(Concentration terms)

% Method
1. Calculate the mass percentage of water in 10% KNO3 solution.
2. 5 g NaOH was added to 1000 ml of water (d = 1g /cc) find the % NaOH by wt.
3. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of solution obtained from 200 g of a 30% and 300 g of a
45% solution by mass.
4. Concentrated nitric acid used as laboratory reagent is usually 69% by mass of nitric acid. Calculate the volume of
the solution which contains 23 g nitric acid. The density of concentrated acid is 1.41 g cm –3.
5. A 6.9 M solution of KOH contains 30% KOH by weight. Calculate the density of the solution (At. wt., K = 39, O =
16, H = 1).
6. Density of pure ethyl alcohol is 0.785 g cm–3. The density of its solution in water (10% by volume) is 0.9866 g cm–3.
Calculate the percentage by weight of the solution.
7. Calculate the volume of concentrated H2SO4 of relative density 1.84 and containing 98% H2SO4 by mass that
would contain 40 g of pure H2SO4.
8. What volume of 95% H2SO4 by mass (density, 1.85 g cm –3) and what mass of water must be added to prepare
100 cm3 of 15% solution of H2SO4 (density, 1.1 g cm–3) by weight.

Normality
9. Calculate the normality of sodium carbonate solution, 5.3 g of which have been dissolved per 0.1 L of solution.
10. Calculate the normality of NaOH solution containing 0.1 g equivalent of it in half-litre of its solution.
11. Calculate the number of equivalent of KOH present in its solution containing 5.6 g of it. (at. wt., K = 39, O = 16,
H = 1).
12. Calculate the normality of H2SO4 containing 2 g per 100 mL of its solution.

Molarity /Formality
13. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution, 5.3 g of which have been dissolved per 250 mL of the given
solution. (At. wt., Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)
14. What will be the molarity of NaOH solution containing 2 g of it in half-litre of the solution ? (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)
15. Calculate the mol. wt. of NaOH if its 0.5 M solution contains 20 g NaOH per litre.
16. The density of 10% by mass of KCl solution is 1.06 g cm –3. Calculate the molarity of the solution. (at. wt., K = 39,
Cl = 35.5)
17. How many grams of sodium hydroxide pellets containing 12% moisture are required to prepare 60 litres of 0.5 M
solution ?
18. Concentrated sulphuric acid has a density of 1.9 g/mL and is 99% H2SO4 by weight. Calculate the molarity of
H2SO4 in this acid.
19. A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid (density 1.787 g mL–) is labelled as 86% by weight. What is the molarity of
acid ?
20. How many millilitre of concentrated sulphuric acid of density 1.84 g mL– containing 98% H2SO4 by mass are
required to make 200 mL of 0.25 M solution.
21. Calculate the formality of NaCl solution, 5.85 g of which have been dissolved to form 250 mL of the given solution.
(At. wt., Na = 23, Cl = 35.5).
22. What will be the formality of KNO3 solution having strength equal to 2.02 g per litre ? (At. wt., K = 39, N = 14, O =
16).
Molality
23. An antifreeze solution [density 1.072 g (mL)–] is prepared by dissolving 222.6 g of ethylene glycol in 200 g of
water. Calculate the molarity and molality of solution with respect to ethylene glycol.
24. Calculate the molality of potassium carbonate solution which is formed by dissolving 2.5 g of it in one litre solution.
(density of solution = 0.85 g (mL)–)
25. The density of 10% by mass of KCl solution in water is 1.06 g (mL) –. Calculate the molarity and molality of the
solution.
26. Calculate the moles of methanol in 5L of its 2 m solution if the density of solution is 0.981 kgL – (molar mass of
CH3OH = 32 g mol–).
27. Calculate the number of grams of ethanol in 1000 g of water if the molality of aqueous solution of ethanol is 1.54 m.
28. A 20% aqueous solution of a substance with mol. wt. 49 g mol– has a density 0.98 g cm –3. Calculate the molality of
the solution.
29. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 g contains 34.2 g of sugar (C12 H22 O11). Calculate the molal concentration of sugar
in the syrup. (At. wt. C = 12, H = 1, O =16).

