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DB Transaction in DBMS

The document outlines the four properties of transactions in a database: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, which ensure data integrity and consistency. It explains how each property functions, including the importance of executing transactions fully (Atomicity), maintaining integrity constraints (Consistency), preventing concurrent access (Isolation), and ensuring permanent changes (Durability). Additionally, it describes the various states a transaction can be in, such as Active, Partially Committed, Committed, Failed, and Aborted.

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11 views7 pages

DB Transaction in DBMS

The document outlines the four properties of transactions in a database: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, which ensure data integrity and consistency. It explains how each property functions, including the importance of executing transactions fully (Atomicity), maintaining integrity constraints (Consistency), preventing concurrent access (Isolation), and ensuring permanent changes (Durability). Additionally, it describes the various states a transaction can be in, such as Active, Partially Committed, Committed, Failed, and Aborted.

Uploaded by

faiziikanwal47
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transaction property

The transaction has the four properties. These are used to maintain
consistency in a database, before and after the transaction.

Property of Transaction
1. Atomicity
2. Consistency
3. Isolation
4. Durability
Atomicity
It states that all operations of the transaction take place at
once if not, the transaction is aborted.

o There is no midway, i.e., the transaction cannot occur partially.


Each transaction is treated as one unit and either run to completion
or is not executed at all.

Atomicity involves the following two operations:

Abort: If a transaction aborts then all the changes made are not
visible.

Commit: If a transaction commits then all the changes made are


visible.

Example: Let's assume that following transaction T consisting of T1


and T2. A consists of Rs 600 and B consists of Rs 300. Transfer Rs
100 from account A to account B.

T1 T2

Read(A) Read(B)
A:= A-100 Y:= Y+100
Write(A) Write(B)

After completion of the transaction, A consists of Rs 500 and B


consists of Rs 400.

If the transaction T fails after the completion of transaction T1 but


before completion of transaction T2, then the amount will be
deducted from A but not added to B. This shows the inconsistent
database state. In order to ensure correctness of database state,
the transaction must be executed in entirety.

Consistency
The integrity constraints are maintained so that the
database is consistent before and after the transaction.

o The execution of a transaction will leave a database in either


its prior stable state or a new stable state.
o The consistent property of database states that every
transaction sees a consistent database instance.
o The transaction is used to transform the database from one
consistent state to another consistent state.

For example: The total amount must be maintained before or after


the transaction.

Total before T occurs = 600+300=900

1. Total after T occurs= 500+400=900

Therefore, the database is consistent. In the case when T1 is


completed but T2 fails, then inconsistency will occur.

Isolation
It shows that the data which is used at the time of execution
of a transaction cannot be used by the second transaction
until the first one is completed.

o In isolation, if the transaction T1 is being executed and using


the data item X, then that data item can't be accessed by any other
transaction T2 until the transaction T1 ends.
o The concurrency control subsystem of the DBMS enforced the
isolation property.
Durability
The durability property is used to indicate the performance
of the database's consistent state. It states that the
transaction made the permanent changes.

o They cannot be lost by the erroneous operation of a faulty


transaction or by the system failure. When a transaction is
completed, then the database reaches a state known as the
consistent state. That consistent state cannot be lost, even in the
event of a system's failure.
o The recovery subsystem of the DBMS has the responsibility of
Durability property.
o

States of Transaction
o

In a database, the transaction can be in one of the following states -

o
Active state

o The active state is the first state of every transaction. In


this state, the transaction is being executed.
o For example: Insertion or deletion or updating a record
is done here. But all the records are still not saved to the database.

o Partially committed

o In the partially committed state, a transaction executes


its final operation, but the data is still not saved to the database.
o In the total mark calculation example, a final display of
the total marks step is executed in this state.

Committed

A transaction is said to be in a committed state if it executes


all its operations successfully. In this state, all the effects
are now permanently saved on the database system.

Failed state

o If any of the checks made by the database recovery


system fails, then the transaction is said to be in the failed state.
o In the example of total mark calculation, if the database
is not able to fire a query to fetch the marks, then the transaction
will fail to execute.
o
o

o Aborted

o If any of the checks fail and the transaction has reached


a failed state then the database recovery system will make sure that
the database is in its previous consistent state. If not then it will
abort or roll back the transaction to bring the database into a
consistent state.
o If the transaction fails in the middle of the transaction
then before executing the transaction, all the executed transactions
are rolled back to its consistent state.
o After aborting the transaction, the database recovery
module will select one of the two operations:

1. Re-start the transaction


2. Kill the transaction

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