter, and a new topic “Low Density Parity Check
(LDPC) codes” is included.
In all chapters, changes are made to improve readability.
Text is rewritten at several places with revision of figures or
inclusion of new figures. For example, better clarity is
sought between frequency and phase modulation in Chapter
3, the discussion on threshold effect on AM reception is
rationalized in Chapter 8, the section dealing with multipath
fading and RAKE receiver is improved in Chapter 16, the
topic ‘Optical Communication’ is strengthened in Chapter
17, etc.
A new component named ‘Facts and Figures’ was
introduced in the third edition. These were anecdotes
relevant to each chapter from the history of communication
engineering, aiming to motivate young students. This was
very highly appreciated by the reviewers and more of these
were recommended. In this edition, the contribution to this
segment is doubled which we hope will doubly motivate the
students!
Salient Features
• Communication Systems dealt with detailed
mathematical analysis
• Comprehensive coverage of Noise and Noise
Performances
• Elaboration of concepts of Information Theory and
Coding Theory
• Focus on Noise and its Impact on System Performances
• Pedagogy revised to suit curriculum requirements:
⋅ 104 Solved Examples
⋅ 58 MATLAB Examples
⋅ 36 Additional Problems
⋅ 545 Problems
⋅ 420 Diagrams
Online Learning Centre
The Online Learning Centre of this book can be accessed
at https://www.mhhe.com/taub/cs4/sie and contains the
following material:
For Instructors: Updated Solution Manual and PowerPoint
slides For Students: Supplementary Study Material for
further reading
Acknowledgements
The revision work for this edition came to a full circle with
each revised chapter getting reviewed by faculty members
from institutions like Illinois Institute of Technology, Florida
A&M University, Auburn University, Virginia Tech, New
Mexico State University, CA State Polytechnic University,
George Mason University, and University of Florida. They
lauded the work, and some of their comments in the general
section of the review that highlights the strength of the title,
are given next.
“The overall treatment of the subject in the chapters is
very good. The mathematical treatment is quite complete.
Examples given generally after each section are very useful
and appropriate and also the “self-test” questions in the text
are useful aids in allowing the reader to re-review the
material. The MATLAB based simulations are very
appropriate. The historical perspectives in the chapters are
very meaningful. ”
“The overall organization and order is appropriate and
logical. The early coverage of prerequisite material on
signals is good. The illustrations are adequately tied to the
text and are fine. Having illustrations for this course are
very helpful. ”
“The writing style is appropriate for senior-level
communications courses. The writing is very detailed and
comprehensive. It is clear and accurate. The illustrations are
done professionally. ” A number of Indian faculty members
also reviewed the script and I extend my heartfelt thanks to
all of them.
Finally, sincere thanks to all faculty who helped by
providing valuable review comments. Thanks are due to my
faculty colleagues and my dear students. I refrain from
taking individual names as the list will be too long. I also
thank the entire publishing team of McGraw Hill Education
(India), more specifically Raghu Srinivasan and Michael Hays
for initiating the work through their India visit; Peter Massar,
Darlene Schueller, and Jane Mohr for following it up; Vibha
Mahajan, Shalini Jha, Koyel Ghosh, Satinder Singh Baveja,
Piyaray Lal Pandita, Sohini Mukherjee, and Baldev Raj of
McGraw Hill Education (India) for providing necessary
support.
At this point, I humbly remember my father, the late G. N.
Saha. Last but not the least, I must mention the help and
support I received from my big family—my mother, my
parents-in-law, my wife, Sanghita, and my daughter,
Upasana.
GOUTAM SAHA
Publisher's Note
Do you have any further request or a suggestion? We are
always open to new ideas (the best ones come from you!).
You may send your comments to
[email protected]
Piracy-related issues may also be reported!
 1
INTRODUCTION: SIGNAL AND
SPECTRA
Chapter Objective
This chapter aims to give an introduction to modern
communication systems through a brief overview. It also
intends to develop necessary background on signals and
their spectral information, to be exploited in later chapters.
The discussion includes characterization of signals, basic
signal operations, characterization of periodic signal by
Fourier series and aperiodic signal by Fourier transform and
finally, representation of a signal in vector space. Fourier
analysis brings out the frequency information of a signal,
which in communication context is very important.
References to necessary Fourier series and Fourier transform
properties are made at appropriate places. Besides
illustrative numerical examples, the chapter also presents a
wide variety of MATLAB based simulations. The MATLAB
examples are developed in a manner that is interesting to a
beginner.
FACTS AND FIGURES
“Yesterday was my 21st birthday, at that age Newton and
Pascal had already acquired many claims to immortality.”
Thus wrote Fourier in one of his letters in 1789. Born in a
tailor family as the ninth of twelve children, he briefly served
priesthood, was imprisoned for revolutionary activity, but his
love of mathematics continued. In 1807, his famous theory
on Fourier series was published but initially faced opposition
of the then famous Lagrange and Laplace.
In 1980, the Fortran MATLAB, was invented, an interactive
matrix calculator which had no m-files, toolboxes, Fourier
transform or graphics. In 1984, Jack Little, Steve Bangert and
Cleve Moler founded The Mathworks and released the
commercial version, MATLAB 1.0. It was targeted to MS-DOS
PCs and was implemented in C. Some of those codes are still
used in current versions of MATLAB.

