Surface area and

6 volume
LEARNING SEQUENCE
6.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................. 372
6.2 Area ...........................................................................................................................................................................376
6.3 Total surface area ................................................................................................................................................ 386
6.4 Volume ..................................................................................................................................................................... 397
6.5 Review ..................................................................................................................................................................... 411
6.1 Overview
Why learn this?
People must measure! How much paint or carpet will you need to
redecorate your bedroom? How many litres of water will it take to fill the
new pool? How many tiles do you need to order to retile the bathroom
walls? How far is it from the North Pole to the South Pole? These are just
a few examples where measurement skills are needed.
Measuring tools have advanced significantly in their capability to measure
extremely small and extremely large amounts and objects, leading to
many breakthroughs in medicine, engineering, science, architecture and
astronomy.
In architecture, not all buildings are simple rectangular prisms. In
our cities and towns, you will see buildings that are cylindrical in
shape, buildings with domes and even buildings that are hexagonal or
octagonal in shape. Architects, engineers and builders all understand the
relationships between these various shapes and how they are connected.
Industrial and interior designers use the properties of plane figures, prisms,
pyramids and spheres in various aspects of their work.
Have you ever wondered why tennis balls are sold in cylindrical
containers? This is an example of manufacturers wanting to minimise the amount of waste in packaging.
Understanding the concepts involved in calculating the surface area and volume of common shapes we see
around us is beneficial in many real-life situations.

Where to get help

Go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au to access the following digital resources. The Online
Resources Summary at the end of this topic provides a full list of what’s available to help you learn the
concepts covered in this topic.

Fully worked
Video Interactivities
solutions
eLessons
to every
question

Digital
eWorkbook
documents

372 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

Exercise 6.1 Pre-test

Complete this pre-test in your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au and receive automatic marks,
immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions.
1. Calculate the area of the shape, correct to 2 decimal places.

7.3 mm

6.1 mm

15.2 mm

2. Calculate the area of the ellipse, correct to 1 decimal place.

8 cm

5 cm

3. MC Select the total surface area of the rectangular prism from the following.

1.5 m

2m
3.2 m

A. 9.6 m2 B. 14.2 m2 C. 22.0 m2 D. 25.4 m2 E. 28.4 m2

4. Calculate the total surface area of the sphere, correct to 1 decimal place.

15 cm

5. Calculate the volume of the solid.

4 cm

A = 3 cm2

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 373

 6. Calculate the area of the shape, correct to 1 decimal place.

2 cm
45°

3 cm

7. A council park is shown below.

240 m

100 m

80 m 30 m

A worker charges $30 per 1000 m2 to mow the grass. Determine how much it will cost the council to
have the grass mown.

8. MC Select the total surface area of the object shown from the following.

2.5 cm

9 cm

A. 109.96 cm2 B. 112.63 cm2 C. 151.9 cm2 D. 124.36 cm2 E. 91.63 cm2

9. Determine the volume of the triangular prism.

10 mm

5 mm

3 mm

374 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

10. MC Select the volume of the object from the following.

15 cm

20 cm

10 cm

A. 2748.9 cm3 B. 1701.7 cm3 C. 1963.5 cm3 D. 7854 cm3 E. 6806.8 cm3

11. MC The volume of the frustum of a square-based pyramid is given by:

y
h

A. V = 𝜋 x + y2 B. V = 𝜋 x + xy + y2 C. V = h𝜋 x2 + xy + y2
1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( )
3 3 3
D. V = h x2 + 2xy + y2 E. V = h x2 + xy + y2
1 ( ) 1 ( )
3 3

12. The volume of a ball is given by the formula V = 𝜋r . Evaluate the radius of a ball with a volume of
4 3
3
384.66 cm3 . Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.

13. MC Determine what effect doubling the radius and halving the height of a cone will have on

its volume.
A. The volume will be the same.
B. The volume will be halved.
C. The volume will be doubled.
D. The volume will be quadrupled.
E. The volume will be divided by a quarter.

14. Using Heron’s formula, evaluate the area of the triangle correct to 1 decimal place.

9 cm
4 cm

7 cm

15. A cylindrical soft drink can has a diameter of 6.4 cm and a height of 14.3 cm.
If the can is only half full, determine what capacity of soft drink remains, to the nearest millilitre.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 375

 6.2 Area
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• convert between units of area
• calculate the area of plane figures using area formulas
• calculate the area of a triangle using Heron’s formula.

6.2.1 Area
eles-4809
• The area of a figure is the amount of surface covered by the figure.
• The units used for area are mm2 , cm2 , m2 , km2 and ha (hectares).
• One unit that is often used when measuring land is the hectare. It is equal to 10 000 m2 .
• The following diagram can be used to convert between units of area.

÷ 102 ÷ 1002 ÷ 10002

mm2 cm2 m2 km2

× 102 × 1002 × 10002

Area formulas
• The table below shows the formula for the area of some common shapes.

Shape Diagram Formula

Square A = l2

Rectangle l A = lw

A = bh
1
Triangle
2
h

Parallelogram A = bh
h

376 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 Shape Diagram Formula

A = (a + b)h
1
Trapezium a
2
h

A=
1
Kite (including rhombus) xy
2

y
x
Circle A = 𝜋r2
r

𝜃°
Sector A= × 𝜋r2
360°

θ˚
r

Ellipse A = 𝜋ab
b
a

Heron’s formula
• The area of a triangle can be calculated if the lengths of all three sides are known.

b a

• The area, A, of a triangle given the lengths of the three sides a, b and c is:

A= s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c)
√

a+b+c
where s = , the semi-perimeter.
2

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 377

 Digital technology

When using the number 𝜋 in calculations, it is best to use a calculator.

Calculators use the exact value of 𝜋, which will ensure your answer is exactly
correct.
The 𝜋 button on the TI-nspire CX CAS calculator is found near the bottom left
of the calculator, as can be seen in the image at right.
If you do not have a calculator to hand, you can use the approximations 𝜋 ≈
≈ 3.14; however, your answer may differ from the exact answer by a small
22
7
amount.

WORKED EXAMPLE 1 Calculating areas of plane figures

Calculate the areas of the following plane figures, correct to 2 decimal places.
a. b. c.
2 cm
3 cm 5 cm
5 cm 15 cm
40°
6 cm

THINK WRITE

a. A = s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c)
√
a. 1. Three side lengths are known; apply Heron’s

a = 3, b = 5, c = 6
formula.

a+b+c
2. Identify the values of a, b and c.

3. Calculate the value of s, the semi-perimeter of s=

3+5+6
2

=
the triangle.

=
14

=7
2

A= 7 (7 − 3) (7 − 5) (7 − 6)
√
4. Substitute the values of a, b, c and s into

= 7×4×2×1
Heron’s formula and evaluate, correct to √

= 56
2 decimal places.
√

= 7.48 cm2

b. 1. The shape shown is an ellipse. Write the b. A = 𝜋ab

a = 5, b = 2
appropriate area formula.
2. Identify the values of a and b (the semi-major
and semi-minor axes).

378 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 A = 𝜋×5×2
= 31.42 cm2
3. Substitute the values of a and b into the
formula and evaluate, correct to 2 decimal
places.
𝜃
c. 1. The shape shown is a sector. Write the c. A = × 𝜋r2
360°
2. Write the value of 𝜃 and r. 𝜃 = 40°, r = 15
formula for finding the area of a sector.

A= × 𝜋 × 152
40°
3. Substitute and evaluate the expression, correct

= 78.54 cm2
to 2 decimal places. 360°

6.2.2 Areas of composite figures

eles-4810
• A composite figure is a figure made up of a combination of simple figures.
• The area of a composite figure can be calculated by:
• calculating the sum of the areas of the simple figures that make up the composite figure
• calculating the area of a larger shape and then subtracting the extra area involved.

WORKED EXAMPLE 2 Calculating areas of composite shapes

Calculate the area of each of the following composite shapes.

a. C b. A B
AB = 8 cm
EC = 6 cm
FD = 2 cm 9 cm

D C
2 cm
F E
A B
E
5 cm
D
H 10 cm G

a. Area ACBD = Area ΔABC + Area ΔABD

THINK WRITE

two triangles: ΔABC and ΔABD.

a. 1. ACBD is a quadrilateral that can be split into

Atriangle =
1
2. Write the formula for the area of a triangle bh
2
3. Identify the values of b and h for ΔABC. ΔABC: b = AB = 8, h = EC = 6
containing base and height.

Area of ΔABC = × AB × EC
1
the formula and calculate the area of ΔABC.
4. Substitute the values of the pronumerals into
2

= ×8×6
1

= 24 cm2
2

5. Identify the values of b and h for ΔABD. ΔABD: b = AB = 8, h = FD = 2

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 379

 6. Calculate the area of ΔABD. Area of ΔABD = AB × FD
1
2

= ×8×2
1

= 8 cm2
2

Area of ACBD = 24 cm2 + 8 cm2

= 32 cm2
7. Add the areas of the two triangles together to
find the area of the quadrilateral ACBD.

b. 1. One way to find the area of the shape shown b. Area = Area ABGH − Area DEFC
is to find the total area of the rectangle ABGH
and then subtract the area of the smaller
rectangle DEFC.