Mole fraction
30. If the molality of an aqueous solution of cane sugar is 0.4445, what is the mole fraction of cane sugar ?
31. Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid solution if mole fraction of water in sulphuric acid solution is 0.85.
32. A solution contains 25% water, 25% ethanol (C2H5OH) and 50% acetic acid (CH3COOH) by mass. Calculate the
mole fraction of each component. (At, wt., C = 12, H = 1, O = 16).
33. The density of a 3M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution is 1.2 g per mL. Calculate the mole fraction of sodium
thiosulphate (At. wt., Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16)

PPM Concentration
34. Find the ppm concentration of 10–3 % CaCO3 solution by wt.
35. Find the ppm concentration of SO2, if its 1 ml is present per 10,000 ml of air
36. A sample of water contains has 1g MgSO4 per 10L of water, find its ppm conc.
37. Calculate the parts per million of SO2 gas in 250 mL water (density 1 g cm–3) containing 5 × 10–4 g of SO2 gas.

(Lowering Of Vapour Pressure)

38. The vapour pressure of a pure liquid A at 300 K is 150 torr. The vapour pressure of this liquid in a solution with a
liquid B is 105 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of A in the solution if the mixture obeys Raoult's law.
39. At 20oC, acetone has a vapour pressure of 162 torr; water's vapour pressure at 20oC is 17.5 torr. What is the
vapour pressure of each component above a solution having 50 mol percent acetone and 50 mol percent water.
Also calculate the total pressure if the solution is ideal.
40. The vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 70 torr, at 27oC. It forms an ideal solution with another liquid B. The mole
fraction of B is 0.2 and total pressure of the solution is 84 torr at 27oC. Find the vapour pressure of pure liquid B
at 27oC.
41. Methanol and ethanol form nearly ideal solution at 300 K.A. solution is made by mixing 32g methanol and 23g
ethanol. Calculate the partial pressure of its constituents and total pressure of the solution.
at 300 K, P o (CH 3OH)  90mm Hg, P o (C 2 H 5OH)  51mm Hg.
42. Benzene and toluene form two ideal solutions A and B at 313 K. Solution A contains 4 mole of toluene and one
mole of C6H6. Solution B contains equal masses of toluene and benzene. Calculate total pressure in each case.
The vapour pressure of C6H6 and toluene are 160 and 60 mm respectively at 313 K.
43. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol has a V.P. of 290 mm at 27oC. If mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is 0.65,
calculate the vapour pressure of ethyl alcohol, if vapour pressure of propyl alcohol is 210 mm.
44. Two liquids A and B form an ideal solution. At 300 K, vapour pressure of solution containing 1 mol of A and 3 mol
of B is 550 mm of Hg. At the same temperature, if one more mol of B is added to the mixture, the vapour pressure
of the solution is increased by 10 mm. Determine the vapour pressure of A and B in the pure state.
45. The vapour pressure in mm (Hg) of a CH3OH – C2H5OH binary solution, P at a certain temperature is represented
by the equation, P = 254 – 119 x where x is the mole fraction of C2H5OH. Find the vapour pressure of pure
components.
46. The mole fraction of CCl4 (g) in the vapour in equilibrium with liquid mixture of CCl4 and SiCl4 is 0.3474. The
vapour pressure of SiCl4 and CCl4 is 238.3 and 114.9 mm respectively at the same temperature. Calculate %
by weight CCl4 in liquid mixture. (C = 12, Cl = 35.5, Si = 28)
47. Vapour pressure of C6 H6 and C7 H8 mixture at 50oC are given by P  179X B  92, where XB is mole fraction of
C6 H6 . Calculate (in mm) :
(a) Vapour pressure of pure liquids.
(b) Vapour pressure of liquid mixture obtained by mixing 936 g C6 H6 and 736 g toluene.
(c) If the vapours are removed and condensed into liquid and again brought to the temperature of 50 oC, what
would be mole fraction of C6 H6 and vapour state ?
48. At 90oC, the vapour pressure of toluene is 400 mm and that of xylene is 150 mm. What is the composition of liquid
mixture that will boil at 90oC when the pressure of mixture is 0.5 atm ?
49. The vapour pressure of water at 298 K is 23.75 mm of Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure at the same temperature
over 5% by wt. aqueous solution of urea (NH2CONH2).
50. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.54 mm Hg and the vapour pressure of a solution of 108 g of a compound
in 1000 g of water at the same temperature is 17.34 mm Hg. Calculate the molar mass of solute.
51. The vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.54 mm Hg and lowering of vapour pressure of urea solution is 0.07
