ENEE 501

Course Title: Pollution Prevention and Control for Energy Industry

Angus Chu, PhD, PEng

ENF 214

[email protected]

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 Course Outline
1.Canadian environmental laws and regulations,
•Federal Legislative framework
•Provincial legislative frame work
•Environmental Acts pertaining to Energy projects
Can Com MinistersofEnvironnet Haveagreed pon wks on
2. Environmental standards for air quality, water and land,
thresholds
•CCME Canada Wide Standards for air quality, water and soils
•Alberta Environmental Guidelines for Air , water and soils e concentrations
•Relevant standards
•Introduction to Contaminated sites
•The applicable Guidelines for Contaminated sites.

3. Regulatory approval process for new energy projects.

•Major Regulatory bodies pertaining to Energy projects
•Alberta Energy, Alberta Environment, ERCB roles in the approval process
•New Alberta Energy Regulator
4. Base-Line Studies
•Definition and description of Base line studies
•Baseline studies applicability to Energy projects
•Major pollution parameters applicable to energy projects
•Development of relevant indicators

Prior to appeal Assent to determine have

5. Environmental Impact Assessment, the environet
impertel
•Description of Environmental impact Assessments
•The purpose of EIA
•Alberta Environment’s Assessment process
•Major Guidelines and Acts pertaining to EIA
•EIA activity Flow Chart
•Terms of Reference for EIA
•EIA framework
•How to conduct the EIA
•Approval Process
6. Environmental review of new energy projects,
•Energy projects Review process
•Regulatory role

7.Pollution prevention methodology and techniques,

•Oil sands projects and potential pollution generation
•Oil drilling, processing and use
•Coal extraction, processing and use
•Process descriptions
•Basics of pollution prevention methodologies

8.Separation and recycle streams,

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•Introduction to separation techniques
•Recycling schemes and techniques
•Sedimentation
go.se np

•Coagulation and flocculation

•Centrifugation
•Bioremediation techniques
•Other relevant techniques

10. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ) Guidelines

•IPCC Introduction
•IPCC guidelines applicable to Energy projects
 Examinations

The following examinations will be held in this course:

Mid –Term Examination (closed Book-Short answers, Essay type)

Final Examination ( Closed Book-Short answers, Essay Type)

 Final Grade Determination
The final grade in this course will be based on the following components:
ENEE 501

fortnoraper
Component Weight
Assignment(Paper) 25 %

Midterm Examination 25 %
Final Examination 50 %

TOTAL 100 %
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 AIR POLLUTANTS

•OZONE
LeFC's use
•Particulate matter
If environment

•Carbon Monoxide

•Nitrogen Oxides (main source of tropospheric ozone)

•Sulfur Dioxides (Acid rain)

•Lead (Pb)
 Point Source Pollution

Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway

through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch

Single
point

Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage

treatment plant , a factory, or a city storm drain (not quite true).
 Non-Point Source Pollution (NPS)
Leaching out of ns

p
•NPS pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate
from a single discrete source.
•NPS pollution is often accumulative effect of small amounts of
contaminants gathered from a large area.
•The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which
has been fertilized is a typical example.
•Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field
or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.

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•Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and
highways is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution.

ends out
up coming
P 5 but is not
fsingular in origin and
•However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems
discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source
(not really).

•However where such water is not chanelled and drains directly to ground
it is a non-point source.
 Point Soume v Non Point Some
PS
from single identifalle location
comes

Easierto control e monitor die to being from

single source
a
Wastewater strans oil spill

NPS
comesfrom multiple speed out sources
making it very difficult to pinpoint origin

Varied origins

L can be due to rain snow picking

up
pollutants from various points

Com here inputs on water soil air etc

Degradation
 Groundwater Pollution

• Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex.

• Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as
groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water
pollution.

groundwater
contamination
By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination
from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the
distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant.
Leaks through soil
into groundwater

ex
•A spill of a chemical contaminant on soil, located away from a surface
water body, may not necessarily create point source or non-point source
pollution, but nonetheless may contaminate the aquifer below.

Casing

must
sealed
be
contaminants
or

may
leak

into water

•Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on soil characteristics

and hydrology, as well as the nature of the contaminant itself.
 Causes of Water Pollution

•The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide

spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes
such as elevated temperature and discoloration.

