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 1

CHAPTER 8
8.1 Ideal gas law:

RT 0.082054(400)
v= = = 13.12864
p 2.5

van der Waals equation:

⎛ a ⎞
f (v) = ⎜ p + 2 ⎟(v − b) − RT
⎝ v ⎠
⎛ 14.09 ⎞
f (v) = ⎜ 2.5 + 2 ⎟(v − 0.0994) − 0.082054(400)
⎝ v ⎠

Any of the techniques in Chaps 5 or 6 can be used to determine the root as v = 12.7908 L/mol. The
Newton-Raphson method would be a good choice because (a) the equation is relatively simple to
differentiate and (b) the ideal gas law provides a good initial guess. The Newton-Raphson method can be
formulated as

⎛ a ⎞⎟
⎜p+ (vi − b) − RT
⎜ vi2 ⎟⎠
vi +1 = vi − ⎝
⎛ a ⎞⎟ 2a
⎜p+ − (vi − b) 3
⎜ vi2 ⎟⎠
⎝ vi

Using the ideal gas law for the initial guess results in an accurate root determination in a few iterations:

i xi f(xi) f'(xi) εa
0 13.12864 0.816601 2.419491
1 12.79113 0.000711 2.415221 2.6386%
2 12.79084 5.7E-10 2.415217 0.0023%
3 12.79084 0 2.415217 0.0000%

8.2 The function to be solved is

1 + R(1 − X Af ) R +1
f ( R ) = ln − =0
R (1 − X Af ) R[1 + R (1 − X Af )]

or substituting XAf = 0.96,

1 + 0.04 R R +1
f ( R) = ln − =0
R (0.04) R (1 + 0.04 R)

A plot of the function indicates a root at about R = 0.3

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 2

2
0
-2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-4
-6

Bisection with initial guesses of 0.01 and 1 can be used to determine a root of 0.28194 after 16
iterations with εa = 0.005%.

8.3 The function to be solved is

(4 + x)
f ( x) = − 0.016 = 0
(42 − 2 x) 2 ( 28 − x)

(a) A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 16.

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 5 10 15 20

(b) The shape of the function indicates that false position would be a poor choice (recall Fig. 5.14).
Bisection with initial guesses of 0 and 20 can be used to determine a root of 15.85938 after 8 iterations
with εa = 0.493%. Note that false position would have required 68 iterations to attain comparable
accuracy.

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

1 0 20 10 -0.01592 -0.01439 0.000229 100.000%
2 10 20 15 -0.01439 -0.00585 8.42E-05 33.333%
3 15 20 17.5 -0.00585 0.025788 -0.00015 14.286%
4 15 17.5 16.25 -0.00585 0.003096 -1.8E-05 7.692%
5 15 16.25 15.625 -0.00585 -0.00228 1.33E-05 4.000%
6 15.625 16.25 15.9375 -0.00228 0.000123 -2.8E-07 1.961%
7 15.625 15.9375 15.78125 -0.00228 -0.00114 2.59E-06 0.990%
8 15.78125 15.9375 15.85938 -0.00114 -0.00052 5.98E-07 0.493%

8.4 The functions to be solved are

(c c ,0 + x1 + x 2 )
K1 =
(c a ,0 − 2 x1 − x 2 ) 2 (c b,0 − x1 )
(c c ,0 + x1 + x 2 )
K2 =
(c a ,0 − 2 x1 − x 2 )(c d ,0 − x 2 )

or

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 3

5 + x1 + x 2
f1 ( x1 , x 2 ) = − 4 × 10 −4
(50 − 2 x1 − x 2 ) 2 (20 − x1 )
(5 + x1 + x 2 )
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 ) = − 3.7 × 10 −2
(50 − 2 x1 − x 2 )(10 − x 2 )

Graphs can be generated by specifying values of x1 and solving for x2 using a numerical method like
bisection.

first equation second equation

x1 x2 x1 x2
0 8.6672 0 4.4167
1 6.8618 1 3.9187
2 5.0649 2 3.4010
3 3.2769 3 2.8630
4 1.4984 4 2.3038
5 -0.2700 5 1.7227

These values can then be plotted to yield

12
1st eq
8 2nd eq

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
-4

Therefore, the root seems to be at about x1 = 3.3 and x2 = 2.7. Employing these values as the initial
guesses for the two-variable Newton-Raphson method gives

f1(3.3, 2.7) = –2.36×10–6

f2(3.3, 2.7) = 2.33×10–5

∂f1 ∂f 2
= 9.9 × 10 −5 = 5.185 × 10 −3
∂x1 ∂x1
∂f1 ∂f 2
= 5.57 × 10 −5 = 9.35 × 10 −3
∂x 2 ∂x 2
J = 6.37 × 10 −7
− 2.36 × 10 −6 (9.35 × 10 −3 ) − 2.33 × 10 −5 (5.57 × 10 −5 )
x1 = 3.3 − = 3.3367
6.37 × 10 −7
2.33 × 10 −5 (9.9 × 10 −5 ) − (−2.36 × 10 −6 )(5.185 × 10 −3 )
x 2 = 2.7 − = 2.677
6.37 × 10 −7

The second iteration yields x1 = 3.3366 and x2 = 2.677, with a maximum approximate error of 0.003%.

8.5 The function to be solved is

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 4

x 7
f ( x) = − 0.04 = 0
1− x 2+ x

A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 0.02.

0.1

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-0.1

Because the function is so linear, false position is a good choice. Using initial guesses of 0.01 and 0.03,
the first iteration is

0.017432(0.01 − 0.03)
x r = 0.03 − = 0.020964
− 0.02115 − 0.017432

After 3 iterations, the result is 0.021041 with εa = 0.003%.

8.6 The function to be solved is

( )
f (t ) = 12 1 − e −0.04t + 5e −0.04t − 10.2 = 0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 55.

2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-2

-4

-6

Bisection with initial guesses of 0 and 60 can be used to determine a root of 53.711 after 16 iterations
with εa = 0.002%.

8.7 Using the given values, a = 12.5578 and b = 0.0018626. Therefore, the roots problem to be solved is

0.518(233) 12.5578
f (v ) = − − 65,000
(v − 0.0018626) v(v + 0.0018626) 233

A plot indicates a root at about 0.0028.

