1

(BST)
Basic Technology JSS 1

A Standard Text On The UBE Scheme As Prepared By The

Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council
(NERDC) For Measurement And Evaluation. A Result Of
Thorough Research Into The General Principles Of Basic
Technology
For Junior Secondary Schools JSS 1.
(A Combined Text And Workbook for the Hard Copy Version)

BST Basic Technology Made Easy

Making Learning Fun
By
Agejivwie Benaiah Orajereyor

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Copyright © 2016 by Made Easy, Inc. All rights reserved Worldwide.

No part of this eBook may be reproduced in any form or by electronic or mechanical means,
including information and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright
holder.

The eBook is distributed at:

www.bstbasictechnology.wordpress.com

This edition is published by Made Easy with the assistance of

Agejivwie Benaiah O.

60, Adelabu Street, Surulere-Lagos. (08164634883)

[email protected]

www.facebook.com/basictechnologymadeeasy

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DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to ALMIGHTY GOD, JEHOVAH for HIS mercies upon me and my lovely
family.

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PREFACE

This series has been designed to reflect the 2014/15 Unified Schemes of Work For Junior
Secondary School by the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC).

While preparing this edition of Basic Technology, I ensured that where appropriate, review
questions that contain emerging national and global issues such as is available in engineering,
health, information technology and entrepreneurship were applied.

The book has been divided into three broad parts, each showing the scheme for the term and
scaled into lessons for the student and teacher for easy access plus practical videos for
demonstration on geometrical construction-where applicable.

I have retained popular features, such as lesson objectives and review q uestions. In addition, this
edition contains a most interesting and new feature-the first of its kind in Nigeria-where the
student and teacher has access to practical videos on Geometrical Construction as contained in
the curriculum.

While preparing this edition, I made sure I retained the style and rigour of imputing
illustrations and images in each lesson. Again, at the end of the text book, there are more than
200 objective test questions for the student and teacher to revise with.

Appreciation
I wish to express my appreciation to my students who encouraged me to put up a material like this
for them. I also appreciate a number of teachers far and near, who encouraged me with their
appreciation through the edited copy of this material.

I wish in particular to express my gratitude to Mrs. Adebimpe Delano, the amiable principal of
Fountain Heights Secondary School, for her advice and helpful guidance.

P.S. This edition is subject to upgrading as time passes. This is to meet national and global
standard as the curriculum changes especially now that Basic Technology has been fused into
Basic Science and Technology (BST).
Image Credit: www.googleimage.com

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PART ONE

LESSONS PAGE
Back Cover …………………………………………………………………………. 1
Dedication …………………………………………………………………………... 3
Preface ………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Table of Content ……………………………………………………………………. 5
Lesson 1.1 Understanding Technology ……………………………………………. 8
-Technology-Related Professions
-Importance of Technology

Lesson 1.2. Safety Guidelines ………………………………………………………. 15

- Safety guidelines for pedestrians
- Safety guidelines for cyclists/motorcycles
- Safety guidelines for motorists

Lesson 1.3. Workshop Safety ( I) ………………………………………………… 20

-Causes of workshop accidents
- Types of workshop accidents

Lesson 1.4. Workshop Safety (II)………………………………………………….. 22

-Workshop safety devices
- Workshop safety rules and regulations

Lesson 1.5. Workshop safety (III)………………………………………………….. 26

-Accident prevention techniques

Lesson 1.6. Properties Of Materials (Wood)………………………………………. 27

- Identification of colour, mahogany, afara, obeche, opepe, masonia, etc.
- Classification-Hardwood and Softwood
- Properties

Lesson 1.7/1.8. Prope rties Of Materials (Metal)…………………………………… 31

- Identification of their physical properties, sound, malleability, ductility, etc.

Lesson 1.9. Classification Of Metal ………………………………………………... 33

-Classification: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous with examples

Lesson 1.10. Forms Of Metals ………………………………………………………. 35

-Forms e.g. Rods, Bars, Pipes, Wires, Plates, Sheet, etc.
- Square, Triangular, Round, etc.

Lesson 1.11 & 12. Revision And Examination……………………………………… 35

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PART 2

Lesson 2.1 Revision Of Last Term’s Work ………………………………………… 38

.-Safety Guidelines
- Workshop safety
-Properties of materials, wood, metal, ceramics and glass.

Lesson 2.2 Building Materials ………………………………………………………. 39

-Common building materials: cement, sand, gravel, metal, plastics, wood, glass, leaves,
ceramics, grass.

Lesson 2.3 Uses Of Building Materials ……………………………………………… 43

Lesson 2.4 Drawing Instrume nts And Materials (I)………………………………… 47

-Drawing Instruments and Materials:

Lesson 2.5 Drawing Instrume nts And Materials (II)………………………………… 49

-Uses of drawing Instruments and Materials

Lesson 2.6 Drawing Instrume nts And Materials (III)……………………………….. 52

-Care of Drawing Instruments and Materials.

Lesson 2.7& 2.8. Board Practice ………………………………………………………. 55

-Basic Board Practice
- Setting drawing paper on the board
- Sharpening pencil to conical point and knife edge.

Lesson 2.9.Title Block (I) & (II). ……………………………………………………… 57

-Using the T-square and set-squares for drawing boarder, horizontal and vertical lines.
- Positioning and drawing of title block.

Lesson 2.10.Free-Hand Sketch ………………………………………………………... 59

-Free-hand writing of letters and numerals.
- Basic free hand techniques of drawing lines, curves, circles, and irregular shapes

Lesson 2.11 & 2.12 Revision/Examination……………………………………………. 61

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PART 3

Lesson 3.1. Revision Of Last Term’s Work …………………………………………. 62

Lesson 3.2. Hand Tools ……………………………………………………………….. 63

-Measuring Tools
-Setting-out and Marking-out tools
-Driving tools

Lesson 3.3. Boring Tools ……………………………………………………………… 69

-Holding Devices
-Cutting and Pairing Tools.

Lesson 3.4. Care And Maintenance Of Woodwork Hand Tools …………………… 78

Lesson 3.5. Metalwork Hand Tools ………………………………………………….. 79

-Marking-Out Tools
- Measuring tools and gauges
- Driving tools.

Lesson 3.6. Metalwork Hand Tools …………………………………………………… 85

- Cutting tools (chisels, files, hacksaw)

Lesson 3.7 & 3.8. Care And Maintenance Of Metalwork Hand Tools …………..... 89
- Definition of lubrication
- Types of lubricant
-Use of metalwork hand tool box

Lesson 3.9. Maintenance Of Tools And Machines ………………………………….. 92

-Meaning of maintenance practices (Preventive, Corrective, Predictive)

Lesson 3.10. Importance Of Maintenance …………………………………………… 92

Lesson 3.11. Revision ………………………………………………………………….. 94

3.12. Examination………………………………………………………………………. 94

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LESSON1.1
UNDERSTANDING
TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Welcome to Basic Science and Technology as it relates to Basic Technology in secondary
schools, especially in JSS 1.

In this first lesson, you will learn what technology is, the types of technology, professions
related to basic technology and the importance of technology. You will also learn about the
products of technology we make use of at home, school and in industries.

I wish you the very best as you discover technology in the first year of your secondary school
life.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

 Define technology
 State at least two types of technology
 State at least five professions related to technology
 State at least five importance of technology
 State at least five products of technology used at home, schools and in industries.

Definition: Technology can be defined as the application of scientific knowledge to

solve human needs and comfort.
Technology deals with applying science to solve other people’s problems. If, on the
other hand we apply science to solve our personal problems, that is termed science,
not technology.

Types of Technology
1. Developed Technology: This is the type of technology that makes use of modern
methods and application of science to solve problems. Examples include using
airplane, cars, trains, etc for transportation.
2. Unde r-Developed Technology: This type of technology is the application of
indigenous or traditional technology to provide for one’s needs. Example includes
using a horse-drawn cart, or trekking as a means of transportation.

Difference Between Developed and Under-Developed Technology

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S/No Activities Unde r-Developed Developed Technology

Technology
1. Communication Face-to-face The use of e-mails, faxes,
communication, letter telephone,
writing and the use of gong.
2. Health Care The use of herbal drinks not The use of digital and
measured, hand feeling for clinical thermometers and
testing patients, etc. stethoscopes, use of
accurately prescribed drugs,
etc.
3. Security The use of staff, bow and The use of guns, bullets,
arrows, cutlass, knife or explosions, armored cars
daggers, etc. and CCTVs.
4. Education The use of slate and The use of magnetic marker
chalkboards, the use of slide boards, calculators,
and metric rules, etc. computers, projectors, etc.
5. Transportation Trekking, the use of horse- The use of bicycle,
drawn carts, donkeys, etc. motorbikes, motor vehicles,
trains, aircraft and ship.
6. Food Preservation Using sun to dry grains, the The use of oven, kiln,
use of water and oil to refrigerator, deep freezer to
overflow the food materials preserve food.
or salting.
7. Shelter The use of thatch, palm The use of block-cement,
frond, bamboo, wood, gravels, steels, asbestos, iron
molded wall, etc. roofing sheets, etc.
8. Food He use of cutlass, hoe and The use of tractor, combine
Production(Farming) knives. harvester, etc.

Technology-Related Professions

1. Electrical and Electronics Profession: This is the assembling, installation, testing,

troubleshooting and repair of electrical wiring, fixtures, control devices and other
related equipment in buildings and other structures.
2. Mechanical Technician Profession: This area covers refrigeration repairs, air
conditioning, elevator installation, servicing and repair of other equipment.
3. Building Profession: This area is quite wide. It includes the following;
i. Plumber: They install, repair and repair pipes, fixtures and other plumbing
equipment used for water distribution.
ii. Bricklayer: They lay blocks, bricks, concrete, stone, etc, to construct or repair
walls, chimneys and ovens.
iii. Painter and Decorators: These do apply paints, wallpapers and other finishes to
interior and exterior surfaces of buildings.
iv. Roofe r: They install, repair or replace flat roofs or tiles on sloped roofs.
v. Blueprint Inte rpreters: They read and interpret blueprints or building plans.
vi. Tile setters: Tillers cover interior and exterior walls, floors and ceilings with
ceramics, marble and terrazzo.

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vii. Glazie r: These are professionals who cut, fit and install glasses in residential,
industrial or public buildings.
4. Woodwork Profession: This profession may include the following:
i. Carpente rs: Carpenters make use of both hand and power operated tools associated
with both rough and finished carpentry. The work may include construction, repair
and general maintenance of building facilities.
ii. Luthier: These are woodworkers specialized in the construction of musical
instruments.
iii. Cabinet Makers: These are woodworkers who can install hinges, catches, drawer
pulls on completed projects and follow drawings to produce or repair items of wood.
iv. Production Woodworke rs: These are professionals who set up and operate
various woodworking machines to shape pieces from wood products.
v. Furniture Finishe rs: These persons normally finish woodwork by smoothening,
filling, treating and finishing pieces.
5. Metalwork professionals: They include the following:
i. Welders: hey operate welding machines to join both ferrous and non- ferrous
metals.
ii. Sheet metal workers: They fabricate, assemble, install and repair sheet metals.
iii. Machinists: These professionals make use of lathe machines to cut or grind metals
to appropriate sizes.
iv. Tool and die makers: They make, repair and modify special tools, dies, jigs,
fixtures and gauges using metals, alloys which requires precise dimensions.
v. Iron worker job: These are professionals that fabricate, erect, hoist, install, repair
and service ironwork, precast concrete used in the construction of buildings, bridges,
highways, etc.

Other Technology-Related Professions

S/N Professions Career Illustrations
1. Environmental Meteorology This is study of the earth’s
atmosphere and its changes.
Communication and Deals with the technology of
multime dia advertising handling radio, TV and
newspapers.
Architecture This is the designing of
buildings either manually or
computer aided design-CAD.
Quantity s urveying Calculating the quantity of
materials, cost and how long it
will take for erecting a
building.
Land s urveying Taking the measurement of a
piece of land for registration.
Urban and regional Planning the environmental
planning outlook of a location or city
Industrial design This is the beautification of
industrial areas in a city.

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Fine art This is the technological

approach to art work.
2. Agriculture Environmental This deals with taking care of
manage ment and the environment using modern
technology technology. E.g. in the area of
waste management.
Plant breeding and seed This is the technological
technology breeding of plants such as
budding, grafting, layering, etc,
and harvesting as well as
preservation of seeds.
Forestry and wood Technological approach to
technology taking of wood and forest. E.g
in the area of wood and forest
preservation.
Food science and Handling of foods using simple
technology devices and computerized
machines, e.g. food
preservation techniques.
Livestock production Technological approach to
technology production of livestock such as
artificial insemination, poultry
techniques, disease prevention
during production.
3. Engineering Software engineering This deals with writing
computer programs.
Metallurgical and This the field that deals with
materials engineering the study of metals and
ceramics and their uses.
Systems engineering The knowledge that deals with
the design, building and control
of systems, e.g. like the
computer system.
Irrigation engineering Handling pipes, chemicals and
other technological means of
applying water to a land area.
Mechanical/Production Design, production, repair,
engineering services and maintenance of
machines and devices.
Food engineering This is the handling of
machines involved in food
production and preservation.
Biomedical engineering The design, production and
maintenance of hospital
machines and devices.
Mining engineering Handling of machines and
devices for the extraction of
raw materials.
4. Technology Communication This deals with communication
technology and wireless technology.

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Project management Taking care of technology

technology involved in projects.
Transportation Handling the technological
manage ment technology means involved in managing
transport.
Maritime manage ment Handling technological means
technology of managing marine.
Dental technology Technological care for teeth
with the use of modern
computerized equipment.
Medical/Science Handling of computerized
laboratory technology equipment in medical
laboratories.