•While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be
naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese ) the concentration
is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and
what is a contaminant. 9 natural
can have naturally occurring
compounds but
higher
concentrations it couldbe
considered
a contamint
 ex algae Hypoxia
-Oxygen depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant
matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals.
bnotenough
on fish e plants die

-Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity

(cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the
gills of some fish species.
•Many of the chemical substances are toxic.
•Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal
hosts. John Snow’s data.
contagion
Proud w

well tests
spread through
on 2 sides
contaminted
street
water of
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a fecal on one
contracted
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hed cholera Caused die
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Street pump startingon
cholera broed street
Groundwatersewy.ie 9 ygnintgqroundwater
•Alteration of water's physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH),
electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication.
But it can cause an overgrowth Lt nutrients i T in plantgrowth
can be ve as
ofplants no limitforphotosynthesis productivity
em
contamination water or hypoxia
causing of drinking
b so much consumed
in
O2 is
photosynthesis tht there is not enough

02 for fish other organisms tosure

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 I
APL Pathogens Contaminant
Light non aqueous phase liquid that is less
Coliform bacteria are a commonly-used bacterial indicator of water
pollution, although not an actual cause of disease.
densethan
water
in soluble

Diesel
gasolineetc
Organism
that can
produce
disease
High levels of pathogens may result from inadequately treated sewage
discharges.
treatment preess is net
adequte
•This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than secondary
treatment (more typical in less-developed countries).
•In developed countries, older cities with aging infrastructure may have
leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps, valves), which can cause
sanitary sewer. Leaks intoothersources
•Some cities also have combined sewer, which may discharge untreated
sewage during rain storms (CSO).

sually will L
besyenite Combination
of
untreated
servge
stormwater

Better
But more
costly
Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly-managed livestock
operations.
 Chemical and Other Contaminants

Contaminants may include organic and inorganic

substances.
Organic water pollutants include:

•Detergents
•Disinfection by products found in chemically disinfected drinking
water, such as chloroform
•Food processing waste , which can include oxygen-demanding
substances, fats and grease
•Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other
chemical compounds animalpopulations
Accumulates in
over time due to environent

U in contamination up food chain

Bioaccumulation Biomagnification

Sigle organism our time Occurs across

Can occur level many levels
any
Relies on bioacem
in
Similarities prey
More pronounced
in
Involve pollutants
contaminants
topof food chain

Can input entire

ecosystems
•Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from
improper storage.
Canlure significant impacts on human
health e environment
•Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous phase liquids
(DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don't mix well
with water and are denser.

•Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic

products (PPCP)
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Acetemiphin Ibuprofin
•Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel,
jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel
combustion byproducts, from storm water runoff

•Tree and bush debris from logging operations

Z
Inorganic water pollutants include:

•acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially H2S from power

plants)

•Ammonia from food processing waste

L NHz

•Chemical waste as industrial by-products

Nox
•Fertilizers containing nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) which are
found in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial
and residential use causes eutrophication

•Heavy Metals from motor vehicles Lead

Mercury etc
•Silt (Sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and
burn practices or land clearing sites
 Aidrain
kills fast due
to bin pH

NaOH

Acidity results
in me
metels being

leaded from
inter
•Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients
in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productivity of
the ecosystem.

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•Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative
environmental effects such as anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe
reductions in water quality may occur, affecting fish and other animal
populations.
 causes hypoxia
Eutrophication deplete
oxygen
buds

Habitat depredation bresults in regions

where there is not
L can input fish
it hath oxygen for
habitat making
An
ecosystem to
them to live
hereby for exist
Macroscopic pollution—large visible items polluting the water—may be
termed "floatables" in an urban storm water context, or Marine debris
when found on the open seas, and can include such items as:

• Trash (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the

ground, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually
discharged into surface waters

•Nurdles, small waterborne

plastic pellets

•Shipwrecks, large derelict ships

Bangladesh

Removing Steed from

these ships

High quality steelfrom

the ships
Tire Crum fins in landfills
Rubber
Steel Belt
L used to replace

gravel in
underdrain
 Thermal pollution

•Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body

of water caused by human influence.
•A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by
power plants and industrial manufacturers.
•Elevated water temperatures decreases oxygen levels (which can kill
fish) and affects ecosystem composition, such as invasion by new
thermophilic species.
•Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.
Watertemp
Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water
from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.

Warmer

Colder

LResults in degasig of CO2 CHy in Hypolimnion

gesescome cutof solution e can cause suffocation