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 5

800000
400000
0
-4000000.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

-800000
-1200000

Using initial guesses of 0.002 and 0.004, bisection can be employed to determine the root as 0.002807
after 12 iterations with εa = 0.017%. The mass of methane contained in the tank can be computed as
3/0.00275 = 1068.6 kg.

8.8 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is

⎡ ⎛ 2−h⎞ 2⎤
f (h) = ⎢4 cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ − ( 2 − h) 4h − h ⎥ 5 − 8 = 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦

A plot indicates a root at about 0.8.

60
40
20
0
-20 0 1 2 3 4

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 0.74002.

8.9 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is

πh 2 (3 − h)
f ( h) = − 0.75 = 0
3

A plot indicates a root at about 0.45.

4
2
0
-2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 0.43112.

8.10 The best way to approach this problem is to use the graphical method displayed in Fig. 6.3. For the
first version, we plot

h 3 + 0.7162
y1 = h and y2 =
3

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 6

versus the range of h. Note that for the sphere, h ranges from 0 to 2r. As displayed below, this version
will always converge.

2.5
y1
2

1.5
y2
1

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

For the second version, we plot

y1 = h and y 2 = 3 3h 2 − 0.7162

versus the range of h. As displayed below, this version is not convergent.

3
y2
2
y1
1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-1

8.11 Substituting the parameter values yields

ε3 1− ε
10 = 150 + 1.75
1− ε 1000

This can be rearranged and expressed as a roots problem

ε3
f (ε ) = 0.15(1 − ε ) + 1.75 − 10 =0
1− ε

A plot of the function suggests a root at about 0.46.

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 7

4
2
0
-2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

-4

But suppose that we do not have a plot. How do we come up with a good initial guess? The void
fraction (the fraction of the volume that is not solid; i.e. consists of voids) varies between 0 and 1. As
can be seen, a value of 1 (which is physically unrealistic) causes a division by zero. Therefore, two
physically-based initial guesses can be chosen as 0 and 0.99. Note that the zero is not physically
realistic either, but since it does not cause any mathematical difficulties, it is OK. Applying bisection
yields a result of ε = 0.461857 in 15 iterations with an absolute approximate relative error of
6.54×10−3%.

8.12 (a) The Reynolds number can be computed as

ρVD 1.23(40)0.005
Re = = = 13743
μ 1.79 × 10 −5

In order to find f, we must determine the root of the function g(f)

⎛ 0.0000015 2.51 ⎞⎟ 1
g ( f ) = −2.0 log⎜ + − =0
⎜ 3.7(0.005) 13743 f ⎟ f
⎝ ⎠

As mentioned in the problem a good initial guess can be obtained from the Blasius formula

0.316
f = = 0.029185
13743 0.25

Using this guess, a root of 0.028968 can be obtained with an approach like the modified secant
method. This result can then be used to compute the pressure drop as

0.2(1.23)(40) 2
Δp = 0.028968 = 1140.17 Pa
2(0.005)

(b) For the rougher steel pipe, we must determine the root of

⎛ 0.000045 2.51 ⎞⎟ 1
g ( f ) = −2.0 log⎜ + − =0
⎜ 3.7(0.005) 13743 f ⎟ f
⎝ ⎠

Using the same initial guess as in (a), a root of 0.04076 can be obtained. This result can then be used to
compute the pressure drop as

0.2(1.23)(40) 2
Δp = 0.04076 = 1604.25 Pa
2(0.005)

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 8

Thus, as would be expected, the pressure drop is higher for the rougher pipe.

8.13 The integral can be evaluated as

Cout 1 1 ⎡ ⎛ C out ⎞ ⎤
∫
K
− + dC = − ⎢ K ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C out − C in ⎥
Cin k max C k max k max ⎢⎣ ⎝ C in ⎠ ⎥⎦

Therefore, the problem amounts to finding the root of

V 1 ⎡ ⎛ C out ⎞ ⎤
f (C out ) = + ⎢ K ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C out − C in ⎥
F k max ⎣⎢ ⎝ C in ⎠ ⎦⎥

Excel solver can be used to find the root:

8.14 The function to be solved is

250 P
f ( P / A) = −
1 + 0.4 / cos[25 ( P / A) / 200,000 ] A

A plot of the function indicates a root at about P/A = 163.

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 9

200

100

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
-100

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 163.4429.

8.15 (a) This problem can be solved by determining the root of

(
f ( x) = 10 − 20 e −0.15 x − e −0.5 x − 5 = 0)
A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 1 km.

6
4
2
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-4

Bisection can be used to determine the root. Here are the first few iterations:

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

1 0 5 2.5 5 -3.01569 -15.0784
2 0 2.5 1.25 5 -0.87535 -4.37677 100.00%
3 0 1.25 0.625 5 1.422105 7.110527 100.00%
4 0.625 1.25 0.9375 1.422105 0.139379 0.198212 33.33%
5 0.9375 1.25 1.09375 0.139379 -0.39867 -0.05557 14.29%

After 10 iterations, the root is determined as x = 0.971679688 with an approximate error of 0.5%.

(b) The location of the minimum can be determined by differentiating the original function to yield

f ' ( x) = −0.15e −0.15 x + 0.5e −0.5 x = 0

The root of this function can be determined as x = 3.44 km. The value of the minimum concentration
can then be computed as

(
c = 10 − 20 e −0.15(3.44) − e −0.5(3.44) = 1.6433)
8.16 (a) This problem can be solved by determining the root of

f (t ) = 75e −1.5t + 20e −0.075t − 15 = 0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 4.

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 10

100
80
60
40
20
0
-20 0 2 4 6 8 10

The Newton-Raphson method can be formulated as

75e −1.5ti + 20e −0.075ti − 15

t i +1 = t i −
− 112.5e −1.5ti − 1.5e −0.075ti

Using the initial guess of t = 6, an accurate root determination can be obtained in a few iterations:

i xi f(xi) f'(xi) εa
0 6 -2.23818 -0.97033
1 3.693371 0.455519 -1.57879 62.45%
2 3.981896 0.02752 -1.39927 7.25%
3 4.001563 9.84E-05 -1.3893 0.49%

The result can be checked by substituting it back into the original equation to yield a prediction close
to 15:

c = 75e −1.5( 4.001563) + 20e −0.075( 4.001563) = 15.0001

8.17 The function to be solved is

TA ⎛ 600 ⎞ T
f (T A ) = cosh⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 6 − A − 15
12 ⎝ TA ⎠ 12

A plot of the function indicates a root at about TA = 1700.