Advantages of Technology

The application of technology has improved our lives immensely in all spheres of life,
especially in our modern society. The following areas will make us appreciate such benefits:
1. Improved Standard of Living: Technology has improved our standard of living in the
provision of farm implements, cars, home appliances, mobile phones and other gadgets too
numerous to mention.
2. Economic Growth and Development: The application of technology has improved the
quality of most roads in Nigeria, provision of electricity, bridges and machines for industries.
3. Improved Health Care Delivery: Technology has reduced death rate and increased life
span since most diseases can now be diagnosed with modern equipment.
4. Industrialization: Technology has led to the building of big industries where most goods
are produced in large quantities.
5. Improved Method of Production: With technology, farmers can produce food on
commercial, large scale level using mechanized method.

Disadvantages of Technology

1. Pollution: With industrial toxic wastes and burning of petrochemicals, our water, air and
land become polluted.
2. Une mployme nt: Technology has made it possible for machines to replace man in most
industries, which has resulted in job loss and unemployment for most persons.
3. Quick Running Down of Natural Resources: With technology, deforestation takes place
fast and our eco-system is weakened. We are always afraid that if the trend is not curbed,
man run the risk of turning the earth into a desert of some sort in the future.

Products of Technology Found at Home

The following products of technology can be found in our homes:

1. Television
2. Radio
3. Microwave
4. Cell phone

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5. Air-conditioner
6. Wall clock
7. Gas cooker
8. Electric fan
9. Kerosene stove
10. Refrigerator, etc.

Products of Technology Found in Schools

The following are some products of technology found in schools:

1. Drum set
2. Magnetic marker board
3. Air-conditioner
4. Ceiling fan
5. Bench vice
6. Calculator
7. Computers
8. Weighing balance
9. Piano
10. First aid box
11. Water dispenser, etc.

Products of Technology Found in Industries

The following products of technology can be seen in industries:

1. Fax machines
2. Industrial generators
3. Computers
4. Oven
5. Heat extractor
6. Air-conditioner
7. Telephones
8. Fork lift truck
9. Photocopy machine
10. Machines

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Train Aeroplane Exotic Car

High-Rise Buildings Phones Rocket Launcher

Military Truck Medical Equipment Mobile Gadgets

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define technology
2. State at least two types of technology
3. State at least five professions related to technology
4. State at least five importance of technology
5. State at least five products of technology used at home, schools and in industries.

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LESSON 1.2
SAFETY GUIDELINES
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about what technology is, the types of technology and some
products of technology.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about the safety guidelines on our roads, as it affects
pedestrians, bicycles, motorbikes and automobiles.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

 Define safety guideline

 State who a pedestrian is.
 State at least eight safety guidelines for pedestrians.
 State at least five facilities for pedestrian safety.
 State at least five safety guidelines for cyclists.
 State at least five safety guidelines for motorists.

What are Safety Guidelines? Safety guidelines are the processes of being safe especially on
our roads.
Who is a Pedestrian? A pedestrian is anybody walking on the street or along the road.

Safety Guidelines for Pedestrians

1. Take extra caution when crossing multiple- lane or higher speed roads. Or better still,
make use of the overhead bridge if it is provided.
2. Watch for cars turning or reversing out of driveways.
3. Beware of uneven surfaces and obstructions on the roads and footpaths.
4. Make sure you make eye contact with a driver of a vehicle before and during crossing.
5. Where there are traffic lights, make sure the lights indicate for pedestrians to cross
and there is enough breaks for roads with up to four lanes.
6. Avoid crossing at roundabouts where traffic approaches from all directions. Look for
a pedestrian crossing to cross.
7. Ensure you do not allow your vision to be blocked by clothing, umbrellas, hats or
items that you are carrying.
8. If available, look for pedestrian push buttons for crossing protection at signalized
intersections.
9. Do not use your cell phone for calls or texting while crossing.
10. Walk on the sidewalk of the roads whenever possible. Where sidewa lks are not
available, walk facing the on-coming vehicles.
11. Make use of pavement or suitable footpaths where provided.
12. Walk on the left side of the road facing on-coming traffic, where footpaths are not
provided.
13. While walking in the dark, wear or carry white, bright coloured or reflective clothing
as you can be easily seen in them.
14. While walking in a group, keep to the extreme right of the road.
15. At night, the person in front should wear a reflective clothing.

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Facilities for Pedestrian Safety

1. Crossings Controlled by an Authorized Office r: Do not cross the road unless you
are signaled by a police or a traffic warder (Yellow Fever in Nigeria). E.g.

A traffic warder
2. Emergency Vehicles: Keep off the road whenever you see any emergency vehicles
like ambulance, fire engine or police approaching with flashing blue or red headlights.
E.g.

Emergency vehicles
3. Ze bra Crossing: These are portions of the road painted in colour of Zebras. When
someone has moved onto this portion of the road, the Highway Code says that
motorists ‘must give way or stop’ especially where speeds are low. E.g.

Zebra crossing

4. Pelican Crossings: In this case, apart from the normal traffic light facing the driver,
there is the red/green man signal facing pedestrians. When vehicles stop for seeing the
red light, pedestrians cross when the green man lights up and vice- versa. E.g.

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Pelican crossing
5. Equestrian Crossings: These are meant for horse riders crossing. When the light
indicates a green horse, the rider can cross. But if it indicates red light, do not cross.
E.g.

Equestrian crossing
6. Railway Level Crossing: Do not cross or pass under the iron barriers when a train
signals approach at a road junction. In some cases only a red light will be indicated.
E.g.

Rail way crossing barrier

7. Roads, Footway and Footpath Under Construction: At times these areas of the
road that may be under construction. Follow directives and road signs. E.g.

Di version sign
8. Pedestrians With Disabilities: In most advanced countries, a beeping sound for the
blind, tactile (sense of touch) signal for deaf, are inbuilt at pelican crossings for
safety. E.g.

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Pedestrians with disabilities

9. Use of Reflective Wears at Night: It is encouraged to wear reflective jackets at
night. This will make you visible to motorists. E.g.

Wearing reflecti ve jackets

Definition of a Cyclist
A cyclist is a person who rides either a bicycle, motorcycle or a tricycle on a major road as a
means of transportation.

Safety Guidelines for Cyclists

1. Ensure you do not cycle along the inside of large vehicles.

2. Use light and wear reflective clothing at night and very bad weather.
3. Take care when passing parked cars, leaving enough space for drivers and passengers
to open car doors.
4. Make sure your bike is road worthy.
5. Signal clearly at all times, sometimes with your hand.
6. Make eye contact with other road users. Do not assume.
7. Ensure you wear a helmet.
8. Do not ride on sidewalks or crosswalks unless signs posted indicate otherwise.
9. Ride in a position where you can see and be seen.
10. Use your bell regularly for all pedestrians to see you.

Defining a Motorist
As the name implies, a motorist is a person who drives a vehicle with at least four tyres as a
means of transportation.

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Safety Guidelines for Motorists

1. Seat Belts: A seat belt helps to prevent the driver and passengers from hitting their
heads on the dashboard or passing through the windscreen in the event of a crash. For
maximum safety, those at the back of a vehicle should also wear their seat belts. E.g.

Wear a seat belt

2. Use of Mirrors: In the event of braking, lane change and reversing, check your
mirrors regularly. E.g.

Use of side mirrors

3. Speed Limit: An accident at low speed will likely result in less damage and injury
than one that occurs at high speed. E.g.

Speed Indicator
4. Use of Cell Phone: Never make or text while driving. It causes distractions. If you
must call because of unavoidable emergency, then park the car before making such a
call. E.g.

Use of Cell Phone While Dri ving

5. Car Maintenance: Routine maintenance is a must if you desire the longevity of yo ur
car. Constant oil changes, tyre replacement, wiper checks can help avoid bigger
problems. E.g.

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Car maintenance
6. Signal and Brake Lights: Signaling other road users as to right or left turning will
help prevent accidents. Your break lights should be effective also. E.g.

Brake lights

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 Define safety guideline

 State who a pedestrian is.
 State at least eight safety guidelines for pedestrians.
 State at least five facilities for pedestrian safety.
 State at least five safety guidelines for cyclists.
 State at least five safety guidelines for motorists.

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LESSON 1.3
WORKSHOP SAFETY (I)
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about how to be safe on the road. This is to be able to reduce
accident to the barest minimum. In this lesson, attention will be shifted to Basic Technology
workshop.
You are going to learn what a workshop is, causes of accident in the workshop and how to
avoid accident in the workshop.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define a workshop
2. State a workshop layout
3. Define accident.
4. State five causes of workshop accidents.
5. State at least five types of workshop accidents

Definition: Workshop

A workshop is a building or area where engineering work is carried out. An industrial

workshop must meet certain standard for approval before they can function as an engineering
workshop.

Workshop Layout (What is Needed in a Workshop)

Workshop Layout

In a workshop, the following layout should be strictly maintained:

(i). Uncongested working area.
(ii). Adequate ventilation and lighting.

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(iii). Safe storage for tools and stacking of materials.

(iv). A clear gang way.
(v). Provision of toilets, dressing room and bathroom.

Definition: Accident
Accident can be defined as an unexpected event that can result in either injury or death to
humans or to damage to an equipment.

Causes of Works hop Accidents

1. Lack of provision of safety devices.

2. Failure to use safety devices.
3. Use of damaged tools and machines.
4. Carelessness in the workshop by students.
5. Loss of concentration due to tiredness.
6. Over congestion of working area.
7. Inadequate lighting and congestion.

Types of Workshop Accidents

1. Gas Leakage: Inhaling of leaking gas like carbon monoxide fumes and any carbon
compound can kill.
2. Injury from cuts: This happens when sharp edged tools are badly applied when
working.
3. Fire: There are two types of fire to be considered. Electrical fire and Chemical fire.
(a). Electrical Fire: This occurs as a result of electrical sparks and overloading of a
circuit leading to heat.
(b). Chemical Fire: When there is an oil spillage, the risk of fire is high.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define a workshop
2. State a workshop layout
3. Define accident.
4. State five causes of workshop accidents.
5. State at least five types of workshop accidents

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LESSON 1.4
WORKSHOP SAFETY (II)
Introduction
The concern for safety is very important in all industries all over the world. As such, in this
lesson you will learn about safety, safety devices that must be used in the workshop and the
safety rules and regulations that must be obeyed by both machine and bench users.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :

1. Define safety
2. State at least five workshop safety devices.
3. State at least five safety rules and regulations.

Definition: Safety

Safety is the method of working without harm, danger or injury. It is the removal of hazards
to both man and machines.

Workshop Safety Devices

All safety devices are generally referred to as ‘ Pe rsonal Protective Equipme nt’ (PPEs).
These PPEs include the following:

1. Goggle and Eyelids: These equipment protect the eyes during welding and grinding
operations and from splashes of fluids. E.g.

Eye Shield

2. Lab Coats and Boots: Students and teacher are expected to change into these attires
before starting work at the workshop. The boot protects against any sharp object on the floor.

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Safety boot

3. Helmet: This device is needed where heavy machines are suspended. This is a must in all
construction companies. E.g.

4.Sand bucket: This is used to handle fire outbreak in the absence of fire extinguisher. E.g.

Sand bucket

5.Nose cap: This is the device that protects against dust and fumes in the workshop. E.g.

6.First Aid Box: In the workshop, a first aid box must be present in an event that an
accident occurs for minor injuries. E.g.

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First ai d box

7.Fire Extinguishe r: It is used to handle fire outbreaks resulting from electricity, gas and oil
or other combustible materials. E.g.

Fire Extinguisher

8. Gloves: Gloves protects the hand from skin contamination, cuts, burns and from electric
shocks. E.g.

Hand gloves

Safety Rules and Regulations

When any job is been carried out in the workshop, the following rules for machine and bench
workers must be strictly followed.

Safety Rules for Machine Users

1. Do not play with the switches of a machine.

2. Ensure that the working environment is well lighted and ventilated.
3. Do not operate any machine you do not have knowledge of.
4. Do not be allowed to be distracted while operating a machine.
5. Always switch off machines after use and remove them from the socket after use.
6. The workshop floor should not be littered with dangerous objects.

Safety Rules for Bench Users.

1. Do not use files or chisels without handles.

2. Learn to use tools in the proper way and keep them in a safe place.
3. When using the bench vice there should be no horseplay.

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4. Wear protective shoes with toe cover.

5. Wear goggle or eyelids while filing, cutting and welding.
6. Do not carry any sharp object in your pockets.
7. Do not wear overflowing garments, bangles and chains in the workshop.
8. Do not wear necktie while working on the bench or any machine.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define safety.
2. State at least five safety devices.
3.State four rules that bench users must strictly obey in the workshop.
4. State at least five rules for machine users in the workshop.

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LESSON 1.5
WORKSHOP SAFETY (III)
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about safety rules and regulations. In this lesson, which is
about the shortest lesson in this book, you are going to learn about how to preve nt accident
from happening.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to state at least five
accident prevention techniques.

Accident Preventive Techniques

(a). Always work under the supervision of an instructor.

(b). Observe all safety rules.
(c). Always use safety devices.
(d). Sand buckets and fire extinguishers must be placed in position to arrest any fire outbreak.
(e). Use the correct tools for each job- spanners, not pliers, for tightening or loosening nuts.
Screwdrivers for screws, etc.
(f). Worn-out tools, files with loose handles, broken drill bits, should not be used.
(g). Tools should be kept in their proper places, in an orderly manner.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.
1. State at least five accident prevention techniques one should consider while working
in a workshop.

