TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

401065
ELECTRIC MACHINES

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Vo Cong Phuong

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0948856188

1
 TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 4

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Vo Cong Phuong

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0948856188

2
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

3
 OBJECTIVES

Ø Know and remember the construction,

working principle and applications of
synchronous machines
Ø Understand the equivalent circuit and
power flow
Ø Apply to calculate the currents, voltages,
energy efficiency and determine machines
parameters.
Ø Analysis operational characteristics
4
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

5
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.1. Introduction
Ø Synchronous machines are AC machines, which
is called “synchronous” because the rotating air
gap field and the rotor speed are the same.
nr = n1 = nsyn
Ø Synchronous generators are used to convert
mechanical power derived from steam, gas, or
hydro-turbine to AC electric power.
Ø Synchronous generators are the primary source
of electrical energy we consume today
6
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.1. Introduction
Ø Synchronous motors
are built in large units
compare to induction
motors and used for
constant speed industrial
drivers.

7
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.1. Introduction

8
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.1. Introduction

2-pole 3000rpm Synchronous Generator (For Steam Turbines)

9
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Stator:
§ The stator had a similar construction as that of
a 3-phase induction motor.
§ The 3-phase stator winding is named “armature
winding”.
§ Stator winding generates rotating MMF

10
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Stator:

11
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Rotor: (field winding)
§ Excited with DC
§There two types of rotor
- Cylindrical rotors
- Salient pole rotors
§ Cylindrical rotors are used in higher speed, higher
power applications such as turbo generator. Using 2 or 4
poles, at 3000 or 1500 rpm (with 50Hz system)
§ Salient poles are used in large power, low speed
applications, including hydro-generators, or slower speed
machines. 12
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Rotor: (field winding)

Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole

13
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Rotor: (field winding)

Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole

14
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Rotor: (field winding)

Cylindrical vs. Salient Pole 15

 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction

Cylindrical Rotor 16
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Rotor: (field winding)
§ Two common approaches are used to supply a DC
current to the field circuits on the rotating rotor:

• By slip rings and

brushes
• Supply the DC power
from a special DC
power source mounted
directly on the shaft of
the machine
17
Slip rings and brushes
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.2. Construction
Ø Rotor: (field winding)

A rotor of large
synchronous machines
with a brushless exciter
mounted on the same
shaft.

18
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator:

19
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator:
Ø

20
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator:
Ø A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field
develops an electromotive force EMF:

E A  4, 44. f .N c . nm . p
f 
120
Where EA - Emf per phase stator winding
Nc - turns of per phase stator winding
 - air gap flux
f - the electrical frequency, Hz
nm - rotor speed for synchronous, r.p.m
p - the number of poles 21
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator:
Ø When a load is connected, 3-phase currents flow
in 3 stator windings will create a rotating magnetic
field with synchronous speed nsync = nm : rotor speed
Ø Armature Reaction
§ The effect of Armature (stator) flux on the flux produced
by the rotor field poles is called Armature Reaction.
§ This armature flux reacts with the main pole flux,
causing the resultant flux to become either less than or
more than the original main field flux.
22
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator: Fr

Ø Armature Reaction at PF=1

a
 Cross Magnetizing Flux
y N z

n
Fa
c b
+ +
S 23
+
x
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator:
ØArmature Reaction PF=0 Lagging
a
The direction of the n
armature reaction y N z
flux is opposite to the
m a i n f i e l d f l u x . Ft
Therefore, it will Fö
oppose and weaken c b
the main field flux. It + +
S
is said to be
+
demagnetized. x 24
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator:
ØArmature Reaction at PF=0 Leading
a
The direction of the n y z
armature reaction
flux is in the
Fr
direction of main Fa

N
S

field flux. It is known

c b
as magnetizing + +
flux
+
25
x
 4.1. OVERVIEW

4.1.3. Working principles of synchronous

generator: Fr
ØArmature Reaction Nature a q axis
n
When the generator y z
supplies a load, at N Faq
lagging power (or leading
power) the armature Fa
reaction is partly
c Fad b
demagnetizing (or partly + S +
magnetizing) and partly
cross-magnetizing +
x d axis 26
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

27
 4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR

Ø The equivalent circuit of cylindrical

rotor generator in per phase:

V&p  E&A  I&A ( RA  jX s ) RA : armature

resistance /phase

V p 0  E A  I A   ( RA  jX s ) Xs : synchronous

reactance / phase 28
 4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR

Ø Phasor diagram

P.F lagging EA P.F leading

EA
IA
s


IA .X

I A.


