BIOLOGY 29958067

Agriculture | Plant Biology | Climate Change Biology

Mini Review

Climate Changes and Mango Production (Temperature)

Khalifa SM1 and Abobatta WF2*

Article Information Abstract

1
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar The mango, known as the {king of fruits}, is commercially significant
University, Cairo 11884, Egypt in many parts of the world. In addition to offering a delicious tropical
2
Citrus Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture, flavor, mangoes are a great source of nourishment and can make eating
Research Center, Giza, Egypt a satisfying and healthy sensory experience. Even though mango farming
is known to exist in more than 120 nations, just 15 of them are responsible
Correspondence: Abobatta WF, Citrus Department, Horticulture for more than 1% of the world’s supply. More than 60% of the mangoes
Research Institute, Agriculture, Research Center, Giza, Egypt, produced worldwide are grown in India, China, Thailand, Indonesia and
Email: [email protected] Mexico.

The effects of climate change on agriculture must take into account the
Submitted: October 30, 2023 increasing CO2 concentration, a significant contributor to climate change,
Approved: November 14, 2023 as CO2 is essential to critical plant functions, including photosynthesis. The
Published: November 16, 2023 fluctuation of temperature represents another climatic factor that affects
mango productivity. The primary challenge facing the mango industry is
How to cite this article: Khalifa SM, Abobatta WF. Climate irregular cultivation. The mango flowering was negatively impacted by the
Changes and Mango Production (Temperature). IgMin Res. Nov erratic distribution of cold nights and relatively warm winters. Mango output
16, 2023; 1(1): 043-046. IgMin ID: igmin115; is already being impacted by rising average maximum temperatures.
DOI: 10.61927/igmin115; Available at: Therefore, regardless of mango growers, geniuses, or consumers, rapid
www.igminresearch.com/articles/pdf/igmin115.pdf climate change should be a top priority. A benefit of selection and breeding
operations to adapt to climatic change is the high genetic variety of
Copyright license: © 2023 Khalifa SM, et al. This is an
mangoes.
open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is Introduction
properly cited.
The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the most popular among
Keywords: Climate change; CO2; Flowering; Mango; tropical fruits and is considered one of the oldest fruit trees
Temperature cultivated in the world. It is known to be one of the best fruits
in the global market and there is no difference in opinion about
the fruits of Mango is considered the “king of fruit” because
of its captivating avor, excellent taste, attractive fragrance,
irresistible sweetness, and beautiful shades of color both inside
and outside the fruits.

Due to uctuations in climate conditions, particularly rising

temperatures, increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and
warm nights during winter, there are various effects on various
fruit crops [1]. In the near future, agriculture as a whole and
mango production, in particular, will face serious threats from
climate change. Given that atmospheric CO2 is a signicant
contributor to climate change and is essential to fundamental
plant functions like photosynthesis, the effects of climate
change on agriculture must be taken into account. Due to its
economic and nutritional benets, the seasonal fruit known as
the mango is one of the most extensively grown and consumed
fruits in tropical and subtropical areas. Across a huge number
of nations, including the Philippines, China, Pakistan, and
Cambodia.

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ISSN 2995-8067 DOI: 10.61927/igmin115