150

100

50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-50

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 1684.365.

8.18 This problem can be solved by determining the root of the derivative of the elastic curve

dy
dx
=0=
w0
120 EIL
(
− 5 x 4 + 6 L2 x 2 − L4 )
Therefore, after substituting the parameter values, we must determine the root of

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 11

f ( x) = −5 x 4 + 2,160,000 x 2 − 1.296 × 1011 = 0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 270.

2E+11
1E+11
0
-1E+11 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-2E+11

Bisection can be used to determine the root. Here are the first few iterations:

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

1 0 500 250 -1.3E+11 -1.4E+10 1.83E+21
2 250 500 375 -1.4E+10 7.53E+10 -1.1E+21 33.33%
3 250 375 312.5 -1.4E+10 3.37E+10 -4.8E+20 20.00%
4 250 312.5 281.25 -1.4E+10 9.97E+09 -1.4E+20 11.11%
5 250 281.25 265.625 -1.4E+10 -2.1E+09 2.95E+19 5.88%

After 20 iterations, the root is determined as x = 268.328. This value can be substituted into Eq.
(P8.18) to compute the maximum deflection as

2.5
y= (−(268.328) 5 + 720,000(268.328) 3 − 1.296 × 1011 (268.328)) = −0.51519
120(50,000)30,000(600)

8.19 (a) The function to be solved is

f (t ) = 9e −0.7t cos(4t ) − 3.5

A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 0.25

10
5
0
-5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

-10

(b) The Newton-Raphson method can be set up as

9e −0.7ti cos(4t i ) − 3.5

t i +1 = t i −
− 36e −0.7ti sin( 4t i ) − 6.3 cos(4t i )e −0.7ti

Using an initial guess of 0.3,

i t f(t) f'(t) εa
0 0.3 -0.85651 -29.0483
1 0.270514 -0.00335 -28.7496 10.899824%
2 0.270398 -1.2E-07 -28.7476 0.043136%
3 0.270398 0 -28.7476 0.000002%

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 12

(c) The secant method can be implemented with initial guesses of 0.3,

i ti – 1 f(ti – 1) ti f(ti) εa
0 0.2 1.951189 0.4 -3.69862
1 0.4 -3.69862 0.269071 0.038125 48.66%
2 0.269071 0.038125 0.270407 -0.00026 0.49%
3 0.270407 -0.00026 0.270398 1.07E-07 0.0034%

8.20 Two solutions are immediately apparent. We can either solve for the H in the numerator

(Qn) 3 / 5 ( B + 2 H ) 2 / 5
H=
BS 3 / 10

or the denominator

1 ⎡ S 3 / 4 ( BH )5 / 2 ⎤
H= ⎢ 3/ 2
− B⎥
2 ⎣⎢ (Qn) ⎦⎥

Physical reasoning can be helpful in choosing between these alternatives. For most rivers and streams,
the width is much greater than the depth. Thus, the quantity B + 2H should not vary much. In fact, it should
be roughly equal to B. In comparison, BH is directly proportional to H. Consequently, the first alternative
should home in more rapidly on the root. This can be verified by substituting the brackets of H = 0 and 10
into both equations. For the first equation, the results are 0.6834 and 0.9012, which are both close to the
true value of 0.7023. In contrast, the results for the second alternative are −10 and 8,178, which clearly are
distant from the root. The superiority of the first version is further supported by component plots:

As in (a), the g(H) component for the first version is almost flat. Thus, it will not only converge, but
should do so rapidly. In contrast, as in (b), the g(H) component for the second version is almost vertical,
connoting strong and rapid divergence.

8.21 The solution can be formulated as

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⎛ 2πx ⎞ ⎛ 2π (12)48 ⎞ −x
0.5 = sin ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟+e
⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠

or

⎛π ⎞
f ( x) = sin ⎜ x ⎟ + e − x − 0.4
⎝8 ⎠

A plot of this function suggests a root at about 7:

1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 5 10 15
-1
-1.5
-2

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 6.954732.

8.22 The solution can be formulated as

i (1 + i ) 6
f (i ) = 25,000 − 5,500
(1 + i ) 6 − 1

A plot of this function suggests a root at about 0.086:

500

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-500

-1000

-1500

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 0.085595.

8.23 (a) The solution can be formulated as

(
f (t ) = 1.2 75,000e −0.045t + 100,000 − ) 300,000
1 + 29e −0.08t

A plot of this function suggests a root at about 40:

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 14

300000
200000
100000
0
-100000 0 20 40 60 80 100

-200000

(b) The false-position method can be implemented with the results summarized as

i tl tu f(tl) f(tu) tr f(tr) f(tl)×f(tr) εa

1 0 100.0000 200000 -176110 53.1760 -84245 -1.685E+10
2 0 53.1760 200000 -84245 37.4156 14442.8 2.889E+09 42.123%
3 37.4156 53.1760 14443 -84245 39.7221 -763.628 -1.103E+07 5.807%
4 37.4156 39.7221 14443 -763.628 39.6063 3.545288 5.120E+04 0.292%
5 39.6063 39.7221 4 -763.628 39.6068 0.000486 1.724E-03 0.001%

(c) The modified secant method (with δ = 0.01) can be implemented with the results summarized as

i ti f(ti) δti ti+δti f(ti+δti) f′(ti) εa

0 50 -66444.8 0.50000 50.5 -69357.6 -5825.72
1 38.5946 6692.132 0.38595 38.98053 4143.604 -6603.33 29.552%
2 39.6080 -8.14342 0.39608 40.00411 -2632.32 -6625.36 2.559%
3 39.6068 -0.00345 0.39607 40.00287 -2624.09 -6625.35 0.003%

For both parts (b) and (c), the root is determined to be t = 39.6068. At this time, the ratio of the
suburban to the urban population is 135,142.5/112,618.7 = 1.2.