Xs
 V IA .
 R
A 
I A.R
A
 V 29
IA
 4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR

Ø Phasor diagram

How is the phasor when

Unity P.F?

30
 4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR

Ø Power and Torque

PCL = 3. I2A. RA

Rotational loss 31
 4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR

Ø Power and Torque

§ The applied mechanical power

is partially converted to electricity

 is the angle between EA and IA.

§ The real output power of the synchronous

generator is:
32
 4.2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF
SYNCHONOUS GENERATOR

Ø Power and Torque

§ The reactive output power of the synchronous
generator is

§ Then the real output power of the synchronous

generator can be approximated (RA0)

And

Here  is the torque angle of the machine – the angle between V and EA. 33
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

34
 4.3. MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR PARAMETERS

There are basically 3 types of relationship

which needs to be found for a synchronous
generator:
Ø Field current and flux relationship (and thus
between the field current and EA) EA = f(If)
Ø Synchronous reactance  XS
Ø Armature resistance  RA

35
 4.3. MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR PARAMETERS

4.3.1. Open Circuit test

Ø Steps: EA(V)

§ Generator is rotated at the

rated speed.
§ No load is connected at
the terminals.
§ Field current is increased
from 0 to maximum.
§ Record values of the
terminal voltage and field
If(A)
current value. Open-circuit characteristic (OCC) of a generator
With this characteristic, it is possible to find the internal generated voltage
of the generator for any given field current. 36
 4.3. MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR PARAMETERS

4.3.2. Short circuit test

Ø Steps:
§ Generator is rotated at rated speed.
§ Adjust field current If to 0.
§ Short circuit the terminals.
§ Measure armature current IA or line current as the field
current If is increased. 37
 4.3. MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR PARAMETERS

From both tests, here we can find the internal

machine impedance XS (EA from OCC, IA from SCC):

NOTE : The RA was determined by applying a DC voltage

to the machine terminals with the rotor stationary 
called “DC test”
38
 Example

A 200kVA, 480V, 50Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator

with a rated field current of 5A was tested, and the following
data were taken:
1. VT,OC at the rated IF was measured to be 540V
2. IL,SC at the rated IF was measured to be 300A.
3. When a DC voltage of 10V was applied to two of
the terminals, a current of 25A was measured.
Find the values of the armature resistance and the
approximate synchronous reactance in Ohms that would be
used in the generator model at the rated conditions.

39
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

40
 4.4. STEADY-STATE POWER-ANGLE
CHARACTERISTICS

P2

When RA=0

Q2
Power-angle characteristics
41
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

42
 4.5. STEADY-STATE OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS

4.5.1. Output Voltage Characteristics

V
If = const;
Leading PF
EA n = const;
Unity PF
P.F = const
Lagging PF

0 IA IA
Voltage Regulation :

43
 4.4. STEADY-STATE POWER-ANGLE
CHARACTERISTICS

4.5.2. The compounding curve IF = f(IL)

The curve showing the
field current required to
maintain rated terminal
voltage as the
constant-power-factor
load is varied is known
as a compounding
curve.
44
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

45
 4.6. PARALLEL OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

ØReasons for operating in parallel:

§ Handling larger loads
§ Maintenance can be done without power
disruption
§ Increasing system reliability
§ Increasing efficiency

46
 4.6. PARALLEL OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

ØConditions required for Paralleling:

§ Same RMS line voltages
§ Same phase sequence vc Vc’
§ Same phase angles (=0) 

 Va
Vb’ 
Va’

Vb

47
 Example

A 480 V, 60 Hz, Y-connected, six-pole synchronous

generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of
1(/phase). Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF
lagging. Its friction and windage losses are 1,5 kW and core
losses are 1,0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Assume that the
armature resistance (and, therefore, the I2R losses) can be
ignored. The field current has been adjusted such that the
no-load terminal voltage is 480 V.
a/ What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
b/ What is the terminal voltage of the generator if:
i. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging;
ii. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF;
iii. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading.
48
 Example

(Continue)
c/ What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the
unknown electrical losses) when it is operating at the
rated current and 0.8 PF lagging?
d/ How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime
mover at the full load? How large is the induced
counter torque?
e/ What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8
PF lagging? at 1.0 PF? at 0.8 PF leading?