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LESSON 1.6
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
(WOOD)

Introduction
Now that you have been well- equipped with safety techniques in the Basic Technology
workshop, let us give attention to some of the materials you will be making use of at the
workshop.
The series of lessons you are about to explore, will expose you to wood, metal, ceramics,
plastics and rubber.
In this lesson, you will learn about what wood is, the types of wood there are, the parts of a
tree and the functions of the internal structure of wood.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define wood.
2. State the difference between soft wood and hard wood.
3. Name the diffe rent parts of a tree.
4. Draw the structure of a tree.

Definition

Wood (Timbe r) is a natural material obtained from trees. Some trees can be identified by
their bark, colour or leaves.

Parts of a Tree

(i). The leaves: The leaves derives energy from sunlight which is converted through the
process called photosynthesis for the tree to produce food.
(ii). Branches: The branches supports the leaves and carries mineral salt to the leaves.
(iii). Ste m or Trunk: This is the sturdy part of the tree, which forms the main frame of the
tree. It transfers water and mineral salt from the roots to the branches.
(iv). Fruit or Seed: This is the food produced by the tree at the branches and leaves through
photosynthesis for consumption by man and animals.
(v). Root: The root holds the tree firmly to the earth and it is responsible for supplying water
and all necessary nutrients to other parts of the tree. E.g.

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Structure of Wood

The term structure of wood simply means the inner features of a tree and their functions. E.g.

Functions of Structures

1. Bark: This is the skin of a tree that protects it from harsh weather.
2. Cambium layer: This is the part that produces new cells for the tree to grow.
3. Annual growth: This is the part of the tree that produces new layers of cells annually.
This process forms a concentric ring within the tree. This phenomenon can help one
to determine the age of a tree.
4. Sap wood: The sap wood is the area where water and mineral salts are transported
from the roots to the leaves.
5. Hearthwood: This is the most matured part of the tree, where dead cells are found. It
is the part after the sapwood, used for furniture work.
6. Pith: This is the center of the tree where decay starts sometimes. It is the core of the
tree.

Classification of Wood

Wood is classified into two groups, namely hardwood and softwood. Hardwoods are
referred to as deciduous trees while softwoods are coniferous trees

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Difference Between Hardwood and Softwood

Hardwood Softwood

1. Hardwood is found in tropical (hot) 1.Softwood can be found in temperate

regions of the earth.eg. Africa. (cold) regions of the earth.
2. Hardwood has broad leaves. Eg. 2.Softwood has slender, thin and long
Almond tree. leaves. Eg. Palm tree.
3. Hardwood usually has fat, thick trunks. 3.The trunks of softwoods are usually
4.Hardwood is the best wood for all slim and taller.
furniture work and for building 4.Softwood is not suitable for furniture
construction. work nor for building construction, since
5. They shed their leaves annually. it cannot stand the test of time.
6. Their seeds are enclosed. 5.They are ever green.
6.Their seeds are exposed.

Identification of Wood by Colour (Hardwood)

Oak: Light to dark brown colour

Teak: Dark brown in colour

Mahogany: Dark red colour

Iroko: yellowish white colour

Mansonia: golden brown colour

Other hardwood with dark brown colours are -Afara, Cherry, Yew, Larch, Walnut, Opepe,
Obeche.

Identification of Wood by Colour (Softwood)

Cedar- reddis h brown

Spruce-creamy white to pale brown

Pine-pale yellowish or creamy yellow colour

Cypress-brown

Fir-reddish

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Wood Samples

Properties of Wood

1. Usage: Wood is commonly used for furniture and roofing.

2. Heat Conductivity: Wood is a poor conductor of heat.
3. Colour: Wood generally appears in dark-brown or light in colour.
4. Magnetic property: Wood is not magnetic in any way.
5. Polish Effects: When polished, wood appears shiny.
6. Electricity Conductivity: Wood is a poor conductor of electricity when dried but can
be a good conductor when it is wet.

Forms of Wood

1. Timbe r: Wood shaped into different sizes are called timbers.

2. Chipboard: This is a board made from saw-dust or wood shavings mixed with glue
under high temperature.
3. Plywood: This is the board made from veneers glued together.
4. Veneer: This is a thin sheet of obtained from log, which can be 2mm to 5mm thick.
5. Laminated boards: This is a plywood covered on both sides with Formica.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is wood?
2. Name two types of wood.
3. Explain two diffe rences between the types of wood listed above.
4. Draw the structure of a tree and explain the functions of the parts labeled.

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LESSON 1.7 & 1.8

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
(METAL)
Introduction
By now you should be aware of wood, the types of wood, structure of wood, forms of wood
and some samples of wood.
In this lesson, you will learn some things about metals. You will learn about what metals are,
types of metals, properties of metals and the different forms of metals.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define metal.
2. Name the types of metals.
3. List at least eight properties of metals.
4. State the functions of the properties of metals.

Definition:
Metals are solid materials obtained from a natural product known as iron ore found in some
places under the earth.

Types of Metals

Metals are classified into two groups namely, ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
(i). Ferrous metals: These are metals that contain iron. As such, they can be attracted to any
magnetic properties. Examples include steel, razor blade and nails.

(ii). Non-ferrous metals: These are metals that do not contain iron. They cannot be attracted
to any magnetic substance.
Examples include aluminum, copper and cast iron.

Alloys of Metals
An alloy is the mixture of two or more metals to form a new metal. There are two types of
alloys, namely ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.

(i).Ferrous alloys: Ferrous alloys are the mixtures of two or more ferrous metals. Example
include carbon + steel + tungsten= high speed steel.

(ii).Non-ferrous alloys: This is the mixture of two or more non- ferrous metal to form
another product. Example is (copper +tin +aluminum = Bronze) and (copper + zinc = Brass).

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Physical Property of Metals

(i). Density: This means that metals have weight.

(ii). Magnetic prope rty: Metals can be attracted to magnets.

(iii).Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of electricity.

(iv). Sound test: Different metals produce different sounds.

(v).Brittleness: Some metals can break under heavy weight or pressure.

(vi). Ductility: This is the ability of metals to be stretched out like thin wires, especially

when heated.

(vii). Toughness: The ability of some metals to resist breaking, cracking and bending .

(viii). Malleability: When metals can be beaten to a desired shape after heating.

(ix). Hardness: This is the property of some metals not to dent.

(x). Fusibility: This is the ability of metals to be able to mix with other metals in their liquid

form to form another product.

Samples of Different Metals

e.g. stainless steel, aluminium, high carbon steel, nichrome, mild steel, cast iron, silver,
gold, copper, zinc, etc.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define metal.
2. Name the types of metals.
3. List at least eight properties of metals.
4. State the functions of the properties of metals.

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LESSON 1.9
CLASSIFICATION OF METAL
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about metals, types and properties of metals. In this lesson, you
are going to learn about the classification of metals and their relationship in forming alloys.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. State the two classes of metals.
2. State at least two examples each of the classes of metals.
3. Define an alloy
4. State two examples of alloys
5. State at least five uses of metals

Classes of Metals

Metals are classified into two groups namely, ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
(i). Ferrous metals: These are metals that contain iron. As such, they can be attracted to any
magnetic properties. Examples include steel, razor blade and cast iron.
(ii). Non-ferrous metals: These are metals that do not contain iron. They cannot be attracted
to any magnetic substance.
Examples include aluminum, copper and zinc.

Examples of Metals and Uses

1. Cast iron: It is used for producing piston rings and cylinder blocks.
2. Aluminium: For manufacturing cooking pots, air-craft parts, electrical cables and
aluminium foil.
3. High carbon steel: It is used for manufacturing cutting tools, pliers, drill bits,
punches and hammer heads.
4. Nichrome: This is an alloy used for manufacturing electrical resistant materials.
5. Mild steel: Used for manufacturing structural work materials, bolts and nuts and
other non-cutting tools.
6. Stainless steel: For processing chemicals and foods.

Alloys of Metals

An alloy is the mixture of two or more metals to form a new metal. There are two types of
alloys, namely ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.

(i).Ferrous alloys: Ferrous alloys are the mixtures of two or more ferrous metals. Example
include carbon + steel + tungsten= high speed steel.

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(ii).Non-ferrous alloys: This is the mixture of two or more non- ferrous metals to form
another product. Examples are:
i. coppe r +tin +aluminum = Bronze and
ii. copper + zinc = Brass.

Importance of Alloys

1. For strength.
2. Wear resistance.
3. It provides hardness.
4. Corrosion-resistance.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State the two classes of metals.

2. State at least two examples each of the classes of metals.
3. Define an alloy
4. State two examples of alloys
5. State at least five uses of metals

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LESSON 1.10
FORMS OF METALS

Introduction:
In the last lesson you learned about the classification of metals, forms of metals, alloys and
the importance of alloys.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about the different forms of metals, ceramics, clas ses of
ceramics and the difference between glass and ceramics.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. State at least five forms of metals.
2. State at least one example each the forms of metals stated above.
3. State at least one use of a type of metal.
4. Define ceramics.
5. State at least three classes of ceramics.
6. State at least five products of glass.
7. State at least four diffe rences between ceramics and glass.

Metals come in different forms and shapes. Consider the following:

1. Round form: this may be in the form of a solid cylindrical shape. E.g.

2. Tube form: these are hollow cylindrical-shaped metals. E.g.

3. Rectangular form: these are blocks of metals with height, width and length. E.g.
4. Plate form: these are sheet of metals of about 2mm to 3mm thickness. E.g.
5. Channels form: these are I, H and T-shaped beams. E.g.
6. Strips form: these are wire mesh and wire gauze. E.g.
7. Wires: they include electrical cables. E.g.

Ceramics

Definition: Ceramics are materials made from clay, mud or cement.

Classes of Ceramics

1. Refractory ceramics: These are ceramics made from fired clay. It is used for oven
lining.
2. White-ware ceramics: These are the types of ceramics used for making wall tiles,
floor tiles and for electrical insulators.
3. Structural clay ceramics: These are ceramics used in building construction like
blocks, bricks and concrete.

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Properties of Ceramics and Glass

1. Brittleness: Ceramics and glasses can break when it is dropped.

2. High resistance to heat: Ceramics especially can withstand high temperature.
3. Easily decorated: Ceramics and glass can easily be decorated for beauty.
4. High compressive load: Ceramics in the form of concrete can carry very heavy
loads.
5. Porosity: Clay ceramics used for making pots contain pores that allows for cooling.
6. High resistance to corrosion: Since ceramics does not corrode, it can be used for
storing chemicals.
7. Insulators: Ceramics are used for manufacturing electrical switches, plugs and spark
plugs.

Products of Ceramics/Glass

i. Bricks
ii. Bottles
iii. Glass cups
iv. Clay pots
v. Tiles
vi. Cement
vii. Plaster of Paris (POP)
viii. Water closet
ix. Electrical insulators.

Difference Between Ceramics and Glass

Ceramics Glass

1. Not transparent, as light cannot Glass is transparent. Light can

pass through it. completely or partially pass through it
2. Ceramic is dense, i.e. it has Glass is lighter in weight.
weight.
3. Ceramics cannot be processed into Glass can be processed into mirror.
mirror.
4. Ceramic does not crack easily Glass cracks under intense heat.
under heat.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State at least five forms of metals.

2. State at least one example each the forms of metals stated above.
3. State at least one use of a type of metal.
4. Define ceramics.
5. State at least three classes of ceramics.
6. State at least five products of glass.
7. State at least four diffe rences between ceramics and glass.

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1.11 & 1.12 Revision/Examination

(See Page 95 For Questions)

PART 2 NEXT

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LESSON 2.1
REVISION OF LAST TERM’S WORK
OBJECTIVES: To revise with students the following areas covered last term:
.-Safety Guidelines
- Workshop safety
-Properties of mate rials, wood, metal, ceramics and glass.

(The teacher treats this revision with students)

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LESSON 2.2
BUILDING MATERIALS
Introduction
Buildings shelters man from harsh weathers and provides comfort and security. For some of
us a building provides more than comfort.
However, in this lesson, you are going to learn about buildings, classes of buildings, types of
buildings and the different materials used in the construction of buildings.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define building
2. State the classes of buildings
3. List at least five types of buildings
4. Identify at least ten building materials
5. State the functions of the materials identified
6. Define concrete
7. List at least five types of concrete and their uses
8. State five prope rties of concrete
9. Identify at least three tools used for mixing and transporting concrete

Definition:
A building can be defined as a shelter with walls and a roof where we can live, play,
worship, transact business and produce goods and services.

Classification and Types of Buildings

Residential Public Industrial.

(a).Bungalow Hotels Warehouses

(b).Storey buildings Worship buildings Factories

©.Duplexes Stadia

(d).Huts Sports complexes

(e).Sky-scrapers Halls

Shopping complexes

Hospitals

Types of Buildings

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1. Bungalow: These are buildings with just a ground floor. It may contain two to three
flats with a number of rooms, kitchen, toilets, etc. e.g.

Bungalow
2. Storey Building: These are buildings with at least two floors with staircases or a lift
connecting the floors. These types of buildings offer a more economical way of land
use. E.g.

Story buil ding

3. Duplex: This is a building with two floors housing a family. The top floor is used by
the family while the ground floor serves as the sitting room, kitchen, visitor’s room,
etc. e.g.

Duplex
4. Semi-Detached Building: This is a twin duplex with the same design separated by a
common wall. E.g.

Semi-Detached buil ding

5. Sky Scrapper: Theses are buildings containing 20-50 floors and above. In Western
countries, such buildings are used as residential buildings. E.g.

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Sky Scrapper
6. Huts: In most village settlements in Nigeria, huts are common. Mud, grass and plants
are used as walls and roofs. E.g.