Botany and distribution Pollen is harmed by temperatures below 10 °C and over “

33 °C,” which is one potential cause of the low fruit set seen
Mango “Mangifera indica L.”, belongs to the
in several commercial types of subtropical origin. Sensation,
Anacardiaceae family. It was thought that the genus
Edward, Isis, Fascell, and Keitt are several cultivars that are
Mangifera originated in Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-China,
less tolerant of high temperatures and low humidity, and
and Malaya. The genus later migrated to other countries,
their fruits will display signs of sunburn. Some cultivars
including India. They claimed that the “Southeast Asia”
with high tolerance levels are Neldica, Tommy Atkins,
region was home to the greatest diversity of the Mangifera
Irwin, Lilley, Lippens, Chené, Kent, Ceriese, Kensington,
genus. Additionally, as of recently, 69 species of this genus
Jubilee, Palmer, and Zillate. An essential component of the
have been discovered globally [2]. Currently, it has grown to
owering induction process is the temperature differential
be a signicant fruit crop in tropical & sub-tropical areas of
between day and night. High overnight temperatures of
the world [3]. 28 °C to 32 °C make the fruit sweet and mature well, while
Effect of climate change on mango development hot days and cool nights of 12 °C to 20 °C aid in the fruit’s
development of a more appealing hue [7].
A negative impact of climate change will be felt in tropical
regions with high temperatures in the past. Mango is a heat- Pollen grains that are uncommon and nonviable
tolerant crop, but it does best in humid, semiarid subtropics are produced at low temperatures < 17 °C. When
and monsoonal tropics. If excessive heat, drought, or microsporogenesis occurs, the prevaculate stage of meiosis
evaporative demands are present, however, this crop’s appears to be most sensitive to temperatures below 10 °C.
potential production capacity will be diminished. A seasonal Germination and pollen tube growth are negatively impacted
fruit crop like the mango will react to temperature variations by cool temperatures as well; both processes are completely
differently than an annual crop would [4]. Mangoes are a impeded at temperatures below 15 °C [8].
perennial crop that can withstand extreme dryness, and Temperature degrees influencing blooming
this ability can greatly increase productivity in successive
growing seasons. The ability to survive is basically irrelevant The rst annual occasion of mango blossoming occurs
in an annual crop farm where a stress-induced delay in in Australia, which is considered the rst annual occasion
production will result in a total loss of yield [5]. for mango owering in all mango-producing regions
worldwide. This growth cycle encourages the production of
Mango can survive in a wide range of temperatures from 0 organic compounds and decides to plan the production of
°C to 48 °C without experiencing any negative consequences. the other organic compounds.
But if the plant is left at a low temperature for more than six
hours, it will perish. In general, most kinds can withstand The component that triggers blossoming is the beginning
temperatures as low as 1 °C - 2 °C as long as they are not of cooler dry season temperatures. This happens from April
actively developing when the cold weather strikes and the onwards and blossoming can happen whenever between
period of time lasts no more than a few hours. Young trees April and August, contingent on the area, cultivar, and yearly
in active growth suffer signicant damage at zero degrees. climate uctuation. A comprehension of the drivers and
At temperatures below 17 °C, pollen granules swell and lose parts that add to blooming in mango is basic to estimating
viability. The prevaculate stage of meiosis during micro- its weakness to environmental change. The appearance
sporogenesis is often more susceptible to temperatures of cold temperatures in other creation districts is related
to winter and is frequently joined by winter downpours
below 10 °C. However, if exposed to low temperatures for
[9]. Regions in the semi-arid or desert climate zones may
longer than six hours, the plant can die. Most cultivars
experience temperatures below 12 °C during winter, which
can typically endure temperatures of 1-2 °C as long as they
can be detrimental to oral induction and development
are not actively growing when the cold weather hits and
[10]. Similarly, rainfall during ower and fruit development
the period of time lasts no longer than a few hours. At 0
can increase the incidence of disease.
°C, young trees with vigorous development suffer severe
damage [6]. In other regions, mangoes experience a longer period
of dormancy, up to ve months, where no growth occurs.
Mango growth, development, and owering are all greatly
This delays owering until the beginning of spring when
inuenced by temperature, which is best between 27 °C and
conditions become more favorable for growth.
33 °C. Mango is sensitive to the cold. Temperatures below
0.5 °C may cause the death of young trees, although mature Low temperatures can cause ower deformation,
trees may likely survive a few degrees of frost damage. although Schaffer, et al. (1994) observed that panicle growth

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ISSN 2995-8067 DOI: 10.61927/igmin115