 mm Hg. Calculate relative lowering of vapour pressure (ii) Vapour pressure of solution (iii) mole fraction of urea
and water.
52. Vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 640 mm Hg. A non-volatile solute weighing 2.175 g is
added to 39.0 g of benzene. The vapour pressure of the solution is 600 mm Hg. What is the molar mass of the
solute ? (I.I.T.-1990)
53. The vapour pressure of a pure liquid solvent A is 608 torr. When a non-volatile substance is added to the solvent,
its vapour pressure drops to 456 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of solvent in the solution.
54. Find the % decrease in vapour pressure, it is given that the mole fraction of solvent in solution is 0.99.
55. The vapour pressure of pure water at 25oC is 23.62 mm. What will be the vapour pressure of a solution of 1.5 g of
urea in 50 g of water ? (Roorkee-2001)
56. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 640 mm of Hg. A non-volatile non-electrolyte
solid weighing 2.175 g is added to 39.0 g of benzene. The vapour pressure of the solution is 600 mm of Hg. What
is the molecular weight of solid substance ? (I.I.T.-1990, M.L.N.R.-1992)
57. Calculate the relative lowering in V.P. if 10 g of a solute (m. wt. 100) are dissolved in 180 g water.
58. What weight of the non-volatile solute urea (NH2CONH2) needs to be dissolved in 100 g of water, in order to
decrease the vapour pressure of water by 25% ? What will be the molality of the solution ?
59. The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of glucose is 750 mm of Hg at 373 K. Calculate molality and mole
fraction of solute. (I.I.T.-1989)
60. A solution containing 30 g of a non-volatile solute in exactly 90 g water has a vapour pressure of 21.85 mm of Hg
at 25oC. Further 18 g of water is then added to solution, the new vapour pressure becomes 22.15 mm of Hg at
25oC. Calculate,
(a) Mol. wt. of solute. (b) Vapour pressure of water at 25oC. (M.L.N.R. -1990)
61. A solution of A and B with 30% mole of 'A' in solution is in equilibrium with its vapour which contains 60% mole of
A. Assuming ideal nature, calculate the ratio of the vapour pressure of pure A to that of pure B.
62. A mixture of two immiscible liquids nitrobenzene and water boiling at 99oC has a partial vapour pressure of water
733 mm and that of nitrobenzene 27 mm. Calculate the ratio of the weights of nitrobenzene to the water in distillate.
63. A mixute of chlorobenzene and water (immiscible) boils at 90.3oC at an external pressure of 740.2 mm. The vapour
pressure of pure water at 90.3oC is 530.1 mm. Calculate the % composition of distillate.
64. An organic liquid, A, is immiscible with water. When boiled together with water, the boiling point is 90 oC at which
the partial vapour pressure of water is 526 mm Hg. The superincumbent (atmospheric) pressure is 736 mm Hg.
The weight ratio of the liquid and water collected is 2.5 : 1. What is the molecular weight of the liquid ?
65. Dry air was successively passed through a solution of 5g solute in 80 g water and then through pure water. The
loss in weight of solution was 2.5g and that of pure water was 0.04g. What is mol. wt. of solute ?
66. A current of dry N2 was successively passed through two saturator, one containing a solution of 8g of non-volatile
solute in 312g C6 H6 and other through pure C6 H6 . The weight loss in first was found to be 1.023g while that of
second was 0.033 g. Calculate mol. wt. of solute.
(Elevation in boiling point)
67. A solution of an organic compound in benzene boils at a temperature 0.125 oC higher than benzene. Calculate
molality of solution. (Kb for C6 H 6  2.52 K mol 1kg )
68. What will be the boiling point of bromine when 174.5 mg of octa atomic sulphur is added to 78 g of bromine? K 'b
for Br2 is 5.2 K mol–1 kg and b. pt. of Br2 is 332.15 K.
69. Calculate the amount of solute of molecular mass 100, which is required to raise the boiling point of 50 g CHCl3
by 0.30 K. Kb for CHCl3 is 3.63 K molality–1.
70. A solution of 1.21 g of a solute (m. wt. 152) in 26.7g of acetone boils at 329.8 K. Calculate latent heat of
vaporisation per mol of acetone pure acetone boils at 329.3 K.
71. A solution containing 0.52 g of C10 H8 in CCl4 produced an elevation in boiling point by 0.402oC. On the other
hand a solution of 0.62 g of an unknown solute dissolved in same amount of CCl4 produced an elevation by
0.65oC. Calculate m. wt. of solute.
72. The boiling point of a solution of 5 g sulphur in 100 g CS2 is 0.476oC above that of pure solvent. Determine the
molecular formula of sulphur in this solvent. The b.pt. of pure CS2 is 46.30oC and its heat of vaporisation is 6.392
kcal mol–1.