2. Write the formula for the area of a rectangle. Arectangle = l × w

Rectangle ABGH: l = 9 + 2 + 9
= 20
3. Identify the values of the pronumerals for the

w = 10
rectangle ABGH.

Area of ABGH = 20 × 10
= 200 cm2
4. Substitute the values of the pronumerals into
the formula to find the area of the rectangle

Rectangle DEFC: l = 5, w = 2
ABGH.
5. Identify the values of the pronumerals for the

Area of DEFC = 5 × 2
rectangle DEFC.

= 10 cm2
6. Substitute the values of the pronumerals into
the formula to find the area of the rectangle

Area = 200 − 10
DEFC.

= 190 cm2
7. Subtract the area of the rectangle DEFC from
the area of the rectangle ABGH to find the
area of the given shape.

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 6 workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and a project) (ewbk-2032)
Digital documents SkillSHEET Conversion of area units (doc-5236)
SkillSHEET Using a formula to find the area of a common shape (doc-5237)
Video eLesson Composite area (eles-1886)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Area (int-4593)
Conversion chart for area (int-3783)
Area of rectangles (int-3784)
Area of parallelograms (int-3786)
Area of trapeziums (int-3790)
Area of circles (int-3788)
Area of a sector (int-6076)
Area of a kite (int-6136)
Area of an ellipse (int-6137)
Using Heron’s formula to find the area of a triangle (int-6475)

380 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

Exercise 6.2 Area
Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 19, 22 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 17, 20, 23 3, 6, 10, 13, 18, 21, 24

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.
Unless told otherwise, where appropriate, give answers correct to 2 decimal places.

Fluency
1. Calculate the areas of the following shapes.
a. b. c.

4 cm
4 cm

12 cm 15 cm

10 cm
2. Calculate the areas of the following shapes.
a. 12 cm b. c.

8 cm
15 cm 8 mm 13 mm

18 cm

7 mm

3. Calculate the areas of the following shapes.

a. b. c.
6m 15 cm
10 cm
7m
18 cm

4. WE1a Use Heron’s formula to calculate the area of the following triangles correct to 2 decimal places.
a. b.
3 cm
8 cm
5 cm
16 cm

6 cm

12 cm

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 381

5. WE1b Calculate the areas of the following ellipses. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
a. b.

9 mm
12 mm
4 mm
5 mm

i. stating the answer exactly, that is, in terms of 𝜋

6. WE1c Calculate the area of each of the following shapes:

ii. correct to 2 decimal places.

a. b. c.

30° 18 cm
6 mm 70°

12 cm
345°

7. MC A figure has an area of about 64 cm2 . Identify which of the following cannot possibly represent
the figure.
A. A triangle with base length 16 cm and height 8 cm
B. A circle with radius 4.51 cm
C. A rectangle with dimensions 16 cm and 4 cm
D. A square with side length 8 cm
C
E. A rhombus with diagonals 16 cm and 4 cm
8. MC Identify from the following list, all the lengths required to F
calculate the area of the quadrilateral shown. B
A. AB, BC, CD and AD
B. AB, BE, AC and CD
C. BC, BE, AD and CD E
D. AC, BE and FD
E. AC, CD and AB A D

9. WE2 Calculate the areas of the following composite shapes.

a. 20 cm b. 40 m c. 8 cm
3 cm 2 cm

28 m 4 cm
15 cm

382 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

10. Calculate the areas of the following composite shapes.
a. b. c.

28 cm
2.1 m 18 cm
3.8 m

5 cm

12 cm
11. Calculate the shaded area in each of the following.
a. b. 16 m

2m 2m
3 cm 8m
7 cm

12. Calculate the shaded area in each of the following.

a. b.

8m 3m
40°
5m

13. Calculate the shaded area in each of the following.

a. 8m b. 15 m

5m
7.5 m
3m
2m

13 m 7 m

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 383

Understanding
14. A sheet of cardboard is 1.6 m by 0.8 m. The following shapes are cut from the cardboard:
• a circular piece with radius 12 cm
• a rectangular piece 20 cm by 15 cm
• two triangular pieces with base length 30 cm and height 10 cm
• a triangular piece with side lengths 12 cm, 10 cm and 8 cm.
Calculate the area of the remaining piece of cardboard.
15. A rectangular block of land, 12 m by 8 m, is surrounded by a
concrete path 0.5 m wide. Calculate the area of the path.
16. Concrete slabs 1 m by 0.5 m are used to cover a footpath 20 m
by 1.5 m. Determine how many slabs are needed.

17. A city council builds a 0.5 m wide concrete path around the garden as shown below.

12 m

5m

8m
3m

Determine the cost of the job if the worker charges $40.00 per m2 .
18. A tennis court used for doubles is 10.97 m
wide, but a singles court is only 8.23 m
wide, as shown in the diagram.
a. Calculate the area of the doubles tennis
court. 8.23 m
b. Calculate the area of the singles court. 6.40 m 10.97 m
c. Determine the percentage of the 11.89 m
doubles court that is used for singles.
Give your answer to the nearest whole
number.

Reasoning
19. Dan has purchased a country property with layout and dimensions as shown in the N
diagram.
a. Show that the property has a total area of 987.5 ha. 1500 m
b. Dan wants to split the property in half (in terms of area) by building a straight- 5000 m
lined fence running either north–south or east–west through the property. 2000 m
Assuming the cost of the fencing is a fixed amount per linear metre, justify
where the fence should be built (that is, how many metres from the top 1000 m
left-hand corner and in which direction) to minimise the cost.

384 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

20. Ron the excavator operator has 100 metres of barricade mesh and needs to enclose an area to safely work in.
He chooses to make a rectangular region with dimensions x and y. Show your working when required.
a. Write an equation that connects x, y and the perimeter.
b. Write y in terms of x.
c. Write an equation for the area of the region in terms of x.
d. Fill in the table for different values of x.

x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
( 2
)
Area m

e. Can x have a value more than 50? Why?

f. Sketch a graph of area against x.
g. Determine the value of x that makes the area a maximum.
h. Determine the value of y for maximum area.
i. Determine the shape that encloses the maximum area.
j. Calculate the maximum area.
Ron decides to choose to make a circular area with the barricade mesh.
k. Calculate the radius of this circular region.
l. Calculate the area that is enclosed in this circular region.
m. Determine how much extra area Ron now has compared to his rectangular region.

21. In question 20, Ron the excavator operator could choose to enclose a rectangular or circular area with 150 m
of barricade mesh. In this case, the circular region resulted in a larger safe work area.
a. Show that for 150 m of barricade mesh, a circular region again results in a larger safe work area as
opposed to a rectangular region.
b. Show that for n metres of barricade mesh, a circular region will result in a larger safe work area as
opposed to a rectangular region.
Problem solving
22. A vegetable gardener is going to build four new rectangular garden beds side by side. Each garden bed
measures 12.5 metres long and 3.2 metres wide. To access the garden beds, the gardener requires a path
1 metre wide between each garden bed and around the outside of the beds.

b. The garden beds need to be mulched. Bags of mulch, costing $29.50 each, cover an area of 25 square
a. Evaluate the total area the vegetable gardener would need for the garden beds and paths.

c. The path is to be resurfaced at a cost of $39.50 per 50 square metres. Evaluate the cost of resurfacing
metres. Determine how many bags of mulch the gardener will need to purchase.

d. The gardener needs to spend a further $150 on plants. Determine the total cost of building these new
the path.

garden beds and paths.

23. The diagram shows one smaller square drawn inside a larger square on grid paper.
a. Determine what fraction of the area of the larger square is the area of the smaller square.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 385

 b. Another square with side lengths of 10 cm has a smaller square drawn inside. Determine the values of x
and y if the smaller square is half the larger square.

A circle with a radius of 10 cm has ∠AOB equal to 90°.

24. The shaded area in the diagram is called a segment of a circle.

A second circle, also with a radius of 10 cm, has ∠AOB equal to 120°.
Evaluate the difference in the areas of the segments of these two circles, O
correct to 2 decimal places.

A B

6.3 Total surface area

LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• calculate the total surface area of rectangular prisms and pyramids
• calculate the total surface area of cylinders and spheres
• calculate the total surface area of cones

6.3.1 Total surface area of solids

eles-4811
• The total surface area (TSA) of a solid is the sum of the areas of all the faces of that solid.

TSA of rectangular prisms and cubes

TSA = 2 (lh + lw + wh)

Shape Diagram Formula
Rectangular prism (cuboid)

h w

TSA = 6l2
l
Cube

w
l

386 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

TSA of spheres and cylinders

TSA = 4𝜋r2
Shape Diagram Formula
Sphere
Radius

TSA = Acurved surface + Acircular ends

= 2𝜋rh + 2𝜋r2
Cylinder r

= 2𝜋r (h + r)
h

WORKED EXAMPLE 3 Calculating TSA of solids

Calculate the total surface area of the solids, correct to the nearest cm2 .
a. r = 7 cm b. 50 cm

r
1.5 m

THINK WRITE

a. 1. Write the formula for the TSA of a sphere. a. TSA = 4𝜋r2

2. Identify the value for r. r=7

TSA = 4 × 𝜋 × 72
≈ 615.8 cm2
3. Substitute and evaluate.

