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 Introduction to Machine Learning
with Applications in Information
Security

Introduction to Machine Learning with Applications in

Information Security, Second Edition provides a classroom-
tested introduction to a wide variety of machine learning and deep
learning algorithms and techniques, reinforced via realistic
applications. The book is accessible and doesn't prove theorems, or
dwell on mathematical theory. The goal is to present topics at an
intuitive level, with just enough detail to clarify the underlying
concepts.
The book covers core classic machine learning topics in depth,
including Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Support Vector Machines
(SVM), and clustering. Additional machine learning topics include k-
Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), boosting, Random Forests, and Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The fundamental deep learning topics
of backpropagation, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Multilayer
Perceptrons (MLP), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are
covered in depth. A broad range of advanced deep learning
architectures are also presented, including Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM), Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), Extreme Learning
Machines (ELM), Residual Networks (ResNet), Deep Belief Networks
(DBN), Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers
(BERT), and Word2Vec. Finally, several cutting-edge deep learning
topics are discussed, including dropout regularization, attention,
explainability, and adversarial attacks.
Most of the examples in the book are drawn from the field of
information security, with many of the machine learning and deep
learning applications focused on malware. The applications
presented serve to demystify the topics by illustrating the use of
various learning techniques in straightforward scenarios. Some of
the exercises in this book require programming, and elementary
computing concepts are assumed in a few of the application
sections. However, anyone with a modest amount of computing
experience should have no trouble with this aspect of the book.
Instructor resources, including PowerPoint slides, lecture videos, and
other relevant material are provided on an accompanying website:
http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/~stamp/ML/.
Chapman & Hall/CRC Machine
Learning & Pattern Recognition
A First Course in Machine Learning
Simon Rogers, Mark Girolami

Statistical Reinforcement Learning: Modern Machine

Learning Approaches
Masashi Sugiyama

Sparse Modeling: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications

Irina Rish, Genady Grabarnik

Computational Trust Models and Machine Learning

Xin Liu, Anwitaman Datta, Ee-Peng Lim

Regularization, Optimization, Kernels, and Support Vector

Machines
Johan A.K. Suykens, Marco Signoretto, Andreas Argyriou

Machine Learning: An Algorithmic Perspective, Second

Edition
Stephen Marsland

Bayesian Programming
Pierre Bessiere, Emmanuel Mazer, Juan Manuel Ahuactzin, Kamel
Mekhnacha

Multilinear Subspace Learning: Dimensionality Reduction of

Multidimensional Data
Haiping Lu, Konstantinos N. Plataniotis, Anastasios Venetsanopoulos

Data Science and Machine Learning: Mathematical and

Statistical Methods
Dirk P. Kroese, Zdravko Botev, Thomas Taimre, Radislav Vaisman

Deep Learning and Linguistic Representation

Shalom Lappin

Artificial Intelligence and Causal Inference

Momiao Xiong

Introduction to Machine Learning with Applications in

Information Security, Second Edition
Mark Stamp

Entropy Randomization in Machine Learning

Yuri S. Popkov, Alexey Yu. Popkov, Yuri A. Dubno

For more information on this series please visit:

https://www.routledge.com/Chapman–HallCRC-Machine-Learning–
Pattern-Recognition/book-series/CRCMACLEAPAT
 Introduction to Machine
Learning with Applications in
Information Security
Second Edition

Mark Stamp
Second edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2023 Mark Stamp

First edition published by CRC Press 2017

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but
the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
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has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged
please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

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photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
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For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
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ISBN: 978-1-032-20492-5 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-20717-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-26487-3 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003264873

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by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.

