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The document outlines various problems related to cellular system design, including frequency reuse, signal-to-interference ratio calculations, and channel allocation strategies. It discusses the impact of cluster size and path loss on system performance, as well as practical considerations for implementing cellular networks. Additionally, it provides mathematical problems and scenarios for analyzing cellular network capacity and interference management.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views1
The document outlines various problems related to cellular system design, including frequency reuse, signal-to-interference ratio calculations, and channel allocation strategies. It discusses the impact of cluster size and path loss on system performance, as well as practical considerations for implementing cellular networks. Additionally, it provides mathematical problems and scenarios for analyzing cellular network capacity and interference management.
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ranjeet9559kCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 23
Problems
3.9 Problems
exagonal geometry, the co-channel reuse ratio is given by @ = /3N,, where
AAI Prove that fora
N=i?+ ij+)®, Hint: Use the cosine law and the hexagonal cell geometry.
t 24 ed together to provide a new
3.2* If two independent voltage signals, v1(¢) and v2(#), are added toget
sulting signal, prove that unde certain conditions the resulting signal as the same power
u individual powers. What are these conditions? What special conditions
as the sum of 1 a
must apply for this result to be valid when the signals are uncorrelated:
(33 Show th
average n
cellular service provider:
frequency reuse factor for a cellular system is given by I/S, where k is the
smber of channels per cell and S is the total number of channels available to the
44 1£20 MHZ of total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular system and each sim=
plex channel has 25 kHz RF bandwidth, find:
(@)_the number of dup!
x channels,
cell rouse is used,
(©) the total number of channels per cell sit, if
35 A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a signal-
torimerference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Find the optimal value of N for
(a) omnidirectional antennas, (b) 120° sectoring, and (¢) 60° sectoring. Should sectoring be
used? If so, which case (60° or 120°) should be used? (Assume a path loss exponent of n= 4
and consider trunking efficiency.)
You are asked to determine the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR or C/1) on the forward link
of a cellular system, when the mobile is located on the fringe of its serving cell. Assume
that all cells have equal radi, and that base stations have equal power and are located in the
ters of each cell, Also assume that each cell transmits an indepenclent signal, such that
imterfering signal powers may be added, Let us define a “tier” of cells as being the collec-
tion of co-channel cells that are more-or-less the same distance away Trom the mobile Tn the
“serving cell. This problem explores the impact of the cluster size (ie, frequency reuse dis-
ce), The number of tiers used in the calculation of C/I and the effect of the Propagation
path loss exponent on C/L
(@) What is the average distance (in terms of R) between the mobile on the fringe of the
serving cell and the first tier of co-channel cells? (These cells are called the “nearest
neighbors") How many cells are located in the first tier? Solve for the case of N= 1,
N=3,N=4,N=7,:nd.N = 12 cluster sizes. How does the average distance compare to
the value of D = OR, where Q = ./3N?
(®) What is the average distance (in terms of R) between the mobile on the fringe of the
serving cell and the second and thied tier of co-channel cells, and how many cells are in
the second and third tier of co-channel cells for the cases of N'= 1, N=3,N = 4, N
and N= 12 cluster sizes?
(©) Determine the forward link C/l for the following frequency reuse designs: N= 1, =
N=4,N=7, and NV
evaluate the S/l cont
of co-channel cells. Indicate the number
tion tothe interference atthe mobile,
(® Repeat par (c, except now considera line-of-sight pal los exponeot Behe Noise
‘he hu8s impact tat the propagation path loss exponent has on /. What ean you say
= 12. Assume that the propagation path loss exponent is four, and.
ribution due to just the firs tier and then due to additional outer tiers
of tiers at which there is a diminishing contribu- Problems
(a). Assuming that a mobile is located at the boundary of the cell (worst case situation), compute
the contribution of co-channel base stations in each tier to the total co-channel interference
received at the mobile
Also, compute the signal-to-interference ratio (S/R) at the mobile when only the first T
tiers are considered, with T= 1, 2, and 3 (all tiers).