49
 CHAPTER 4: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

4.1. Overview
4.2. Equivalent Circuits of synchronous generator
4.3. Measuring synchronous generator
parameters
4.4. Steady-state power-angle characteristics
4.5. Steady-state operating characteristics
4.6. Parallel operation of synchronous generators
4.7. Synchronous motor

50
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Ø A synchronous motor is the same physical

machine as a generator, except that the direction of
real power flow is reversed.
Ø Synchronous motors are used to convert electric
power to mechanical power
Ø The principal advantages of using synchronous
machine are as follows:
§ Power factor of synchronous machine can be
controlled very easily by controlling the field current.
§ It has very high operating efficiency and constant
speed.
51
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.1. Operation Principle

ØThree-phase set of currents in
the armature winding produces a
uniform rotating magnetic field of
Bs
ØThe field current produces a
steady-state magnetic field BR
ØT h e r e f o r e , t h e r e a r e t w o
magnetic fields present in the
machine, and the rotor field will
tend to line up with the stator field.
52
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.1. Operation Principle

Ø Since the stator magnetic field
is rotating, the rotor magnetic field
(and the rotor itself) will try to
catch up
Ø When no-load the angle
between two magnetic field  = 0
ØThe larger the angle between
the two magnetic fields (up to
certain maximum), the greater the
torque on the rotor of the machine
53
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.2. Motor equivalent circuit


IA RA jX S 
V

   
V EA 
EA
IA  Iöxñb

Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram

(considered RA  0 and P.F lagging)

V&p  E&A  I&A ( RA  jX s )

V p 0  E A  I A   ( RA  jX s ) 54
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.3. Synchronous motor as a power

factor correction
By controlling the field current of a
synchronous motor, the reactive power consumed
or supplied to the power system can be controlled

55
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.3. Synchronous motor as a power

factor correction

56
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.4. Starting Synchronous Motors

Why the synchronous
motor can not shelf start ?

Ø There are 3 different starting methods available:

§ Reduced speed of stator magnetic field – the aim is
to reduce it slow enough as such that the rotor will
have time to follow the stator magnetic field.
§ External prime mover to accelerate the synchronous
motor.
§ Damper windings or amortisseur windings. 57
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.4. Starting Synchronous Motors

Amortisseur (damper) windings are special bars laid into notches

carved in the rotor face and then shorted out on each end by a large
shorting ring. 58
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.5. Steady-state operation of motor

Ø The torque-speed curve

The maximum pullout

torque occurs when =900

59
 4.7. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4.7.5. Steady-state operation of motor

Ø The V-curve-characteristic

60
 Example

EX.1

Consider a large power system operating at

480V as figure:
a/ If the synchronous motor is adjusted to
0.85 PF lagging, what is the line current?
b/ If the synchronous motor is adjusted to
0.85 PF leading, what is the line current?
c/ Assuming that the line losses are
PLL=3IL2RL, how these losses compare in 61
the two cases?
 Example

EX.2
6.9kV (Y connected) 50 Hz synchronous motor has
a synchronous reactance of 95 Ohm/phase. For
this problem all losses and saturation effect may be
neglected.
a) Compute the armature current and P.F of the motor
when supplying 700kW rated power and the load angle
is 54.4 degrees.
b) Compute the maximum power this motor can deliver
if its field excitation is kept constant at the value in part
then compute the power factor and armature current
62
 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT

Ø In this chapter, we have learnt:

§ Construction and working principle of
synchronous machines
§ The equivalent circuit
§ Power flow and torque
§ Determination of parameters
§ Operational characteristic

63
 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENT

Ø ASSIGNMENT:
§ Refer: [1]: 245-297; [2]: 389-397; [5]: 238-243
§ Home exercises: [5]: 8.8(p.282); 8.9(p.206);
8.12(p.283); 8.25(p.295); 8.26(p.296)

64