1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

IMAGINE A WORLD WITHOUT TELEVISION, RADIO, TELEPHONE—
FIXED OR MOBILE, FAX MACHINES, INTERNET, EMAIL,
AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES—CREDIT OR DEBIT CARDS,
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS, RADAR, SATELLITES, AIRCRAFT
OR SHIP GUIDANCE SYSTEM .... MOST OF US WILL BE DREADED
TO THINK ABOUT IT AND CONSIDER THAT EVOLUTION TO BE IN
REVERSE GEAR AND THAT WE ARE BACK TO STONE AGE AGAIN!
HOW DO WE THEN COMMUNICATE WITH HUMANS OR MACHINES?
ONLY A FEW HUNDRED YEARS BACK WE WERE DEPENDENT ONLY
ON PHYSICAL MODE OF COMMUNICATION, I.E. SOMEONE HAD TO
CARRY THE MESSAGE PHYSICALLY FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER. THE SPEED OF TRANSMISSION WAS SEVERELY
LIMITED, COST HUGE AND RELIABILITY OF SERVICE POOR—
CONSTRAINED BY GEO-POLITICAL SITUATION ON GROUND. HOW
COME THE SITUATION IS DIFFERENT TODAY? THE DEVELOPMENT
IN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BY WHICH A SIGNAL
MOVES WITH THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS CHANGING THE FACE OF
HUMAN CIVILIZATION. WITH A CLICK OF A MOUSE YOU FIND
DETAILS OF A PLACE WHICH IS CONTINENTS APART; CLICK YOUR
REMOTE TO SWITCH TO A FAVOURITE TV CHANNEL—SEE A LIVE
SOCCER MATCH OR HOW PEOPLE ARE RESCUED AFTER TSUNAMI;
PRESS FEW BUTTONS AND YOU ARE CONNECTED WITHIN
SECONDS TO YOUR NEAR OR DEAR ONES ON THE OTHER SIDE OF
THE GLOBE. TODAY ALL THESE ARE EVERYDAY REALITIES AND WE
PERHAPS CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT THEM.
The important question is—how communication is made so
simple, so close to our life? What is the technology behind it?
Yes, we’ll try to unfurl the mystery slowly but steadily in this
book. Our emphasis will be more on fundamental principles
but adequate references on emerging trends will also be
made. Before we get into detail, let us have a quick overview
of important issues related to electronic communication
systems.

1.1.1 Block-Diagram Representation of an Electronic

Communication System
A simple block-diagram representation of an electronic
communication system is shown in Fig. 1.1. We’ll simply
describe the functioning of each block here and more stories
about them will appear in the later part of this book. We
begin our discussion with the block named channel. Note
that, communication is the process of transferring
information from one place to another. The information
generated at source side may need to travel hundreds or
thousands of miles via channel to reach destination.
Communication channel is the media by which information is
sent. The channel could be a wired line such as copper wire
or wireless such as atmosphere. Placing a physical wire from
source to destination is definitely a costlier and less
convenient proposition than use of atmosphere as media.
But there are other issues too. Consider the block called
noise and distortion feeding to channel. Distortion is the
process of changing shape of the communicating signal that
may mislead the destination about the content of the
message. This occurs due to inability of the channel to
convey all frequency, phase, amplitude information truthfully
from one side to another, a limitation that characterizes a
channel. Distortion parameters can vary linearly, termed
linear distortion as well as nonlinearly, termed nonlinear
distortion. The loss in amplitude or strength of the signal as
it travels through a channel is called attenuation. Noise is
different from distortion and is a serious issue in a
communication system. Noise can be defined as random,
unwanted interference on transmitted signal. The block,
channel is a major source of noise though other blocks also
contribute to it. External noise, as the name suggests, are
interference from other sources like lightning, electrical
switching, automobile ignition, other communicating signals
etc. Internal noise is due to thermal motion of electrons or
random emission, diffusion, recombination of carriers. The
channel is also characterized by another important
parameter called bandwidth. This is the amount of space
available in frequency domain that is not distorted by the
channel; of course, the more the bandwidth, the better.
Signal bandwidth, on the other hand, is the range of
frequencies over which the signal is present. Often the major
part of the energy of a signal is spread over a particular
frequency band and it is much less, though not entirely zero,
in other frequencies. This gives rise to several practical
definitions of signal bandwidth, e.g. in one case it is defined
as the band that has 98 percent of the signal energy. No
problem is envisaged if channel bandwidth is more than
signal bandwidth.
 Fig. 1.1 A block-diagram representation of electronic communication system.
From this discussion we find that there are several issues
and related trade-offs to choose a particular media for
communication. In reality, many different types of media
coexist. Among wired lines we have coaxial cables or fibre-
optic links that are superior to copper lines offering very high
bandwidth. Today we have trans-oceanic submarine cables
connecting continents. Atmosphere as propagating media is
used by electromagnetic waves while communication via
satellites partly uses free space as communication channel.
In Sec. 1.1.4 we present a discussion on transmission media.
Now we turn our attention to two blocks adjacent to
channel. On source side there is transmitter, a device that
makes input electrical information suitable for efficient
transmission over a given channel. It is obvious that for
different channels we have different types of transmitters.
Also, if channel characteristics vary, the transmitter has to
adjust itself to maintain a desired quality of communication
service. In general, the transmitter modulates or changes
some parameter say, amplitude or frequency of a high-
frequency carrier signal by original electrical information
input which is also known as baseband signal. Transmitter
also multiplexes, i.e. puts number of signals in a common
pool and effects simultaneous transmission of number of
input signal. On the destination side receiver is the device
that receives information from channel and extract intended
electrical message from it. Other than demodulation, the
reverse of modulation and demultiplexing, the reverse of
multiplexing the receiver also amplify and remove noise,
distortion from the noise contaminated, distorted,
attenuated received signal.
Finally, we discuss the blocks input and output transducers.
The input transducer converts the information to be
transmitted to its electrical equivalent message signal. As we
discussed before we are interested in sending the signal as
fast as possible and electrical signals that move with the
speed of light remains our choice and hence, these
transducers are important. The input information can be
speech, image, video, text, etc. Microphone is an input
transducer which converts audio input like speech to an
electrical signal. The output transducer converts electrical
input to a form of message required by user, e.g. speech,
image, video, text, etc. The loud-speaker is an example of
output transducer where electrical input is converted to an
audio output.