‘Assume that the power received at distance d from the transmitting antenna
nat:
where P, is the transmitted power and n is the path loss exponent, Also, assume that:
+ the mobile and base stations are equipped with omnidirectional antennas,
+ all base stations are located at the center of the cells and transmit the same power
level, and
+ all cells have the same radius (R).
Present the results for cluster size N= 1, 3,4, and 7 and path loss exponents n = 2, 3, and 4.
given by
(b) Suppose that you are asked to analyze co-channel interference on the forward link of a
cellular system with the same characteristics as the system in part (a). In order to reduce
the complexity of the analysis (or the computation time, if your analysis is based on sim-
ulation), you want to consider as few as possible tiers of co-channel base stations. On the
other hand, you want to obtain accurate results from your analysis. Based on the results
of part (a), determine the number of tiers that you would use in your co-channel interfer-
ence analysis for cluster sizes N = 1,3, 4, and 7, and path loss exponents n = 2,3, and 4.
Assume that you can tolerate an error of 0.5 dB in the computation of SIR with respect to
the true value of S/R. Explain and justify your decision.
3.10 A total of 24 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system
that uses two 30 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels.
‘Assume each cell phone user generates 0.1 Erlangs of traffic. Assume Erlang B is used.
(a) Find the number of channels in each cell for a four-cell reuse system.
() If each cell is to offer capacity that is 90% of perfect scheduling, find the maximum
number of users that can be supported per cell where omnid antennas are used
at each base station. bei
(c) What is the blocking probabil t
users are available in the user pc
(a) If each new cell now uses 120? sect
‘What isthe new total number
probability as in (c)?
(€) Ifeach cell covers five square
in an urban market that is 50 1
antennas? ‘
(f) [each cell covers five square kilon
an urban market that is $0 km:
Fora N=7 system with a P
the traffic capacity 1oss due | D=2000m
42
dy ‘
Figure P3.7 Cellular system with two base stations,
About the cluster size, path loss exponent, and the CII values which result? How wouig
this impact practical wireless system design?
457 Suppose that a mobile station is moving along a straight line between base Stations BS, and
PS a8 shown in Figure P3,7, The distance between the base stations is D= 2000 m. For
y Ped) = Py 10n ipso, dy) (Bm) i=1,2 t
pre cats i he chien ea sang in meters. Py is the received
i tn ea Ast tr
Peabo whichis ssmed oe cua ee
Assume the minim
thetcay tt SSPADIe voize quay a the base station
Se Etd byte swichtorinarr nee:
tt SUPP Spad ear
vet, Signal re ee ore nin ea
ener
; mn effective radi
sjenansourinescach-iinan COSC ai
anes ane ai” STGHORTS gy pedecae, The ae of
sas adm ero THe ta ming HA al ae
e sited to be a probability and each user averages two calls
yo minutes.
ad its maximum capacity and must be split
city in the same area. (a) What is the
.e radius and transmit power of the
service is est
Tear). Assume the averae call Tength is 1
assume the cell has just reael
perour. Fresco provide four times the CAPA
Be rons o pore fur mes 1 SC
ent cpa of te "Radio Kaa 17 7 Tg each of the new cells msn
new eal? (6) Hoa iy in he system (df trafic i uniformly distributed, what is the
frequen regred by cach nev: cell? Will he probability of blocking in these new cells be
telew 0.1 afer the split? Assume 57 channels are used at the original base station and the
split eels
3.13 A certain aenis covered bya cellular radio system with 84 cells and a cluster size NV. 300
voice channels are available forthe system, Users are uniformly distributed over the area
Covered by the cellular system, and the offered traffic per user is 0.04 Erlang. Assume that
‘locked calls are cleared and the designated blocking probability is P, = 1%.
(©) Detemine the maximum carried trafic per cel if eluster size N= 4 is used. Repeat for
cluster sizes '=7 and 12
(6) Determine the maximum number of users that can be served by
‘users that can y the system for a blocking
probability of 1% and cluster size N'= 4, Repeat for cluster sizes N= 7 and 12.