(Depression in F.P.)
73. 0.48 of a substance was dissolved in 10.6 g C6H6. The freezing point of benzene was lowered by 1.8oC. Calculate
m. wt. of the substance. Molecular depression constant for benzene is 50 K mol–1 100 g.
74. An aqueous solution containing 5% by weight of urea and 10% by weight of glucose. What will be its freezing
 point ? K 'f for H 2 O is 1.86o mol 1kg.
75. 1.4 g of acetone dissolved in 100 g of benzene gave a solution which freezes at 277.12 K. Pure benzene freezes
at 278.4 K. 2.8 of a solid (A) dissolved in 100 g of benzene gave a solution which froze at 277.76 K. Calculate the
molecular weight of (A). (Roorkee -2000)
76. Two elements A and B form compounds having molecular formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20 g C6H6, 1 g
of AB2 lowers the f. pt. by 2.3oC whereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3oC. The Kf for C6H6 is 5.1 K mol–1kg.
Calculate atomic weight of A and B.
77. The freezing point of a solution containing 50 cm 3 of ethylene glycol in 50 g of water is found to –34oC. Assuming
ideal behaviour calculate the density of ethylene glycol.
(K 'f for water  1.86 K kg mol 1 ) (Roorkee -1999)
78. A solution of 0.643 g of an organic compound in 50 mL of benzene (density 0.879 g/mL) lowered its freezing point
from 5.51oC to 5.03oC. Calculate the molecular weight of solid. Kf for benzene is 5.12 K mol–1 kg.
79. A motor vehicle radiator was filled with 8 litre of water to which 2 litre of methyl alcohol (density 0.8 g/mL) were
added. What is the lowest temperature at which the vehicle can be parked out doors without a danger that the
water in radiator will freeze ? K 'f for H 2 O  1.86 K mol 1kg.
80. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution having mole fraction of water 0.8. Latent heat of fusion of ice
is 1436.3 cal mol–1.
81. Calculate the entropy change for freezing of water if Kf (molal depression constant) of H2O is 1.86 K/molality.
Given Kb for H2O = 0.51 K /molality.
82. In a cold climate water gets frozen causing damage to the radiators of car. Ethylene glycol is used as an
antifreeze agent. Calculate the amount of ethylene glycol to be added to 4 kg water to prevent it from freezing at –
6oC. Kf for water is 1.85 K mol–1 kg.
83. It has been found that minimum temperature recorded in a hill station is –10oC. Calculate the amount of glycerine
to be added to 40 dm 3 water used in car radiator, so that it does not freeze. ( H Fusion  6.01 kJ mol 1 ).
84. Two solvents A and B have Kf values 1.86 and 2.72 K mol–1 kg respectively. A given amount of substance when
dissolved in 500 g of A, it completely dimerizes and when same amount of substance is dissolved in 500 g of B,
the solute undergoes trimerization. What will be the ratio of observed lowering of freezing points in two cases ?
(Osmotic Pressure)
85. The osmotic pressure of a non-volatile solute in C6 H6 at 25oC is 20.66 Nm–2. If the solution had a concentration of
2 g/ dm 3, what is mol. wt. of solute ? (1 atm = 101.325 Nm –2)
86. Calculate osmotic pressure of solutions containing 0.5% glucose at 27oC. (All percentage are reported weight by
volume)
87. Two solutions each in 100 mL having 4g glucose and 10g sucrose respectively. How much urea should be added
to one of them in order to make them isotonic ?
88. A chemist synthesizes a new compound (X). He determines the molecular weight by dissolving 1.3 g of (X) in 123
g of water to form a solution with a density of 1.02 g/mL. If the osmotic pressure is 143 mm Hg at 25 oC, what is the
molecular weight of (X) ?
89. At 27oC, 36 g of glucose per litre has an O.P. of 4.92 atm. If the osmotic pressure of solution is 1.5 atm at the same
temperature, what should be its concentration ?
90. A 10g mixture of glucose and urea presnet in 250 mL solution shows the osmotic pressure of 7.4 atm at 27 oC.
Calculate % composition of mixture.
91. 2.5 g of a substance is present in 200 mL of solution showing the osmotic pressure of 60 cm Hg at 15oC. Calculate
the molecular weight of substance. What will be the osmotic pressure if temperature is raised to 25 oC ?
92. A 5% solution (wt. / vol.) of cane-sugar is isotonic with 0.877% (wt. /vol.) of urea solution. Find m. wt. of urea, if m.
wt. of sugar is 342.
93. How many g of glucose must be present in 0.5 litre of a solution for its osmotic pressure to be same as that of
solution of 9.2 g glucose per litre ?
94. Calculate osmotic pressure of a solution containing 100 mL of 3.4% solution of urea (m. wt. 60) and 50 mL of
1.6% solution of cane-sugar (m. wt. 342) at 27oC.

