UNIT-I 4 LINKING [RODUCTION TO DE! Design thinking is a non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions to prototype and test. Involving five phases—Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test—it is most useful to tackle problems that are ill-defined or unknown. it’s crucial to develop and refine skills to understand and address rapid changes in users’ environments and behaviors. The world has become increasingly interconnected and complex since cognitive scientist and Nobel Prize laureate Herbert A. Simon first mentioned design thinking in his 1969 book, The Sciences of the Artificial, and then contributed many ideas to its principles. Professionals from a variety of fields, including architecture and engineering, subsequently advanced this highly creative process to address human needs in the modern a ‘Twenty-first-century organizations from a wide range of industries find design thinking a valuable means to problem-solve for the users of their products and services. Design teams use design thinking to tackle ill-defined/unknown problems (aka wicked problems) because they can reframe these in human-centric ways and focus on what's most important for users. Of all design processes, design thinking is almost certainly the best for “thinking outside the box”. With it, teams can do better UX research, prototyping and usability testing to uncover new ways to meet users’ needs. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF DESI ail “The principles of design are the golden guidelines a designer must follow to ensure an effective composition in any project. Without these rules, it's common for pieces to look unbalanced, cluttered, or simply visually unappealing, In a way, the elements and principles of design are what separate “design” from simply being “art”, With art, you have freedom of expression to create anything you choose. In design, each, project has a specific purpose, which makes following certain rules more critical ‘The principles of design are the rules designers are required to fallow to ensure a project looks, good and delivers the right visual experience. Principles of design don’t just improve the aesthetics of a composition or page; they can also make whatever you're ereating easier to look a‘The-main principles of design often include + Balance in design + Hierarchy in design + Alignment in design + Unity in design + Emphasis in design + Contrast in design + Repetition in design + Patter in design + Movement in design + Rhythm in design + Variety in design + Harmony in design + White space in design The elements of design are the tools you use to ercate a work of art. Knowing the fundamental ¢lements and applying them to your piece with a clear understanding will help sou make it powerful enough to convey a message. The 7 Elements of art Toxturw ColorForm refers to the positive element over the space of your work, Together with space, it creates a three-dimensional effect. The 3D objects include pyramids, cubes, and other abstract forms. You can make a 3D effect by using shadows, color, and overlaid objects. It’s sometimes interchangeably used with another design clement ~ shape, however, they're slightly different. The form is mostly 3D and more realistic, while the shape is two-dimensional and flat, Shape When a line encloses an area, or when other visual elements are combined, we get a shape. Ultimately, everything around us is a shape one way or another, but for a designer, they are more important since they are the root of the most powerful logos. A shape can be geometric or organi: The geometric shapes are precise and include shapes like triangles, squares, etc. Organic shapes have a more natural look with a curvy flow. They are asymmetrical and irregular elements and are associated with the natural world. Creating a shape for your design piece demands attention and knowledge since they express a ‘mood or convey a message based on their form, color, texture, and other attributes. For example, sharper shapes like squares are more masculine, while triangles direct the attention of the viewer to a specific point. And, abstract shapes are considered the basic shapes that provide building blocks for any kind of design composition Line: Line refers to the way that two points in space are connected. Whether they're horizontal lines, diagonal lines, or vertical lines, lines can help direct the eye toward a certain point in your ‘composition. You can also create texture by incorporating different types of lines such as curved or patterned lines instead of just straight lines. Space: Making proper use of space can help others view your design as you intended. White space or negative space is the space between or around the focal point of an image. Positive space is the space that your subject matter takes up in your composition. The spacing of your design is important because a layout that’s too crowded can overwhelm the viewer’s eye. Value: In design, value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. The values of a color are often visualized in a gradient, which displays a series of variations on one hue, arranged from the lightest to the darkest. Artists can use the various values of color to create the illusion of mass ‘and volume in their work. CokColor helps establish a mood for your composition, When light waves strike an object and refleet bback to the optic nerve in a human’s eyes, the sensation they perceive is called color. Artists and -desigiers use color to depict and describe the subject. Color is used by designers to portray mood, light, depth, and point of view. Designers use the color wheel and the tenets of color theory—a set of guidelines for mixing, combining, and manipulating colors—to create color schemes, Texture; Texture is one of the clements of design that is used to represent how an object