4. Write the answer to correct to the ≈ 616 cm2

b. TSA = 2𝜋r (r + h)
2
nearest cm .
b. 1. Write the formula for the TSA of a cylinder.

r = 50 cm, h = 1.5 m
= 150 cm
2. Identify the values for r and h. Note that the
units will need to be the same.

TSA = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × (50 + 150)

= 62 831.9 cm2
3. Substitute and evaluate.

4. Write the answer to correct to the ≈ 62 832 cm2

2
nearest cm .

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 387

 6.3.2 Total surface area of cones
eles-4812
• The total surface area of a cone can be found by considering its net, which is comprised of a small circle

r = radius of the cone

and a sector of a larger circle.

l = slant height of the cone

l

r r

• The sector is a fraction of the full circle of radius l with circumference 2𝜋l.
• The sector has an arc length equivalent to the circumference of the base of the cone, 2𝜋r.

= .
• The fraction of the full circle represented by the sector can be found by writing the arc length as a fraction
2𝜋r r
of the circumference of the full circle,
2𝜋l l

Area of a sector = fraction of the circle × 𝜋l2

= × 𝜋l2
r

= 𝜋rl
l

Total surface area of a cone

Shape Diagram
TSA = Acurved surface + Acircular end
Formula

= 𝜋r2 + 𝜋rl
Cone

= 𝜋r (r + l)
l

WORKED EXAMPLE 4 Calculating the TSA of a cone

Calculate the total surface area of the cone shown.

15 cm

12 cm

TSA = 𝜋r (r + l)
THINK WRITE

r = 12, l = 15
1. Write the formula for the TSA of a cone.

TSA = 𝜋 × 12 × (12 + 15)

2. State the values of r and l.

= 1017.9 cm2
3. Substitute and evaluate to obtain the answer.

388 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 TI | THINK DISPLAY/WRITE CASIO | THINK DISPLAY/WRITE
On the Calculator page, On the Main screen in decimal

𝜋 (r + s) ∣ r = 12 𝜋r (r + s) ∣ r = 12 ∣ s = 15
complete the entry line as: mode, complete the entry lines as:

and s = 15 Then press EXE.

Press CTRL ENTER to get a
decimal approximation.

The total surface area of the cone

is 1017.9 cm2 correct to
1 decimal place.

The total surface area of the

cone is 1017.9 cm2 correct
to1 decimal place.

6.3.3 Total surface area of other solids

eles-4813
• TSA can be found by summing the areas of each face.
• Check the total number of faces to ensure that none are left out.

WORKED EXAMPLE 5 Calculating the TSA of a pyramid

Calculate the total surface area of the square-based pyramid shown.

5 cm

6 cm

TSA = Area of square base + area of four

THINK WRITE/DRAW
1. There are five faces: The square base and four
identical triangles. triangular faces

Area of base = l2 , where l = 6

Area of base = 62
2. Calculate the area of the square base.

= 36 cm2

3. Draw and label one triangular face and write

the formula for determining its area. 5 cm
h

Area of a triangular face = bh; b = 6

3 cm
1
2
a2 = c2 − b2 , where a = h, b = 3, c = 5
h2 = 52 − 32
4. Calculate the height of the triangle, h, using

h2 = 25 − 9
Pythagoras’ theorem.

h2 = 16
h = 4 cm

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 389

 Area of triangular face = × 6 × 4
1
substituting b = 6 and h = 4.
5. Calculate the area of the triangular face by
2
= 12 cm2

TSA = 36 + 4 × 12
= 36 + 48
6. Calculate the TSA by adding the area of the

= 84 cm2
square base and the area of four identical
triangular faces together.

Note: The area of the triangular faces can be found using Heron’s formula. This method is demonstrated in
the following worked example.

WORKED EXAMPLE 6 Calculating the TSA of a solid

Calculate the total surface area of the solid shown correct to 1 decimal place.
6 cm

10 cm

TSA = 5 × area of a square

THINK WRITE/DRAW

+ 4 × area of a triangle
1. The solid shown has nine faces — five identical

Asquare = l2 , where l = 10
squares and four identical triangles.

A = 102
2. Calculate the area of one square face with the side

A = 100 cm2
length 10 cm.

3. Draw a triangular face and label the three sides.

Use Heron’s formula to calculate the area.
6 cm 6 cm

a+b+c
10 cm

4. State the formula for s, the semi-perimeter. s=

6 + 6 + 10
2

s=
Substitute the values of a, b and c and evaluate the
value of s.

s = 11
2

A= s (s − a) (s − b) (s − c)
5. State Heron’s formula for the area of one triangle. √

A = 11 (11 − 6) (11 − 6) (11 − 10)

Substitute and evaluate.
√

A = 275
√

A = 16.583 124 … cm2

390 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 TSA = 5 × 100 + 4 × 16.583 124 …
= 566.3325 …
6. Determine the TSA of the solid by adding the area of
the five squares and four triangles.
= 566.3 cm2 (to 1 decimal place)

Note: Rounding is not done until the final step. It is important to realise that rounding too early can affect
the accuracy of results.

WORKED EXAMPLE 7 Applying surface area in worded problems

The silo shown is to be built from metal. The top portion of the silo is a cylinder of diameter 4 m and
height 8 m. The bottom part of the silo is a cone of slant height 3 m. The silo has a circular opening of
radius 30 cm on the top.

4m 8m

3m

b. If it costs $12.50 per m2 to cover the surface with an anti-rust material, determine how much will it
a. Calculate the area of metal (to the nearest m2 ) that is required to build the silo.

cost to cover the silo completely.

a. TSA = area of annulus

THINK WRITE

+ area of curved section of a cylinder

a. 1. The surface area of the silo consists of an

+ area of curved section of a cone

annulus, the curved part of the cylinder and
the curved section of the cone.

Area of annulus = Alarge circle − Asmall circle

= 𝜋r2 − 𝜋R2
2. To calculate the area of the annulus, subtract
the area of the small circle from the area of

Let R = radius of small circle. Remember to where r = = 2 m and R = 30 cm = 0.3 m.

the larger circle. 4

Area of annulus = 𝜋 × 22 − 𝜋 × 0.32

2

= 12.28 m
convert all measurements to the same units.

Area of curved section of cylinder = 2𝜋rh

where r = 2, h = 8.
3. The middle part of the silo is the curved part

in the formula TSAcylinder = 2𝜋r2 + 2𝜋rh, the Area of curved section of cylinder = 2 × 𝜋 × 2 × 8
of a cylinder. Determine its area. (Note that

curved part is represented by 2𝜋rh.) = 100.53 m2

Area of curved section of cone = 𝜋rl

where r = 2, l = 3.
4. The bottom part of the silo is the curved

that in the formula TSAcone = 𝜋r2 + 𝜋rl, the Area of curved section of cone = 𝜋 × 2 × 3
section of a cone. Determine its area. (Note

curved part is given by 𝜋rl.) = 18.85 m2

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 391

 TSA = 12.28 + 100.53 + 18.85
= 131.66 m2
5. Calculate the total surface area of the silo
by finding the sum of the surface areas
calculated above.
6. Write the answer in words. The area of metal required is 132 m2 , correct to
the nearest square metre.
To determine the total cost, multiply the total b. Cost = 132 × $12.50
= $1650.00
b.
surface area of the silo by the cost of the anti-
rust material per m ($12.50).
2

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 6 workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and a project) (ewbk-2032)
Digital document SkillSHEET Total surface area of cubes and rectangular prisms (doc-5238)
Video eLesson Total surface area of prisms (eles-1909)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Total surface area (int-4594)
Surface area of a prism (int-6079)
Surface area of a cylinder (int-6080)
Surface area (int-6477)

Exercise 6.3 Total surface area

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 17, 20 2, 6, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 21 3, 4, 8, 13, 16, 19, 22

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.
Unless told otherwise, where appropriate, give answers correct to 1 decimal place.

Fluency
1. Calculate the total surface areas of the solids shown.
a. b. c. 12 cm d. 2m

15 cm 1.5 m

20 cm 3m

10 cm 8 cm

2. WE3 Calculate the total surface area of the solids shown below.
a. r=3m b. 21 cm c. 0.5 m d.
12 cm
r 30 cm 2.1 m

392 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

3. WE4 Calculate the total surface area of the cones below.
a. b.
8 cm

20 cm
12 cm
14 cm

4. WE5 Calculate the total surface area of the solids below.

a. b. c. d.
9.1 cm
12 cm 2.5 m m
8c 14 cm
6 cm
10 cm
5.1 cm 7.2 cm
15 cm 1.5 m 7 cm

5. Calculate the surface areas of the following.

b. A rectangular prism 6 m × 4 m × 2.1 m

a. A cube of side length 1.5 m

c. A cylinder of radius 30 cm and height 45 cm, open at one end

6. Calculate the surface areas of the following.

a. A sphere of radius 28 mm
b. An open cone of radius 4 cm and slant height 10 cm
c. A square pyramid of base length 20 cm and slant edge 30 cm

7. WE6 Calculate the total surface area of the objects shown.

a. 8 cm b. c.
10 cm
5 cm
12 cm
5 cm 5 cm

20 cm 20 cm

35 cm
3 cm
12 cm
8. Calculate the total surface area of the objects shown.
a. b. c. 5 cm

2 cm 3.5 cm
m 20 cm
2.5 c
3 cm
10 cm
12 cm

15 cm

9. MC A cube has a total surface area of 384 cm2 . Calculate the length of the edge of the cube.
A. 9 cm B. 8 cm C. 7 cm D. 6 cm E. 5 cm

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 393

Understanding

1.2 m × 0.5 m.
10. WE7 The greenhouse shown is to be built using shade cloth. It has a wooden door of dimensions

b. Determine the cost of the shade cloth at $6.50 per m2 .

a. Calculate the total area of shade cloth needed to complete the greenhouse.