314 The of Te in a cellular
‘Teor taicin lular communication tem can be specified by the average cll
auienn easy as holding time) and call request rate 2. The quantities H and 4
Sty eae the of wl ns paula call f we asime that mobiles area
cette eae util devi he es of mobile stations that ss
call duration and call request rate.
3.15 Execs in unking (queveing theory:
(a) What is the maximur z
am system capacity ‘ch
ing 2 blocking probably with fourm ag
(b) How many users can it ‘
Hot Despore with 0 channels a
© Ving tna
ToS em ec fins ig
the GOS forfour dam
(@) Comparing par (3) ana
a
‘signal aee
rl ed hy ae ut Sea
Operates with the same channe| ee
mind fae ms be
erage pal
"ads ofeach cel it seaenay POMER |
cell reuse pattern is used? S 101
4.17 A cellular system using a cluster size of seven is described in Problem 3.16, It is operated with
{660 channels, 30 of which are designated as setup (control) channels so that there are about
0 voice channels available per cell, If there is a potential user density of 9000 users/km? in the
system, and each user makes an average of one call per hour and each call lasts 1 minute during
peak hours, determine the probability that a user will experience a delay greater than 20 seconds if
all calls are queued.
4.18 Show that ifn =4, a cell can be spit into four smaller cells, each with half the radius and 1/16
‘ofthe transmitter power of the original cell. If extensive measurements show that the path loss
exponent is three, how should the transmitter power be changed in order to split cel into four
smaller cells? What impact will this have on the cellular geometry? Explain your answer and
provide drawings that show how the new cells would fit within the original macrocells. For
simplicity use omnidirectional antennas.
3,19 Using the frequency assignment chart in Table 3.2, design a channelization scheme for a B-
side carrier that uses four-cell reuse and three sectors per cell. Include an allocation scheme
for the 21 control channels.
4.20 Repeat Problem 3.19 for the case of four-cell reuse and six sectors per cell.
321 In practical cellular radio systems, the MSC is programmed to allocate radio channels differently
‘overtime for the closest co-channel cells. This technique, called a hunting sequence, ensures that
co-channel cells first use different channels from within the co-channel set before the same
Channels are assigned to calls in nearby cells. This minimizes co-channel interference when the
cellular system is not fully loaded. Consider three adjoining clusters, and design an algorithm that
may be used by the MSC to hunt for appropriate channels when requested from co-channel cells,
‘Assume a seven-cell reuse pattem with three sectors per cell, and use the U.S. cellular channel
allocation scheme for the A-side carrer.
4.22 Determine the noise floor (in dBm) for mobile receivers which implement the following.
standards: (a) AMPS, (b) GSM, (6) USDC, (4) DECT, (e) 15-95, and (f) CT2. Assume all
receivers have a noise figure of 10 dB. aD a
voni 080m
3.23 Ifa base station provides a signal 9
of the mobile receivers described int
3.24 From first principles, derive the
3.25 Carefully analyze the tradeoff
trunking efficiency, since
total available channels per
per cell. Your analysis may involve:
point when sectoring is not
3.26 Assume each user of a single b
hour, each call lasting an ave sZ
a Collier Concopt System Deaton hy
Reena 3° The ‘lamang,
Chop
102
ter of users that could use the system with 1% blocking if fy
(©) Find the number
ve tka
Se ae (is suddenly doubled, what i the new Hat
5 1 found in (6) is led,
3 ee ahah eI W/L ial EttadYaathl'rhlo syateha? WOGId th be accept
performance? Justify why or why not.
3.27 The US. AMIS brn ace OME ot pes te 000 Mz raves sat gear
sume F¥0 of hse cul ae cool chanel. The Forward chanel fegue
exactly 45 MHz greater than the reverse channel frequency.
(2) 1s the AMPS system simples, haluple, oF duplex? What isthe bandwidth or, as
channe and how sit distributed between the base station and the subscriber?