8.24 First, we can generate a plot of the function:

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-50

-100

Thus, a zero value occurs at approximately x = 2.8. A numerical solution can be developed in a number
of ways. Using MATLAB, we would first formulate an M-file for the shear function as:

function f = V(x)
f=20*(sing(x,0,1)-sing(x,5,1))-15*sing(x,8,0)-57;

In addition, the singularity function can be set up as

function s = sing(x, a, n)
if x > a
s = (x - a) ^ n;
else
s = 0;
end

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 15

We can then either design our own M-file or use MATLAB’s built-in capabilities like the fzero
function. A session using the fzero function would yield a root of 2.85 as shown here,

>> x=fzero(@V,5)
x =
2.8500

8.25 First, we can generate a plot of the moment function:

150
100
50
0
-50 0 2 4 6 8 10

-100

Thus, a zero value occurs at approximately x = 5.8. A numerical solution can be developed in a number
of ways. Using MATLAB, we would first formulate an M-file for the moment function as:

function f = Mx(x)
f=-10*(sing(x,0,2)-sing(x,5,2))+15*sing(x,8,1)+150*sing(x,7,0)+57*x;

In addition, the singularity function can be set up as

function s = sing(x, a, n)
if x > a
s = (x - a) ^ n;
else
s = 0;
end

We can then either design our own M-file implementing one of the numerical methods in the book or
use MATLAB’s built-in capabilities like the fzero function. A session using the fzero function
would yield a root of 5.814 as shown here,

>> x=fzero(@Mx,5)
x =
5.8140

8.26 First, we can generate a plot of the slope function:

200
100
0
-100 0 2 4 6 8 10
-200
-300

Thus, a zero value occurs at approximately x = 3.9. A numerical solution can be developed in a number
of ways. Using MATLAB, we would first formulate an M-file for the slope function as:

function f = duydx(x)
f=-10/3*(sing(x,0,3)-sing(x,5,3))+7.5*sing(x,8,2)+150*sing(x,7,1)+57/2*x^2-238.25;

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 16

In addition, the singularity function can be set up as

function s = sing(x, a, n)
if x > a
s = (x - a) ^ n;
else
s = 0;
end

We can then either design our own M-file implementing one of the numerical methods in the book or
use MATLAB’s built-in capabilities like the fzero function. A session using the fzero function
would yield a root of 3.9357 as shown here,

>> x=fzero(@duydx,5)
x =
3.9357

8.27 (a) First, we can generate a plot of the slope function:

0 2 4 6 8 10
0

-200

-400

-600

Therefore, other than the end supports, there are no points of zero displacement.

(b) The location of the minimum can be determined by locating the zero of the slope function as
described in Prob. 8.26.

8.28 (a) The solution can be formulated as

⎡ 2 ⎤
1 ⎛ 280 ⎞
f (C ) = e − 280(0.05) /( 2(7.5)) cos ⎢ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (0.05)⎥ − 0.01
⎢ 7.5C ⎝ 2(7.5) ⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
or
⎡ 1 ⎤
f (C ) = 0.393241 cos ⎢ − 348.4444 (0.05)⎥ − 0.01
⎢⎣ 7.5C ⎥⎦

A plot of this function indicates a root at about C = 1×10–4.

3.E-01

0.E+00
0.E+00 1.E-04 2.E-04
-3.E-01

-6.E-01

(b) Bisection:

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 17

i Cl Cu Cr f(Cl) f(Cr) f(Cl)×f(Cr) εa

1 5.0000E-05 1.5000E-04 1.0000E-04 -3.02E-01 -9.35E-03 0.002823
2 1.0000E-04 1.5000E-04 1.2500E-04 -9.35E-03 8.00E-02 -0.00075 20.00%
3 1.0000E-04 1.2500E-04 1.1250E-04 -9.35E-03 3.88E-02 -0.00036 11.11%
4 1.0000E-04 1.1250E-04 1.0625E-04 -9.35E-03 1.57E-02 -0.00015 5.88%
5 1.0000E-04 1.0625E-04 1.0313E-04 -9.35E-03 3.44E-03 -3.2E-05 3.03%

After 14 iterations, the root is determined as 0.000102277 with an approximate error of 0.006%.

(c) In order to use MATLAB, we can first set up a function to hold the equation to be solved,

function f = prob0828(C)
t = 0.05; R = 280; L = 7.5; goal = 0.01;
f=exp(-R*t/(2*L))*cos(sqrt(1/(L*C)-(R/(2*L))^2)*t)-goal;

Here is the session that then determines the root,

>> format long

>> fzero(@prob0828,1e-4)
ans =
1.022726852565315e-004

8.29 The solution can be formulated as

f (t ) = 9e −t cos(2πt ) − 3.5

A plot of this function indicates a root at t = 0.175.

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5

-10

Using the Excel Solver and an initial guess of 0 yields a root of t = 0.173467.

8.30 The solution can be formulated as

2
f (N ) = 0 = −ρ
q⎛⎜ N + N 2 + 4ni2 ⎞⎟ μ
⎝ ⎠
where

−2.42
⎛ 1000 ⎞
μ = 1350⎜ ⎟ = 73.2769
⎝ 300 ⎠

Substituting this value along with the other parameters gives

2
f (N ) = 0 = − 6.5 × 106
−17 ⎛ 2 20 ⎞
1.24571 × 10 ⎜ N + N + 1.54256 × 10 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

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 18

A plot of this function indicates a root at about N = 9×109.

6.E+06
4.E+06
2.E+06
0.E+00
0.0E+00
-2.E+06 1.0E+10 2.0E+10

-4.E+06

(b) The bisection method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized as

i Nl Nu Nr f(Nl) f(Nr) f(Nl)×f(Nr) εa

1 5.000E+09 1.500E+10 1.000E+10 2.23E+06 -3.12E+05 -7E+11
2 5.000E+09 1.000E+10 7.500E+09 2.23E+06 7.95E+05 1.77E+12 33.333%
3 7.500E+09 1.000E+10 8.750E+09 7.95E+05 2.06E+05 1.63E+11 14.286%
4 8.750E+09 1.000E+10 9.375E+09 2.06E+05 -6.15E+04 -1.3E+10 6.667%
5 8.750E+09 9.375E+09 9.063E+09 2.06E+05 6.99E+04 1.44E+10 3.448%

After 15 iterations, the root is 9.228×109 with a relative error of 0.003%.