appears or feels. Tactile texture is a physical sense of touch, whether it’s rough, smooth, or ribbed. Visual texture, on the other hand, refers to the imagined feel of the illustrated texture, which can create more visual interest and a heightened sensory experience. —PRINCIP OF DESIGNA The principles of design are the rules a designer must follow to create an effective and attractive composition. The fundamental principles of design are: Emphasis, Balance and Alignment, Contrast, Repetition, Proportion, Movement and White Space. The seven basic principles of design are given below 1. Emphasis 2. Balance and alignment 3. Contrast 4, Repetition 5. Proportion 6. Movement 7. White space1, Emphasis : aS =a sind The first of the 7 design principles is emphasis, referring to the focal point of a design and the order of importance of each element within a design, Say you're creating a poster for a concert ‘You should ask yourself: what is the first piece of information my audience needs to know? Make a mental outline. Let your brain organize the information and then lay out your design in @ way that communicates that order. If the band’s name is the most essential information, place it in the center or make it the biggest element on the poster or you could put it in the strongest, oldest type, Learn about color theory and use strong color combinations to make the band name pop. 2. Balance and alignment Never forget that every element you place on a page has a weight, The weight ean come from color, size, or texture. Just like you wouldn't put all your furniture in one comer of a room, you can’t crowd all your heavy elements in one area of your composition, Without balance, your audience will feel as if th eye is sliding off the page. 3. ContrastLiquid Joes 1Opm-tam Contrast is what people mean when they say a design “pops.” It comes away from the pas sticks in your memory. Contrast creates space and difference between elements in your design. Your background needs to be significantly different from the color of your elements so they work harmoniously together and are readable and As you seek out examples of really strong, effective design, you'll notice most d y feature one or two typefaces, That’s because contrast can be effectively achieved with vo strong, fonts (or even one strong typeface in different weights). As you add fonts, you dilute and contise the purpose of your desi 4, Repetition Ifyou limit yourself to two strong typetices oF three strong colors, you'll spout find you'll have to repeat some things, That's ok! Us often said that repetition unifies and strengthens a design. UC only one thing on your band poster is in blue italic sans-setif, it ean read like aw c1a9e IES’ you've ereated a morifand ave ba tate in blue italic sans-ser Ain contol of your designRepetition can be important beyond one printed product. Current packaging design is heavily embracing beautiful illustrated patterns 5, Proportion Proportion is the visual size and weight of elements in a composition and how they relate to each other. It often helps to approach your design in sections, instead of as a whole. Grouping related items can give them importance at a smaller size—think of a box at the bottom of your poster for ticket information or a sidebar on a website for a search bar. Proportion can be achieved only if all elements of your design are well-sized and thoughtfully placed. Once you master alignment, balance, and contrast, proportion should emerge organically. 6. Movement Hyou decided the band was the most important piece of information on the page and the venue ‘was the second, how would you communicate that with your audience?Movement is controlling the elements in a composition so that the eye is led to move from one to the next and the information is properly communicated to your audience. Movement creates the story or the narrative of your work: a band is playing. it’s at this location, it’s at this time, here's how you get tickets. The elements above—especially balance, alignment, and contrast—will ‘work towards that goal, but without proper movement, your design will be DOA. 7. White space All of the other principles of design deal with what you add to your design. White space (or negative space) isthe only one that specifically deals with what you don’t add. White spac exactly that—the empty page around the elements in your composition, For beginning designers it can be a perilous zone. Often simply giving a composition more room to bre from mediocre to successful. athe can upgrade it White space isn't sitting there doing nothing—it’s creating hierarchy and 0: brains naturally associate ample white space around an element wi telling our eyes that objects in one region are grouped separately ganization, Our ith importance and luxury. Its from objects elsewhere. Even more exciting, it ean communicate an entirely different image or idea ftom your main design that will reward your audience for engaging with it space to communicate multiple ideas in one fim, creative e design, History of design thinkingThe origins of design thinking lie in the 1940s and the development of creativi Os. The methods of creativity are published by Will; i) nd Ale Peso (1963), ony Oana) Cognitive scientist and Nobel Prize laureate Hert bert A. Simon was the first to mention design 3 @ way of thinking in his 1969 book, The Sciences of the Artificial. He then went on to contribute many ideas throughout the 1970s which are now regarded az principles of design thinking Raymond Loewy was named the father of desis Contributed many creative designs that shaped Top 10 Mate: Zo ign in the 20th century because, during his life, he our lives during the 1980s. Is Industry Trends Sustainable Materials Smart & Responsive Materials Nanotechnology Additive Manufacturing Lightweighting Material Informatics Advanced Composites