(©) Assune ive ston transmits contol information on channel 352,
$80,560 MHz, What is the transmission frequency of a subscriber unit
channel 3527
(©) The A-side and B-side el
of yoice channels and
Operating at
transmiting on
lular carriers evenly split the AMPS channels. Fi
amber of control channels for each carrier,
(Lets suppose you are chet engineer ofa cellu
ind the number
al cell Coverage, what isthe distance
“even-cell reuse? For fourcell reuse? f re
103
BW = 120°
BW =60°
Radiation pattern
Radiation pattern
{ antenna gain
antenna gain
ii 1
1 (60. @ (degrees)
/ 60 @ (degrees), -60
Figure P3.28a Radiation pattems for BW/= 60° and BW/= 120°.
Cluster size N= 3
‘mobile station mobile station
(worst case)
arding co-channel in
10 or exceeds 18.7 dB). a
104
3.29
Chapter 3 + The Cellular Concept—System Design Fundamentai,
the cluster size used and the number of sectors per cell. Use the expression above to ¢
e
compute the minimum SIR. Se
configuration (N= 3, 4 and three and six sectors per cell), determine le maximum
* elie per Sa blocking probability of 2% and 300 voice channels availabe in he
‘system. Assume that users are uniformly distributed over the service area and, therefore, all
sectors are assigned an equal number of channels. “
i ild a U.S. cellular system (the application cost
Pretend your company won a license to build a U.S. cel
for the license was only $500!), Your license is to cover 140 square km. Assume a base sta-
() How many base stations (:e, cell sites) will You be able to install for $6 million?
(©) Assuming the earth is flat and subscribers are uniformly distributed on the ground, what
sleet tn You make about the coverage area ofeach of ‘Your cell sites? What is the
sree ls of each of your cells, assuming a hexagonal mosaic?
Assume that the average customer will Pay $50 per month over a four year period,
©
@ 4. ————
Figure P4.9 Illustration of two-ray ground reflection model.
4,12 Compare the received power for the exact (Equation (4.47)) and approximate (Equation (4.52))
expressions for the two-ray ground reflection model, Assume the height of the transmitter is 40
‘m and the height of the receiver is 3 m. The frequency is 1800 MHz, and unity gain antennas are
‘used, Plot the received power for both models continuously over the range of 1 km to 20 km,
assuming the ground reflection coefficient of ~1 for horizontal polarization.
4,13 Redo Problem 4.12 for the case where the ground reflection coefficient is 1 (e.g. vertical
polarization).
Assuming a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter. The carrier frequency is
1900 MHz, free space propagation is assumed, G, = 1, G, =2, find: (a) the power at the receiver;
(6) the magnitude ofthe E-field at the receiver antenna; (c) the open-circuit rms voltage applied to
the receiver input assuming that the receiver antenna has a purely real impedance of 50 €2 and is
‘matched to the receiver; (d) find the received power at the mobile using the two-ray ground reflec-
tion model. assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m, receiving antenna is 1Sm
414
4.15
4.16 170
tex
ke ss
4B ¥
th
i
A
*
»
Figure P46. Knife-edge geometry for Problem 4.16.
(4.
: the received f
=10W,6,=10dB, G,=3 dB and L= 1 dB at 900 MHZ, compute t ae i
oe tecge Geomey shown in Figure P4.19, Compare this value with the theoreti fr
space received power if an obstruction did not exist. What is the path loss due to diffraction fr 425 s
thiscase?
420 Ifthe geometry and all ober system parameters remain exactly the same in Problem 4.19, bitte rec
frequency is changed, redo Problem 4.19 for the case of (a) f= 50 MHz and (b) f= 1900 MHz
421 Path oss model: During the frst month of work, you get an assignment to perform a measu-
‘mst campaign estimate the channel path loss exponent for a new wireless product. You pe- wh
formed field measurements and collected the following data on
Reference path los: Pl) rs
Pathos measurements: PL(4),.. PLy(d, at distances: dy. dy } na
Us : :
emer