(c) The modified secant method (with δ = 0.01) can be implemented with the results summarized as

i Ni f(Ni) δNi Ni+δNi f(Ni+δNi) f′(Ni) εa

0 9.000E+09 9.672E+04 9.000E+07 9.09E+09 5.819E+04 -0.0004
1 9.226E+09 6.749E+02 9.226E+07 9.32E+09 -3.791E+04 -0.0004 2.449%
2 9.228E+09 -3.160E+00 9.228E+07 9.32E+09 -3.858E+04 -0.0004 0.017%
3 9.228E+09 1.506E-02 9.228E+07 9.32E+09 -3.858E+04 -0.0004 0.000%

8.31 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is

x
f ( x) = 0 = 1 − 3.59672
( x + 0.81)3 / 2
2

A plot indicates roots at about 0.22 and 1.5.

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-1

A numerical method can be used to determine that the roots are 0.22135 and 1.50979.

8.32 The solution can be formulated as

2
⎛ 2⎞
f (ω ) = 0 = 0.01333333 − 1.97531 × 10 − 5 + ⎜ 6 × 10 − 7 ω − ⎟
⎝ ω⎠

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 19

A plot of this function indicates a root at about ω = 150.

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000

-0.5

Note that the shape of the curve suggests that it may be ill-suited for solution with the false-position
method (refer to Fig. 5.14). This conclusion is borne out by the following results for bisection and false
position.

(b) The bisection method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized as

i ωl ωu ωr f(ωl) f(ωr) f(ωl)×f(ωr) εa

1 1 1000 500.5 -1.98667 0.007553 -0.01501
2 1 500.5 250.75 -1.98667 0.004334 -0.00861 99.601%
3 1 250.75 125.875 -1.98667 -0.00309 0.006144 99.206%
4 125.875 250.75 188.3125 -0.00309 0.001924 -6E-06 33.156%
5 125.875 188.3125 157.0938 -0.00309 -6.2E-05 1.93E-07 19.873%

After 13 iterations, the root is 157.9474 with an approximate relative error of 0.077%.

(c) The false-position method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized
as

i ωl ωu f(ωl) f(ωu) ωr f(ωr) f(ωl)×f(ωr) εa

1 1 1000.0 -1.98667 0.008674 995.7 0.00867 -0.01722
2 1 995.7 -1.98667 0.00867 991.3 0.008667 -0.01722 0.436%
3 1 991.3 -1.98667 0.008667 987.0 0.008663 -0.01721 0.436%
4 1 987.0 -1.98667 0.008663 982.8 0.00866 -0.01720 0.436%
5 1 982.8 -1.98667 0.00866 978.5 0.008656 -0.01720 0.435%

After 578 iterations, the root is 189.4316 with an approximate error of 0.0998%. Note that the true
error is actually about 20%. Therefore, the false position method is a very poor choice for this problem.

8.33 The solution can be formulated as

f ( f ) = 4 log10 Re ( )
f − 0.4 −
1
f

We want our program to work for Reynolds numbers between 2,500 and 1,000,000. Therefore, we must
determine the friction factors corresponding to these limits. This can be done with any root location method
to yield 0.011525 and 0.002913. Therefore, we can set our initial guesses as xl = 0.0028 and xu = 0.012.
Equation (5.5) can be used to determine the number of bisection iterations required to attain an absolute
error less than 0.000005,

⎛ Δx 0 ⎞
n = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = log 2 ⎛⎜ 0.012 − 0.0028 ⎞⎟ = 10.8454
⎜E ⎟ ⎝ 0.000005 ⎠
⎝ a, d ⎠

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 20

which can be rounded up to 11 iterations. Here is a VBA function that is set up to implement 11 iterations
of bisection to solve the problem. Note that because VBA does not have a built-in function for the common
logarithm, we have developed a user-defined function for this purpose.

Function Bisect(xl, xu, Re)

Dim xrold As Double, test As Double
Dim xr As Double, iter As Integer, ea As Double
Dim i As Integer
iter = 0
For i = 1 To 11
xrold = xr
xr = (xl + xu) / 2
iter = iter + 1
If xr <> 0 Then
ea = Abs((xr - xrold) / xr) * 100
End If
test = f(xl, Re) * f(xr, Re)
If test < 0 Then
xu = xr
ElseIf test > 0 Then
xl = xr
Else
ea = 0
End If
Next i
Bisect = xr
End Function

Function f(x, Re)

f = 4 * log10(Re * Sqr(x)) - 0.4 - 1 / Sqr(x)
End Function

Function log10(x)
log10 = Log(x) / Log(10)
End Function

This can be implemented in Excel. Here are the results for a number of values within the desired range. We
have included the true value and the resulting error to verify that the results are within the desired error
criterion of Ea < 5×10–6.

Re Root Truth Et
2500 0.011528320 0.011524764 3.56E-06
3000 0.010890430 0.010890229 2.01E-07
10000 0.007727930 0.007727127 8.02E-07
30000 0.005877148 0.005875048 2.10E-06
100000 0.004502539 0.004500376 2.16E-06
300000 0.003622070 0.003617895 4.18E-06
1000000 0.002912305 0.002912819 5.14E-07

8.34 The solution can be formulated as

2k 2 d 5 / 2 1
f (d ) = 0 = + k1d 2 − mgd − mgh
5 2

Substituting the parameter values gives

f (d ) = 0 = 16d 5 / 2 + 20,000d 2 − 931.95d − 400.7385

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 21

A plot of this function indicates a root at about d = 0.168.

250

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-250

-500

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is d = 0.166724.