A Hut

Materials used in Building Construction

Burnt bricks Asbestos sheets Aggregates

Concrete Gl ass Mortar

Wood Steel Water

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Sandcrete blocks Grass Bamboo or Sticks

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define building
2. State the classes of buildings
3. List at least five types of buildings
4. Identify at least ten building materials.

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LESSON 2.3
USES OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Introduction
Building materials must be put to good use before any building can be constructed.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about the uses of building materials, concrete, types of
concrete, properties of concrete, the methods used for mixing concrete and the different
methods used for transporting concrete

OBJCTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student s hould be able to:

1. State at least eight uses of building mate rials.

2. Define concrete.
3. State at least five types of concrete.
4. State at least five properties of concrete.
5. State at least two methods for mixing concrete.
6. State at least two methods of transporting concrete.

Uses of Building Materials

(i) Cement: Cement is used as a bonding agent for sand, aggregates, bricks and
blocks.
(ii) Aggregate: These are crushed granite gravels and sand. They are classed as either
coarse(stones), medium and fine(sand) types. They are used as concretes.
(iii) Steel: Steel is used to reinforce concrete. They are also classed as either high
carbon steel, medium or low carbon steel.
(iv) Wate r: Water is required for mixing concrete and sandcrete.
(v) Concrete: This is the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water. It is generally
used for bearing load in buildings.
(vi) Sandcrete blocks: These are blocks produced from the mixture of cement, sand
and water only. These blocks are used for erecting walls.
(vii) Burnt bricks: Bricks are used for building furnaces and incinerators and most
especially for decoration of some buildings.
(viii) Mortar(Plaster): Mortar is used for plastering walls to be smooth for painting. It
is much like the mixture of sandcrete, just that in the case of mortar the quantity
of cement is increased.
(ix) Wood: In buildings, wood is used in making doors, windows, door and window
frames, ceiling hangers and stair cases.
(x) Asbestos sheets: This material can be used as roofing sheet or as ceiling. Some
persons do make walls of asbestos.
(xi) Glass and othe r ceramics: Glasses are used to beautify and illuminate buildings.
Ceramics in the form of tiles may be used to decorate and cover walls.

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Concrete- Types, Properties and Tools

Definition:
Concrete can be defined as the mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water. These are the
four components of concrete. It is used to reinforce buildings.

Types of Concrete

(a). Reinforced concrete: this is concrete that contains steel inside it. It is used for
bearing load on pillars, column and floors.

(b). Green concrete: this is a freshly prepared concrete that has not set yet.

(c). Precast concrete: this is concrete cast outside the site of construction. It is brought in
and assembled into parts of the building

(d). Pre-stressed concrete: this is a reinforced concrete prepared so as to prevent

cracking due to expansion from heat.

(e).Terrazo: this is a flooring concrete mixed with granites or formed with marble. It is
usually coloured , ground and polished.

Properties of Concrete

1. Durability: Concrete can withstand heat, cold and chemicals. It hardly deteriorates.

2. Mouldability:This means that concrete can be moulded easily into whatever shape
desired when it is still fresh.

3. Resistance to chemicals: Concrete with low water content can withstand chemical
effect and vice- versa.

4. Resistance to fire: Some concrete referred to as quart and quartzite are highly resistant
to fire.

5. High compressive strength: This means that concrete can carry great loads,
depending on the aggregate ratio used.

Methods for Mixing Concrete

In most African countries, there are two ways of mixing concrete. These are hand mixing
and machine mixing.

(i). Hand Mixing: This is the method of using hand and spade to mix concrete. It is applied
where there are no machines for the mixing.
E.g.

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Men at Work -Hand Mi xing

(ii). Machine Mixing: This is the method of using machines like the tilting drum, non-tilting
drum and transit mixer in the mixing of concrete. E.g.

Machine Mi xing

Methods of Transporting Concrete

The method of transporting concrete depends on the distance to be travelled. For short
distances, the usual method is listed below:

i. Head pan
ii. Wheel barrow
iii. Dumper
iv. Platform hoist
v. Crane
vi. Pumping plant e.g.

Head Pan Wheel B arrow Dumper

Crane Pumpi ng Plant Pumpi ng Pi peline

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For long distance transportation, concrete is delivered to the job site using a transit or truck
mixer. E.g.

Truck Mi xer

REVIEW QUESTION

1. State at least eight uses of building mate rials.

2. State at least five types of concrete.
3. State at least four prope rties of concrete.
4. State at least two methods for mixing concrete.
5. State at least two methods of transporting concrete

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LESSON 2.4
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND
MATERIALS (I)
Introduction
Now that you are well-acquainted with building materials and construction, let us give
attention to how you can use a combination of lines to carry out simple constructions of plane
figures.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about drawing instruments and materials as they relate
to basic technical drawing.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define technical drawing
2. Distinguish between drawing instrume nts and drawing materials
3. List at least six drawing instruments and state their uses

Definition:
Technical drawing is the language used by engineers and architects to interpret objects,
symbols, lines, curves and conventional representations on paper with the aid of drawing.

Properties of Technical Drawing

a. Technical drawings must obey standard signs.

b. Technical drawings must be neat.
c. Technical drawings must be accurate.

Drawing Instrume nts: Drawing instruments are non-consumable items used during
technical drawing. If well taken care of, they can remain for a long time. They include the
following:

(i). Drawing Board: This is a flat wooden board with a smooth, rigid surface. It is suitable
for the A3 paper. E.g.

Drawing B oard

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(ii). Tee-square: This is a T-shape instrument containing a head and a stock. It is used for
drawing horizontal lines and for setting the paper on the board and to support the set square
during drawing. E.g.

Tee S quare

(iii). Set-square: These are instruments in the form of a right-angled triangle, made of
plastic. We have the 450 and 300 /600 set-squares. They are used for drawing vertical and
angled (slanted) lines.

Set Square

(iv). Scale Rule: This is a 30cm wooden or plastic ruler, used for measuring lengths and for
dimensioning scaled drawings. E.g.

Scale Rule

(v). Protractor: The protractor is a plastic semi-circular instrument, used for measuring
angles. E.g.

Protractors

(vi). French curves: This instrument is used to draw different types, sizes and shapes of
curves. The flexible curve is used for the same purpose. E.g.

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French Curve Flexi ble Curve

(vii). Drawing set: This is a pack containing different drawing items like pair of compass,
divider, etc. e.g.

Drawing set

(viii): Compass: A compass is used for drawing circles and arcs. There is the small bow
compass and the large –size compass. E.g.

For the practical session, Go and Watch the Downloaded Video Titled, “Introduction To
Technical Drawing”. Go NOW!

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define technical drawing.

2. State three properties of technical drawing.
3. Distinguish between drawing instrume nts and drawing material.
4. List at least six drawing instruments and state their uses

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LESSON 2.5
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND
MATERIALS (II)
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about drawing materials and their uses. In this lesson, you are
going to learn about drawing materials and their uses in technical drawing. You will also
learn about how to care for your drawing materials and instruments.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define drawing material.

2. State at least five types of drawing material.
3. State one use each of the drawing mate rials stated above.

Definition-Drawing Materials
Drawing materials are items that gets consumed with use. They get exhausted with time.

This means that the difference between drawing instruments and drawing materials is that
while drawing instruments do not get consumed as one makes use of them, drawing materials
get used-up when drawing.

Drawing materials include the following:

(i). Drawing paper: The paper commonly used for technical drawing is the A3 paper.
Standard size of drawing sheets are:

Designation Size (mm)

A0 1189 x 841
A1 841 x 594
A2 594 x 420
A3 420 x 297
A4 297 x 210
A5 210 x 148.

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Drawing Pad or Sketch pad

(ii). Pencils: The grade of pencil lead is marked on the pencil. For instance, HB denotes
medium grade.

Increase in hardness is shown by value put in front of H such as 2H, 3H, etc. For instance a
3H pencil is harder than a 2H pencil.
Softer pencils are marked as 2B, 3B, 4B, etc. Pencil marked 3B is softer than 2B pencil.
Pencil marked 4B is softer than 3B, etc.

Starting a drawing may be made with H or 2H pencils.

Lettering and dimensioning should be done with H and HB pencils.

Pencils

(iii). Pencil sharpeners: This is a material used to sharpen all pencils to a conical point
shape. It contains a blade on plastic or metal frame. E.g.

Pencil Sharpener

(iv).Emery cloth: Instead of re-sharpening the pencil, this material is used to restore
sharpness to the pencil when the pencil lead is rubbed on it. E.g.

Emery Cl oth

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(v). Dusting Brush: The brush is used to remove dirt from the paper after erasing. Tissue
paper can serve the same purpose. E.g.

Brush

(vi). Eraser: As the name implies, this material is used to remove (erase) mistakes. It is
made of soft quality rubber. E.g.

Eraser
(vii): Drawing Paper File: This is a file where drawing paper (A3) is neatly kept.

For the practical session, Go and Watch the Downloaded Video Titled, “Introduction To
Technical Drawing”. Go NOW!

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define drawing material.

2. State at least five types of drawing material.
3. State one use each of the drawing mate rials stated above.

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LESSON 2.6
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND
MATERIALS (III)
Introduction
This is a continuation of the last lesson on drawing instruments and materials. In this lesson,
our focus will be on caring for your drawing instruments and materials. You will also learn
the basic techniques on how to handle both drawing instruments and materials.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. State at least five ways of caring for the drawing instrume nts and materials.
2. State at least five correct techniques for handling drawing instruments and
materials.

Care of Drawing Instrume nts

Students are expected to follow the following steps to care for their drawing instruments:
(i). Do not use any sharp objects on the edges of the drawing board.
(ii). When not in use, cover the face of the board to avoid dust.
(iii).The Tee-square should not be used as a sword or staff to play with.
(iv). Never use any sharp object on the edges of your set-squares.
(v). When you are not working with your instruments, keep them on their sheaths and packs.
(vi). Drawing paper should be kept in a flat file or jacket.

Correct Techniques for Handling Drawing Instrume nts and Materials

1. Border lines must be neatly shown at a reasonable width.

2. Let your work be pleasant to look at.
3. As pencils get blunt, sharpen them on a sand paper block.
4. Your drawing should be prepared on a very clean environment.
5. Thick lines should be drawn when they are not likely to be rubbed off again.
6. Be safety conscious.
7. Drawings should be arranged on the drawing paper such that the paper is uniformly
covered.
8. Clean tissue paper should be used to remove erased dust.
9. Drawing instruments and materials should be carefully handled.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State at least five ways of caring for drawing instruments and mate rials.
2. State at least five correct techniques for handling drawing instruments and
materials.

For the practical session, Go and Watch the Downloaded Video Titled, “Introduction To
Technical Drawing”. Go NOW!

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LESSON 2.7 &2.8

BOARD PRACTICE
Introduction
In the last lesson, you were exposed to drawing instruments, materials, how to care for both
and the correct technique in handling drawing tools.
In this lesson, you will be carrying out the practical technique of what you have learned from
the last three lessons.
The demonstration videos attached to this lesson will expose to you how you should carry out
board practice. You are required to strictly follow all procedures so as to master the skill in
basic technical drawing.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define board practice
2. Demonstrate how to set drawing paper on the board
3. Draw boarder lines
4. Carry out simple lettering from A – Z.
4. Draw title block with dimensions
5. Fill-in title block with information

Definition:
Drawing practice can simply be defined as the technique of making technical drawing with
the aid of drawing instruments and materials.

In board practice, the following steps must be strictly followed so as to achieve very good
and neat result. They are:
1. Setting paper on the Board: To set your A3 paper on the board, do the following:
(i). Put your A3 paper on the board.
(ii). Put the Tee-square on the paper with the stock aligned with the board on the left side.
(iii). Adjust the paper to align with the blade of the Tee square.
(iv). After making sure the paper is aligned on the board, use a small masking tape or clip to
hold the paper to the board.

2. Drawing the Border Line: The border lines are drawn to obtain margins at the four edges
of the paper at a distance of 10-15mm from the end of the paper. The method applied varies:
(i). Using a pair of compasses, measure 10 to 15mm radius.
(ii). With the pin of the compasses at the edge of the paper, mark the sheet at the four edges.
(iii). With the aid of your Tee-Square, draw horizontal lines passing through the upper and
lower marks made earlier.
(iv). With the aid of your 300 /600 set square, resting on the T-square, draw vertical lines to

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pass through the marks made on the right and left side of the paper, while rotating the set-
square.

Shapes of Sharpening Pencil: Pencils should be sharpened to a conical point shape. This
makes your work neater and easy to erase if there is any mistake.
E. g.

Pencils

Lettering: Lettering Guidelines

a. Either straight or inclined lettering styles are allowed. Mixture of both should not be
used.
b. Painting of letters should be avoided.
c. Figures and letters should be written in single strokes.
d. Fanciful or artistic hand writing is not allowed.
e. Make sure the writing is faint and are of equal height and lie within the same
parallels.
f. All writings should be carefully printed.

Styles of Lettering

a. Upright Letters (Upper Case):

ABC D EF GH IJK LMN O PQ RST U VWX Y Z

b. Slant Letters ( Upper Case):

A BC DE F G HIJK L MN OP Q RST U V WX YZ

c. Lower Case Letters:

ab cd e fg hIjk l mno p q rst u v w x y z

For the practical session, Go and Watch the Downloaded Video Titled, “Board
Practice and Letters/Numbers”. Go NOW!

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define board practice

2. Demonstrate how to set drawing paper on the board
3. Draw boarder lines
4. Carry out simple lettering from A – Z.

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LESSON 2.9
TITLE BLOCK (I) & (II)
Introduction
This lesson is a continuation of our last lesson. In this lesson, you will learn the technique of
drawing your title block as well as how to draw a number of parallel lines vertically,
horizontally and diagonally at a given angle and at regular intervals and given height.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define title block.