occurs at 12.5 °C when no vegetative shoots are generated. product quality. It can likewise decidedly affect natural
When analyzing the chilly temperature requirements for product size while further developing photosynthesis [20].
blooming in several mango cultivars, Robbertse & Manyaga
[11] discovered that the Keitt Mango cv. only needed 35 days Cool temperatures are primarily liable for mango tree
below 15 °C, whilst the Heidi cv. could not be stimulated ower acceptance. Therefore, increasing temperatures
to ower for 45 days below 15 °C. When trees were kept at will impede ower enlistment. Nonetheless, in regions
15/5 °C (day/night), Sukhvibul, et al. [12,13] reported that where temperatures are explicitly cool through blooming,
the inorescence development did not advance. Compared developing temperatures will further develop dust
to trees growing at 25/15 °C (23 days) and 30/20 °C (16.1 practicality and natural product set. Furthermore,
days), temperatures of 20/10 °C (day/night) postponed temperature affects inorescence size [21], and the quantity
the beginning of anthesis by 42.4 days. At a temperature of blossoms per inorescence [12]. Botanical enlistment
likewise needs the openness of mature passes on to the light,
of 20/10 °C (day/night), the delay in anthesis beginning
was the greatest for “Sensation” cv. (55.5 d) and the least and more signicant levels of light power could decidedly
for “Nam Dok Mai” cv. (25.5d), while at other temperatures affect mango blossoming.
there was little difference between cultivars. Temperature In Egypt, the problem with setting fruits was not because
also had an inverse effect on the total number of owers of the early owering time, but because of the climatic
per inorescence. Change & Chao [14] found that during changes to which the mango owering was exposed. In
the owering period, air temperature below 5 oC resulted in March, the daytime temperatures were suitable for owers
ower drop. to complete the knot, then the trees were exposed to a
Impact of climatic variables on fruit development and sudden rise in temperature that led to the spoilage of a
quality large proportion of pollen grains, and consequently, the
drop in the fruit set rate and the death of a proportion of the
Phases of blossoming and fruiting are signicant in crops embryos that had formed during the previous period, then
that are controlled by environmental conditions. Change the temperatures returned to improve during the day and
environment factors intrude on the blossoming design some cold at the mid-night, and when the temperature at
of organic product sets and fertilization in many natural night drops below 12 °C, the cells do not divide and the fetus
product crops through a decline in pollinator action and does not grow normally and atrophy Figure 2.
dust suitability. Downpours through the blossoming stage
wash out the dust from the shame of bloom caused by less
or no natural product set [15]. Mango creation misfortune A B
80% - 90% was accounted for in Gujarat due to unseasonal
downpoursfollowedbyweightydewassaultduringablooming
season which diminished organic product setting, expanded
organic product drop at the pea stage, and expanded weighty
rate of dingy moulid and ne buildup in mango [16]. Parmar,
et al. [17] reported that the yield of mangoes was drastically
reducing because warm nights that were recorded during Figure 1: Image field of the effect of heat stress on mango trees (A and B).
the ower induction period in December seemed to have a
detrimental effect leading to poor owering and ultimately
affecting the crop yield in mangoes.

Higher temperatures will decidedly affect the

development of mango, which will be quicker in
development. In Australia, the assessed development time
frame for mangoes has diminished by 12-16 days (7% - 8%)
because of a warming of the colder time of year season by
1.5 °C throughout recent years [18]. Higher temperatures
can likewise emphatically affect organic product quality
because of the pressure-initiated amalgamation of optional
mixtures, some of which are of high dietary benet
(Figure 1). Higher light power further develops the
complexion of hued cultivars [19]. Since serious light can be Figure 2: Death or atrophy of embryo as a result of the fruits being exposed to
a stressor, a higher temperature can further develop natural fluctuations in temperature during fruit set.

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ISSN 2995-8067 DOI: 10.61927/igmin115

Conclusion 9. Clonan M, Hernaman V, Pearce K, Hopkins M, Moise A, McConchie C.

Impact of climate change on flowering induction in mangoes in the
When climate change has consequences on the growth Northern Territory, Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub Report
No. 16, NESP Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub, Australia.
and productivity of mango trees in existing production 2020.
regions, it is not possible to put a united scenario for this
10. Beck HE, Zimmermann NE, McVicar TR, Vergopolan N, Berg A, Wood
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must be optimistic about the cultivation and production 11. Robbertse PJ, Manyaga C. Determination of cool- temperature
of mangoes in the future for several reasons. These species requirement for flowering in various mango cultivars. South African
Mango Grower’s Association. Year book. 1998; 18: 18-19.
have great environmental plastic. Mango is adapted to
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Effect of temperature on inflorescence development and sex
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14. Chang JW, Chao CN. Effects of air temperature and rainfall on flower
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How to cite this article: Khalifa SM, Abobatta WF. Climate Changes and Mango Production (Temperature). IgMin Res. Nov 16, 2023; 1(1): 043-046. IgMin ID: igmin115;
DOI: 10.61927/igmin115; Available at: www.igminresearch.com/articles/pdf/igmin115.pdf

BIOLOGY 46 November 16, 2023 - Volume 1 Issue 1