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Contents

Preface

1 Introduction
1.1 Basic sampling concepts
1.1.1 Population parameters
1.1.2 Descriptive statistics vs. inference about a population
1.1.3 Random sampling vs. probability sampling
1.2 Design-based vs. model-based approach
1.3 Populations used in sampling experiments
1.3.1 Soil organic matter in Voorst, the Netherlands
1.3.2 Poppy fields in Kandahar, Afghanistan
1.3.3 Aboveground biomass in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil
1.3.4 Annual mean air temperature in Iberia

I Probability sampling for estimating

population parameters
2 Introduction to probability sampling
2.1 Horvitz-Thompson estimator
2.2 Hansen-Hurwitz estimator
2.3 Using models in design-based approach

3 Simple random sampling

3.1 Estimation of population parameters
3.1.1 Population proportion
 3.1.2 Cumulative distribution function and quantiles
3.2 Sampling variance of estimator of population parameters
3.3 Confidence interval estimate
3.3.1 Confidence interval for a proportion
3.4 Simple random sampling of circular plots
3.4.1 Sampling from a finite set of fixed circles
3.4.2 Sampling from an infinite set of floating circles

4 Stratified simple random sampling

4.1 Estimation of population parameters
4.1.1 Population proportion, cumulative distribution
function, and quantiles
4.1.2 Why should we stratify?
4.2 Confidence interval estimate
4.3 Allocation of sample size to strata
4.4 Cum-root-f stratification
4.5 Stratification with multiple covariates
4.6 Geographical stratification
4.7 Multiway stratification
4.8 Multivariate stratification

5 Systematic random sampling

5.1 Estimation of population parameters
5.2 Approximating the sampling variance of the estimator of
the mean

6 Cluster random sampling

6.1 Estimation of population parameters
6.2 Clusters selected with probabilities proportional to size,
without replacement
6.3 Simple random sampling of clusters
6.4 Stratified cluster random sampling

7 Two-stage cluster random sampling

7.1 Estimation of population parameters
7.2 Primary sampling units selected without replacement
 7.3 Simple random sampling of primary sampling units
7.4 Stratified two-stage cluster random sampling

8 Sampling with probabilities proportional to size

8.1 Probability-proportional-to-size sampling with replacement
8.2 Probability-proportional-to-size sampling without
replacement
8.2.1 Systematic pps sampling without replacement
8.2.2 The pivotal method

9 Balanced and well-spread sampling

9.1 Balanced sampling
9.1.1 Balanced sample vs. balanced sampling design
9.1.2 Unequal inclusion probabilities
9.1.3 Stratified random sampling
9.1.4 Multiway stratification
9.2 Well-spread sampling
9.2.1 Local pivotal method
9.2.2 Generalised random-tessellation stratified sampling
9.3 Balanced sampling with spreading

10 Model-assisted estimation
10.1 Generalised regression estimator
10.1.1 Simple and multiple regression estimators
10.1.2 Penalised least squares estimation
10.1.3 Regression estimator with stratified simple random
sampling
10.2 Ratio estimator
10.2.1 Ratio estimators with stratified simple random
sampling
10.2.2 Poststratified estimator
10.3 Model-assisted estimation using machine learning
techniques
10.3.1 Predicting with a regression tree
10.3.2 Predicting with a random forest
10.4 Big data and volunteer data
11 Two-phase random sampling
11.1 Two-phase random sampling for stratification
11.2 Two-phase random sampling for regression

12 Computing the required sample size

12.1 Standard error
12.2 Length of confidence interval
12.2.1 Length of confidence interval for a proportion
12.3 Statistical testing of hypothesis
12.3.1 Sample size for testing a proportion
12.4 Accounting for design effect
12.5 Bayesian sample size determination
12.5.1 Bayesian criteria for sample size computation
12.5.2 Mixed Bayesian-likelihood approach
12.5.3 Estimation of population mean
12.5.4 Estimation of a population proportion

13 Model-based optimisation of probability sampling

designs
13.1 Model-based optimisation of sampling design type and
sample size
13.1.1 Analytical approach
13.1.2 Geostatistical simulation approach
13.1.3 Bayesian approach
13.2 Model-based optimisation of spatial strata