(Van't Hoff Factor)

95. A decimolar solution of potassium ferrocyanide is 50% dissociated at 300 K. Calculate osmotic pressure of the
solution. (Given S  8.314 JK 1mol 1 , 1L = 10–3 m3) (Roorkee -1991)

96. A 1% (wt./vol.) KCl solution is ionised to the extent of 82%. What would be its osmotic pressure at 18oC?
97. Calculate osmotic pressure of a decinormal solution of BaCl2 at 27oC showing 80% degree of ionisation.
98. A 1.2% solution (wt./volume) of NaCl is isotonic with 7.2% solution (wt./volume) of glucose. Calculate degree of
 ionisation and Van't Hoff Factor of NaCl . (M.L.N.R. -1997)
99. The vapour pressure of a solution containing 2g of an electrolyte BA in 100 g water, which dissociates in one B +
and one A– ion in water, is 751 mm, at 100oC. Calculate degee of ionisation of BA if its mol. wt. is 56.
100. The degree of dissociation of Ca (NO3)2 in a dilute aqueous solution containing 7 g of salt per 100 g of water at
100oC is 70%. Calculate the vapour pressure of solution. (I.I.T. -1991)

101. A 0.025 M solution of monobasic acid had a freezing point of –0.06 oC. Calculate K for the acid. Kf for
H2O = 1.86o molality–1. Assumemolality equal to molarity.
102. Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 0.61 g of benzoic acid in 50g of carbon disulphide assuming
84% dimerization of the acid. The boiling point and Kb of CS2 are 46.2oC and 2.3 K kg mol–1.
(Roorkee -1997)

103. 75.2 g C 6 H 5OH (phenol) is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent of Kf = 14 K molality–1. If depression in freezing point is
7 K, then find the % dimerisation of phenol. (I.I.T. -2006)

104. A 0.001 molal solution of a complex represented as Pt (NH 3 ) 4 Cl4 in water had a freezing point depression of
0.0054oC. Given Kf for H2O = 1.86 K molality–1. Assuming 100% ionisation of the complex, write the ionisation
nature and formula of complex.
105. A complex is represented as CoCl3 xNH 3 . Its 0.1 molal solution in water shows  Tf  0.558o . Kf for H2O is
1.86 K molality–1. Assuming 100% ionisation of complex and co-ordination number of Co as six, calculate formula
of complex.