1.1.2 Analog vs. Digital Communication

As a student of communication or simply from user’s point of
view you may be aware of these two terms, analog
communication and digital communication. Before we
discuss them in detail later in this book, let us spend
sometime here understanding what exactly are they. The
electrical message signal that needs to be communicated
can be analog, i.e. continuously varying with time or digital,
i.e. has finite number of discrete levels. Speech, video,
variation in temperature with time, all are analog in nature
while text, data are primarily digital signal. In analog
communication, the message in electrical form is considered
to be an analog signal, i.e. continuously varying. Here, when
a signal of digital nature like data is sent, it is converted to
some analog form before sending. The example is, data
communication through telephone line using a modem
(abbreviation of modulator-demodulator).
 In digital communication, the message is discrete in
nature. However, the number of different symbols that can
be sent is limited because of certain constraints. In M-ary
communication, M different symbols are used. In binary
digital communication, only two symbols are used. This is
the most common form of digital communication and
symbols are represented by digits ‘0’ and ‘1’. From your
knowledge of earlier courses you can very well write
numerical data ‘12’ in decimal as ‘1100’ in binary. But how to
write texts like ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘B’, ‘b’, ‘.’, ‘%’ etc. in binary?
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
has 7 bit representation for each of these alphabets or
special characters, e.g. ‘A’ is represented as ‘1000001’ while
‘a’ as ‘1100001’. A complete list of ASCII representation of
characters is given in Table A1 of Appendix A.
Analog signal is converted to digital if sent using digital
communication mode. Figure 1.2a gives an idea of analog-to-
digital conversion, the details is discussed in Chapter 4. This
involves sampling the analog signal at certain interval and
quantizing the voltage level of that instant with its binary
equivalent, i.e. each sample is represented by a finite set of
‘0’s and ‘1’s. In Fig. 1.2, sampling is done at time instants 1,
2, 3 seconds etc., and number of levels are eight: 0, V/8,
2V/8, ..., 7V/8. this corresponds to digital representation of
analog signals as 010, 010, 100, etc. Since each level is
represented by three binary digits, three pulses are inserted
between two successive samples for digital transmission
where -V represents 0 and +V represents 1. Note that, the
variation in analog signal at time 0 and 1 are not accurately
reflected in digital due to quantization of amplitude
information. This is equivalent to addition of some noise in
the quantization process, termed as quantization noise and
can be reduced by increasing the number of levels. This
would require more than three bits to represent one sample.
For example, with 4-bit representation we can use up to 16
levels. However, now between two samples 1 second apart,
4 pulses or bits are to be inserted. This increases bit rate
from 3 bits per second to 4 bits per second, i.e. 33.33
percent more data is to be pushed through the channel. We’ll
see later that if time samples are sufficiently close then
there is no error on account of time sampling. Now, at the
destination end, if analog representation is required, Digital
to Analog conversion is done which is some sort of averaging
to find out in-between time information from digital samples.
Analog communication is older than digital communication.
It does not require Analog-Digital conversion for naturally
occurring signals which are analog and avoids conversion
related error. The required bandwidth for analog
communication is relatively less and cost of components less
costly. Digital communication is newer and scores over
analog in terms of quality of service. It is less affected by
noise and for long distance communication can effectively
use regenerative repeater. This is a device placed at
intermediate places, removes noise, regenerates original
binary information ‘0’s and ‘1’s and retransmits them. Figure
1.2c shows a typical representation of digital signal at the
end of a transmission channel. If decision on binary value of
the signal is delayed a little as shown in the figure, we can
use that to get a clean digital signal of Fig. 1.2d. In a
regenerative repeater this clean signal can be retransmitted
and such regeneration scheme can be employed before the
signal deteriorates much. In analog communication, repeater
can only attenuate noise which is not in the same frequency
band as message but cannot regenerate the original signal
as shown for digital signal. Further amplification in repeater
amplifies both signal and in-band noise. The quality of
transmission is decided by parameter, Signal-to-Nose ratio
(SNR) in analog and by bit (abbreviation of binary digit) error
rate (BER) in digital. In digital communication we can employ
different coding techniques to improve BER and compression
techniques to reduce the required bit rate which in turn
reduces bandwidth. This is not possible in analog
communication. Every 2-3 years, digital hardware cost
reduces by half while its capacity doubles. Storage and
indexing of digital signals is easy and inexpensive. Also
digital hardware implementation is flexible in nature that
helps moving to newer technology standard with relative
ease. All these help digital communication in getting more
and more space though analog communication is very much
in use. A lot of digital communication concepts owe their
development to field of analog communication. Keeping this
in mind, this text will emphasize on digital communication
concept but will also dwell on fundamentals of analog
communication.
 Fig. 1.2 (a) Digital equivalence of an analog message by discretizing time and
amplitude axis (b) PCM coded digital signal in the period 0-3 second for onward
digital communication, (c) Distorted, noisy signal at receiver end after its
passage through a transmission channel, (d) Cleaned digital signal at receiver
with a delay of AT. In regenerative repeater it can be retransmitted.
1.1.3 Modulation and Multiplexing
As discussed in Sec. 1.1.1, modulation is the process of
varying one attribute of a signal by message signal. In
electronic communication modulation plays a very important
role and a good number of chapters in any communication
text is devoted to it. Why at all we need to modulate the
message signal? There are several reasons. The first comes
from an important practical consideration. For wireless
communication the electromagnetic wave needs to be
radiated. This requires an antenna the diameter of which is
required to be approximately one-tenth of signal wavelength
or of that order. Now, let us do a quick calculation.