2. Draw title block with dimensions.
3. Draw parallel, perpendicular and slanted lines.

Definition: A title block introduces or identifies a drawing work and the designer.

Drawing the Title Block

The title block is placed at the bottom right corner of the paper. To draw the title block,
follow the steps below:
(i). With the aid of a pair of compasses, measure a rectangular box of 40mm × 100 or
120mm, starting at the lower right corner of your border line.
(ii). With the aid of the compasses at 10mm radius, cut the 40mm side into four equal parts.
(iii). With the aid of the T-square, rule the four marks from one end to the other of the title
block to complete the drawing. E.g.

Filling the Title Block: The following information are required in the title block:
Name
School
Title
Scale
Date, etc

Drawing of Parallel, Slanted and Pe rpendicular Lines

These are drawn lines as either parallel, slanted or perpendicular lines. E.g.

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For the practical session, go watch the Downloaded Video Titled, “Parallel Lines”.

ACTIVITY
With the aid of your drawing instruments and materials, do the following:
(i). Set your paper your board.
(ii). Draw your border line.
(iii). Draw and complete your title block, i.e. show name, school, etc.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define title block.

2. Draw title block with dimensions.
3. Draw parallel, perpendicular and slanted lines.

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LESSON 2.10
FREE HAND SKETCHING
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about board practice, border line, drawing a number of parallel
lines and title block.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about how to use free-hand to sketch any applicable tool
and materials in technical drawing.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define free-hand sketching
2. State at least four diffe rent technique involved in free-hand sketching
3. Carry out simple free-hand sketching.

Definition: Free hand sketching is the use of pencil, eraser and just your hand to make a
quick drawing of an object on paper.

Techniques used in Sketching Free Hand

(i).Straight lines: To sketch a straight line using free-hand sketch, you put two dots at the
ends of where the line will pass through. Then move the pencil across to the point to the right,
starting from the left. E.g.

(ii).Curves: There are two techniques used when drawing curves using free-hand sketch.
(a). Use several dots to indicate the path of the supposed curve;
(b). Gradually join these dots to form the required curve. E.g.

(iii).Circles: In sketching a circle using free- hand sketch, the following three steps may be
useful.
(a). sketch a square box.
(b). sketch centre lines to divide the square into four quadrant;
(c). finally join each quadrant as demonstrated by the teacher. E.g.

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(iv). Ellipse: The following steps are followed when drawing an ellipse using free-hand
sketching.
(a). sketch a rectangular box.
(b). sketch centre lines to divide the rectangle into four quadrant.
(c). join each quadrant to achieve the required ellipse. e.g.

For the practical session go watch the Downloaded Video Titled, “Freehand Sketching” .

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define free-hand sketching
2. State at least four diffe rent technique involved in free -hand sketching
3. Carry out simple free-hand sketching.

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LESSON 2.11& 2.12

REVISION/EXAMINATION
(See Page 95 For Questions)

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LESSON 3.1
REVISION OF LAST TERM’S
WORK
(Teacher Uses His/Her Discretion To Carry Out Revision.)

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LESSON 3.2
WOODWORK HAND TOOLS
-Measuring Tools
-Setting-out Tools
-Marking-out Tools
-Driving Tools
Introduction
In an engineering workshop, there are different classes of tools put to good use for fabrication
of both wood and metalwork.
In this very first lesson in part three of this series, you will be exposed to woodwork hand
tools. These tools will include measuring, setting-out, marking-out and driving tools and their
uses.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. State at least five types of measuring tools.

2. State at least three types of setting-out tools.
3. State at least three types of marking-out tools.
4. List at least five types of driving tools.
5. State at least one use each of the tools mentioned above.

Definition
Woodwork hand tools are portable tools used in wood operations for measuring, machining
and fabricating wood to a desired finished product.

1. Measuring Tools and Gauges

The following tools are classified as measuring tools and gauges:

(i). Metric rule: This tools is used for taking straight line measurement. It is made of steel.
The engineer’s measuring tape can also be used for this purpose. E.g.

Steel Rule Measuring Tape

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(ii). Protractor: The protractor is a metallic semi-circular instrument, used for measuring
angles in degrees.

Semi Circular Protractor

(iii). Calipe rs: The calipers are used for measuring diameters. The inside caliper for inside
diameter and the outside caliper for outside diameter of holes. E.g.

Inside Caliper Outsi de Cali per

(iv). Vernier Calipers: It is used for measuring internal and external diameters of holes. It
has both main and vernier scales. E.g.

Vernier Calipers

(v). Micrometer Scre w Gauge: This tool is used for measuring the outside diameters of thin
wires. e.g.

Micrometer Screw Gauge

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(vi). Depth gauge: This tool is used to measure the depth of holes, recesses and slots of deep
objects. E.g.

Depth Gauge

(vii). Spirit Level: Used to check the level and plum of completed constructions and their
alignments. Level is for horizontal while plum is for vertical checking. E.g.

Spirit Level

(viii). Feeler gauge: This tool is used for checking small distances or gaps between objects.
E.g.

Feeler Gauges

(ix). Combination set: This is a set that consists of a centre square, a square head, a
protractor and a graduated steel rule called the b lade. This set can be used as a try-square,
protractor, centre gauge and a depth gauge. E.g.

Combination Set

2. Marking-Out Tools and Setting-out Tools

Marking-out tools are used to indicating points or positions, while setting-out tools are used
to set surfaces and edges at angles. Examples include the following:

(i). Carpenter’s Square: This is an L-shaped steel blade used for constructing frames for
windows and doors by carpenters. E.g.

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Carpenter’s square

(ii).Try-square: The try-square is used for testing the squareness of a surface at 900 . e.g.

Try-S quare

(iii). Sliding bevel: It is used to check angles in woodwork piece. e.g.

Sliding Bevel

(iv).Mitre square: It looks like the sliding bevel. The only difference is that this tool is used
to mark or test objects in angle 450 only. E.g.

Mitre Square

(v). Wing compass: This compass is used for marking out arcs and circles. E.g.

Wing Compass

(vi). Marking gauge: It is used to mark parallel lines to the edge of a wooden object. E.g.

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Marking guage

(vii).Tramme l: where a compass cannot be applicable, the trammel is used to mark out large
diameters. E.g.

Trammels

3. Driving Tools

Driving tools are tools used for driving objects into metals. Examples include:
A. Hamme rs: In metalwork hammers are used for bending, riveting and shaping.

Types of Hamme rs

(i). Ball-pein hamme r: This is a general-purpose hammer used for riveting i.e, forming a
cup- like shape from a metal sheet. e.g.

Ball-Pein Hammer

(ii). Cross-pein hamme r: This hammer is used for striking at the horizontal corners of
metals. For example, it is used during panel beating operations. e.g.

Cross-pei n hammer

(iii). Straight-pein hamme r: This hammer is used for vertical corners, i.e, for riveting metal
sheets at awkward positions. E.g.

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Straight-pei n hammer

(iv). Mallets: These are special types of hammers. They are made from lead, copper,
rawhide, wood, plastic or rubber. They are used where steel hammers may cause damage to
certain jobs. E.g.

Mallet

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

1. State at least five types of measuring tools.

2. State at least three types of setting-out tools.
3. State at least three types of marking-out tools.
4. List at least five types of driving tools.
5. State at least one use each of the tools mentioned above.

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LESSON 3.3
WOODWORK HAND TOOLS
BORING TOOLS
-Holding Devices
-Cutting and Pairing Tools.
Introduction
In our last lesson, you learned about woodwork measuring, setting-out, marking-out and
driving tools.

In this lesson, you are going to learn about woodwork boring tools such as holding, cutting
and pairing tools. You will also be able to identify these tools in the workshop and state their
uses.
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define woodwork boring tools.

2. State at least two types of boring tools.
3. State the uses of boring tools identified.
4. Sketch the boring tools identified.

1. Boring Tools

Definition: Hand boring tools are tools used for making holes in wood.

Types of Boring Tools in Woodwork

Bits and Drills: Bits and drills are generally referred to as drilling kits. They include the
brace drills, auger bit and fluted drill. Bits with a tapered square tang on the end of the shank
are used with a bit brace while bits with flat shanks are used a brace, breast drill or power
drill.

Drill: This is a machine with a pointed tip for cutting holes in wood or metals.

Types of Drill Bits

i. Flat drill
ii. Counter sink drill. E.g.

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iii. Combination or Centre drill. E.g.

iv. Twist drill e.g.

v. Straight-fluted drill.

These drills are used based on a particular operation to be completed in any given work.

Drilling Machine
This is a machine that positions a drill bit and performs drilling either by electrical or manual
manipulations.

Types of Drilling Machines

Manual hand-Drilling Machine: This includes the ratchet brace, the breast drill and the
bradawl.

(a). Ratchet brace: This drilling machine holds the auger and drill bits for boring any
wooden jobs. The ratchet makes it possible for this tool to rotate in one direction only. E.g.

Ratchet brace and an Auger bit

(b). Breast drill: This drilling machine can rotate both clockwise and anti-clockwise since it
has no ratchet. E.g.

Breast Drill

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(c). Bradawl: This tool is used for making small holes in wood for screws and nails. It is
used also for making the centers of holes for drilling. E.g.

Bradawls

(d). Hand Drilling Machine: This is an electrically powered machine that rotates clockwise
and anti-clockwise. It is used for drilling holes in wood and metals. E.g.

Hand Drilling Machine

2. Woodwork Holding Tools

Woodwork holding tools are generally called clamps. They are used to hold work pieces
during screwing, sawing and chiseling operations. They include the following:
(i). The G-Clamp: G-clamp is used for holding small pieces of wood together when the
pieces are being glued. e.g.

G-Cl amp

(ii). The F-Clamp: It has an F shape and it is used as the G-clamp also. E.g.

F-Cl amp

(iii).The Sash Clamp: It is used for wider and bigger jobs for assembling and gluing
operations. e.g.

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Sash Clamp

(iv). Bench Holdfast: This tool is used to hold a work piece firmly to the top surface of the
workbench. E.g.

Bench Hol dfast

3. Cutting and Pairing Devices

In woodwork, cutting tools are saws while pairing tools include planes, chisels and scrapers.
(A). Saws: Saws are toothed metal tools used for cutting wood to measured sizes.

Types of Saws

A. Straight Line Cutting Saws: These are saws used for cutting along or across grains
of wood. E.g.
(i). Rip saw: This is a long, broad saw used for cutting timber along the grains, such
as planks. e.g.

Ri p Saw
(ii). Cross-cut saw: This is a saw used to cut timber across the grain of the wood. E.g.

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Cross-Cut Saw

(iii).Panel saw: This saw is a smaller version of the cross-cut saw. It is used for cutting
smaller, fine pieces of timber like panels. e.g.

Panel Saw

B. Back Saws : These are saws with a brass metals on their backs for reinforcement.
They include the following:
(iv)Tenon saw: It is used for cutting shoulders, tenons and joints. The blade is usually
thicker. e.g.

Tenon Saw

(v). Dovetail saw: It is a saw used for cutting dovetail joints and smaller fine cuts. e.g.

Dovetail Saw

C. Curve Cutting Saws: These saws are used for cutting difficult curves on wood. E.g.
(vi). Coping saw: This saw is suitable for cutting curves in woodwork. It has a metal
frame and a wooden handle. They come in different sizes. e.g.

Copi ng Saw

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(vii).Bow saw: It is used for cutting almost any shape of circular curve. It has an H shape.
e.g.

Bow saw

(viii). Fret saw: It is a saw designed to cut any complex shape of curves in veneers and thin
layers of wood. Artists make use of this type of saw. e.g.

Fret Saw

D. Keyhole Saw

(ix). This is a saw used for cutting very small holes of different shapes into wood like key
holes. E.g.

Key-Hole S aw

4. Pairing Tools
Planes
Planes are pairing tools used for cutting wood into a smooth and fine finish. It has a cutting
edge held in a block that can be adjusted. The common planes are: (i). Jack plane
The jack plane can be used on rough-sawn wood and produces a surface that is not very
smooth. It is the largest type of plane. E.g.

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Jack Pl anes

(ii). Fore plane: Like the jack plane it is used for roughing out wood and for straight
planning. E.g.

Fore Pl ane

(iii).Smoothing plane: This plane is the smaller version of the fore plane. It is used for
smoothing the surface of wood after the jack plane has been used. E.g.

Smoothing Plane

(iv). Trying plane: This plane is used for leveling the surfaces of wood. It is slender and
smaller in size. e.g.

Tryi ng Plane

(v). Spoke shave: The spoke shave is used for removing light wooden particles from timber,
especially on edges and curves. e.g.

Spoke Shaves

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Chisels: Chisels are paring tools made of high- carbon steel. It is used for shaping wood
where finishing can be carried out. The common ones for woodwork are:
(i). Firme r chisel: This type of chisel is used for cutting deeper cuts in both heavy and light
woodwork, such as mortise shaping. e.g.

Firmer chisel

(ii). Paring chisel: This is a chisel used for fine light woodwork like slicing off small
amounts of wood in shaving and sculpturing. e.g.

Paring chisel

(iii). Gouges chisel: This type of chisel has a curved point and long handle and it is used for
fine woodwork, such as carvings and sculpturing . E.g.

Gouges chisel

Scrappers
These are tools used for removing impediments from the surfaces of finished wood items.

Types of Scrappers

The different types include:

i. Flat scraper
ii. Half-round scraper
iii. Three-triangle scrapper. E.g.

