GIS for Civil Engineering Applications

CIG 1002

Prof. Moustafa Baraka

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Introductory Material

Lecture Contents

• Introductory Remarks
• Relevancy of Datum, Coordinates & Map Projections
• Datum and Coordinates Revisited
• Datum Transformation Revisited
• Map Projections Visited

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Introductory Material

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/704883779158687722/

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Introductory Material

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/map-true-size-of-africa/

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Introductory Material

https://medium.com/multiple-views-visualization-research-explained/tagged/map-projection

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

Datum, Coordinates & Map Projections
For
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Relevancy to GIS
(The Problem)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

QGIS Quick Tip - Projections

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

QGIS Quick Tip - Projections

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

QGIS Quick Tip - Projections

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

QGIS Quick Tip - Projections

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ArcGIS

Projecting spatial data sets

• Used for going between projections
– Source data sources may not be compatible

UTM 36

UTM 34

Lake Victoria is not in central Africa

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Map Projections - ArcGIS

Projecting spatial data sets

• Used for going between projections

• Utility for converting data sets from one system to
another

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ArcGIS

Projecting spatial data sets

• Used for going between projections

• Data sets are now compatible

both are
now UTM 34

Lake Victoria really is in east Africa

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Map Projections - Transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts

……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts

Datum, Coordinates & Map Projections

For
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

(Datum and Coordinates Revisited)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts

Modeling The Earth

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering Source: Auslig Commonwealth of Australia
 Datum- concepts

Reference Ellipsoid

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts
Reference Ellipsoid (contd.)

For the earth:

semi-major axis, a = 6378 km
semi-Minor axis, b = 6357 km
flattening, f = (a-b)/a
~ 1/300

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts
Reference Ellipsoid (contd.)
Non-Geocentric Ellipsoid
(regional fit)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts
Reference Ellipsoid (contd.)
Geocentric Ellipsoid
(worldwide fit)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts
Reference Ellipsoid (contd.)
• All geodetic observations are reduced to a regional or global
ellipsoids.
• For Egypt, the regional ellipsoid is Helmert 1906.
• Satellite geodetic observations has provided for geocentric
ellipsoids such as the WGS84 global ellipsoid.
• For GPS surveys, the WGS84 is the default ellipsoid.
• Regional ellipsoids are non-geocentric, while global ellipsoids
derived from satellite observations are geocentric.

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum- concepts
Reference Ellipsoid (contd.)
Reference Ellipsoids
(For formal use, kindly refer to adopted official national values)

Ellipsoid Semi-major axis 1/flattening

Airy 1830, 6377563.396 299.3249646
Modified Airy 6377340.189 299.3249646
Australian National 6378160 298.25
Bessel 1841 6377397.155 299.1528128
Clarke 1866, 6378206.4 294.9786982
Clarke 1880, 6378249.145 293.465
Everest (India 1830)" 6377276.345 300.8017
Everest (India 1956) 6377301.243 300.8017
Everest (Pakistan) 6377309.613 300.8017
Helmert 1906 6378200 298.3
Hough 1960 6378270 297
International 1924 6378388 297
GRS 80 6378137 298.257222101
South American 1969 6378160 298.25
WGS 72 6378135 298.26
WGS 84 6378137 298.257223563
After : http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/edlist.html
Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Coordinates- concepts

……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Coordinates- concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Coordinates- concepts
Coordinate Systems (contd.)
Geodetic (Geographic) Coordinate System
f = latitude
Geodetic
(Geographic) l = longitude
Coordinates of h = height
Point (P) above
P
ellipsoid
h
P (f, l, (h))
f

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Coordinates- concepts
Coordinate Systems (contd.)
Topocentric (Plane) Coordinate System
N = Northing
Topocentric (planar)
E = Easting
Coordinates of
N U = elevation
Point (P) z
P
E
P (N, E, U)
f

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Coordinates- concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Coordinates- concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 ……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum Trasformation- concepts

Datum, Coordinates & Map Projections

For
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

(Datum Transformation Revisited)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum Trasformation- concepts
Datum Transformation
Note the origin, alignment & size of worldwide & regional ellipsoids

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Datum Trasformation- concepts
Datum Transformation (contd.)
Three parameter datum transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum Trasformation- concepts
Datum Transformation (contd.)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum Trasformation- concepts
Datum Transformation (contd.)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum Trasformation- concepts
Datum Transformation (contd.)
Seven parameter datum transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Datum Trasformation- concepts
Datum Transformation (contd.)
Geodetic Datum Transformation Parameters (Local to WGS-84)
From
NIMA 8350.2 4 July 1977
(For formal use, kindly refer to adopted official national values)