8.35 The solution can be formulated as

f (T ) = 0 = −0.20597 + 1.671 × 10 −4 T + 9.7215 × 10 −8 T 2 − 9.5838 × 10 −11T 3 + 1.9520 × 10 −14 T 4

MATLAB can be used to determine all the roots of this polynomial,

>> format long

>> x=[1.952e-14 -9.5838e-11 9.7215e-8 1.671e-4 -0.20597];
>> roots(x)
ans =
1.0e+003 *
2.536837119097375 + 0.910501037132716i
2.536837119097375 - 0.910501037132716i
-1.289950382479250
1.126009750841876

The only realistic value is 1,126. This value can be checked using the polyval function,

>> polyval(x,1126)
ans =
-1.296516228432854e-006

8.36 The solution can be formulated as

g
f (θ 0 ) = (tan θ 0 ) x − x 2 + y0 − y
2v02 cos 2 θ 0

Substituting the parameter values gives

15.0215625
f (θ 0 ) = 0 = 35 tan (πθ0 / 180 ) − +1
cos 2 (πθ0 / 180 )

where θ0 is expressed in degrees. A plot of this function indicates roots at about θ0 = 27o and 61o.

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 22

10
5
0
-5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-10
-15

The Excel solver can then be used to determine the roots to higher accuracy. Using an initial guesses of 27o
and 61o yields θ0 = 27.2036o and 61.1598o, respectively. Therefore, two angles result in the desired
outcome. Note that the lower angle would probably be preferred as the ball would arrive at the catcher
faster.

8.37 This problem was solved using the roots command in MATLAB.

>> I=10+7+16;
>> II=10*7+10*16+7*16-14^2-25^2-15^2;
>> III=10*7*16-10*15^2-7*25^2-16*14^2+2*14*25*15;
>> c=[1 -I II -III]
c =
1 -33 -704 -1859
>> roots(c)
ans =
48.354283925405085
-12.204072966723880
-3.150210958681167

Therefore,

σ1 = 48.4 Mpa σ2 = −3.15 MPa σ3 = −12.20 MPa

8.38 The solution can be formulated as

m0
f (t ) = u ln − gt − v
m0 − qt

Substituting the parameter values gives

150,000
f (t ) = 2,000 ln − 9.81t − 750
150,000 − 2,700t

A plot of this function indicates a root at about t = 21.

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Because two initial guesses are given, a bracketing method like bisection can be used to determine the
root,

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 23

i tl tu tr f(tl) f(tr) f(tl)×f(tr) εa

1 10 50 30 -451.198 508.7576 -229550
2 10 30 20 -451.198 -53.6258 24195.86 50.00%
3 20 30 25 -53.6258 200.424 -10747.9 20.00%
4 20 25 22.5 -53.6258 67.66275 -3628.47 11.11%
5 20 22.5 21.25 -53.6258 5.689921 -305.127 5.88%
6 20 21.25 20.625 -53.6258 -24.2881 1302.471 3.03%
7 20.625 21.25 20.9375 -24.2881 -9.3806 227.8372 1.49%
8 20.9375 21.25 21.09375 -9.3806 -1.8659 17.50322 0.74%

Thus, after 8 iterations, the approximate error falls below 1% with a result of t = 21.09375. Note that if
the computation is continued, the root can be determined as 21.13242.

8.39 The solution can be formulated as

0.007158ω
f (ω ) = tan(ω / 3 − 1) −
1 − (ω / 34.119887) 2

A plot of this function indicates a root at about ω = 3.1.

0.5
0
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-1.5
-2

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is ω = 3.06637.

8.40 Excel Solver solution:

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 24

8.41 The problem reduces to finding the value of n that drives the second part of the equation to 1. In other
words, finding the root of

f ( n) =
n
n −1
( )
Rc ( n −1) / n − 1 − 1 = 0

Inspection of the equation indicates that singularities occur at x = 0 and 1. A plot indicates that
otherwise, the function is smooth.

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.5

-1

A tool such as the Excel Solver can be used to locate the root at n = 0.8518.

8.42 The following application of Excel Solver can be set up:

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 25

The solution is:

8.43 For this problem, two continuity conditions must hold. First, the flows must balance,

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (1)

Second, the energy balance must hold. That is, the head losses in pipes 1 and 3 must balance the
elevation drop between reservoirs A and C,

H L,1 + H L,3 = E A − EC (2)

The head losses for each pipe can be computed with

Li Vi 2
H L,i = fi (3)
Di 2 g

The flows and velocities are related by the continuity equation, which for a circular pipe is

4Qi
Vi = (4)
πDi2

Finally, the Colebrook equation relates the friction factor to the pipe characteristics as in

1 ⎛ ε 2.51 ⎞
= −2.0 log⎜ i + ⎟
⎜ ⎟
fi ⎝ 3.7 Di Rei f i ⎠

where ε = the roughness (m), and Re = the Reynolds number,

Vi Di
Rei =
νi

where ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s).

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIBRARY OF

WORK AND PLAY: HOUSEKEEPING ***
THE CHILDREN'S LIBRARY
OF WORK AND PLAY
Carpentry and Woodwork
By Edwin W. Foster.

Electricity and Its Everyday Uses

By John F. Woodhull, Ph.D.

Gardening and Farming

By Ellen Eddy Shaw.
Home Decoration
By Charles Franklin Warner, Sc.D.

Housekeeping
By Elizabeth Hale Gilman.

Mechanics, Indoors and Out

By Fred T. Hodgson.

Needlecraft
By Effie Archer Archer.

Outdoor Sports, and Games

By Claude H. Miller, Ph.B.

Outdoor Work
By Mary Rogers Miller.

Working in Metals
By Charles Conrad Sleffel.
 Photograph by Helen W. Cooke
Have You a Play-House?
The Library of Work and Play
HOUSEKEEPING
BY
ELIZABETH HALE GILMAN
 Garden City New York
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1911

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION

INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN

COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

"Look not thou down, but up!