Of course, the first one is impractical and we should have a

mechanism to translate original baseband signal to a very
high frequency to reduce the antenna size. This is usually
achieved by linearly or proportionately varying one attribute
of a high-frequency signal called carrier (called so as carries
message or message rides on it) be it amplitude, frequency
or phase. Note that, such frequency translation is required at
the transmitter end for both analog and digital signal before
the signal is put to channel unless it is a baseband
transmission.
There is another advantage behind modulating message
signal. The original message signal occupies lower baseband
frequencies, which for example in speech is 0.3 to 3.4 kHz. If
two persons want to communicate over the same channel
simultaneously then two baseband signals will interfere with
each other. However, if one signal is placed between 0 to 4
kHz and the other say 4 to 8 kHz then there is no such
conflict. Using a carrier to shift the frequency band of a
message signal for simultaneous transmission is known as
frequency division multiplexing (FDM). For digital signal,
multiplexing can be achieved by dividing the time between
two samples of signals in various time slots and using each
time slot to send one digital signal. Such a method of
simultaneous transmission is known as time division
multiplexing (TDM). Consider the example shown in Fig. 1.2.
If we want to send two message signals of that type (both
sampled at 1 sample per second rate and 3 bits representing
each sample) using TDM, we have to place 6 bits in 1 second
interval. This reduces pulse width by half and increases data
rate to 6 bit-second. Now, if the transmission system can
support a data rate of say, 24 bits/sec then we can used TDM
to send 8 signals simultaneously.

1.1.4 Transmission Media

Different types of transmission media being in use today are
discussed here briefly, the major varieties with some of their
characteristics are the following: Open wire Lines
The original telephone and telegraph transmission lines are
still in use today but on their way of phasing out. They have
low attenuation (typically 0.04 dB/km) for voice frequency
range and useful for long distance communication. A loss of
3 dB refers to signal strength being reduced by nearly 50
percent which in this media can happen after 3/0.04=75 km
of transmission. More about dB scale is discussed in Sec.
1.1.6. Open wire lines are susceptible to environmental,
weather and human abuse.
paired Cables
This is used in telephone networks within short distances -
inside building, building to local office, etc. Often a large
number of such cables are put in a bundle. The loss here is
typically 0.05 dB/km.
Quad Cables
A quad cable includes four conductors arranged as two
differential pairs for carrying the differential signals. It uses
insulators and shielding materials. It offers higher bandwidth,
i.e. more frequency range of operation and finds its use
among other things in railway communication. It gives nearly
0.25 dB/km of attenuation.
Coaxial Cables
It consists of a single wire conductor at the centre of a
cylindrical cable and an outer conductor typically a wire
mesh separated by a dielectric (Fig. 1.3a). It gives bandwidth
in MHz range and is used for television connection, local area
networks for computers, etc. But the attenuation in this is
relatively high, typically greater than 5 dB/km at maximum
frequency.
Radio
Radio is a wireless propagation where atmosphere or free
space is used as transmission media. Radio frequency
signals are radiated into them as electromagnetic signal
through antenna. Since it acts as a common media for
number of communication channel a stringent frequency
allocation policy is followed. This is further discussed in Sec.
1.1.5.

Fig. 1.3 (a) A coaxial transmission cable (b) The range of electromagnetic wave
spectrum.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
—— Priory, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 18, 20, 30, 58, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68,
70, 71, 107, 116, 118–21, 130, 131, 201
in Valor Ecclesiasticus, 119–20, 179
Dissolution, 138, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 203
Pensions, 195
See Priors Fort and William Smith
Stoneleigh, 12
Stowe, 68, 108, 117
Stratford Priory (Essex), 95
Stretaye, Edmund, 168, 223
Strete, Richard, Archbishop of Salop (and Derby), 28, 29, 30,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44, 45, 46, 128, 161, 198, 252
Stretton, 77
—— Bishop of Lichfield, 27, 32
Stubbs, Bishop, quoted 6, 50 note
“Submission of the Clergy,” 43
Succession, Act and Oath of, 47, 52
Sudbury, 128
—— John, Abbot of Burton, 87, 88, 89
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, 6, 93, 210
Sutcote, Mr., 209
Sutton, 123, 124
—— Richard, 107, 203, 204
—— William, 191
“Supreme Head,” 42, 48, 53, 146, 219, 220
Swinscoe, 110, 111
Swynneshed, 116
Swynneston, 120
Swythamley, 193
Symon, William, 191
Symson, Simson, Christopher, 172, 190, 232

