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Uge36-Mandag

The document outlines the history of interactive computing from 1929 to the 2010s, highlighting key technological developments and their impact on human-computer interaction (HCI). It discusses significant inventions such as the differential analyzer, ENIAC, and the introduction of the mouse and graphical user interfaces, emphasizing the evolution of user interfaces over time. The document also notes the shift towards ubiquitous computing and the rise of social media and smartphones in the 2000s and 2010s.

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13 views54 pages

Uge36-Mandag

The document outlines the history of interactive computing from 1929 to the 2010s, highlighting key technological developments and their impact on human-computer interaction (HCI). It discusses significant inventions such as the differential analyzer, ENIAC, and the introduction of the mouse and graphical user interfaces, emphasizing the evolution of user interfaces over time. The document also notes the shift towards ubiquitous computing and the rise of social media and smartphones in the 2000s and 2010s.

Uploaded by

menohax221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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History of Interactive Computing

HCI Fall 2021 – Clemens Nylandsted Klokmose


Learning goals

• Become historically aware and interested!


• Know the central technological ideas and developments important
for HCI (1929~2010s)
• Understand that the technology we use now is based on ideas often
more than 50 years old
• Articulate how the user interface and who interacts with computers
have changed over time
The di erential analyzer, Bush & Hazen, MIT, 1929
ff
ENIAC, University of Pennsylvania, 1945
Vannevar Bush, 1945
The Memex
?, 1947
The transistor, 1947
1950s
MIT Lincoln Labs TX-2, 1958
DEC PDP-1, 1959
1960s
Spacewar! on a DEC PDP-1, 1962
Try it! https://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/
Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad on a TX-2, 1962
Sketchpad features

• Direct manipulation of geometric shapes (in 1962!)


• Contraints
• Continuous zoom
• Click-and-drag

• Ancestor to modern computer-aided design (CAD)


NLS / Augment - Douglas Engelbart 1968

First use of a mouse Bimanual interaction

Collaborative editing of hypertext Video communication


Ivan Sutherland’s VR prototype 1968
1970s
Alan Kay’s Dynabook vision, 1972
Xerox Alto & Smalltalk, Xerox PARC, 1970s
Book recommendation
Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age
Some inventions at Xerox PARC in the 1970s

• Personal computer
• GUI
• Laser printing
• Ethernet
• WYSIWYG interfaces (Bravo word processor)
• Object-oriented programming*

*Nygaard and Dahl’s Simula was technically the first OO language


The “1977 Trinity” of home computers
Commodore PET 2001, Apple II, and TRS-80 Model I
VisiCalc, VisiCorp, 1979
Also in 1979
Steve Jobs gets
demo of the Alto &
Smalltalk
From the movie Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)
1980s
Xerox Star, 1981
WIMP paradigm
Windows, Icons, Menu, Pointer

• Applications running in windows


• Icons representing documents and applications
• The desktop
• Menu’s for organising commands
• The mouse as a pointing device
Macintosh, Apple, 1984
VR, NASA, 1985
GRoup Outline Viewing Editor (GROVE), Ellis & Gibbs, 1989
Ubiquitous Computing, Xerox PARC, 1989
The most profound technologies are those that
disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of
everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.

Machines that t the human environment, instead of forcing


humans to enter theirs, will make using a computer as
refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.

For thirty years, most interface design, and most computer design, has been
headed down the path of the “dramatic” machine. Its highest ideal is to make a
computer so exciting, so wonderful so interesting, that we never want to be without
it. A less-traveled path I call the “invisible”; its highest ideal is to make a computer
so imbedded, so tting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it.
fi
fi
ParcTab and ParcPad
1990s
World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, CERN, 1990
• More people got Internet connection at home
• Microsoft had succes with WIMP with Windows 3.1
• Netscape Navigator popularised the Web
1990s • JavaScript invented at Netscape in 1995!
• Massive increase in power and graphics
capabilities of home computers
• Mobile phones and SMS became popular
• Google went online in 1998
2000s
“Web 2.0” and social media
Communication and collaboration
Smartphones becoming ubiquitous
Bodily interaction
2010s
Apple’s iPad, 2010
Apple’s iPad Dynabook?
Large displays, tabletops, and cross-device interaction, 2010
Level 6
?

?
?
.

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