2.5 m 5m

3m

11. A cylinder is joined to a hemisphere to make a cake holder, as shown. The surface of
the cake holder is to be chromed at 5.5 cents per cm2 .
a. Calculate the total surface area to be chromed.
b. Determine the cost of chroming the cake holder.
10 cm
15 cm

12. A steel girder is to be painted. Calculate the area of the surface to be painted.

2 cm

2 cm
5 cm
20 cm
120 cm

2 cm
12 cm

13. Open cones are made from nets cut from a large sheet of paper 1.2 m × 1.0 m. If a cone has a radius of 6 cm
and a slant height of 10 cm, determine how many cones can be made from the sheet. (Assume there is 5%
wastage of paper.)
14. A prism of height 25 cm has a base in the shape of a rhombus with diagonals of 12 cm and 16 cm.
Calculate the total surface area of the prism.

protect the structure, all exposed sides are to be treated. The glass costs $1.50/cm2 to treat and the concrete
15. A hemispherical glass dome, with a diameter of 24 cm, sits on a concrete cube with sides of 50 cm. To

costs 5 c/cm2 .
Calculate the cost in treating the structure if the base of the cube is already fixed to the ground. Give your
answer to the nearest dollar.

394 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

16. An inverted cone with side length 4 metres is placed on top of a sphere such that the
centre of the cone’s
√ base is 0.5 metres above the centre of the sphere. The radius of
the sphere is 2 metres. 4m

0.5 m
2m

a. Calculate the exact total surface area of the sphere.

2m

b. Calculate the radius of the cone exactly.

c. Calculate the area of the curved surface of the cone exactly.

4m

Reasoning
17. A shower recess with dimensions 1500 mm (back wall) by 900 mm (side wall) needs to have the back and
two side walls tiled to a height of 2 m.
a. Calculate the area to be tiled in m2 .
b. Justify that 180 tiles (including those that need to be cut) of dimension 20 cm by 20 cm will be required.

c. Evaluate the cheapest option of tiling; $1.50/tile or $39.50/box, where a box covers 1 m2 , or tiles of
Disregard the grout and assume that once a tile is cut, only one piece of the tile can be used.

dimension 30 cm by 30 cm costing $3.50/tile.

18. The table shown below is to be varnished (including the base of 80 cm
each leg). The tabletop has a thickness of 180 mm and the cross- 60 cm
sectional dimensions of the legs are 50 mm by 50 mm.
A friend completes the calculation without a calculator as shown.
Assume there are no simple calculating errors. Analyse the
working presented and justify if the TSA calculated is correct. 70 cm

2 × (0.8 × 0.6)
16 × (0.52 × 0.05)
Tabletop (inc. leg bases) 0.96

0.18 × (2 (0.8 + 0.6))

Legs 0.416
Tabletop edging 0.504
TSA 1.88 m2

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 395

19. A soccer ball is made up of a number of hexagons sewn together on its surface. Each hexagon can be

Calculate 𝜃°.
considered to have dimensions as shown in the diagram.
a. 2 cm
b. Calculate the values of x and y exactly.
c. Calculate the area of the trapezium in the diagram. y
d. Hence, determine the area of the hexagon. √
x
e. If the total surface area of the soccer ball is 192 3 cm2 , determine how many
hexagons are on its surface.
θ

Problem solving
20. Tina is re-covering a footstool in the shape of a cylinder with diameter 50 cm and height
30 cm. She also intends to cover the base of the cushion. She has 1 m2 of fabric to make
this footstool.
When calculating the area of fabric required, allow an extra 20% of the total surface area
to cater for seams and pattern placings.
Explain whether Tina has enough material to cover the footstool.

21. If the surface area of a sphere to that of a cylinder is in the ratio 4 ∶ 3 and the sphere has a radius of 3a, show
√
3 3a
that if the radius of the cylinder is equal to its height, then the radius of the cylinder is .
2
22. A frustum of a cone is a cone with the top sliced off, as shown.

t
s s

When the curved side is ‘opened up’, it creates a shape, ABYX, as shown in the diagram.

V
x x
A θ B
s 2πt s

X Y
2πr

a. Write an expression for the arc length XY in terms of the angle 𝜃. Write another expression for the arc
2𝜋 (r − t)
length AB in terms of the same angle 𝜃. Show that, in radians, 𝜃 = .

b. i. Using the above formula for 𝜃, show that x =

s

(r − t)
st
.
ii. Use similar triangles to confirm this formula.
c. Determine the area of sectors AVB and XVY and hence determine the area of ABYX. Add the areas of
the 2 circles to the area of ABYX to determine the TSA of a frustum.

396 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 6.4 Volume
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this subtopic you should be able to:
• calculate the volume of prisms, including cylinders
• calculate the volume of spheres
• calculate the volume of pyramids.

6.4.1 Volume
eles-4814

• Volume is measured in units of mm3 , cm3 and m3 .

• The volume of a 3-dimensional object is the amount of space it takes up.

• The following diagram can be used to convert between units of volume.

÷ 103 ÷ 1003

mm3 cm3 m3

× 103 × 1003

Volume of a prism
• The volume of any solid with a uniform cross-sectional area is given by the formula shown below.

Volume of a solid with uniform cross-sectional area

V = AH
where A is the area of the cross-section and H is the height of the solid.

Shape Diagram Formula

Volume = AH
= area of a square × height
Cube

= l2 × l
l

= l3

Volume = AH
= area of a rectangle × height
Rectangular prism

= lwh
h

w
l
(continued)

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 397

 Shape Diagram Formula
Volume = AH
= area of a circle × height
Cylinder r

h = 𝜋r2 h

Volume = AH
= area of a triangle × height
Triangular prism

= bh × H
1
H
h 2
b

WORKED EXAMPLE 8 Calculating volumes of prisms

Calculate the volumes of the following shapes.

a. 14 cm b. 5 cm

20 cm 4 cm
10 cm

a. V = AH
THINK WRITE

= 𝜋r2 h
a. 1. Write the formula for the volume of the
cylinder (prism).

2. Identify the value of the pronumerals. r = 14, h = 20

V = 𝜋 × 142 × 20
≈ 12 315.04 cm3
3. Substitute and evaluate the answer.

b. V = bh × H
1
b. 1. Write the formula for the volume of a
2
b = 4, h = 5, H = 10
triangular prism.
2. Identify the value of the pronumerals.
(Note: h is the height of the triangle and H

V= × 4 × 5 × 10
is the depth of the prism.)
1
3. Substitute and evaluate the answer.

= 100 cm3
2

WORKED EXAMPLE 9 Changing the dimensions of a prism

a. If each of the side lengths of a cube are doubled, then determine the effect on its volume.
b. If the radius is halved and the height of a cylinder is doubled, then determine the effect on
its volume.

398 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 THINK WRITE

a. 1. Write the formula for the volume of the cube. a. V = l3

2. Identify the value of the pronumeral. Note: lnew = 2l
Doubling is the same as multiplying by 2.
3. Substitute and evaluate. Vnew = (2l)3

4. Compare the answer obtained in step 3 with = 8l3

the volume of the original shape.
5. Write your answer. Doubling each side length of a cube increases
the volume by a factor of 8; that is, the new
volume will be 8 times as large as the original

b. V = 𝜋r2 h
volume.
b. 1. Write the formula for the volume of
the cylinder.
rnew = , hnew = 2h
r
2. Identify the value of the pronumerals. Note:
Halving is the same as dividing by 2. 2

Vnew = 𝜋
( )2
r
3. Substitute and evaluate. 2h
2

= 𝜋× × 2✁h
r2

𝜋r2 h
24
✁

=
2

= 𝜋r2 h
1
4. Compare the answer obtained in step 3 with
the volume of the original shape. 2
5. Write your answer. Halving the radius and doubling the height of a
cylinder decreases the volume by a factor of 2;
that is, the new volume will be half the original
volume.

6.4.2 Volumes of common shapes

eles-4815

Volume of a sphere
• The volume of a sphere of radius r is given by the following formula.

Volume of a sphere
Shape Diagram Formula

V = 𝜋r3
Sphere 4
3

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 399

 WORKED EXAMPLE 10 Calculating the volume of a sphere

Find the volume of a sphere of radius 9 cm. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.

THINK WRITE

V = 𝜋r3
4
1. Write the formula for the volume of a sphere.
3
2. Identify the value of r. r=9

V= × 𝜋 × 93
4
3. Substitute and evaluate.

= 3053.6 cm3
3

Volume of a pyramid
• Pyramids are not prisms, as the cross-section changes from the base upwards.
• The volume of a pyramid is one-third the volume of the prism with the same base
and height.