Tachbrook, 39
Talbot, Sir John, 54, 55
Tamworth, 24, 62, 63
Tanneries, 131
Taverner Margery, 88
—— Nicholas, 88
Templars, Knights, 15, 19, 28
Tentisworth, 103, 104
Teyte, Nicholas, 90
Thomas, Prior of Trentham, 122
Thoreby, 103
Thornley, 102
Thornton, John, 168, 196, 222, 233
Thorpe (Lincs.), 69
Tickford, 26
Tipton, 23
Tithes, 52, 67, 68, 74, 79, 97, 99, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110,
111, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 128, 135, 149, 177,
198, 206, 210
Tittensor, 121
Tokeby, 68, 97, 98, 99
Tong, 93
Torcea, 81
Torksey, 107
Torner or Turner, Richard, 117, 182, 194, 204
Torrington, Parva, 50
Totmonslow, 98
Traford, William, 193
Trefall, 105
Trentham, 68, 122, 123, 124, 130, 193
—— Priory, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 30, 59, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71,
107, 121–24, 130, 197, 202
in Valor Ecclesiasticus, 122–4, 179
Dissolution, 138, 145, 193, 203, 210
Pensions, 189, 195
See Priors Bradwall, Dulverne, Lavynden, and Thomas
Trent, River, 77, 81, 87, 136
Treour, John le, 76
Trinity College, Oxford, 140
Trusley, 98, 100
Trysull, 55, 61, 63, 106
Tutbury, 127, 128, 195
—— Castle, 9, 124, 202
—— Priory, 9, 16, 18, 21, 30, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71, 124–9,
130, 131, 197, 207
in Valor Ecclesiasticus, 125–8, 179
Dissolution, 138, 145, 167, 169, 199, 203
Pensions, 190, 191, 195
See Prior Arthur Meverell
Twigg, Richard, 122
Tybbes, Thomas, 50
Tylynton, 154
Tyso, 68, 120, 121

Uttoxeter, 98

Vale Royal, 205

Valor Ecclesiasticus, 55–71, 73, 74, Chap. vi, 133, 138, 139,
178, 179, 186, 187, 191, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207, 211
Verduns, 13, 95
Vernam, George, 168, 223
Vernon, Henry, 120, 123
—— John, 25, 54
—— 93
Villani, 85
Vincent, Robert, 113
Voysey, Bishop of Exeter, 26

Wales, 156
Walford, 112, 113
Walkeden, Geoffrey, 147
—— Walter, 120
Wall Grange, 124
Walton, 5, 98, 116, 120, 121
Warde, Richard, 154, 164, 165
Warham, Archbishop, 26
Warton, John de, 101
Waterfall, 68, 110, 111
Watteley More, 112, 114
Waynfleet, Bishop of Winchester, 19
Webley, John, Prior of Dudley, 104
Wednesbury, 23
Welbeck Abbey, 205
Wenlock Priory, 11, 104, 139, 165, 205
Wernell, 23
West Broughton, 127
—— Bromwich, 23
Westminster Abbey, 9, 83, 193
—— Abbot of, 44, 47, 48, 74, 83
and see Boston, William
Westmoreland, 7
—— Earl of, 141
Weston, 58, 68, 77, 115, 117, 120
Wetton, 127, 128, 195
—— William, 127
Wetwode, Richard, 151, 152, 165
Whalley, Richard, 119
Whitels, 98
“White Ship,” 11
Whitgreve, 113, 116
Whitmere, 77
Whitmore, Adam, 101
—— Richard, Abbot of Dieulacres, 100
Whitney, Humfry, 103, 173, 194, 195, 204, 242
—— John, 104, 173, 174 and note, 204, 242
—— Mary and Nicholas, 194 (cf. 193 note, 243
—— Thomas, Abbot of Dieulacres, 102, 104, 148, 173, 190,
193, 196, 204, 239
Whittington, 24
Whytgreve, Robert, 164, 247, 249
Whytteworth, Robert, 197
Whytwell, Whyttel, Whyttewell, Whittall, Edward, 117, 204, 235
Whytwell, Whyttel, Whyttwell, Whittall Katherine, 204
——, —— Richard, Prior of Stafford, 115, 145, 161, 172, 190,
204, 232, 235
——, —— Richard, 117, 148, 204, 258
Wico Malbano, 116
Wilkyns, Edward, Abbot of Hulton, 108, 145, 195, 196
Williams, John, 279 and note
Willingham, 107, 109
Wilmslow, 193
Wilton, 205
Winchester, Bishop of, 88
Windsor, 26
Wistowe, John, 99
Withington, 86, 90
Wodcoke, Ralf, 127
Wodeyton (Wood Eyton), 113
Wolsey, Cardinal, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 42, 54, 55, 140
Wolverhampton, 164
Womborne, 23
Wood, Friar, 164
Woodford, 68, 104, 109, 110
Woodhouse, Wydowes, 93, 228
Woods, 128, 129, 130
Wool Trade, 13, 17, 81, 95, 96, 100, 106
Wootton, Wotton, 31, 120, 127
Worcester Priory, 83, 87, 176
—— College, 87
—— Diocese, 105
Wriothesley, Sir Thomas (afterwards Earl of Southampton), 22
Wrottesley, Walter, 54, 55, 59, 62, 105
Wulphade, St., 120
Wycche, 194
Wyfford, 24
Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, 19
Wyllot, Thomas, 127
Wymondham, 68, 128
Wyrley, Marke, 166, 252
Wyttemore, 124

Yatehouses, 103
York, 28, 136
—— Archbishop of, 136
Yorkshire, 7
 THE END

Printed by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Bath.