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Fl at Scrapper Half-Round Scrapper Triangular Scrapper

Chisels

Grinding and Sharpening: Grinding and sharpening mean one and the same thing. It is the
technique of using tools like oil stone, grinding disc or files to sharpen cutting tools like
chisels, scrapers, saw, knives and planning blades. Grinding will make it easier for cutting
tools to cut objects easily and freely. E.g.

Oil Stone for Sharpening Cutting Tools

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define woodwork boring tools.

2. State at least two types of boring tools.
3. State the uses of boring tools identified.
4. Sketch the boring tools identified.
5. Identify at least four work-holding tools.
6. State at least one use of the tools identified in 5 above.
7. Name five types of saws and state their uses.
8. State four types of planes and state their uses.
9. Mention one function of scrappe rs.

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LESSON 3.4
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF
WOODWORK HAND TOOLS
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about woodwork boring, holding, cutting and paring tools. You
also learned about the uses of these devices in the workshop.
In this short lesson, you will be learning about how you can care for these woodwork hand
tools.
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define maintenance.
2. Students should be able to explain care and maintena nce of woodwork hand tools .
3. Carry out simple maintenance on woodwork hand tools.

Definition: Maintenance is the art of caring for tools and machines so as to retain there
usability and efficiency.

How To Care for Woodwork Hand Tools

1. Woodwork hand tools should be kept from damp so as to prevent rust.

2. Store tools away from gangways so that they do not cause obstruction to free
movement.
3. All tools should be properly stored. Those tools for boxes should be kept in boxes,
those to be hanged should be hanged on the wall.
4. To keep the cutting edge of cutting tools sharp, they should be sharpened regularly.
5. After use, clean the tool before it is stored away.
6. Use the right tool for the operation. Using the wrong tool can damage the tool or
cause injuries.
7. To prevent rust, it is necessary to lubricate the moving parts of tools.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define maintenance.
2. State five basic ways you may care for and maintain woodwork hand tools.

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LESSON 3.5
METALWORK HAND TOOLS
-Marking-Out Tools
- Measuring tools and gauges
- Driving tools.
Introduction
One different set of hand tools in engineering workshop are metalwork hand tools. It is
interesting to note that some of the tools and devices that will be discussed in this lesson have
been mentioned in the previous lesson.
In this lesson therefore, you are going to learn about what metalwork hand tools are, the
classes and types of metalwork hand tools and their uses.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Identify five metal work measuring tools
2. Explain the uses of five measuring tools
3. List five types of metal work gauges
4. State the uses of the metal work gauges listed above
5. List at least five metal work driving tools
6. State the uses of the metalwork driving tools.

Metal Work Measuring Tools

(i). Metric rule/Measuring tape: These tools are used for taking straight line measurements.
It is made of steel. The engineer’s measuring tape can also be used for this purpose. E.g.

Steel Rule Measuring tape

(ii). Calipers: The calipers are used for measuring diameters. The inside caliper for
measuring inside diameter of holes and the outside caliper for measuring outside diameter of
holes. E.g.

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Inside Cali per Outside Cali per

(iii). Combination set: This is a set that consists of a centre square, a square head, a
protractor and a graduated steel rule called the blade. This set can be used as a try-square,
protractor, centre gauge and a depth gauge. E.g.

Combination Set

(iv). Micrometer Scre w Gauge: This tool is used for measuring the outside diameters of thin
wires. e.g.

Micrometer Screw Gauge

(v). Vernier Calipe rs: The vernier caliper can do the jobs of the inside and the outside
calipers to a very accurate measurement. E.g.

Vernier Cali pers

(vi). Spirit Level: Used to check the level and plum of completed constructions. Level is for
horizontal while plum is for vertical checking. E.g.

Spirit Level

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(vii). Depth gauge: This tool is used to measure the depth of holes, recesses and slots of deep
objects. E.g.

Depth Gauge

Feeler gauge: This tool is used for checking small distances or gaps between objects. E.g.

Feeler Gauges

Metalwork Driving Tools

Driving tools are tools used for driving objects into metals. Examples include:
1. Hammers: In metalwork hammers are used for bending, riveting and shaping.

Types of Hamme rs

(a). Ball-pein hamme r: This is a general-purpose hammer used for riveting i.e, forming a
cup- like shape from a metal sheet. e.g.

Ball-Pein Hammer

(b). Cross-pein hamme r: This hammer is used for striking at the horizontal corners of
metals. For example, it is used during panel beating operations. e.g.

Cross-pei n hammer

(c). Straight-pein hamme r: This hammer is used for vertical corners, i.e, for riveting metal
sheets at awkward positions. E.g.

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Straight-pein hamme r

(d). Mallets: These are special types of hammers. They are made from lead, copper, rawhide,
wood, plastic or rubber. They are used where steel hammers may cause damage to certain
jobs. E.g.

Mallet

2.Scre w Drivers: Screwdrivers are used for driving in or driving out screws on metals.
There are different types. They include the following:

(a). Flat Scre wdrive r: It is a screwdriver used to drive in and out screws with slotted heads.
e.g.

Fl at Screwdri ver

(b). Star Scre wdriver: Used for screws with star heads. E.g.

Star screwdri vers

(c). Offset screwdriver: This is the screwdriver used on screws in awkward positions, where
a straight screwdriver cannot be applied. E.g.

Offset Screwdri ver

(d). Allen scre wdriver: This screwdriver is used for turning screws with recessed hexagonal
or square-slotted holes. E.g.

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Allen keys

3. Punches: Punches are used to drive objects outside or inside a metal hole.

Types of Punches

(a). Centre or Dot punch: This punch is used to mark dots to aid drilling or cutting. E.g.

(b). Drift or Pin punch: These are punches used for driving out rivets, tapered pins and
dowels from holes. E.g.

Pin Punches

(c). Bell punch: Used for tracing the centre of a round surface object. E.g.

Bell Punch

4. Spanners
Spanners are used for driving in or driving out nuts and bolts in mechanical assembly
parts. They may include the open-ended spanner, ring spanner, wheel spanner, socket
spanner, combination spanner, box spanner and adjustable spanner. E.g.

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Ring S panner Socket S panner Combination S panner

Box S panner Adjustable S panner Open-ended s panner

5. Scrappers
These are tools used for removing impediments from the surfaces of finished metal items.

Types of Scrappers

The different types include:

i. Flat scraper
ii. Half-round scraper
iii. Three-triangle scrapper. E.g.

Fl at Scrapper Hal f-Round Scrapper Tri angul ar Scrapper

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.Identify five metal work measuring tools

2. Explain the uses of the five measuring tools identified
3. List two types of metal work gauges
4. State the uses of the metal work gauges listed above
5. List at least five metal work driving tools
6. State the uses of the metalwork driving tools.

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LESSON 3.6
METALWORK HAND TOOLS
- Cutting tools (Chisels, Files, Hacksaw)
Introduction
Metalwork tools will not be complete without mentioning cutting tools such as chisels, files
and hacksaws.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about these tools and their uses. You will also be
expected to identify these tools at the workshop.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define metalwork cutting tools
2. Define chisel, file and hacksaw.
3. State at least four types of chisels and their uses.
4. State at least four types of files and their uses.
5. State at least two types of hacksaws and their uses.

Cutting Tools

In metalwork, the tools used for cutting include chisels, files, scrapers and hacksaws.
1. Chisels: Chisels are made of high- carbon steel. It is used for shaping metals where
finishing can be carried out. The common ones are:
(i). Flat chisel: This is general-purpose chisel, used for leveling metal surfaces, removing
rivet, screw and bolt heads and rough-cutting sheet metal. e.g.

Fl at Chisel

(ii). Cross-cut chisel: This chisel is used for cutting narrow grooves and key ways. e.g.

Cross-Cut Chisel

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(iii). Round nose chisel: This is a chisel used for cutting straight, deep grooves and holes.
E.g.

Round-Nose Chisel

(iv). Diamond-point chisel: This is a chisel used for cutting vee-grooves, as in bolts and nuts
and for chiseling inner corners of metal work piece. E.g.

Diamond-Point Chisel

Types of Chisels for Metal work

2. Files: Files are used for finishing and smoothening metals to the required size and shape.

Types of Files

(i). Flat file: This file is used to remove small roughness from flat surfaces, leaving it
smooth. It contains a rectangular cross section. E.g.

Fl at file

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(ii). Square file: This file is used for finishing square and rectangular holes. e.g.

Square file

(iii).Round file: It is a file used for finishing round edges or holes. It has a circular cross-
section. e.g.

Round File

(iv). Half-round file: This file is used for filing curves of shapes to a specific radius. e.g.

Half-Round File

(v). Triangular file: It is the file used for filing awkward and sharp corners, especially faces
less than 900 . E.g.

Triangular file

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(vi). Hand file: This file has a rectangular cross section and it is used for filing flat surfaces
close to shoulders. It is a general-purpose file. E.g.

Hand file

3.Hack saw: This is a tool with a narrow blade in a metal frame. The junior hack saw is
used to cut soft metals why the senior hack saw is used on harder metals. E.g.

Junior Hacksaw Seni or Hacksaw

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Define metal work hand tools

2. Identify at least five marking-out tools and state their uses
3. Identify at least five cutting tools and state their uses
4. Sketch the tools identified.
5. State the use of the junior and senior hacksaws.

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LESSON 3.7 & 3.8

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF
METALWORK HAND TOOLS
Introduction
In the last lesson, you learned about the final segment on metalwork hand tools and their
uses.
In this lesson, you are going to learn about how to care and maintain these metalwork hand
tools. You will discover what a lubricant is, types of lubricants and the basic reason for
applying lubricants to machines and tools.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :

1. Explain care and maintenance of metal work hand tools.
2. State at least three methods of maintaining metalwork tools.
3. Define lubrication e.g. oil and grease.
4. Construct metal work hand tool box.

The way woodwork tools are cared for so metalwork hand tools are cared for also. In caring
for metalwork hand tools, one must think about the moving parts of machines and tools. For
machine parts to move freely, they must be lubricated.

Methods for Maintaining Metalwork Tools

1. Dusting and Cleaning

Caring for metalwork hand tools begins with regular dusting and cleaning using wire
brush, air jet or vacuum cleaner.
Cleaning may require using a damp cloth, detergent and any other cleaning agent. To
remove dust and accumulated debris that may clog in a machine, cleaning is req uired.

Materials Needed During Cleaning

 Heavy duty rubber gloves;

 Wire brush;
 Large buckets or bowls;
 Cleaning agent like detergents;
 Soft rag and steel wool.

Steps for Cleaning Process

i. Boil a large quantity of water, filled to the brim in a bucket.
ii. Put the tools to be cleaned inside the boiled water in the bucket, completely immersed.
iii. Add detergent and let the content soak for about 30 – 40 minutes.
iv. With the rubber glove on, remove each tool and scrub with a wire brush to remove grease

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and clogged dirt.
v. Remove all washed tools from the bucket and dry under sun.
vi. Rusty tools should be separated and given a steel wool scrub.

2. Sharpening and Grinding

Grinding is the process of sharpening cutting tools like chisels, knives, saws and
cutters. To sharpen saw teeth, files are used. Regular sharpening and grinding keeps
cutting edges sharp and makes a machine work efficiently.

3. Greasing and Oiling of Moving Parts

Lubrication: Lubrication is the application of grease or oil to metal parts that rub
against each other.
Lubricant, on the other hand, is the chemical used for reducing friction to metal parts
in contact. Before lubricating, you must identify which parts of a machine to be
lubricated for efficiency.

Purpose of Lubrication

i. To prevent corrosion or rusting;

ii. To prevent wear and tear;
iii. To improve efficiency of the machinery or tool by reducing friction;
iv. Reduce heat and transport heat away from moving parts of a machine.

Types of Lubricants
Lubricants are usually divided into four basic classes.
(a). Oils: A general term used to cover all liquid lubricants, whether they are mineral oils,
natural oils, synthetics, emulsions, or even process fluids.
(b). Greases: Technically these are oils, which contain a thickening agent to make them
semi-solid. It is convenient, however, to include the anti-seize pastes and the semi-
fluid greases under the same heading.

Grease
(c). Dry lubricants: These include any lubricants, which are used in solid form, and may
be bulky solids, paint- like coatings, or loose powders.

Dry lubricant
(d). Gases: The gas usually used in gas bearings is air, but any gas can be used which will
not attack the bearings, or itself decompose.

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Gaseous lubricant

Tips for Basic Maintenance of Metalwork Hand Tools

i. Oil metallic and moving parts of a hand tool to reduce friction and corrosion.
ii. Never use a hand tool without a handle.
iii. Files should be cleaned as soon as they get clogged by using a file card.
iv. A metalworker must learn to select the right type of tool the particular work on
hand.
v. Never use a file on welded joints or on the surface of casting.
vi. All metalwork hand tools must be kept in their proper shelves, cases, tool boxes
or rack.
vii. Hacksaw blades should be fixed onto the frame with the teeth pointing away from
the handle so that it cuts at the forward stroke.
viii. To keep cutting edges of cutting tools sharp always, they must be properly
sharpened.

4. Inspection and Tightening of Mechanical Fasteners

Mechanical fasteners include nuts, bolts, washers, screws, etc. Machines that vibrate
need to be checked constantly for loose fasteners. If these fasteners are not properly
locked in place, they may likely unlock.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain care and maintenance of metal work hand tools.
2. State at least three methods of maintaining metalwo rk tools.
3. Define lubrication e.g. oil and grease.
4. Construct metal work hand tool box.

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LESSON 3.9 & 10

MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS/
MACHINES & IMPORTANCE OF
MAINTENANCE
Introduction
In the last lesson you learned about how to care for metalwork hand tools. In this lesson
however you are going to learn about a general approach to maintenance, the different types
of maintenance and how to carry out routine maintenance on machines.