Volume of a pyramid
Shape Diagram Formula

Vpyramid = AH
1
Pyramid
3

Area of base = A

Base

Volume of a cone
• The cone is a pyramid with a circular base.

400 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

 Volume of a cone
Shape Diagram Formula

Vcone = 𝜋r2 h
1
Cone
3

WORKED EXAMPLE 11 Calculating the volume of pyramids and cones

Calculate the volume of each of the following solids.

a. b.

10 cm 12 cm

8 cm

8 cm

THINK WRITE

a. V = 𝜋r h
1 2
a. 1. Write the formula for the volume of a cone.

r = 8, h = 10
3
2. Identify the values of r and h.

V= × 𝜋 × 82 × 10
1
3. Substitute and evaluate.

= 670.21 cm3
3

b. V =
1
b. 1. Write the formula for the volume of a AH
pyramid. 3

A = l2 where l = 8
A = 82
2. Calculate the area of the square base.

= 64 cm2
3. Identify the value of H. H = 12

V= × 64 × 12
1
4. Substitute and evaluate.

= 256 cm3
3

6.4.3 Volume of composite solids

eles-4816
• A composite solid is a combination of a number of solids.
• Calculate the volume of each solid separately.
• Sum these volumes to give the volume of the composite solid.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 401

 WORKED EXAMPLE 12 Calculating the volume of a composite solid

Calculate the volume of the composite solid shown.

3m

1.5 m

V = Volume of cube + Volume of pyramid

THINK WRITE
1. The given solid is a composite figure, made up
of a cube and a square-based pyramid.
Vcube = l3 where l = 3
Vcube = 33
2. Calculate the volume of the cube.

= 27 m3

Vsquare-based pyramid = AH
1
3. Write the formula for the volume of a
square-based pyramid. 3

A = l2
= 32
4. Calculate the area of the square base.

= 9 m2

5. Identify the value of H. H = 1.5

Vsquare-based pyramid = × 9 × 1.5

1
6. Substitute and evaluate the volume of

= 4.5 m3
the pyramid. 3

V = 27 + 4.5
= 31.5 m3
7. Calculate the total volume by adding the
volume of the cube and pyramid.

6.4.4 Capacity
eles-4817
• Some 3-dimensional objects are hollow and can be filled with liquid or some other substance.
• The amount of substance that a container can hold is called its capacity.

where 1 mL = 1 cm3
• Capacity is essentially the same as volume but is usually measured in mL, L, kL and ML (megalitres)

1 L = 1000 cm3
1 kL = 1 m3 .

402 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

• The following diagram can be used to convert between units of capacity.

÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

mL L kL mL

× 1000 × 1000 × 1000

WORKED EXAMPLE 13 Calculating the capacity of a prism

Determine the capacity (in litres) of a cuboidal aquarium that is 50 cm long, 30 cm wide and
40 cm high.

V = lwh
THINK WRITE
1. Write the formula for the volume of a

l = 50, w = 30, h = 40
rectangular prism.
2. Identify the values of the pronumerals.

V = 50 × 30 × 40
= 60 000 cm3
3. Substitute and evaluate.

= 60 000 mL
millilitres, using 1 cm3 = 1 mL.
4. State the capacity of the container in

5. Since 1 L = 1000 mL, to convert millilitres = 60 L

to litres divide by 1000.
6. Write the answer in a sentence. The capacity of the fish tank is 60 L.

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 6 workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and a project) (ewbk-2032)
Digital documents SkillSHEET Conversion of volume units (doc-5239)
SkillSHEET Volume of cubes and rectangular prisms (doc-5240)
Interactivities Individual pathway interactivity: Volume (int-4595)
Volume 1 (int-3791)
Volume 2 (int-6476)
Volume of solids (int-3794)

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 403

Exercise 6.4 Volume
Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 23, 27 2, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 19, 21, 24, 28 4, 11, 14, 17, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29, 30

To answer questions online and to receive immediate feedback and sample responses for every question, go to
your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.

Fluency
1. Calculate the volumes of the following prisms.
a. b. c. 12 cm d.

15 cm
4.2 cm
20 cm
7.5 cm
3 cm 4.2 m 3 cm
2. Calculate the volume of each of these solids.
a. b.

18 mm
15 cm

[Base area: 25 mm2]

[Base area: 24 cm2]

3. WE8 Calculate the volume of each of the following. Give each answer correct to 1 decimal place
where appropriate.
a. b. c.
10 cm

14 cm 2.7 m 7 cm
12 cm 1.5 m
8 cm

4. Calculate the volume of each of the following. Give each answer correct to 1 decimal place
where appropriate.
a. b. c.
12 mm
45 c
6.

m
5
m

8 mm
35° 18 cm
6 mm

7.1 m

404 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

5. WE10 Determine the volume of a sphere (correct to 1 decimal place) with a radius of:
a. 1.2 m b. 15 cm c. 7 mm d. 50 cm

6. Calculate the volume of each of these figures, correct to 2 decimal places.

a. b.

30 cm
1.4 m

c. d.

4.6 m
18 mm

7. WE11a Determine the volume of each of the following cones, correct to 1 decimal place.
a. b.

20 mm 22 mm
10 cm

6 cm

8. WE11b Calculate the volume of each of the following pyramids.

a. 12 cm b.

42 cm
24 cm

10 cm 30 cm

9. WE12 Calculate the volume of each of the following composite solids correct to 2 decimal places
where appropriate.
a. 8 cm b.
10 cm
5 cm
12 cm
5 cm

20 cm
20 cm
35 cm
12 cm

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 405

10. Calculate the volume of each of the following composite solids correct to 2 decimal places
where appropriate.
a. b.

2 cm
m
5 cm 2.5 c
3 cm

3 cm

11. Calculate the volume of each of the following composite solids correct to 2 decimal places
where appropriate.
a. b. 5 cm

3.5 cm
20 cm

10 cm
12 cm

15 cm

Understanding
12. WE9 Answer the following questions.
a. If the side length of a cube is tripled, then determine the effect on
its volume.
b. If the side length of a cube is halved, then determine the effect on
its volume.
c. If the radius is doubled and the height of a cylinder is halved, then
determine the effect on its volume.
d. If the radius is doubled and the height of a cylinder is divided by
four, then determine the effect on its volume.
e. If the length is doubled, the width is halved and the height of a
rectangular prism is tripled, then determine the effect on its volume.

13. MC A hemispherical bowl has a thickness of 2 cm and an outer diameter of 25 cm.

2 cm

25 cm

If the bowl is filled with water, the capacity of the water will be closest to:
A. 1.526 L B. 1.30833 L C. 3.05208 L D. 2.61666 L E. 2.42452 L

406 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

14. Tennis balls of diameter 8 cm are packed in a box 40 cm × 32 cm × 10 cm, as shown.
Determine, correct to 2 decimal places, how much space is left unfilled.

15. WE13 A cylindrical water tank has a diameter of 1.5 m and a height of 2.5 m. Determine the capacity
(in litres) of the tank, correct to 1 decimal place.

16. A monument in the shape of a rectangular pyramid (base length of 10 cm, base width of 6 cm, height of
8 cm), a spherical glass ball (diameter of 17 cm) and conical glassware (radius of 14 cm, height of 10 cm) are
packed in a rectangular prism of dimensions 30 cm by 25 cm by 20 cm. The extra space in the box is filled
up by a packing material. Determine, correct to 2 decimal places, the volume of packing material that
is required.
17. A swimming pool is being constructed so that it is the upper part of an inverted 8m
square-based pyramid.
a. Calculate H.
3m
b. Calculate the volume of the pool.
c. Determine how many 6 m3 bins will be required to take the dirt away. 4m
H
d. Determine how many litres of water are required to fill this pool.
e. Determine how deep the pool is when it is half-filled.

18. A soft drink manufacturer is looking to repackage cans of soft drink to minimise the cost of packaging while
keeping the volume constant. Consider a can of soft drink with a capacity of 400 mL.
a. If the soft drink was packaged in a spherical can:
i. calculate the radius of the sphere, correct to 2 decimal places
ii. determine the total surface area of this can, correct to 1 decimal place.
b. If the soft drink was packaged in a cylindrical can with a radius
of 3 cm:
i. calculate the height of the cylinder, correct to 2 decimal places
ii. determine the total surface area of this can, correct to 2 decimal places.
c. If the soft drink was packaged in a square-based pyramid with a base side
length of 6 cm:
i. calculate the height of the pyramid, correct to 2 decimal places
ii. determine the total surface area of this can, correct to 2 decimal places.

d. Explain which can you would recommend the soft drink manufacturer use for its repackaging.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 407

19. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = 𝜋r2 h.
a. Transpose the formula to make h the subject.
b. A given cylinder has a volume of 1600 cm3 . Calculate its height, correct to 1 decimal place, if it has a
radius of:
i. 4 cm ii. 8 cm.
c. Transpose the formula to make r the subject.
d. Explain what restrictions must be placed on r.
e. A given cylinder has a volume of 1800 cm3 . Determine its radius, correct to 1 decimal place, if it has a
height of:
i. 10 cm ii. 15 cm.