Sketch Map of STAFFORDSHIRE to Illustrate the Dissolution of the
Monasteries
 FOOTNOTES:
[1] Froude’s History of England.
[2] Seventeen Lectures (1887), p. 289.
[3] See below, Chap. iv.
[4] These figures, omitting shillings and pence, are from Valor
Ecclesiasticus.
[5] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, p. 146, 148.
[6] The only other exception is said to be Beaulieu.
[7] Pleas of the Forest, 1286. (Salt Collections, V, Pt. I, p. 162;
VIII, p. 177.)
[8] Some very interesting examples of corrodies granted by
Staffordshire monasteries are given in Monasticism in
Staffordshire, p. 157–160.
[9] Dieulacres Chartulary, No. 99.
[10] Plea Rolls, Henry III (in Salt Collections, VI, Pt. I, p. 293).
[11] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, v, 1529.
[12] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Henry VI, Vol. II, 1429–36.
[13] Plea Rolls, 6 Edw. IV (Salt Collections n.s. IV).
[14] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. I, 1281–92, p. 25.
[15] Cf. the election of Edie to Burton Abbey (Chap. iv infra)
and of Meverell to Tutbury Priory (Chap. vi infra); and Cranmer’s
request for the appointment of Gorton to Worcester (Chap. v
infra).
[16] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, v, 1529.
[17] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, i, 1235, 1360.
[18] Ibid., iv, Part I, 650.
[19] Plea Rolls, Henry III (Salt Collections, IV).
[20] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, iv, Part I, 1137.
[21] Ibid., iv, Part II, 3536, 3538.
[22] Ibid., iv, Part I, 649, 697, 1913.
 [23] Staffordshire Antiquaries usually add Blithbury, being
misled by the similarity of name to Blythburgh, an Austin Priory in
Suffolk which was one of those suppressed by Wolsey.
[24] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, iv, Part I, 1964.
[25] Ibid., 2217, 2024.
[26] Ibid., iv. Part II, 3537–8.
[27] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, iv, Part II, 3190, 4275.
[28] Ibid., iv, Part III, 6516, 6222.
[29] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, iv, Part III, 6788.
[30] Bishop Norbury’s Register, p. 28.
[31] Bishop Stretton’s (2nd) Register, sub ann.
[32] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, iv, Part I, 2193; Part II,
2969. Clayborough was one of the King’s Counsel employed in
the “Divorce” proceedings at Dunstable in May, 1533.
[33] Ibid., Part II, 3390.
[34] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, vi, 389.
[35] Wright’s Letters, p. 127. (“Glaston” is a misprint for
“Ellaston.”)
[36] Letters and Papers, v, 277.
[37] Letters and Papers, v, 1234.
[38] Cf. supra, p. 24; he became Sub-Treasurer and Receiver-
General in Ireland.
[39] Letters and Papers, v, 1456.
[40] Ibid., vi, 389.
[41] Letters and Papers, vi, 645.
[42] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 131.
[43] e.g., in 1608 (State Papers, Domestic, James I, 1603–10,
p. 407) and 1680 (Salt Collections V, 188).
[44] Cf. Dict. Nat. Biog., xxxii, 373.
[45] Letters and Papers, v, 879; cf. 150 (where the date should
be 1532).
[46] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, vi, 119; cf. iv, Part II, 2700.
[47] Ibid., vi, 417.
 [48] Wright’s Letters, p. 114.
[49] Letters and Papers, vi, 700.
[50] Sir Piers Dutton was Sheriff of Chester (Letters and
Papers, x, 618).
[51] Ibid., vi, 714. (Vols. V and VI give a considerable number
of instances of interference with elections at this time.)
[52] Letters and Papers, vi, 1060; vii, 587 (19).
[53] These particulars are from Stubbs (Registrum Sacrum
Anglicanum, 146, and Monasticon, v, 377 note).
[54] P.R.O., State Papers, Henry VIII, Fol. Vol. R. and S., 165.
[Attached to this document is a paper containing a longer list
of monasteries covering three sides, of which those above-named
fill the first side. Some Welsh houses are included.]
[55] Cf. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, vi, 590.
[56] 26 Henry VIII, c. 3.
[57] The Possessions of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
were taken by the Act 32 Henry VIII, c. xxiv.
[58] Letters and Papers, viii, 149 (75).
[59] Ibid., xiv, Part I, p. 289.
[60] Cf. also Arts. 10–13 of the Act.
[61] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, p. 99.
[62] Valor Ecclesiasticus, temp. Hen. VIII, auctoritate regia
institutus (6 vols., 1810–34). The Staffordshire returns come in
Vol. III.
[63] Letters and Papers, ix, 354.
[64] Cf. infra, Ch. v.
[65] Vol. III, pp. 99–152.
[69] His will is printed in the Journal of the Derbyshire
Archæological and Natural History Society, Vol. VII (1885), pp.
226–233.
[70] Annales de Burton are printed in Annales Monastici, Vol. I
(1864), edited by H. R. Luard, M.A.
[71] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 144.
 [72] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 146.
[73] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. III, 1313–18, pp. 428, 447, 564;
1318–23, pp. 116, 694.
[74] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. III, 1307–13, pp. 331, 335, 343.
[77] Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce,
i, 625–632.
[78] A Description of Leicestershire, by William Burton (1622),
p. 119.
[79] Cf. supra, p. 47.
[80] The tradition is recorded by J. Bacon in the Preface to his
edition (1786) of Ecton’s Thesaurus rerum Ecclesiasticarum, the
first edition of which was printed in 1711. Ecton and Bacon were
both officials of the Office of First-Fruits and Tenths.