------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

1. Ans. 90% 2. Ans. 0.4975% 3. Ans. solute = 39%, solvent = 61%

4. Ans. 33.33g, 23.6 ml 5. Ans. 1.288 g/ml 6. Ans. 7.95%
7. Ans. 22.2 ml 8. Ans. 9.39 ml, 92.6 g. 9. Ans. 1N
10. Ans. 0.2 N 11. Ans. 0.1 12. Ans. 0.408 N
13. Ans. 0.2 M 14. Ans. 0.1 M 15. Ans. 40 g
16. Ans. 1.42 M 17. Ans. 1363.6 g 18. Ans. 19.19 M
19. Ans. 15.68M 20. Ans. 2.72 ml
21. Ans. 0.4 F 22. Ans. 0.02 F 23. Ans. 9.107 M, 17.95 m
24. Ans. 0.02 M 25. Ans. 1.49 m, 1.42 M 26. Ans. 9.22 mole
27. Ans. 70.84 28. Ans. 5.23 m 29. Ans. 0.556 m
30. Ans. Xcs = 0.0079 31. Ans. 9.8 m
32. Ans. X H 2O  0.503 , X C 2 H 5OH  0.196 , X CH 3COOH  0.301
33. Ans. 0.069 34. Ans. 10 ppm 35. Ans. 100 ppm

36. Ans. 10–4 ppm 37. Ans. 2 38. Ans : 0.7

39. Ans : PA 81 torr, Pw=8.75 torr 40. Ans : 140 torr 41. Ans : 60.3, 16.83

42. Ans : 80mm, 114.117 mm 43. Ans : P o  333.1mm 44. Ans : PAo  400, PBo  600
45. Ans : PAo =135 mm, PBo  254mm 46. Ans : = 50%

47. Ans : (a) 271, 92 (b) 199.4 (c) X 'B  0.815, X 'T  0.185
48. Ans : XT = 0.92, XX = 0.08 49. Ans : 23.375 mm 50. Ans : 170.49

51. Ans : 0.99601 52. Ans : 65.25 53. Ans : xA = 0.75

54. Ans : 1% 55. Ans : Ps  23.41mm 56. Ans : M = 65.25

57. Ans : 0.0099 58. Ans : (i) 111g, (ii) 18.52 m

59. Ans : m = 0.741, x = 0.013 60. Ans : (a) m = 67.83, Po = 23.78 mm
w1
61. Ans : 3.5 62. Ans : 4
w2
63. Ans : % H 2 O  28.71, % C 6 H 5Cl  7129
. 64. Ans : M = 112

65. Ans : M = 70.31 66. Ans : M = 62 67. Ans : 0.05

68. Ans : 332.195 K 69. Ans : 0.413g 70. Ans : 7.5 kcal/mol

71. Ans : 94.38 72. Ans : S8 73. Ans : m = 125.79

74. Ans : – 3.04oC 75. Ans : m = 232

76. Ans : MA = 25.59, MB = 42.64 77. Ans : d = 1.133 g/cc 78. Ans : m = 156.06

79. Ans : –11.625oC 80. Ans : –25.97oC 81. Ans : 5.28 cal/k

82. Ans : 804.32g 83. Ans : 19.89 kg 84. Ans : 1: 1::A: B

85. Ans : 239.84 g/mol 86. Ans : 0.6841, 0.4321, 2.8735 atm

87. Ans : 0.4218 88. Ans : 1387.14 89. Ans : 0.061 mol/L

90. Ans : % Urea = 17.6%, % Glucose = 82.4

91. Ans : m = 374.38,  = 62.08 cm 92. Ans : 59.99 93. Ans : w = 4.60 g

94. Ans : 9.704 atm 95. Ans : 7.483 × 105 Nm–2 96. Ans : 5.842

97. Ans : 3.2 atm 98. Ans :   0.95, i  1.95 99. Ans :   0.8641
100. Ans : Ps  746.27 mm 101. Ans : K  2.96  10 3 102. Ans : 46.3334oC

103. Ans : 75% 104. Ans : n=2 105. Ans : x=5