Graphene & 2D Materials Surface Engineering 0. Materials Management 4.0 soe awayne10 Top Materials Industry Trends i cal alaCo ls lolet alte l-ad 1. Sust: ble Materials The immense volume of waste generated during the use and production of materials forces Zovernmens to drat various environmental regulations, Practically all industries face challenges while ‘earranging their internal processes fiom the perspective of materials’ lifecycle Companies inthe construction, automotive, packaging, and manufacturing sectors are integrating Sustainable materials to lower their carbon footprint. Eventually, these efforts aim to lessen the burden of waste on the planet. Sustainable materials also provide a boost for circular systems and allow for the implementation of a circular economy, 2. Responsive & Smart Materials 4m order to comply with the requirements of certain industrial use eases, novel materials currently in development possess application-specific characteristics. Advancements in materials seience cnable smart materials with programmable properties that behave or respond to stimuli fom extemal factors. Emerging startups design materials and products with diverse qualities, from thermo, electro-, and photo-chromism to piezoelecticity, shape memory, self-healing, and phase-change attributes, among other characteristies, 3. Nanotechnology Advancements in nanotechnology show thatthe characteristics of mater Krom those of their bulk equivalents. ‘The proliferation of nanofibers quantum dots (QD), and other nanomaterials e This includes a strengthe ls at a nanoscale difter , hanotubes, allotropes, ¢ of value-addition, ial products, retained at an atomic level. By able an almost infinite sour ed performance of industrileveraging the nanomaterials, modern companies secure their competitive edge, specifically in the electronics, energy, mobility, and manufacturing sectors, 4. Additive Manufacturing Emerging additive manufacturing facilities strive to evolve beyond traditional thermoplastics and apply materials that offer greater flexibility, customization, and functionality while producing lesser waste. The progress of 3D printing technologies, in turn, spurs the upgrades in metals, alloys, ceramics, fibers, and their compounds. It also encourages the appearance of completely new and durable polymer filaments with improved conductance, melting, and chemical resistance, among other properties. Lightweighting Various industries, from aerospace to mobility, search for innovative ways to diminish excess weight and consequently provide superior fuel efficiency and handling. This drives research into materials like aluminum, magnesium, and titanium, as well as high-strength plastics and carbon fiber. These materials offer industries the option to reduce their environmental and operational burdens arising from their heavier parts. Morcover, lightweighting innovations in the materials industry also provide safety and reliability levels on par with heftier equivalents. 6. Material Informatics Big companies today employ a data-driven approach to materials, enhanced by principles of informatics and computational techniques, as well as ML and AI. This allows them to arrange ‘and model materials data in a meticulous manner. In addition to optimizing the ability to reliably derive scientific insights from complex materials data, informatics also_accelerates_the melines for research and development (R&D), saving time and labor. 7. Advanced Composites “The rapid increase in the number of industrial applications also results in the development of a variety of composite or hybrid materials. In pursuit of improving performance and regulatory compliance as well as reducing costs, emerging startups innovate within resins, fibers, substrates, matrices, and finishes to build custom composites. These composite solutions provide advanced and user-specific applications, primarily for the infrastructure, energy, industry 4.0, ‘and mobility markets. 8, Graphene & 2D Materials Breakthroughs in nanot 2D, or sin chnology allow materials science companies to con ayer, materials, Possessing inherent thermal conductivity and mi igure pathways for hanical strength,2D materials endow industrial applications with enhaneed capabilities. However, a majority of 2D materials, such as germanene, silicene, stanene, and phosphorene, are still under development, excluding graphene. AS the first. 2D material successfully commercialized, graphene improves tensile strength, inta-sheet strength, surface durability, clectton mobility, Mexibility, and thermal resistance. The sectors utilizing graphene include clectronic displays, supercapacitors, automotive, construction paints, and plastic manufacturing. 9. Surface Engineering Exposed to continuous wear and tear, corrosion, UV rays, and other harmful factors, industrial surfaces require coatings that demonstrate improved durability. This is essential for protecting automotive, industrial, agricultural, marine, and manufacturing assets, as well as for increasing Productivity. Besides, engineering innovations offer the possibility to grant surfaces the Properties of hydrophobicity and omniphobicity, self-cleaning, and smoothing. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, surface enginecrs work to undertake efforts to master antimicrobials for more reliable protection in both industrial and non-industrial sites, 10. Materials Management 4.0 Industry 4.0 is inducing the implementation ofits practices in materials management, handling, and processing, Spanning autonomous mining and advanced automated fabrication to robotic manipulations and cloud computing, the materials sector is being rapidly digitized and interconnected. As a result, the development of new materials comes in parallel with their industrial adaptation through the fourth generation of industrial technologies,