To uses of a cup,
The festal board, lamp's flash and trumpet's peal,
The new wine's foaming flow,
The Master's lips a-glow!
Thou, Heaven's consummate cup, what need'st thou with
earth's wheel?"
 CONTENTS
PAGE
Part I.The Play House 1
Part II. Learning and Helping 41
Part III.My Heritage 61

CHAPTER
I. My Heritage 63
II. The Plan 69
III. The Accounts 87
IV. The Schedule 101
V. Possessions 115
VI. Care of Fittings and Furniture 121
VII. Upstairs Work 146
VIII. Dining-room and Pantry Work 160
IX. The Kitchen 188
X. The Cellar, Fires, Plumbing, etc. 208
XI. Menus and Marketing 244
XII. Cooking 274
XIII. Washing and Ironing 312
XIV. House Cleaning 337
XV. Emergencies 353
XVI. Servants 370
XVII. Martha 382
XVIII. The Inspiration 388
 ILLUSTRATIONS
Have You a Playhouse? Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
A Playhouse Somebody Else Has Made 14
Tidying 52
The Account Book 90
The Broom Closet 140
Straight and Smooth 150
Air, Sun, and Water 156
Order and Daintiness 164
Cooking 274
 PART I
THE PLAY-HOUSE
 THE PLAY-HOUSE
Monday, I wash my dollies' clothes,
And Tuesday, smoothly press them.
Wednesday, I mend their little hose,
And Thursday, neatly dress them.
Friday, I play they're very ill,
Saturday, something or other.
Sunday, I say, "Lie still,
I'm going to church with mother."