20. A toy maker has enough rubber to make one super-ball of radius 30 cm. Determine how many balls of radius
3 cm he can make from this rubber.
21. A manufacturer plans to make a cylindrical water tank to hold 2000 L of water.
a. Calculate the height, correct to 2 decimal places, if he uses a radius of 500 cm.
b. Calculate the radius, correct to 2 decimal places if he uses a height of 500 cm.
c. Determine the surface area of each of the two tanks. Assume the tank is a closed cylinder and give your
answer in square metres correct to 2 decimal places.
22. The ancient Egyptians knew that the volume of the frustum of a square-based pyramid was given by the

formula V = h x2 + xy + y2 , although how they discovered this is unclear. (A frustum is the part of a cone
1 ( )
3
or pyramid that is left when the top is cut off.)

a. Calculate the volume of the frustum below, correct to 2 decimal places.

b. Determine the volume of the missing portion of the square-based pyramid shown, correct to
2 decimal places.

4m
5m

6m

408 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

23. The Hastings’ family house has a rectangular roof with dimensions 17 m × 10 m providing water to three
Reasoning

cylindrical water tanks, each with a radius of 1.25 m and a height of 2.1 m. Show that approximately
182 millimetres of rain must fall on the roof to fill the tanks.
24. Archimedes is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He discovered several of the
formulas used in this chapter. Inscribed on his tombstone was a diagram of his proudest discovery. It shows a
sphere inscribed (fitting exactly) into a cylinder. Show that:

=
volume of the cylinder surface area of the cylinder
volume of the sphere surface area of the sphere

25. Marion has mixed together ingredients for a cake. The recipe requires a baking tin that is cylindrical in
shape with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 5 cm. Marion only has a tin in the shape of a trapezoidal
prism and a muffin tray consisting of 24 muffin cups. Each of the muffin cups in the tray is a portion of a
cone. Both the tin and muffin cup are shown in the diagrams. Explain whether Marion should use the tin or
the muffin tray.

12 cm
8 cm

4 cm
4 cm
10 cm
15 cm

8 cm

26. Sam is having his 16th birthday party and wants to make an
ice trough to keep drinks cold. He has found a square piece
of sheet metal with a side length of 2 metres. He cuts
squares of side length x metres from each corner, then bends
the sides of the remaining sheet.
When four squares of the appropriate side length are
cut from the corners, the capacity of the trough can be
maximised at 588 litres. Explain how Sam should proceed
to maximise the capacity of the trough.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 409

Problem solving
27. Nathaniel and Annie are going to the snow for survival camp. They plan
to construct an igloo, consisting of an entrance and a hemispherical
living section as shown. Nathaniel and Annie are asked to redraw their 1.5 m
plans and increase the height of the liveable region (hemispherical
structure) so that the total volume (including entrance) is doubled.
Determine what must the new height of the hemisphere be to achieve
this so that the total volume (including entrance) is doubled. Write your 1.5 m
1m
answer in metres correct to 2 decimal places.

28. Six tennis balls are just contained in a cylinder as the balls touch the sides and the end sections of the
cylinder. Each tennis ball has a radius of R cm.
a. Express the height of the cylinder in terms of R.
b. Evaluate the total volume of the tennis balls.
c. Determine the volume of the cylinder in terms of R.

of the cylinder is 2 ∶ 3.
d. Show that the ratio of the volume of the tennis balls to the volume

29. A frustum of a square-based pyramid is a square pyramid with the top sliced off. H is the height of the full
pyramid and h is the height of the frustum.

x
H
x

X
X

a. Determine the volume of the large pyramid that has a square base side of X cm.

c. Show that the relationship between H and h is given by H =

b. Evaluate the volume of the small pyramid that has a square base side of x cm.

X−x
Xh
.

d. Show that the volume of the frustum is given by h X2 + x2 + Xx .

1 ( )
3
30. A large container is five-eighths full of ice-cream. After removing 27 identical scoops, it is one-quarter full.
Determine how many scoops of ice-cream are left in the container.

410 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

6.5 Review
6.5.1 Topic summary
Prisms and cylinders Units of area, volume and capacity
• Prisms are 3D objects that have a uniform Area:
÷ 102 ÷ 1002 ÷ 10002
• The surface area of a prism is calculated by adding the
areas of its faces. square square square square
• The volume of a prism is V = AH, where A is the millimetres centimetres metres kilometres
cross-sectional area of the prism, and H is the (mm2) (cm2) (m2) (km2)
perpendicular height. 102 = 100 1002 = 10 000 10002 = 1 000 000
• A cylinder is a 3D object that
has a circular cross-section. × 102 × 1002 × 10002
• The curved surface area
of a cylinder is 2πrh, and 1 hectare (ha) = 10 000 m2
the total surface area is h Volume:
2
2πr + 2πrh = 2πrh(r + h).
r ÷ 103 ÷ 1003 ÷ 10003

V = πr h.
• The volume of a cylinder is
2

mm3 cm3 m3 km3

SURFACE AREA × 103 × 1003 × 10003

AND VOLUME Capacity:

÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

Pyramids mL L kL ML
• The surface area of a pyramid can be calculated
by adding the surface areas of its faces.
1 × 1000 × 1000 × 1000
• The volume of a pyramid is V = – AH, where
3 1 cm3 = 1 mL
A is the area of the base and H is the height. 1 L = 1 000 cm3

Cones Area formulas

SAcurved = πrl, where l is the

• The curved surface area of a cone is • Square: A = l2
• Rectangle: A = lw
slant height. 1
• Triangle: A = – bh
SA = πrl + πr 2 = πr(l + r).
• The total surface area is h l 2
• Parallelogram: A = bh
• The volume of a cone is 1
V = – πr 2h.
r • Trapezium: A = – (a + b)h
1 1 2
• Kite: A = – xy
• Circle: A = πr 2
3 2

• Sector: A = – × πr 2
θ

• Ellipse: A = πab
Spheres 360

• The surface area of a sphere is A = 4πr 2.

• The volume of a sphere is
V = – πr 3.
4 a Heron’s formula
r
3 • Heron’s formula is an alternate method to calculate the area of
a triangle.
• For a triangle with sides of length a, b and c the area is
a + b+ c
A = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c), where s = – .
2

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 411

6.5.2 Success criteria
Tick the column to indicate that you have completed the subtopic and how well you have understood it using the
traffic light system.
(Green: I understand; Yellow: I can do it with help; Red: I do not understand)

Subtopic Success criteria

6.2 I can convert between units of area.

I can calculate the area of plane figures using area formulas.

I can calculate the area of a triangle using Heron’s formula.

6.3 I can calculate the total surface area of rectangular prisms and pyramids.

I can calculate the total surface area of cylinders and spheres.

I can calculate the total surface area of cones.

6.4 I can calculate the volume of a prisms, including cylinders.

I can calculate the volume of spheres.

I can calculate the volume of pyramids.

6.5.3 Project
So close!
Humans must measure! Imagine what a chaotic world it would be if we didn’t measure anything. Some of
the things we measure are time, length, weight and temperature; we also use other measures derived from
these such as area, volume, speed.
Accurate measurement is important. The accuracy of a measurement depends on the instrument being
used to measure and the interpretation of the measurement. There is no such thing as a perfectly accurate
measurement. The best we can do is learn how to make meaningful use of the numbers we read off our
devices. It is also important to use appropriate units of measurement.

412 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

Measurement errors
When we measure a quantity by using a scale, the accuracy of our measurement depends on the markings
on the scale. For example, the ruler shown can measure both in centimetres and millimetres.
Measurements made with this ruler would have ± 0.5 mm added to the measurement. The quantity
± 0.5 mm is called the tolerance of measurement or measurement error.

Tolerance of measurement = × size of smallest marked unit

1
2

For a measurement of 5.6 ± 0.5 mm, the largest possible value is 5.6 cm + 0.5 mm = 5.65 cm, and the
smallest value is 5.6 cm − 0.5 mm = 5.55 cm.
1. For the thermometer scale shown:
a. identify the temperature ˚c
b. state the measurement with its tolerance 45
c. calculate the largest and smallest possible values.

a. (56.2 ± 0.1) − (19.07 ± 0.05)

40
2. Calculate the largest and smallest values for:

b. (78.4 ± 0.25) × (34 ± 0.1) .

35

30
Significant figures in measurement
A significant figure is any non zero-digit, any zero appearing between two non-zero digits, any 25
trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point, and any digits in the decimal places. For 20
example, the number 345.6054 has 7 significant figures, whereas 300 has 1 significant figure.
15
The number of significant figures is an expression of the accuracy of a measurement. The greater
the number of significant figures, the more accurate the measurement. For example, a fast food
chain claims it has sold 6 000 000 000 hamburgers, not 6 453 456 102. The first measurement has
only 1 significant figure and is a very rough approximation of the actual number sold, which has
10 significant figures.
Reducing the number of significant figures is a process that is similar to rounding.
Rounding and measurement error in calculations

and to perform any rounding as the final step. For example, calculating 5.34 × 341 by rounding
When you perform calculations, it is important to keep as many significant digits as practical

to 2 significant figures before multiplying gives 5.30 × 340 = 1802, compared with 1820 if the
rounding is carried out after the multiplication.