14 Sampling for estimating parameters of domains

14.1 Direct estimator for large domains
14.2 Model-assisted estimators for small domains
14.2.1 Regression estimator
14.2.2 Synthetic estimator
14.3 Model-based prediction
14.3.1 Random intercept model
14.3.2 Geostatistical model
14.4 Supplemental probability sampling of small domains
15 Repeated sample surveys for monitoring population
parameters
15.1 Space-time designs
15.2 Space-time population parameters
15.3 Design-based generalised least squares estimation of
spatial means
15.3.1 Current mean
15.3.2 Change of the spatial mean
15.3.3 Temporal trend of the spatial mean
15.3.4 Space-time mean
15.4 Case study: annual mean daily temperature in Iberia
15.4.1 Static-synchronous design
15.4.2 Independent synchronous design
15.4.3 Serially alternating design
15.4.4 Supplemented panel design
15.4.5 Rotating panel design
15.4.6 Sampling experiment
15.5 Space-time sampling with stratified random sampling in
space

II Sampling for mapping

16 Introduction to sampling for mapping
16.1 When is probability sampling not required?
16.2 Sampling for simultaneously mapping and estimating
means
16.3 Broad overview of sampling designs for mapping

17 Regular grid and spatial coverage sampling

17.1 Regular grid sampling
17.2 Spatial coverage sampling
17.3 Spatial infill sampling

18 Covariate space coverage sampling

18.1 Covariate space infill sampling
 18.2 Performance of covariate space coverage sampling in
random forest prediction

19 Conditioned Latin hypercube sampling

19.1 Conditioned Latin hypercube infill sampling
19.2 Performance of conditioned Latin hypercube sampling in
random forest prediction

20 Spatial response surface sampling

20.1 Increasing the sample size
20.2 Stratified spatial response surface sampling
20.3 Mapping

21 Introduction to kriging
21.1 Ordinary kriging
21.2 Block-kriging
21.3 Kriging with an external drift
21.4 Estimating the semivariogram
21.4.1 Method-of-moments
21.4.2 Maximum likelihood
21.5 Estimating the residual semivariogram
21.5.1 Iterative method-of-moments
21.5.2 Restricted maximum likelihood

22 Model-based optimisation of the grid spacing

22.1 Optimal grid spacing for ordinary kriging
22.2 Controlling the mean or a quantile of the ordinary kriging
variance
22.3 Optimal grid spacing for block-kriging
22.4 Optimal grid spacing for kriging with an external drift
22.5 Bayesian approach