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define maintenance
2. Mention at least three types of maintenance
3. State at least four importance of maintenance
4. State four routine maintenance
5. State at least four importance of keeping maintenance record.

Definition:

Maintenance can be defined as the process or art of caring for an equipment so as to avoid
damage and accident.

Types of Maintenance

The three basic types of maintenance are as follows:

(i) Preventive Maintenance: This is a routine maintenance carried out on an

equipment to avoid any breakdown or damage to the equipment.
(ii) Corrective Maintenance: This is the type of maintenance carried out when a
breakdown to an equipment is experienced.
(iii) Predictive Maintenance: It is done to examine the likelihood of a breakdown.
This type of maintenance helps one to decide if equipment needs to be serviced.

Importance of Maintenance

i. It increases the span of an equipment.

ii. It makes work to be easily overcome.
iii. It prevents accident.
iv. Maintenance increases the efficiency of a machine.

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v. It can prevent unexpected cost of replacement of damaged parts.
vi. It prevents the breakdown of equipment.

Nature of Maintenance

The nature of maintenance always involves obeying the manufacturer’s manual guidelines,
cleaning, dusting, oiling and washing.

Routine Maintenance

To carry out routine maintenance, an engineer must do the following:

i. Grease or lubricate all moving parts to reduce friction.

ii. Keep all equipment clean after use.
iii. Prevent equipment from rust by keeping them away from moisture and direct heat.
iv. Check all nuts and bolts regularly to ensure that they are properly tightened and
oiled.
v. Make sure that electrical equipment are disconnected or switched off from the
mains before embarking on maintenance.

Importance of Keeping Maintenance Records

The importance of keeping maintenance record is as follows:

i. Maintenance record helps you estimate the worth of a machine at any time.
ii. Makes it possible to make plans and prepare budgets.
iii. It helps one to take appropriate management decisions.
iv. Determine the profitability of the machine.
v. Obtain credit (borrow money) from banks.
vi. Helps one prepare for tax assessment (especially for organizations)

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define maintenance
2. Mention at least three types of maintenance
3. State at least four importance of maintenance
4. State four routine maintenance
5. State at least four importance of keeping maintenance record.

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LESSON 3.11 & 3.12

GENERAL
REVISION/EXAMINATION

DISCLAIMER:THE QUESTIONS BELOW ARE STRICTLY FOR

REVISION PURPOSES ONLY.

I WISH YOU SUCCESS IN YOUR EXAMINATION-AMEN!

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BASIC TECHNOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS (BASIC 7)

1. ……………. Process are methods of doing things by hand and common to the under
developed countries
(a) artificial (b) physical (c) manual (d) potential (e) mechanism
2. There are two forms of technology, they are…………………… and………………
(a) artificial and physical (b) mechanism and mechanical (c) physical and manual
(d) developed and manual (e) developed and under developed
3. The use of donkey and horse to travel from one place to the other is known as
………….. approach (a) under developed (b) technology (c) artificial (d)
developed (d) physical
4. …………….. is the use of modern and acceptable scientific approach to doing and
making things. (a) technology (b) metal work (c) solar (d) artificial (e) transit
5. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of modern technology?
(a) using of gong (b) telephone (c) internet (d) aircraft (e) solar electricity
6. Which of these is NOT a technological development in the area of security.
(a) bombs (b) armored car (c) bullets (d) guns (e) stick
7. Natural resources such as oil, forest are however provided by ……………
(a) mankind (b) human (c) factory (d) consumer
8. ……………. are the methods of doing and making things by using machines
(a) manual processes (b) mechanized processes (c) physical processes (d) artificial
processes (e) local processes
9. Which of these is NOT a technological development in transport industry
(a) aircraft (b) train (c) ships (d) motor vehicle (e) cart
10. A country that is developed make use of the following in education EXCEPT
(a) marker board (b) magnetic board (c) projector (d) computer (e) chalk board
11. The following are the products of technology found at home EXCEPT?
(a) radio (b) television (c) CD player (d) marker board (e) cell phone
12. The following are products of technology found in the industry EXCEPT?
(a) telephone (b) fax machine (c) computer (d) oven (e) pepper grinder
13. The following are products of technology found in schoo ls, EXCEPT?
(a) calculator (b) heat extractor (c) bench vice (d) magnetic board (e) computer
14. The following are the methods of education in the dark ages EXCEPT?

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(a) use of chalkboard (b) use of projectors (c) use of slates (d) use of chalk (e) use
of metric rules
15. The following are the modern methods of security EXCEPT?
(a) armored cars (b) use of bullets (c) use of bombs (d) use of guns (e) use of staff
16. ………….. in technology gives man-power and skills to use technological devices
efficiently and effectively (a) writing (b) literacy (c) school (d) singing (e) sport
17. Technology is for the following EXCEPT?
(a) schools (b) banks (c) hospitals (d) homes (e) none
18. …………… is the way in which machines, tools and workbenches are a rranged in the
workshop so that maximum safety can be achieved
(a) workshop layout (b) technology (c) literacy (d) scientific (e) knowledge
19. ……………. Can be defined as an unpleasant occurrence that happens unexpectedly
and causes injury and damage. (a) safety (b) workshops (c) accident (d)
workshop (e) workshop layout
20. …………… can be defined as a room or building in which things are made, repaired
and maintained (a) workshop (b) sitting room (c) house (d) workshop layout (e)
devices
21. ………………. is the measure taken in the workshop to prevent danger and injury
(a) accident (b) safety (c) sawing (d) tiles on the floor (e) iron chips on the
floor
22. …………….. can be defined as the state of being save and protected from danger or
harm
(a) operation (b) accident (c) technology (d) workshop (e) accident safety
23. The following are the operations performed in the workshop, EXCEPT?
(a) construction (b) design and fabrication (c) repair (d) maintenance (e)
surgery
24. The following methods can prevent accidents while working in the workshop,
EXCEPT?
(a) always use the right tools for each job (b) avoid use the right tools for each job
(c) avoid using worn out tools (d) do no welcome distraction while working (e)
always do more than two jobs at the same time.

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WORKSHOP SAFETY RULES, REGULATIONS AND ACCIDENTS PREVENTION
MEASURES

25. The following are workshop accident EXCEPT?

(a) stepping on a sharp metallic objects (b) having a cut injury (c) ear problem due
to sharp sound (d) splashing of corrosive chemical on the body (e) none
26. ……………… is the fire that occurs from materials such as inflammable gases and
inflammable liquids. (a) electrical fire (b) solar fire (c) kinetic fire (d) chemical
fire (e) physical fire
27. ……………… are cylindrical metals painted red and containing chemicals for putting
out small fire (a) burner (b) fire extinguishers (c) partial contact (d) chemical fire
(e) none
28. ……………. are manufactured from woven glass fiber. (a) fire extinguishers (b)
sand buckets (c) fire blankets (d) fire alarm (e) safety devices
29. ……………….. is a mere siren to alert the people if there is a fire outbreak when the
switch bottom is pressed. (a) ambulance (b) fire alarm (c) fire blankets (d) fire
extinguishers (e) car horn
30. ……………… are iron buckets painted red and loaded with sand for putting out small
fire. (a) sand buckets (b) chemical buckets (c) alarm buckets (d) blankets buckets
(e) iron sand
31. …………… are equipment used in order to achieve safety?
(a) safety devices (b) fire extinguishers (c) fire alarm (d) fire blankets (e) sand
buckets

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS

32. The following are the properties of technical drawing, EXCEPT

(a) technical drawing must be neat (b) technical drawing must be accurate (c)
technical drawing must obey standard signs (d) technical drawing must be pure
33. ……………….. can be defined as a technical language used for describing things
with the aid of drawing (a) technical drawing (b) drawing materials (c) drawing
instruments (d) drawing board (e) drawing papers
34. Which of these pencils is hard and used for line work?
(a) HB pencils (b) G pencils (c) B pencils (d) 2H pencils (e) 2B pencils
35. The following are the types of pencil for technical drawing EXCEPT?
(a) 2H pencil (b) H pencil (c) B pencil (d) Eye- lid pencil (e) 2B pencil

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36. Which of these pencils is soft, black and good for art work?
(a) 2B pencil (b) HB pencil (c) 2H pencil (d) H pencil (e) none
37. The following are the instruments used for drawing EXCEPT?
(a) drawing board (b) protractor (c) tee-square (d) compass (e) eraser
38. The following are the materials we use for drawing EXCEPT?
(a) drawing paper (b) drawing paper clip (c) drawing pencils (d) drawing paper
file (e) compass

BOARD PRACTICE

39. …………………….. is used to set drawing paper squarely on the drawing board and
draw broader line round the paper
(a) Tee-square (b) compass (c) pencils (d) eraser (e) scale rule
40. Which of the following is used to carry out the drawing after setting the drawing
paper on the drawing board?
(a) compass (b) tee-square (c) erasers (d) scale rule (e) pencils
41. ………………. are drawn on papers in order to obtain margins with visible lines
(a) broader lines (b) title block (c) lettering (d) lines (e) figures
42. Pencil can be sharpened in how many ways (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5 (e) 7
43. …………….. is drawn at the bottom right hand corner of the drawing paper
(a) broader lines (b) title block (c) lettering (d) pencils (e) figures
44. ……………… is referred to as the means of producing neat and accurate technical
drawings. (a) draughtmanship skill (b) broader lines (c) title block (d) pencil
(e) lettering
45. ……………. Is the drawing of objects to the required ratio or scale by complying
strictly with the dimensions. (a) scaling (b) scale drawing (c) enlarging scale
(d) full scale (e) reducing
46. …………….. is when a drawing is made to have the same dimension with the original
dimension (a) reducing scale (b) full scale (c) scale drawing (d) enlarging scale
(e) scales
47. ………………….. is when the drawing is made bigger. (a) enlarging scale (b)
reducing scale (c) full scale (d) lagging (e) scale large

IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD

48. Wood can be classified into …………………………. and ………………….

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(a) hard and wet wood (b) soft and wet wood (c) hard and soft wood (d0 cheap
and expensive wood (e) wet and dry wood
49. ……………….. are called deciduous woods
Soft wood (b) wet wood (c) hard wood (d) dry wood (e) cheap wood
50. ………….. are called coniferous wood (a)soft wood (b) cheap wood (c) wet wood
(d) cellular wood (e) dry wood
51. The following are examples of hardwood, except? (a) Oak (b) Iroko (c) Cedar
(d) Teak (e) Mahogany
52. The following are examples of softwood excepts? (a) fir (b) pine (c) masonia
(d) spruce (e) cypress
53. Iroko tree is of which colours…………………? (a) light to dard brown colour (b)
yellowish white colour (c) dark brown colour (d) dark red colour (e) golden
brown color
54. Mahogany is of ………………colour (a) golden brown colour (b) dark brown
colour (c) yellowish white colour (d) dark red colour (e) dark brown colour
55. Cedar is of ……………… colour (a) reddish colour (b) brown colour (c) reddish
brown colour (d) creamy white colour (e) pale brown colour
56. Cypress is of ………………… colour (a) brown colour (b) creamy colour (c) pale
yellowish colour (d) creamy yellow colour (e) reddish colour
57. Fir is of ……………… colour (a) brown colour (b) creamy colour (c) pale brown
colour (d) reddish colour (e) reddish brown colour
58. ………….. manufacture food for the tree (a) light (b) leaves (c) roots (d) bark
(e) stem
59. …………….. protects the growing part of the tree by covering it (a) bark (b) leaves
(c) stem (d) roots (e) stem
60. …………… anchor or hold the trees
(a) stem (b) roots (c) leaves (d) branches (e) bark
61. The following trees are grown to be used for building houses or for making durable
things EXCEPT?
(a) Mahogany (b) soft wood (c) Iroko (d) Oak (e) Teak
62. Which of the following is the living part of the tree?
(a) pitch (b) bark (c) cambium (d) branches (e) stem

IDENTIFICATION OF METALS

63. …………. Is the tendency of metals to resist stretching, bending and breaking

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(a) malleability (b) sound test (c) ductility (d) density (e) toughness
64. …………… is the tendency of metals to melt into liquids when heated
(a) fusibility (b) sound test (c) density (d) toughness (e) ductility
65. …………….. is when a metallic objects is struck against a particular objects
(a) density (b) ductility (c) sound test (d) fusibility (e) brittleness
66. ………………. Is the tendency of metals to break easily (a) fusibility (b) sound
test (c) brittleness (d) density (e) ductility
67. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of metals?
(a) ductility (b) malleability (c) acidity (d) toughness (e) fusibility
68. …………….. is the tendency of metals to be stretched into a thin wire
(a) fusibility (b) ductility (c) density (d) brittleness (e) toughness
69. ………………. Is obtained when two or more different metals are mixed together
(a) alloy (b) ferrous (c) non-metallic (d) non- ferrous (e) rubbers
70. …………… is used for storage by industries that process foods and chemicals
(a) aluminum (b) cast iron (c) stainless steel (d) iron (e) steel
71. We use ………… type of metal for manufacturing cooking utensils
(a) steel (b) iron (c) cast iron (d) stainless (e) aluminum
72. We use ………… type of metal for manufacturing electrical resistant objects
(a) nichrome (b) aluminum (c) stainless (e) steel (d) cast iron
73. ………….. is used to manufacture piston rings, cylinder blocks
(a) cast iron (b) mild steel (c) nichrome (d) copper (e) alloy

IDENTIFICATION OF CERAMICS AND GLASS

74. …………….. is when ceramics and glass easily break (a) heat resistant (b) break
resistant (c) brittleness (d) non-metallic (e) inorganic materials
75. Ceramics and glass are used to make…………… resistant objects.
(a) hard (b) heat (c) brittle (d) metallic (e) non-metallic