Calculations that involve numbers from measurements containing errors can result in answers with even
larger errors. The smaller the tolerances, the more accurate the answers will be.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 413

 3. a. Calculate 45 943.4503 × 86.765 303 by:
i. first rounding each number to 2 significant figures
ii. rounding only the answer to 2 significant figures.
b. Compare the two results.

Error in area and volume resulting from an error in a length measurement

The side length of a cube is measured and incorrectly recorded as 5 cm. The actual length is 6 cm. The
effect of the length measurement error used on calculations of the surface area is shown below.
Error used in length measurement = 1 cm
Surface area calculated with incorrectly recorded value = 52 × 6 = 150 cm2
Surface area calculated with actual value = 62 × 6 = 216 cm2
216 − 150
Percentage error = × 100% ≈ 30.5%
6
4. a. Complete a similar calculation for the volume of the cube using the incorrectly recorded length. What
conclusion can you make regarding errors when the number of dimensions increase?
b. Give three examples of a practical situation where an error in measuring or recording would have a
potentially disastrous impact.

Resources
Resourceseses
eWorkbook Topic 6 workbook (worksheets, code puzzle and a project) (ewbk-2032)
Interactivities Crossword (int-2842)
Sudoku puzzle (int-3593)

Exercise 6.5 Review questions

To answer questions online and to receive immediate corrective feedback and fully worked solutions for
all questions, go to your learnON title at www.jacplus.com.au.
Unless told otherwise, where appropriate, give answers correct to 2 decimal places.
Fluency
1. MC If all measurements are in cm, the area of the figure is:

7 3

A. 16.49 cm2 B. 39.25 cm2 C. 9.81 cm2 D. 23.56 cm2 E. 30 cm2

414 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

2. MC If all measurements are in centimetres, the area of the figure is: 6
A. 50.73 cm2
5
B. 99.82 cm2
C. 80.18 cm2
D. 90 cm2 5
E. 119.45 cm2
5

3. MC If all measurements are in centimetres, the shaded area of the figure is:

30°

2
7

A. 3.93 cm2 B. 11.52 cm2 C. 388.77 cm2 D. 141.11 cm2 E. 129.59 cm2

4. MC The total surface area of the solid is:

28 mm

40 mm

2
A. 8444.6 mm2 B. 9221 mm C. 14 146.5 mm2 D. 50 271.1 mm2 E. 16 609.5 mm2

5. Calculate the areas of the following plane figures. All measurements are in cm.
a. b. 10 c.

3
8 7
14
15
5

12

6. Calculate the areas of the following plane figures. All measurements are in cm.
a. b. c.

10 80°
3 10

6
12

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 415

 7. Calculate the areas of the following figures. All measurements are in cm.
a. b. c. 10
12
15 6
10
10 5
20
20

8. Calculate the blue shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in cm.
a. Q b. c.
QO = 15 cm 5
SO = 8 cm
PR = 18 cm
O 12.5

S R
P

9. Calculate the total surface area of each of the following solids.

a. b. 14 mm c.
35 cm

50 cm 8 cm
20 mm

10. Calculate the total surface area of each of the following solids.
a. 14 cm b. 10 mm
10 mm
14 mm 4 mm
18 cm

[closed at both ends]

12 cm

c.

12 cm

10 cm

10 cm
10 cm

416 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

11. Calculate the volume of each of the following.
a. b. c. 35 cm
7 cm

40 cm
8 cm
12 cm
7 cm

12. Determine the volume of each of the following.

a. b. c.

10 cm

12 cm
3.7 m 30 cm

1m 12 cm
10 cm

13. Determine the volume of each of the following.

a. b. c.
11 cm
30 cm
12 mm

20 cm

9 cm 42 cm

Problem solving
14. A rectangular block of land 4 m × 25 m is surrounded by a concrete path 1 m wide.

b. Determine the cost of concreting at $45 per square metre.

a. Calculate the area of the path.

15. If the radius is tripled and the height of a cylinder is divided by six, then determine the effect on its
volume (in comparison with the original shape).

16. If the length is halved, the width is tripled and the height of a rectangular prism is doubled, then
determine the effect on its volume (in comparison with the original shape).

17. A cylinder of radius 14 cm and height 20 cm is joined to a hemisphere of radius 14 cm to form a bread
holder.

b. Determine the cost of chroming the bread holder on the outside at $0.05 per cm2 .
a. Calculate the total surface area.

c. Calculate the storage volume of the bread holder.

d. Determine how much more space is in this new bread holder than the one it is replacing, which had a
quarter circle end with a radius of 18 cm and a length of 35 cm.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 417

 18. Bella Silos has two rows of silos for storing wheat.
Each row has 16 silos and all the silos are identical,
with a cylindrical base (height of 5 m, diameter of
1.5 m) and conical top (diameter of 1.5 m, height
of 1.1 m).
a. Calculate the slant height of the conical tops.
b. Determine the total surface area of all the silos.

paint covers 40 m2 at a bulk order price of $28.95

c. Evaluate the cost of painting the silos if one litre of

per litre.
d. Determine how much wheat can be stored altogether
in these silos.
e. Wheat is pumped from these silos into cartage trucks with rectangular containers 2.4 m wide, 5 m

f. If wheat is pumped out of the silos at 2.5 m3 /min, determine how long it will take to fill one truck.
long and 2.5 m high. Determine how many truckloads are necessary to empty all the silos.

19. The Greek mathematician Eratosthenes developed an accurate method for calculating the circumference
of the Earth 2200 years ago! The figure illustrates how he did this.

B V
A
S

In this figure, A is the town of Alexandria and S is the town of Syene, exactly 787 km due south. When

(∠BVA = 7.2°), obtained by placing a stick at A and measuring the angle formed by the sun’s shadow
the sun’s rays (blue lines) were vertical at Syene, they formed an angle of 7.2° at Alexandria

a. Assuming that the sun’s rays are parallel, evaluate the angle ∠SCA, correct to 1 decimal place.
with the stick.

b. Given that the arc AS = 787 km, determine the radius of the Earth, SC. Write your answer correct to
the nearest kilometre.
c. Given that the true radius is 6380 km, determine Eratosthenes’ percentage error, correct to 1 decimal
place.

To test your understanding and knowledge of this topic, go to your learnON title at
www.jacplus.com.au and complete the post-test.

418 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

Online Resources Resources

Below is a full list of rich resources available online for this topic. These resources are designed to bring ideas to life,
to promote deep and lasting learning and to support the different learning needs of each individual.

eWorkbook 6.4 Individual pathway interactivity: Volume (int-4595) ⃞

Volume 1 (int-3791) ⃞
Download the workbook for this topic, which includes Volume 2 (int-6476) ⃞
worksheets, a code puzzle and a project (ewbk-2032) ⃞ Volume of solids (int-3794) ⃞
6.5 Crossword (int-2842) ⃞
Solutions Sudoku puzzle (int-3593) ⃞
Download a copy of the fully worked solutions to every
question in this topic (sol-0740) ⃞ Teacher resources
Digital documents There are many resources available exclusively for teachers
online.
6.2 SkillSHEET Conversion of area units (doc-5236) ⃞
SkillSHEET Using a formula to find the area of a
common shape (doc-5237) ⃞
6.3 SkillSHEET Total surface area of cubes and rectangular
prisms (doc-5238) ⃞
6.4 SkillSHEET Conversion of volume units (doc-5239) ⃞
SkillSHEET Volume of cubes and rectangular prisms
(doc-5240) ⃞

Video eLessons
6.2 Area (eles-4809) ⃞
Areas of composite figures (eles-4810) ⃞
Composite area (eles-1886) ⃞
6.3 Total surface area of solids (eles-4811) ⃞
Total surface area of cones (eles-4812) ⃞
Total surface area of other solids (eles-4813) ⃞
Total surface area of prisms (eles-1909) ⃞
6.4 Volume (eles-4814) ⃞
Volumes of common shapes (eles-4815) ⃞
Volume of composite solids (eles-4816) ⃞
Capacity (eles-4817) ⃞

Interactivities
6.2 Individual pathway interactivity: Area (int-4593) ⃞
Conversion chart for area (int-3783) ⃞
Area of rectangles (int-3784) ⃞
Area of parallelograms (int-3786) ⃞
Area of trapeziums (int-3790) ⃞
Area of circles (int-3788) ⃞
Area of a sector (int-6076) ⃞
Area of a kite (int-6136) ⃞
Area of an ellipse (int-6137) ⃞
Using Heron’s formula to find the area of a triangle
(int-6475) ⃞
6.3 Individual pathway interactivity: Total surface area
(int-4594) ⃞
Surface area of a prism (int-6079) ⃞
Surface area of a cylinder (int-6080) ⃞
Surface area (int-6477) ⃞

To access these online resources, log on to www.jacplus.com.au.

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 419

Answers 50 = x + y
y = 50 − x
20. a.

c. Area = 50x − x
b.