W HEN I was walking in a garden the other day, I saw a play-

house. And what do you suppose it was? A big tree with
humpy roots which stuck out of the ground, and low branches which
nearly touched the grass at the ends. You could not stand up
straight in the house if you were more than three feet tall, but as the
people who lived in the house were only about two feet eleven
inches, they did not mind that.
You should have seen the china-closet. It was under a bent root,
and all the dishes were white with violet markings. One might have
thought they were big and little and middling-sized clam-shells, if
one had not seen them in a china-closet.
There was a bedroom between two big roots. A doll was taking a
nap there, not on a pine-pillow, but on a whole bed of pleasant-
smelling pine needles which had dropped off a tree in the
neighbourhood. The mistress of the house was in the kitchen
cooking, and the kitchen, of course, was where the sun came
through a break in the branches. One must have a patch of sun in a
kitchen, for how can you bake without it? When I went into this
kitchen, there was a cake baking, with an ornament on the top that
looked quite like an acorn.
I was invited to stay for lunch, and I will tell you what we had:
First, there were brown-bread cutlets, and smooth white stone
potatoes, and a wonderful salad made of maple leaves and pepper-
grass. Then for dessert we had the cake I had seen baking, and
milk. The cake had a brown layer made from the garden beds and a
yellow layer made from the path, and was iced with white sand. You
will guess that the brown bread cutlets and the milk were what
people getting up plays call "practicable," which is just a grown-up
word for "really and truly."
A tree is one of the nicest play-houses a person can have. But
suppose it is a rainy day! We will play it is a rainy day, and we will go
and go until we get to a house with a steep roof. And we will go in,
and go upstairs, and then upstairs again until we get to a garret,
where we can see the rafters sloping to the ridge over our heads,
and the inside of the shingles. On the floor are trunks and boxes and
barrels, and all sorts of things are hanging from the rafters.
Sometimes we hear the pigeons running on the outsides of the
shingles and cooing under the eaves. It is a lonely sound. It is rather
dark, too, but we are brave, and we get past two saddles, and a row
of white petticoats, and a dim place where there are a lot of old
books with strange dark pictures in them, which one likes to be sure
are shut in tight. At last we get round a corner and find a gable with
a pointed window, and there is a play-house where a little girl and
eight dolls live. There are four rooms in the play-house, though if
you are not thinking, you may very likely walk right through the
walls and not know it. On one side of the window is a bedroom, and
on the other side is the kitchen. The dining room and the living room
are in the corners nearest the rest of the garret.
The little girl's big sister put up some pictures on the sloping
wooden walls to suit each room. One of them is very useful when
the little girl is deciding what to play. It is seven little pictures on a
card with verses to explain them. You can read the verses at the
beginning of this chapter; I am sorry the pictures are not there, too.
This little girl likes especially to play "Monday, I wash my dollies'
clothes"—because she has a tub and a washboard, and a wringer
that will really let buttons through, and clothespins and a clothes-
horse, and all the garret to put up lines in. Housework, you know, is
so much more fun if you have the right things to do it with.
"Tuesday, I neatly press them," is a good day, too, but
"Wednesday, I mend their little hose," is not. One cannot sit still and
make believe sew, for many minutes. When mother was told about
this trouble, she looked at the pictures and said, "Why, there's no
sweeping day! As soon as the stockings are mended on Wednesday,
you had better sweep, and tidy things up a little." Mother often
wants things "tidied up" when it isn't in the game. She says, she
does not keep her little girl's hat on the dining table, nor leave her
bed unmade, and she cannot have the dolls brought up that way
either.
The Friday game is one of the best. The two dolls that have night
dresses are most often sick. Of course, it is a great care to have a
doll sick, but it does make a great many interesting things to do. She
may need cold-water cloths, or a hot-water bottle, or a poultice, and
there is always medicine to give and meals to serve on a tray. Then
the bed should be made over often. The little girl who lives in this
play-house likes to have her dolls ill when she has company, because
then there is some one to be the doctor.
"Saturday something or other," usually means cooking, and that,
too, is a favourite game for company. Sometimes the little girl goes
down into the "really and truly" kitchen to market, or sometimes
mother sends up a little cake baked in a doll's pan. That makes a
very grand occasion. The table must be laid with all the dishes, and
napkins if possible, when there is a cake from the big kitchen.
 A great many things can happen in a garret play-house, besides
housekeeping. Sometimes it is so still up there, that one knows one
must be in a deep forest, or out on the plains; and, of course, in that
case, the cooking or nursing may be interrupted by a band of
robbers, or an attack from Indians, or one may have a visit from an
escaping prisoner, and besides, there are always long, dangerous
journeys to take through the garret. In fact, every time one hears a
new story, something unusual is likely to happen in the play-house.
Have you a play-house? I hope you have. Nowadays, when rents
are so high, and when many people live in flats and apartments, it is
often hard to get a play-house, but it can usually be managed in
some way. If we have a nursery or a play-room all our own, then it
is easy to have a play-house. We only have to get mother, or nurse
to give us a corner to fix as we like, and to advise us about sorting
things. Perhaps they will let us make the whole room into a play-
house, but we really can keep house nicely in a much smaller space
than that. The great point is to get the things together which belong
together. If the bedroom things stand together, that is all we need to
have a bedroom, and if the kitchen things are together, there is the
kitchen. If we have a dining table, why, there is the dining room,
and our living room can be anywhere where mother likes us to have
most of the chairs.
But even if we have not a play-room we can still have a house. I
know some clever dolls and their mother who keep house in the
cupboard part of an old-fashioned washstand. The way they manage
is to make the cupboard any room they wish to use. Monday
morning it is a laundry, and every night it is a bedroom, and if they
give a luncheon it is a dining room, and Saturday it is a kitchen.
They keep the furniture which does not suit the room they are using
in the drawer of the washstand which is over their heads.
I know another family who live under a dressing table. The legs
of the table show where the corners of their house are, and they
change the room into anything they need it for, as the other people
do.
 One little girl I know, whose name is Esther, lives in a flat and has
only a bureau drawer for her housekeeping things. This is quite
hard, for it means so much packing and unpacking, and parting with
things she would like to keep when the drawer gets too full. She has
to take her two dolls and a few things she thinks they will need into
the parlour or the bedroom and play house there. In the bedroom,
she plays it is night, because it is always nearly dark in there. Her
mother lets her play with her big grown-up beds and chairs and
stoves and irons. If she did not, Esther would have a hard time
keeping house for her dolls.
But it is not always the people who live in flats who have not
room for their things, is it? Sometimes after Christmas, or a birthday,
one just feels as if one were trying to keep house in a toy shop. The
best cure for this trouble is to give things away. Because—it is
dreadful to think about—there are people who have no dolls: and
there are people who have not so much as a tin cup to begin
housekeeping with; and there are little girls who have real babies to
look after, and real meals to cook who would just dearly love to have
the games and toys that have to be packed away in closets and
drawers because their owners have so many other things.
It is easy to say, give things away, but, my stars! how hard it is to
decide which to give. One just can't give away the new things, and
one feels so fond of the old ones, when one gets them out and looks
at them. The only way to part with them is to think of Saint Martin
cutting his cloak in two for the beggar, or something inspiring like
that. Even then one feels a little dreary.
Once there was a little girl whose family moved into a smaller
house. There was not room in her new play-house for the many
things she had in her old one. Some of them had to be given away.
One decision was so hard to make that she remembered about it
after she was a grown-up woman. There was a little green wagon
with yellow wheels, which she had always had, and which her older
sisters had played with before she was born, and there was a little
orange-coloured cart with four red wheels, which her father had
brought out from town, a week or two before, filled with soap.
Two wagons were too many for the new play-house, and mother
said keep the green one, because the other was only an
"advertisement"; and the older sisters said keep the green one,
because it was better and they had played with it; and father just
smiled and said, "You must decide."
When no one was looking, the little girl took the little orange-
coloured wagon with four red wheels, and the big letters round the
outside, which made it an "advertisement," and put it in the box
mother was packing for some other children, and it hurt so to do it
that she could not quite help crying.
Some of us are troubled more with having too few things than too
many, are we not? We can make a game of getting out of this
trouble. We must all be discoverers and inventors, and if there is
something needed in the play-house, we must keep our eyes wide
open to see what else will do or what we can find to make into the
thing we want. It spoils the hunt, and the surprise, if some one else
tells you what to do, but one or two little things will show what the
game is like. For instance, if it is a bed you need, try a strong
pasteboard box, not very deep. If you mind its having no legs, then
you must go on a journey and have it a berth on a car or a ship.
A cigar-box makes a good trunk for a small doll, especially the
boxes which have trays in them. A doll with a cigar-box trunk will
never have moths in her clothes.
Paper napkins are useful for dolls' tablecloths, and for napkins
when they are cut into small squares. They will even do for sheets, if
mother cannot spare us white "pieces" that are big enough. A
bandanna handkerchief, or a scrap of bright calico, makes a good
bedquilt.
Shells we have brought home from a day at the beach are
convenient for dishes. Radiators are splendid stoves. And did you
ever find out how much closet room there is under a bed? With the
help of a few pins, one can hang all the dolls' clothes from the
springs, and shut them in with the counterpane, if it happens to be a
long one. But if mother does not want you to do this, you mustn't.
You will be able to make a great many discoveries and inventions,
if you think what you want, and then think what to make it out of.
But the best and most wonderful thing about a play-house is, that if
we have to, we can make one anywhere, or out of anything. Once,
two little girls wrote home about a visit they had paid, "We had two
rag dolls and we played house." Even one little girl, without so much
as a rag doll, can have a play-house. She has only to imagine, that
is, pretend, and there it is—with rooms, and staircases, and people,
and everything needful. It can be big or little; and in the country or
in the city. She can do the washing, or give a dinner party; take care
of a sick doll, or work in the garden, just as she pleases. It is easier
and happier to play with the pleasant things people give us, and to
be able to see and touch most of the things in our play-houses, but
we always want some imagined things, too. And if it should happen
that we are in a place where we "have nothing to play with," then
we can imagine and pretend, and go and play in the play-house we
always have with us. In a second, we can build it into a wigwam, or
a palace, or a cave, or a great castle, or it can be just the house we
live in when we are at home.

Sometimes, when we have played a good while in the play-house,

we feel tired, and if it isn't a nap we want, perhaps it is that we
would like to go and play in a play-house somebody else has made.
We need not take a journey to do this, we only need some one to
tell us a story, or a story-book to read to ourselves. We might choose
to read "Cinderella," for that is the princess of housekeeping stories,
or it may be that we will find one we like, if we go on reading this
book.
 IRISH STEW
Do you ever have Irish Stew for luncheon? Most Irish Stews are a
good deal alike, but this is the story of one that was different.
Once upon a time there was an Irishman who lived in a little two-
roomed hut on the edge of a bog. All day, he cut peats in the bog,
for that is the way he made his living. It was not a very good living;
in fact, he was very poor indeed. At night, when he came back to
the hut, there were often only a few potatoes for supper, which he
boiled in a pot over the fire. His old father had died a few years
before, and that was the reason he lived alone.