WOODWORK MEASUREMENT HAND TOOLS

76. …………… is used for taking linear measurement

(a) protractor (b) micro meter (C) steel rule (d) French curves (d) calipers
77. …………… is used for determining angle at various degrees
(a) protractors (b) steel rule (c) micro meter (d) steel tape (e) calipers
78. ……………. Can be used to measure diameters EXCEPT?
(a) steel tape (b) calipers (c) steel rule (d) micro meter (e) protractor

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79. …………….. is used to measure lengths up to 50 meters
(a) steel tape (b) steel rule (c) micro meter (d) protractor (e) calipers

WOODWORK MAKING OUT TOOLS

80. …………… is used for measuring and marking out right angle 90 0
(a) odd- leg calipers (b) punches (c) divider (d) try square (e) scribe
81. Which of the following is used for marking lines
(a) odd- leg calipers (b) divider (c) punches (d) scriber (e) try square
82. ………… are used for transferring measurements
(a) dividers (b) punches (c) micro meter (d) try square (e) scriber
83. ……………. has two pointed edges and can be used for checking points.
(a) punches (b) trammel (c) compass (d) scriber (e) needles

WOODWORK DRIVING TOOLS

84. ………... has metal head and wooden or metal handle and used to drive nails.
(a) hack saw (b) screw driver (c) hammer (d) wood joint (e) cutlass
85. The following are types of hammer EXCEPT?
(a) straight pein head hammer (b) star head hammer (c) blocking head hammer (d)
mallet hammer (e) cross pein head hammer
86. ………… are used to drive pins inside or outside other materials
(a) punches (b) hammer (c) screw drivers (d) pinch bar (e) hack saw
87. …………… used to remove screws fastening parts together
(a) hack saw (b) hammer (c) screw driver (d) screw remover (e) flat driver
88. ………….. driver is used for driving slotted head screws
(a) star screw (b) pin (c) Allen screw (d) flat screw (e) off set screw
89. ……………… drivers are used for driving screws with holes of six sides on top
(a) Allen screw (b) star screw (c) flat screw (d) off set screw (d) hammer
screw
90. ………….. is defined as the alternative method of removing nails by pulling bar
handle backwards
(a) punches (b) pinch bar (c) hammer (d) screw drivers (e) jack

WOODWORK HAND BORING TOOLS

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91. …………. can be defined as the tools used for turning the auger and the drill bits
when boring hole (a) G-clamp (c) Brace (c) Tools (d) Boring (e) Measuring
tools
92. …………… can be defined as the devices fitted to the brace to enable it funcdtions
where it is impossible to make a complete sweep of handle
(a) ratchet (b) brace (c) tools (c) boring (e) measuring tools
93. …………… is a diameter of the circle made by the crank handle of the brace
(a) ratchet (b) brace (c) sweep (d) drill (e) bradawl
94. ………………… is a tool or machine with a pointed tips for making or cutting holes
in metals
(a) drill (b) bradawl (c) auger bits (d) driller (e) sweep
95. …………… can be used for drilling wood (a) auger bits (b) nail (c) drill (d)
pins (e) sweep
96. …………… is used in making small holes in the wood for screws and nails
(a) drill (b) bradawl (c) auger bits (d) bits (e) sweep

WOODWORK HOLDING AND SUPPORTING DEVICES

97. ………….. can be defined as a table which may be made of wood or metal and
containing simple workshop fittings (a) wood table (b) work bench (c) metal table
(d) metal bench (e) wood bench
98. ……………… is used for holding small work to the bench while working on it.
(a) G-clamp (b) F-clamp (c) sash clamp (d) bench hook (e) vice
99. ……………. is best used for holding very small wood while using the tenon or
dovetail saw.
(a) F-clamp (b) G-clamp (c) Bench hook (d) Bench stop (e) Sash Clamp
100. ………….. is best used for holding work during assembly
(a) F-clamp (b) G-clamp (c) Bench Hook (d) Bench Stop (e) Sash Clamp

WOODWORK HAND CUTTING AND PARING TOOLS

101. …………… can be defined as tools that has a long blade with sharp points known as
teeth along one of the two edges
(a) planes (b) chisels (c) wood (d) sharpening (e) saws
102. A hacksaw is used to cut……………. (a) metals (b) plywood (c) plastic (d)
rubber (e) cloths
103. ……………. is a larger saw which can be used to cut through grains of wood

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(a) rip saw (b) dovetail saw (c) fret saw (d) tenon saw (e) panel saw
104. …………… can be used to cut complex curves in thin sheet of wood and plywood
(a) fret saw (b) rough saw (c) bow saw (d) panel saw (e) rip saw
105. …………. is used to make a deep cut and circular curves on sheets of wood
(a) bow saw (b) panel saw (c) tenon saw (d) cross-cut saw (e) rip saw
106. ……………. is used to cut dovetail joints and other simple jobs on the bench
(a) back saw (Tenon saw) (b) keyhole saw (c) fret saw (d) bow saw (e) saw
107. …………… is a tool with a blade set in a flat surface, used for making the surface of
wood smooth
(a) knife edge (b) plane (c) hatchets (d) wood chisels (e) scrapper
108. ………… is used for planning rough wood. (a) Fore plane (b) Trying Plane (c)
Spole Shave (d) Wood Chisels (e) Smoothing Plane
109. ………….. can be used to remove unfinished wood shaving and for making curves
(a) smoothing planes (b) spoke shave (c) jack plane (d) wood chisels (e) fore
plane
110. …………… are commonly used by the wood worker to cut away surplus wood
instead of using a ripsaw or plane
(a) hatchets (b) spoke shave (c) smoothing plane (d) trying plane (e) jack plane
111. …………… is used to cut hole in a wood
(a) wood chisels (b) hatchets (c) plane (d) saw (e) screw drivers
112. ……………. Is done on a rotating grinding wheel
(a) sharpening (b) grinding (c) wood chisels (d) hatchets (e) plane
113. ……………… is done on a sharpening stone
(a) sharpening (b) chisels (c) plane (d) hatchets (e) grinding
114. ………….. follows jack plane after used for smoothing
(a) hatchets (b) plane (c) scriber (d) trying plane (e) smoothing plane
115. Which of the following is called back saw?
(a) tenon saw (b) panel saw (c) fret saw (d) planes (e) chisel
116. ………….. is used for planning rough wood
(a) force plane (b) rip saw (c) trying plane (d) spoke shave (e) jack plane
117. ………. is a type of building that has one side joined with another building
(a) bungalow (b) duplex (c) semi-detached (d) building (e) none
118. A tall storey building that is built to the sky is called
(a) sky light (b) high rise (c) sky scrapper (d) duplex (e) bungalow
119. Buildings are used as the following except?

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(a) farm buildings (b) store buildings (c) residential build ings (d) religious
buildings (e) none
120. …………… is the name of buildings that contain many rooms on two floors
(a) bungalow (b) detached (c) duplex (d) hut (e) high rise
121. …………….. is the type of house built completely on one level without stairs
(a) duplex (b) detached (c) bungalow (d) hut (e) sky-scrapper
122. ……………. Is the type of building that is small and use as a house or mere shelter
(a) hut (b) high rise (c) sky scrapper (d) duplex (e) bungalow

BUILDING MATERIALS

123. ………… is used as a binding agent in concrete, block moulding and rendering
(a) sand (b) gravel (c) concrete (d) metals (e) cements
124. ………….. is used for reinforcing concrete
(a) iron (b) plastic (c) wood (d) gravel (e) concrete
125. …………. is used for making concrete, block and plastering
(a) rubber (b) sand (c) gravel (d) concrete (e) plastic
126. …………….. is used for making roof except?
(a) plastic (b) rubber (c) metals (d) concrete (e) sand
127. Which of the following is not a component of reinforced concrete
(a) sand (b) cement (c) gravel (d) metals (e) plastic
128. Which of the following cannot be used for making roofs or walls
(a) ceramics (b) tissue (c) glass (d) blocks (e) bricks
129. …………… are used for making doors, walls and windows
(a) leaves (b) ceramics (c) sand (d) glass (e) blocks

CONCEPTS OF MAINTENANCE

130. Maintenance can be classified into ………….. types

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 6 (e) 2
131. ………….. can be defined as the act of keeping engineering equipment in good
conditions by regular checking and servicing
(a) maintenance (b) preventive (c) protective (d) corrective (e) predictive
132. The following are the routine maintenance methods, except
(a) dust off furniture (b) keep all equipment clean after use (c) clean domestic
materials with moist rag (d) electricity equipment must be disconnected after uused
(e) none

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133. …………….. is the maintenance carried out when there is breakdown of tools
(a) protective (b) preventive (c) corrective (d) predictive (e) processing

SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR PEDESTRIANS, CYCLISTS AND MOTORISTS

134. Who is a pedestrian?

(a) a driver (b) cyclist (c) athletes (d) somebody walking along the road (e)
somebody jumping along the road
135. It is important to …………… the driver during and before crossing the road
(a) cry to driver (b) whistle the driver (c) smile to the driver (d) abuse the driver
(e) have eye contact with the driver
136. Which of the following is NOT good?
(a) walking along the road (b) riding along the road (c) crossing at round about (d)
having eye contact with the driver (e) cross at safer place
137. What is traffic island?
(a) road surrounded by water (b) median (c) where water pipe crosses the road
(d) police stand (e) traffic light
138. What is pedestrian crossing?
(a) a place marked for pedestrian (b) a place small house (c) a road walk (d)
overhead bridge (e) safety jacket
139. Which of the following is NOT correct?
(a) wear light/bright coloured or retro-reflective clothing or accessories
(b) display a fluorescent sticker on your shopping trolley, wheelchair or gopher
(c) also cross at a safe point where you can see traffic, and drivers can see you
(d) carry a flashlight when walking in the dark
(e) leap when crossing
140. pedestrian crossing, or a traffic island (median) is useful
(a) where you will need to wait for a large enough break in traffic in both direction or
for you to cross up to four lanes (b) on less busy roads (c) rural roads (d) on road
not tarred (e) single lane and less busy roads
141. one of these may affect your skills and judgment when crossing the road
(a) brain (b) eyes (c) legs (d) having eye contact with the driver (e) drugs, a
alcohol and medication
142. Which of the following is NOT correct?
(a) walk facing traffic on the edge of the road (b) ensure you do not allow your
vision to be blocked by clothing, hats, or items that you are carrying (c) look for

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pedestrian push buttons for crossing protection at signalized intersections (e) walk on
the sidewalk of the roads whenever possible (e) ensure you are NOT seen
143. Zebra crossing is designed by pedestrian and it is painted
(a) yellow and white (b) green and white (c) black and white (d) black and
yellow (e) red and black
144. The high way code beside is for ………………
(a) athletes (b) men on black (c) both men and women on black (e) cyclists (e)
pedestrians
145. The following are designed to aid road crossing except?
(a) zebra crossings (b) pelican crossings (c) puffing crossings (d) toucan crossings
9e) round about
146. ……………. is the central or middle portion of the road designed for refuge or safety
in road crossing
(a) stop man (b) zebra crossing (c) island (d) yellow light (e) green light
147. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the yellow, green and red
lights?
(a) go, ready and stop (b) stop, go and ready (c) go, stop and ready (d) ready, go
and stop (e) none of the above
148. One of these is NOT regarded as a safety guideline for a cyclist………
(a) use lights and wear bright or reflective clothing, especially in at night and during
bad weather (b) use your bell regularly for all pedestrians to see you (c) ride in a
position where you can see and be seen (d) do not ride on sidewalks or crosswalks
unless signs post allows you (e) do not signal clearly at all times.
149. One of the following is the importance of seat belt to motorists.
(a) it can help prevent the driver and passengers from hitting their head on the
dashboard or passing through the windscreen in the event of a crash (b) it checks
your driving environment (c) it makes you comfortable (d) it makes you feel relax
(e0 it makes you control speed limit
150. In order to prevent an accident or car crash, a motorist must use the following except?
(a) must use driving mirror (b) use cell phone (c) seat belt (d) obey speed limit
(e) maintain the car properly

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ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ABOVE.
(For Any Issues Shoot Me a Mail At)
[email protected]

1 C 22 E 43 B 64 A 85 B 106 A 127 C 148 A

2 E 23 E 44 A 65 C 86 A 107 B 128 D 149 A
3 A 24 E 45 B 66 C 87 C 108 A 129 B 150 B
4 A 25 E 46 B 67 C 88 D 109 B 130 C
5 A 26 D 47 A 68 B 89 A 110 A 131 A
6 E 27 B 48 C 69 A 90 B 111 A 132 D
7 E 28 C 49 C 70 C 91 A 112 B 133 B
8 B 29 B 50 A 71 E 92 A 113 A 134 A
9 E 30 A 51 C 72 A 93 C 114 E 135 B
10 E 31 A 52 C 73 A 94 A 115 A 136 A
11 D 32 E 53 B 74 C 95 A 116 A 137 D
12 E 33 A 54 D 75 B 96 B 177 C 138 A
13 B 34 D 55 C 76 C 97 B 118 A 139 B
14 B 35 D 56 A 77 A 98 A 119 B 140 C
15 A 36 A 57 D 78 E 99 C 120 A 141 A
16 B 37 E 58 B 79 A 100 A 121 D 142 B
17 E 38 E 59 A 80 D 101 E 122 C 143 A
18 A 39 A 60 B 81 D 102 A 123 D 144 B
19 C 40 E 61 B 82 A 103 A 124 A 145 A
20 A 41 A 62 C 83 B 104 A 125 A 146 A
21 B 42 A 63 E 84 C 105 A 126 A 147 A

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