23 Model-based optimisation of the sampling pattern

23.1 Spatial simulated annealing
23.2 Optimising the sampling pattern for ordinary kriging
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
class. Every man’s mind is now to be its own master; everything of
value must be open to every one capable of possessing it; the
individual must know his limitations to be his own. And this is no
idealist’s ideal; it is a necessity arising from the diffusion, by
mechanical means in the main, of a knowledge which may easily
wreck us, but of which we cannot get rid. How then is this
knowledge to be formed into an instrument of progress? The
condition of success, clearly, is the presence of a soul-stirring
warmth among all classes, the participation of all in one atmosphere
—for every man, however unawakened, his place in the sun, so that,
even if he does not care to lift his eyes to the light, light may at least
reach him through the pores of his skin. This percolation of light,
this preparatory gestation of embryonic soul, is assured to the
English by the natural mysticism of their intelligence, by the tincture
of poetry that irradiates and solidifies their common sense. The
influence which chiefly sustains them in this firmest and fruitfullest
of all their compromises, is, no doubt, their age-old familiarity with
the Bible. All classes have possessed it, and possessed it so
thoroughly as to insist on a hundred private and personal
interpretations of the one sacred text. Nothing is more English than
non-conformity, except the acceptance of it, and nothing more
necessary to the vitality of the practical English mind. For to conform
is to take your truth from another or to acknowledge that the truth is
beyond you. But religion is practised by the English because its truth
is known; personal discovery has made truth real to them; and the
vehicle of the discovery has been a collection of mysterious poems
and rhapsodies, the words of which there is no holding, for they
mean at the same time everything and nothing. From childhood up
poetry has ruled us all, and our language has been a kind of
rainbow-bridge on which we passed from earth to heaven. The
speech which was on our lips from day to day belonged not only to
the day’s events, but also to a region of heavenly mystery which
brooded over them. Our very faculty of experience has been cradled
in the love of incomprehensible beauties; the ruling virtues of our
lives draw radiance from the words in which they were made known
to us.
 Out of the merging of the practical and the poetical, the intuitive
acknowledgment of unknown margins as a working factor in
everyday affairs, springs the evolutionary virtue of the English mind,
the hope of its future; and, of course, however broadened by the
Bible, the English instinct for poetry does not stop and did not begin
there. It has expressed itself at large in English literature, the most
companionable literature the world has seen, and it has permeated
the language, a language formed for common uses and stubbornly
matter-of-fact, yet one in which matter-of-factness itself is not hard,
but deep. The English practical man is poetically practical; for, in his
view, the practical lines, in thought and action, are the lines of life;
things that are to succeed, he feels, must hold their place in an
equilibrium, must learn their forms and limits and the economy of
their power as wild things do in the world of natural competition; his
genius is at its best, in work or play, when his occupation is richest
in vital analogies. What is the greatness of cricket—cricket, one of
the great words of the language as it is one of the great facts of
English life—if not that its excellencies can be developed only in a
large frame of human feeling, that it is life in little, as much a poem
as a game? Now the practical life is the life all have to lead; and if
the spirit in which men lead it on the humble level of quiet plodding
is the same as that which in his more radiant element inspires the
poet, it would seem that the condition, essential to progress in this
age, of one light shining for all in varying degrees of brightness, is
actually fulfilled.
What we have abutted on is not, really, a paradox. The nettle, the
sparrow of the world, is its rose, its nightingale. Again, why not?—he
has been, and may be again. The point is that, in life as the English
practise it, one passes into the other imperceptibly. For other
peoples, poetry has been a thing removed from truth and fact,
treating of shadowy or unearthly beauties in an atmosphere no
human being ever breathed. That has never been the prevailing
English view. For them the poet’s task has been the practical one of
making language live, casting on one side the intellectual figments
and abstractions in which speech entangles us and bringing back to
words their primal power and motion. Poetry is often called simple,
but the word needs a gloss. Simple people have poetry because they
are so near nature and speak so little that their speech is like an
animal’s cry, half its own, half an echo of its surroundings. As the
complexities of civilization pass over them, they become complex,
they ‘grow up’, and because they are grown up, we think them more
mature. They are not really more mature: they are more mechanical.
So far as by growth we become complex, we are growing towards a
condition in which growth is stultified. The mature is that of which
the elements are indistinguishably fused together, it is simplicity at a
higher power. This is the simplicity of poetry, which outreaches the
finest minds in their subtlest discriminations and abashes science
with the flames of its enveloping beauty. This, too, is the simplicity
of the English nature, and the English language; neither of them,
obviously, simple things at all, but possessed, it seems, of Nature’s
secret of growth and therefore destined, we may believe, to go on
growing.
It was right that an essay on the future of English should contain
very little about English itself. To test the mirror, watch what it
reflects. The less we think about our language, the likelier we are to
retain the qualities which have made it what it is; the more we study
it, the greater the risk of breaking that continuous impulse with
which the English mind, in high and low alike, feels its way through
the world, watching without defining, absorbing rather than
classifying, identified with the meanings of things, not distinguished
from them. For its loyal use and a true maintenance of the virtue of
its tradition we have only to assume that it was made for our
purposes by others whose purposes were the same as ours, and to
see that it lives to-day on our lips as it lived once on theirs.
“Ripeness is all.”
 Transcriber’s Notes:
Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POMONA; OR, THE
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