Region
Datum Ellipsoid dX dY dZ of use
eX eY eZ #S

European International
-130 -117 -151 Egypt 6 8 8 14
1950 1924
Old Egyptian
Helmert 1906 -130 110 -13 Egypt 3 6 8 14
1907

Adindan Clarke 1880 -161 -14 205 Sudan 3 5 3 14

After : http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/edlist.html
Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Datum Trasformation- concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 ……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Datum, Coordinates & Map Projections

For
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

(Map Projection Visited)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Modeling The Earth

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering Source: Auslig Commonwealth of Australia
 Map Projections - concepts

Map Projections

• an imaginary light is “projected”

onto a “developable surface”
• coordinate space becomes implicit
• a variety of different projection models exist
Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Map Projections - concepts
Map Projections (contd)

Cylindrical projection Azimuthal projection

Different projections have their Conic projection

own characteristics and uses.
They all distort the properties of
the Earth, but do so differently.

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - concepts

Map Projections (contd)

• Map projections always introduce error and

distortion
• Distortion may be minimized in one or more of the
following properties:
– Conformal Projection , does not distort shape (!)
– Equidistant Projection, does not distort distances
– Azimuthal Projection, does not distort directions
– Equal Area Projection, does not distort areas

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - properties

……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - properties

Map Projection Properties

Cylindrical Projection
• Earth is projected onto a cylinder that is wrapped around it.
• Cylinder will touch globe only along one line.
– Geographic measures will be accurate along this line only.
– Distortion increases as you move away from this line.
After : ESRI
Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Map Projections - properties

Map Projection Properties (contd.)

• cylinder as developable surface

tangent cylinders

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - properties

Map Projection Properties (contd.)

Conical Projection
• Earth is projected onto a cone that is draped over it.
• Cone can touch globe at one or two lines.
– Only suitable for a portion of a hemisphere because
distortion increases greatly at the bottom of the cone.
Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Map Projections - properties

Map Projection Properties (contd.)

• cone as developable surface

secant cone

tangent cone

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - properties

Map Projection Properties (contd.)

Azimuthal Projection
• Globe is projected onto a plane
• Plane touches the globe only at a single point.
Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering
 Map Projections – UTM & ETM

……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

• A popular way of mitigating map distortions is by breaking the earth
globe into zones, where each zone has its own projection center
• The more zones there are the more accurate the resulting projections
• The most commonly used projection in this approach is the
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM).

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

• UTM divides the earth between 84°N and 80°S into 60 zones, each
of which covers 6 degrees of longitude
•Zone 1 begins at 180 ° W longitude.

World UTM zones

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

•Each UTM zone is projected separately, with a
false origin in each zone
• The “cylinder” touches at two secants, slight
bulge in the middle at the central meridian.
Bulge is very slight, scale factor is only .9996
•The standard meridians, where the cylinder
touches

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) (contd.)

• Latitude / Longitude coordinates and UTM coordinates are commonly

used systems in surveying and mapping

• Many GPS systems/receivers provide output in Latitude / Longitude

coordinates and UTM coordinates

• Latitude / Longitude coordinates and UTM coordinates are commonly

used in GIS systems for spatial data handling

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ETM

……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ETM

Egyptian Transverse Mercator (ETM)

• Each ETM zone is projected separately, with a false origin in
each zone
• The “cylinder” touches at in the middle at the central
meridian. Hence, there is no bulge, scale factor is 1.000

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ETM

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ETM

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ETM

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - ETM

Egyptian Transverse Mercator (ETM)

Egypt

Egypt 1907
Red Belt
Blue Belt
Purple Belt
European 1950
UTM Zone 35N
UTM Zone 36N
WGS72
UTM Zone 35N
UTM Zone 36N
WGS84
UTM Zone 35N
UTM Zone 36N

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Alternative Approaches
Within GIS

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

2D Transformation
(Conformal & Affine)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Rubber Sheeting
(infinite parameters polynomial)

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 Map Projections - Transformation

Datum 1 Datum Transformation

Datum 2
Geocentric Coord. Geocentric Coord.
3, 4, and 7
(X, Y , Z)1 Parameters models (X, Y , Z)2
Ellispoid 1 Ellispoid 2

Map 1 Map 2
Rubber Sheeting
Geographic Coord. Geographic Coord.
(f, l , h)1 (f, l , h)2
transformation grid

Projection 1 Projection 2

Map 1 Map 2
2D Planar Transformation
Topocentric Coord. Topocentric Coord.
(E, N , U)1 similarity & affine
(E, N , U)2

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 ……….

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering

 THANK YOU

Prof. Moustafa Baraka CIG 1002 GIS for Civil Engineering