Topic 6 Surface area and volume 2

d. See the table at bottom of the page.*

Exercise 6.1 Pre-test
e. No, impossible to make a rectangle.
1. 68.63 mm2
f. y
2. 125.7 cm2 600
3. E 500
4. 706.9 cm2

Area
400
5. 4 cm3 300

$864
200
6. 57.7 cm2
100
7.

x = 25
0 x
8. B 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

y = 25
9. 60 mm3 g.
10. C h.
11. E i. Square

k. r = 15.92 m
2
12. 4.5 cm j. 625 m
13. C
2
14. 13.4 cm2 l. 795.77 m
2
15. 230 mL m. 170.77 m
2 2
21. a. Circular area, 1790.49 m ; rectangular area, 1406.25 m
Exercise 6.2 Area ( )
1 2
b. Circular area, n m2 ; rectangular (square) area,
1. a. 16 cm2 b. 48 cm
2
c. 75 cm
2
( ) 4𝜋

𝜋
1 2 4
2. a. 120 cm 2
b. 706.86 cm
2
c. 73.5 mm
2 n m2 . Circular area is always or 1.27 times
16

c. $79
3. a. 254.47 cm2 b. 21 m
2
c. 75 cm
2 larger.

d. $435.50
2
22. a. 258.1 m b. 7 bags
4. a. 20.66 cm2 b. 7.64 cm
2

b. x = 5, y = 5
5. a. 113.1 mm2 b. 188.5 mm
2
29
6. a. i. 12𝜋 cm2 ii. 37.70 cm2 23. a.
50
69𝜋 ii. 108.38 mm2 24. 32.88 cm
2
b. i. mm2
2
c. i. 261𝜋 cm2 ii. 819.96 cm2 Exercise 6.3 Total surface area
7. E 1. a. 600 cm2 b. 384 cm
2
c. 1440 cm
2
2
d. 27 m
8. D
9. a. 123.29 cm2 b. 1427.88 m
2
c. 52 cm
2 2. a. 113.1 m2 b. 6729.3 cm
2
c. 8.2 m
2
2
d. 452.4 cm
10. a. 30.4 m2 b. 78 cm
2
c. 2015.50 cm
2

3. a. 1495.4 cm2 b. 502.7 cm

2
11. a. 125.66 cm2 b. 102.87 m
2

4. a. 506.0 cm2 b. 9.4 m

2
c. 340.4 cm
2
13.73 m2 2

27.86 m2
12. a. b. 153.59 m 2
d. 224.1 cm
2
13. a. b. 37.5 m
5. a. 13.5 m2 b. 90 m
2
c. 11 309.7 cm
2

14. 11 707.92 cm2

6. a. 9852.0 mm2 b. 125.7 cm
2
c. 1531.4 cm
2
15. 21 m2 2 2 2
7. a. 880 cm b. 3072.8 cm c. 75 cm

$840
16. 60
2 2 2
17. 8. a. 70.4 cm b. 193.5 cm c. 1547.2 cm

b. $455
18. a. 260.87 m
2
b. 195.71 m
2
c. 75% 9. B
70.0 m2
b. $168.47
19. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions 10. a.
in the online resources. 2
11. a. 3063.1 cm
b. 2020.83 m; horizontal. If vertical split 987.5 m. 2
12. 11 216 cm

*20. d.
x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Area(m2 ) 0 225 400 525 600 625 600 525 400 225 0

420 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A

13. 60 12. a. Vnew = 27l3 , the volume will be 27 times as large as the
original volume.
15. $1960 Vnew = l2 , the volume will be of the original volume.
2
14. 1192 cm
1 1
b.

Vnew = 2𝜋r2 h, the volume will be twice as large as the

√ 8 8
7 √
16. a. 8𝜋 m2 b. m c. 4 2𝜋 m2 c.
2
Vnew = 𝜋r2 h, the volume will remain the same.
original volume.
6.6 m2
Vnew = 3lwh, the volume will be 3 times as large as the
17. a. d.

Side wall = 50 tiles

b. Back wall = 80 tiles e.

80 + 50 + 50 = 180 tiles
original value.

c. Cheapest: 30 cm by 30 cm, $269.50; 20 cm by 20 cm

13. E

(individually) $270; 20 cm by 20 cm (boxed) $276.50

14. 7438.35 cm3
15. 4417.9 L

19. a. 𝜃 = 120° b. x = 1; y = 3
18. The calculation is correct.
√
17. a. H = 6 m
3
16. 10 215.05 cm
√ √ b. 112 m3 c. 19 bins
2 2
c. 3 3 cm d. 6 3 cm
d. 112 000 L e. 1.95 m from floor
e. 32
18. a. i. 4.57 cm
20. The area of material required is 1.04 m2 . If Tina is careful
262.5 cm2
ii.
in placing the pattern pieces, she may be able to cover the
b. i. 14.15 cm
footstool.
√
21. r =
2
ii. 323.27 cm
3 3a

22. a. Arc length XY = (x + s)𝜃

c. i. 33.33 cm
2

Arc length AB = x𝜃
2
ii. 437.62 cm
d. Sphere. Costs less for a smaller surface area.

b. i. x = = a. h =
𝜃 r−t 𝜋r2
2𝜋t st V
19.

=
x+s r
x t
ii. b. i. 31.8 cm

x2 𝜃
c. Area of sector AVB =
ii. 8.0 cm
√

𝜋h
V
(s + x)2 𝜃
2 c.

Area of sector XVY = d. r ≥ 0, since r is a length

s𝜃 (s + 2x)
2
Area of ABYX =
e. i. 7.6 cm

) s𝜃 (s + 2x)
ii. 6.2 cm
2
TSA of frustum = 𝜋 t + r2 +
(2 20. 1000
2 21. a. 2.55 cm

c. Aa = 157.88 m , Ab = 12.01 m
b. 35.68 cm
Exercise 6.4 Volume 2 2
1. a. 27 cm3 b. 74.088 m3 c. 3600 cm3 3 3
3 22. a. 126.67 m b. 53.33 m
d. 94.5 cm
23. Volume of water needed; 30.9 m3 .
2. a. 450 mm3 b. 360 cm2
24. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
6333.5 cm3 19.1 m3 280 cm3
Required volume = 1570.80 cm3 ; tin volume = 1500 cm3 ;
3. a. b. c. the online resources.

muffin tray volume = 2814.72 cm3 . Marion could fill the tin
4. a. 288 mm3 b. 91.6 m3 c. 21 470.8 cm3 25.
3 3 3
5. a. 7.2 m b. 14 137.2 cm c. 1436.8 mm
d. 523 598.8 cm3 and have a small amount of mixture left over, or she could
almost fill 14 of the muffin cups and leave the remaining
113 097.34 cm3 1.44 m3
Cut squares of side length s = 0.3 m or 0.368 m from
6. a. b. cups empty.
3
c. 12 214.51 mm d. 101.93
26.
7. a. 377.0 cm3 b. 2303.8 mm3 the corners.

a. H = 12R
8. a. 400 cm3 b. 10 080 cm3 27. 1.94 m.

d. 8 ∶ 12 = 2 ∶ 3
3 3
3 3 28. b. 8𝜋R c. 12𝜋R
9. a. 1400 cm b. 10 379.20 cm

x (H − h)
10. a. 41.31 cm3 b. 48.17 cm3 1 2 1 2
29. a. X H b.
11. a. 218.08 cm3 b. 3691.37 cm3 3 3
30. 18 scoops

TOPIC 6 Surface area and volume 421

Project
1. a. The temperature reading is 26.5 °C.

c. Largest possible value = 27 °C,

b. The smallest unit mark is 1°C, so the tolerance is 0.5.

smallest possible value = 26 °C

2. a. Largest value = 37.28, smallest value = 36.98
b. Largest value = 2681.965, smallest value = 2649.285
3. a. i. 4 002 000
ii. 4 000 000
b. The result for i has 4 significant figures, whereas ii has
only 1 significant figure after rounding. However, ii is
closer to the actual value (3 986 297.386 144 940 9).
3
4. Volume using the incorrectly recorded value = 125 cm
3
Volume using the actual value = 216 cm
The percentage error is 42.1%, which shows that the error
compounds as the number of dimensions increases.

Exercise 6.5 Review questions

1. D
2. C
3. E
4. A
5. a. 84 cm2 b. 100 cm
2
c. 6.50 cm
2

6. a. 56.52 cm2 b. 60 cm
2
c. 244.35 cm
2

7. a. 300 cm2 b. 224.55 cm

2
c. 160 cm
2

8. a. 499.86 cm2 b. 44.59 cm

2
c. 128.76 cm
2

9. a. 18 692.48 cm2 b. 1495.40 mm2 c. 804.25 cm2

10. a. 871.79 cm2 b. 873.36 mm
2
c. 760 cm
2

11. a. 343 cm3 b. 672 cm

3
c. 153 938.04 cm
3

12. a. 1.45 m3 b. 1800 cm

3
c. 1256.64 cm
3

297 cm3 3 3

b. $2790
13. a. b. 8400 cm c. 7238.23 mm

14. a. 62 m2

15. V = 𝜋r h, the volume will be 1.5 times as large as the

3 2
2

16. V = 3lwh, the volume will be 3 times as large as (or triple)

original volume.

b. $180.33
the original volume.
2 3
17. a. 3606.55 cm c. 18 062.06 cm
3
d. 9155.65 cm
18. a. 1.33 m

$618.35 or $636.90 assuming you have to buy full litres

b. 910.91 m2
c.
(i.e not 0.7 of a litre)
d. 303.48 m3
e. 11 trucks
f. 12 minutes
19. a. 7.2° b. 6263 km c. 1.8% error

422 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 + 10A