[81] In 1535, Cranmer wrote to Cromwell: “I understand the
Priory of Worcester is to be shortly void. If so, be good to ... Dn.
Richard Gorton, B.D., of the house of Burton-on-Trent.”—Letters
and Papers, Henry VIII, ix, 971.)
[82] Valor Ecclesiasticus, 126.
[83] Ibid., 163.
[84] Ibid., 149.
[85] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 226.
[86] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Henry IV, 1405–8.
[87] “Early Chancery Proceedings,” Bundle 6, No. 50 (Salt
Collections, N.S., vii, 244).
[88] Vol. III, 103.
[89] In the twelfth century Margery, daughter of Sir Ralf de
Coven, endowed the Nunnery with this annual rent in Horsebrook.
(Original Deed at Chillington, printed in Salt Collections, iii, p.
211.)
[90] Cf. Appendix i.
[91] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 125.
[92] Glaston is obviously a misprint for “Ellaston,” a mistake
easily made. Cf. supra, p. 34.
[93] Cf. supra, p. 50.
 [94] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Rich. II, 1377–81, pp. 362, 516.
[95] Salt Collections, iii, 163, 182; N.S., ix, 298.
[96] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 123.
[97] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 104 (cf. Letters and Papers, viii,
191).
[98] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, xvi, 678.
[99] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 107.
[100] Cf. infra Ch. vii.
[101] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 124.
[102] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 114.
[103] Exchequer Augmentation Office: Miscellaneous Books,
Vol. 400, p. 108–9.
[104] Salt Collections, viii, 195, 197.
[105] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 110.
[107] Cf. infra Appendix iv.
[108] Cf. infra, p. 145.
[109] Salt Collections, N.S., iv (13 Edw. IV).
[110] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 113.
[111] Salt Collections, xi, 322.
[112] Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. I, 1292–1301, p. 253 (cf. pp. 248,
252); Pat. Rolls, 15 Edw. II (Salt Collections, xi, 299).
[113] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 108.
[114] De Banco Roll, Hilary 10–11, Edw. III (Salt Collections,
xi, 72).
[115] Supra, p. 21.
[116] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, viii, 56.
[117] Ibid., viii, 682.
[118] Wright’s Letters, p. 114.
[119] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 142.
[120] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 57.
[121] Wright’s Letters, 156.
 [122] Wright’s Letters, 157.
[123] Wright’s Letters, 93.
[124] Ibid., 95.
[125] Letters and Papers, ix, 517.
[126] Ibid., x, 364.
[127] Ibid., x, 1088.
[128] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. X, 1238. [Gairdner,
English Church, does not include Tutbury in his list on p. 420.]
[129] Cf. Dict. Nat. Biog., xlviij, 123.
[130] Ibid., xlvj, 135.
[131] Ibid., ix, 363.
[132] Letters and Papers, x, 613.
[133] Letters and Papers, x, 741.
[134] Ibid., 749.
[135] Letters and Papers, x, 886.
[136] Ibid., 754.
[137] Ibid., 1178.
[138] Letters and Papers, x, 324.
[139] Letters and Papers, xii, Pt. II, 638.
[140] Ibid., xii, Pt. I, 1104; Pt. II, 1008(1), 456, 411 (2) and (12);
xiii. Pt. II, 456, 364, 343, 370.
[141] Ibid., xii, Pt. I, 819.
[142] Letters and Papers, xii, Pt. II, 531.
[143] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. I, 456.
[144] Cf. infra, p. 186.
[145] Cf. infra, pp. 175, 227, 233, 240, 272–6.
[146] Letters and Papers, xii, Pt. II, 611.
[147] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. I, 1520.
[148] Public Record Office, State Papers, Dom., Henry VIII,
Vol. 120, No. 143.
[149] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 44, 56, 61.
 [150] Ibid., 170.
[151] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 49.
[152] Ibid., 50.
[153] Ibid., 44.
[154] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 79.
[155] Ibid., 56 (Aug. 9, 1538).
[156] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 56.
[157] Ibid.
[158] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 61.
[159] Wright’s Letters, 203, 204.
[160] Burnet, iv, 490.
[161] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 281.
[162] Wright’s Letters, 143.
[163] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. I, 317.
[164] Ibid., Pt. II, 164.
[165] Ibid., 1051.
[166] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 652.
[167] Ibid., 736.
[168] Ibid., 1143.
[169] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 168; Wright’s Letters, 267,
270.
[170] Wright’s Letters, 282.
[171] Wright’s Letters, 267.
[172] Wright’s letters, 278.
[173] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 343.
[174] Public Record Office, Exchequer Augmentation Office,
No. 247.
[175] Ibid., No. 206 (Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 364).
[176] Public Record Office, Exchequer Augmentation Office,
No. 66 (Ibid., 370).
 [177] Public Record Office, Ministers’ Accounts, Divers
Counties, No. 230, Bundle 61 (Accounts of John Scudamore,
membrane 6): “Nuper Monasterii de Roucester—de precio trium
campanorum nuper Monasterii de Roucester remanentium in
Campanilia Ecclesiae parochialis ibidem non de eo quod
parochiani de Roucester predicta Clamant easdem campanas sibi
et parochianis ibidem pertinere et remanere super clamentium
suum quousque determinentur coram Cancellario et Consilio
Curiae Augmentationis etc. Si dictum clamentium verum sit necne
quia easdem campanas occupabuntur et usi fuerunt tam per
nuper Religiosos quam eciam per parochianos de Rocester
predicta pulsandas ad divina servicia et aliter. Summa nulla.”
[178] Exchequer Augmentation Office, Miscellaneous Books,
Vol. 172.
[179] Appendix, iii, iv, v.
[180] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 586.
[181] Ibid., 628.
[182] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 627.
[183] Ibid., 634 (Exchequer Augmentation Office, 220).
[184] See the Inventory in Appendix v.
[185] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 656.
[186] Sleigh’s Leek, p. 64. “Cole’s MS., 26, 246, contains the
Deposition of John Whitney, late Chamberleyne to the last Abbot
of Dieulacresse, taken 8 Jany., 7o Elizh. Hereby it appeared that 4
or 5 days after the suppression of that Abbey, several Blanks,
having the Covent-sealle, were seene by the Deponent, the Abbot
and others being privy. Upon these blanks Wm. Damport, the
Abbot’s Scribe, wrote Leases, with Ante-Dates: and among the
rest one was the Lease and Reversion of the Mannour of
Poultone.”
[187] Wright’s Letters 282.
[188] Ibid. 286.
[189] Ibid. 206.
[190] Letters and Papers, xiii, Pt. II, 1233.
[191] Ibid., xvi, 745.
[192] Ibid., ix, 971; cf. supra, p. 83 n.
 [193] Ibid., xiii, Pt. II, 1051.
[194] Ibid., 1052.
[195] Cf. Appendix xii, xiii, where many interesting details are
given of the journey and the whole business.
[196] Cf. Appendix v.
[197] Cf. Appendix iii.
[198] Cf. Appendix v.
[199] Cf. Appendix iv.
[200] Cf. Appendix vi, vii, viii.
[201] History of England, i, 41 n.
[202] Cf. Appendix v, vi.
[203] Cf. supra, pp. 154, 155.
[204] Supra, p. 39.
[205] Cf. Appendix iii.
[206] Cf. Appendix iv.
[207] Cf. Appendix v.
[208] Monasticon, v, 383.
[209] Cf. supra, p. 164.
[210] Bazin’s novel, translated into English under the title of
The Nun, describes the suppression of a French nunnery in
recent years, and the after-history of the sisters. It is very
instructive.
[211] Wright’s Letters, 243.
[212] Sleigh’s Leek, 140.
[213] Ibid., 64. He left his chalice of silver-gilt to his “servant
and nephew Nicholas Whitney,” stipulating that if the Abbey were
ever restored the chalice should be returned to it.
[214] His rent-roll of lands which he continued to manage,
dated Oct. 6th, 34 Hen. viij, is in the William Salt Library at
Stafford (Box 145).
[215] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, xvi, 617.
[216] Ibid., App. i.
[217] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, xvi, 866.
 [218] Ibid., 324.
[219] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, xvi, 745, 425, 258.
[220] Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, xiii, Pt. ii, 1220.
[221] Cf. supra, p. 34.
[222] Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii, 128 (printed “Glaston”).
[223] Printed in Annales Monastici, Vol. I (1864). Another copy
is in the Library of the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield.
[224] Addit. MS., 23, 944. See App. xiv.
[225] British Museum, Royal MS., 15, B, iv.
[226] Cottonian MS., Vespasian E., xxiv, cxv.
[227] Wright’s Letters, p. 71. Strype, Vol. I, pt. i, p. 324.
[228] Wright’s Letters, 291.
[229] Letters and Papers, xii, Pt. I, 767: Dr. Pole to Bp. Lee
(Mar. 29th, 1537), “I know none within your diocese of seditious
opinions touching the bishop of Rome or favourable to the late
insurrections.”
[230] A kind of figured linen.
[231] i.e., cooling pans.
[232]? Cyfus or Cyphus = a drinking-cup.
[233] i.e., flagons.
[234] i.e., spit.
[235] i.e., a small handmill for grinding mustard.
[236] i.e., a basket or other vessel for clearing away the
remains of a meal.
[237] i.e., iron.
[238] i.e., ornamented with work illustrating the Nativity of
Christ.
[239] i.e., lavatory
[240] i.e., saucepan.
[241] i.e., an iron hook for hanging a pot over the fire.
[242] i.e., coolers.
[243] i.e., cistern.
 [244] i.e., seven score and nineteen = 159.
[245] A fother = 19½ cwt.
[246] i.e., vats.
[247] i.e., sanctus bell.
[248] beer coppers (wort = new unfermented beer).
[249] i.e., time allowed, respite, credit; cf. Chaucer, The
Franklin’s Tale, l. 847, “bysecheth ... to graunte him dayes of the
remenaunt.”
[250] i.e., dormitory.
[251] “Walter Charnels” was Bailiff of the town of Burton (cf.
supra, p. 90).
[252] i.e., cushions.
[253] i.e., treasurer.
[254] Sir William Paget was Clerk of the Signet and Privy
Councillor, afterwards Baron Paget of Beaudesert (cf. Dict. Natl.
Biog., xliii, 60).
[255] Public Record Office. Particulars for Grants, 10 Jan., 37
Hen. viii. Sir William Paget.
Request to exchange (1) [lined through]. Lands appointed
unto the King by Sir Will. Paget, viz., farm of the manor or late
hospital of Kepeyere (Durham); (2) [lined through] in exchange for
farm of the manor of Nantwich; farm of the demesne of Burton-
on-Trent with site of the late college, and the demesne lands
pertaining.
[Kepier is described in the Aug. Off. Misc. Book, 400, as being
in the county of York: it is in Easington Ward, co. Durham. The
Hospital there was surrendered and granted to Sir William Paget
36 Hen. viij.]
[256] Cf. supra, pp. 158, 168.
[257] William Scudamore was John Scudamore’s son. He
acted as Clerk to Robert Burgoyn, one of the Commissioners for
Northamptonshire, etc. (cf. Wright’s Letters, p. 281).
[258] i.e., never.
[259] John Lambert had held this office under the Abbey at the
time of Valor Ecclesiasticus (cf. supra, p. 90).
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